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Download Article Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019) Basilian Order Monastic Temples Architecture on the Territory of Belarus in the 17th – First Half of the 19th Centuries Irina Ozheshkovskaya Architect Faculty Belarusian National Technic University Minsk, Belarus E-mail: [email protected] Abstract—In the terms of figured out and studied metropolitans. So, Polotsk Basilian nunnery was established architecture materials by the author, the development of by I. Kuntsevich [1]. In 1624 I. Rutskoy formed a friary and Belarusian Basilian temples volume-design structure is a convent in Novogrudok. F. Grebnitsky contributed to the contemplated. Herewith, the description and images of development of 88 Basilian monasteries on the territory of numerous disappeared temples are introduced to the scientific Belarus during the period of his reign [2]. circulation along with dating and possibility of graphic reconstruction for the first time ever. Tendencies of stone Numerous historians suppose that the Basilians were a churches’ architecture and the influence of West European Polish squall of the Eastern Catholic Church [3]. But, construction and stylistics are found out. The architecture of according to Eucharist rubberstamped by St. Vasily, the each temple analyzed in the article has special artistic-stylistic presentation of the iconostasis in the interior of a temple characteristics. The reasons of such a phenomenon are studied. remained “for border of Great altar, was occluded…” [4]. Actually, the iconostasis was preserved in monastic temples Keywords—architecture of Basilian monastic temples; domed of the Union period. The iconostases of parish churches, by temples; two-tower and towerless basilicas; the Early and contrast, were not widespread. “Vilno” Baroque; Baroque Classicism II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK-CATHOLIC TEMPLE I. INTRODUCTION ARCHITECTURE IN THE 17TH CENTURY The appearance and existence of Greek-Catholic temples Totality of monastic temples’ architectural concepts was on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a determined by a number of factors. First of all, there was consequence of the Union (1596) official proclamation on inter-subordination of temples in the system of Basilian the Synod in Brest. In spite of the tattled Union conclusion monasteries control and general hierarchy management idea of Orthodox and Catholic confessions reconcilement, which included construction activity. Secondly, monastery the foundation of Eastern Catholic Church was beset by a groups’ territory-geographical close location had an effect. religious-political conflict. Actually, such a complicated Finally, the key role in addressing to the newest European phenomenon as the Union cannot be estimated explicitly. So, artistic samples in the process of temple construction and a number of surveys show that the Union saved Belarus from targeted invitation of high-level artificers belonged to religious conflicts, which overwhelmed numerous countries bishops. of the world and contributed to a national self-image presentation. On the other hand, the establishment of Church The erection of Greek-Catholic temples was performed in union instead of Orthodox independence reinforcement, in accordance with the common tendency of style development effect, formed the third Orthodox confession, having brought on the territory of Belarus. It took guidance from the best polarization and confrontation between the Catholic and examples of West European architecture. Orthodox Christians on the area of the Grand Duchy of Belotserkovsk monastery’s church of St. Trinity in the Lithuania. village Cherei (Vitebsk region) and Uspensky temple in the The Grand Duchy of Lithuania Greek-Catholic Christians village Nay Sverzhen (Minsk region) belong to the ones of got a monastic organization in the catholic order of the earliest known monuments of the first half of the 17th Byzantine sacramental which is attributed to St. Vasily the century. The construction of both temples was financed by Great. Basilian order was founded in 1617 on the base of magnates. The first structure was sponsored by the monasteries, which adopted Brest Union. In the middle of Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (knyaz Leo the 18th century the order consisted of 195 monasteries and Sapega) [5], the second one − by the Radzivils [6]. more than 1000 of monks. Basiliam monastic architecture was closely related to the activities of affluential Uniate Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 97 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 These two temples had common volume-design concept The analyzed temples because of its volume-design and were the samples of Early Baroque in combination with structure belong to hall type structures with a tower façade structural and decorative elements of Gothic stylistics concept and projecting apses with separate volume development. Such a tendency of asynchronical styles surrounded by sacristies. In both cases the towers were mixture was characteristic of Belarusian temples in the first massive altitudinal centerpieces, specifying the contour of half of the 17th century (see “Fig. 1”). the whole structure. Baroque division into tiers represented in three-tier quadrangular frame tower of Trinity temple is opposed to the laconic concept of one-tier square tower of Uspensky, where the only one decoration is renaissance niches with semi-circular copestone (see “Fig. 1”). Gothic traditions were more brightly reflected in the structures of Trinity church. It is relevant to load distribution from a cylinder vault thrust to buttresses, the appearance of angle buttresses perpendicular to each other, perspective portal type main entrance solution. Early Baroque stylistics turned up in the appearance of a barrel vault with spandrels, semi-circular apse, and the order composition of the front. Gothic traditions response affected Uspensky and Troitsky temples hall nave space, which snapped in a lower level presbytery (see “Fig. 2”). St. Spirit monastic church in Minsk, built in 1650 [7], got absolutely uncontemplated architecture solution of Belarusian lands. The temple, according to stylistics, belongs to Early Baroque with Gothic and Renaissance elements. The choice of such concept was connected with the desire to Fig. 1. Facades and plan of the Church of the Holy Trinity in the village specify Byzantine sacramental monastic church of Catholic Cherei. 1599. Graphic reconstruction of the author. Plan from the book of T. order among other numerous stone catholic temples of the V. Gabrus. city. Its extravagance lied in the in the original plastic solution of a towerless front. Gothic structure of St. Spirit a. Early-baroque single-temple temples of the hall type. church rectangular (in the ground-plan) with an enclosed five-can’t apse interior buttresses and big lancet windows on the side walls, and from the opposite side is combined with Baroque tiered main façade composition (see “Fig. 3”). One more conception of the development of Basilian order stone monastic construction of the 17th century was represented by two temples of Zhyrovichi monastery in Grodno region. Basilian monks appeared there in 1613, and a stone church (future Uspensky cathedral) was put up approximately in 1620 or, according to other lights, in 1644, due to donations of Yan Meleshko (1610), Danila Soltan (1620) [8] and Yan Dulovich [9] (see “Fig. 4”). Fig. 2. Facades and the plan of the Yspenskaya Church in the village of Nay Sverzhen. Early XVII century. Drawings of the archive BGANTD Minsk (Belarus). a. Early-baroque single-temple temples of the hall type. 98 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 This term related to pre-war art (1654-1667), and suppositional temple appearance, apparently, belonged to Early Baroque, where constructive and decorative features of Renaissance and Gothic were preserved. The earliest information about the appearance of a church, dating back to the end of the 18th century, states that the façade was towerless. Moreover, the existence of a big roof light with eight windows in the center of a temple formed a cross-domed structure [11]. According to historical documents, it is possible to suppose that originally volume-design structure of Uspensky cathedral was a centric cross-domed system. Allegedly, in the 18th century stone narthex appears. It gave Basilican shape to the church. At the same time, towers on the main façade come into existence [12]. But the tower was also overbuilt in the center except for two towers aside the main façade of Uspensky cathedral. All three towers had pyramided perfection and were tapped by iron crosses [13]. This three-tower concept of Uspensky cathedral may be Fig. 3. Facades and the plan of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Minsk (St. imagined due to the survived picture of Zhyrovichi Spirit church in Minsk). I half of the XVII century. Drawings of the archive BGANTD Minsk (Belarus). monastery on the illustration of Napoleon Orda, made in 1865 [14]. a. Reckless temples of early hall baroque and cross-dome type. The second temple of Zhyrovichi monastery (17th century) is Theology church, built in 1672 [15]. A small, in size, temple-chapel is an elongated rectangle with towerless Baroque façade. Its composition is divided by a highly profiled cornice and two-tier entablature, whereas the top one is a narrower eminent plastic pediment. A dome appeared on a wooden faceted drum of the chapel during the reconstruction in the 19th century (see “Fig. 5”). The analysis of Greek-Catholic temple architecture of the 17th century has shown that during the period of its development (since the beginning of the 17th century), the techniques, worked out in West European architecture and applied in the catholic churches construction on the territory Fig. 4. Uspenskiy Cathedral in Zhyrovichi. 1620-1644. Reconstruction of of Belarus, were in a range of artistic means. The examples the XIX century. Drawings from the book of V.
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