TABLE of DECISIONS Alphabetization Is Letter-By-Letter (E.G., “Xing Qiang Zhuo” Precedes “Xin Nin He”)

TABLE OF DECISIONS Alphabetization is letter-by-letter (e.g., “Xing Qiang Zhuo” precedes “Xin Nin He”).

[name not provided], Matter of, (IJ Dec. 20, 2000), 163 [name not provided], Matter of, A71 498 940 (IJ Oct. 31, 1995), 162 [name not provided], Matter of, A76 512 001 (IJ Oct. 18, 2000), 98, 163, 400 [name not provided], Matter of, A94 097 292 (BIA June 21, 2000), 641 [name not provided], Matter of, A097-103-163 (IJ June 14, 2005), 846 [name not provided], Matter of, [file no. redacted] (BIA Aug. 8, 2007) (unpublished), 234

A A–A–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 140 (BIA 1998), 861 A.A. v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 268/2005, U.N. Doc. AT/C/38/D/268/2005 (May 11, 2007), 338, 342 A–B–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 247 (AG 2018), 1259 A–B–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 316 (AG 2018), 30, 32, 66, 100, 129–131, 163–166, 168, 189, 191, 192, 195, 200, 201, 218, 310, 329, 330, 360–380, 382, 384, 385, 387, 388, 390, 392, 404, 409, 411, 414–417, 420– 422, 426–428, 489, 490, 501, 510, 552, 676, 723, 798, 840, 841, 942, 947, 976, 985, 994–999, 1004, 1157, 1159, 1277, 1286 Abankwah v. INS, 185 F.3d 18 (2d Cir. 1999), 67, 396, 568, 647, 743 Abay v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 634 (6th Cir. 2004), 67, 79, 394, 396, 1145, 1146, 1148, 1150 Abdalla v. INS, 43 F.3d 1397 (10th Cir. 1994), 301, 303, 305 Abdallahi v. Holder, 690 F.3d 467 (6th Cir. 2012), 258, 261 Abdel-Masieh v. INS, 73 F.3d 579 (5th Cir. 1996), 97 Abdi v. Duke, 280 F. Supp. 3d 373 (W.D.N.Y. 2017), 937, 1105 Abdi v. Duke, 1:17-CV-0721 EAW (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2018), 1112 Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477 (3d Cir. 2001), 42, 301, 302, 304, 306, 502 Abdisalan v. Holder, 728 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2015), 1382 Abdoulaye v. Holder, 721 F.3d 485 (7th Cir. 2013), 276, 336, 345 Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542 (3d Cir. 2001), 515, 543, 1485 Abebe v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005), 396 Abedini v. INS, 971 F.2d 188 (9th Cir. 1992), 87, 88, 121 A–B–L–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 23, 2018) (unpublished), 1115 A–B–M–M–, Matter of, (BIA July 30, 2018) (unpublished), 156 Abraham v. Holder, 647 F.3d 624 (7th Cir. 2011), 541 A.B.T. v. USCIS, No. 11-02108 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 15, 2011), 1406, 1407, 1409 Abu, Matter of, No. A29 499 143 (IJ Feb. 19, 1996) (Phoenix, AZ), 15 Abudu; INS v., 485 U.S. 94 (1988), 1310 Abufayad v. Holder, 632 F.3d 623 (9th Cir. 2011), 283 Abu-Hasirah v. DHS, 478 F.3d 474 (2d Cir. 2007), 730, 858 Abu-Khaliel v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 627 (6th Cir. 2006), 1377 Abulashvili v. Attorney Gen., 663 F.3d 197 (3d Cir. 2011), 523, 524, 754 Abusheikh v. Attorney Gen., 225 F. App'x 56 (3d Cir. 2007), 59 Accardi, United States ex rel. v. Shaughnessy, 347 U.S. 260 (1954), 752, 1042 Acharya v. Holder, 761 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2014), 133, 373 A–C–M–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 303 (BIA 2018), 288, 292–295

1569

Acosta, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 211 (BIA 1985), 7, 66, 71, 108–110, 112, 142, 146, 154, 159, 161, 163, 190, 384, 385, 390, 410, 411, 413, 414, 416, 417, 445, 461, 499, 503, 552, 798, 994, 1158, 1277 Acosta, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 420 (BIA 2018), 262 A–D–, Matter of, (BIA May 22, 2017) (unpublished), 233, 1162 Adebisi v. INS, 952 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1992), 161 Adegbuji v. Fifteen ICE Agents, 169 F. App'x 733 (3d Cir. 2006), 1377 Adekpe v. Gonzales, 480 F.3d 525 (7th Cir. 2007), 517 Aden v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 966 (8th Cir. 2005), 342, 517 Adeniji, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1102 (BIA 1999), 1082, 1083, 1095, 1096, 1109 A–E–M–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1157 (BIA 1998), 15, 76, 85, 98, 122, 1151 Aemei v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 34/1995, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/18/D/34/1995 (1997), 343 Afanwi v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 788 (4th Cir. 2008), 753, 1304 African Communities Together v. Trump, 4:19-cv-10432 (D. Mass. Mar. 8, 2019), 1536 Afridi v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir. 2006), 272 Afriyie v. Holder, 613 F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 2010), 329, 541 A–G–, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 502 (BIA 1987), 87 Agada v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 867 (8th Cir. 2004), 121 Agbor v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 499 (7th Cir. 2007), 67, 421 Agbuya v. INS, 219 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 2000), amended, 241 F.3d 1224 (2001), 132, 176, 192 A–G–G–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 486 (BIA 2011), 42, 201, 302, 303, 384, 1260 Agha v. Holder, 743 F.3d 609 (8th Cir. 2014), 1383 Agnov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893 (9th Cir. 2015), 1483 Aguilar-Aguilar v. Napolitano, 700 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2012), 1047, 1051, 1052 Aguilar-De Guillen v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2018), 128, 151, 464 Aguilar-Mejia v. Holder, 616 F.3d 699 (7th Cir. 2010), 1540 Aguilar-Ramos v. Holder, 594 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2010), 329, 341 Aguilera v. Kirkpatrick, 241 F.3d 1286 (10th Cir. 2001), 1295 Aguilera-Cota v. INS, 914 F.2d 1375 (9th Cir. 1990), 113, 162, 176, 521, 547 Aguinada-Lopez v. Lynch, 825 F.3d 407 (8th Cir. 2016), 157, 446, 463, 464 Aguirre-Aguirre; INS v., 526 U.S. 415 (1999), 268, 274, 307, 1381 Aguirre-Tello; United States v., 353 F.3d 1199 (10th Cir. 2003), 755 Agustin v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 43 (1st Cir. 2019), 157, 339, 444 Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2002), 386 A–H–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 774 (BIA 2005), 197, 198, 206, 246, 247, 249, 259, 277, 281, 502, 525, 1165 A–H–, Matter of, (BIA Feb. 14, 2018) (unpublished), 119 Ahir v. Mukasey, 527 F.3d 912 (9th Cir. 2008), 534, 641, 736 Ahmad v. INS, 163 F.3d 457 (7th Cir. 1999), 141, 483 Ahmadshah v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 917 (8th Cir. 2005), 94, 140 Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214 (3d Cir. 2003), 60, 61, 85 Ahmed v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 433 (5th Cir. 2006), 1377 Ahmed v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 669 (7th Cir. 2006), 70, 501, 507, 508 Ahmed v. Gonzales, 221 F. App'x 595 (9th Cir. 2007), 248 Ahmed v. Holder, 611 F.3d 90 (1st Cir. 2010), 70, 400 Ahmed v. Holder, 765 F.3d 96 (1st Cir. 2014), 519 Ahmed v. Keisler, 504 F.3d 1183 (9th Cir. 2007), 57, 62, 170, 175, 466, 467 Ahmed v. Lynch, 804 F.3d 237 (2d Cir. 2015), 549 Ahmetovic v. INS, 62 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 1995), 263, 272 Ahumada-Aguilar; United States v., 295 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2002), 671, 759, 763 Ai Feng Yuan v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 416 F.3d 192 (2d Cir. 2005), 183, 185 Aioub v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 2008), 200 Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392 (1985), 43

A–K–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 275 (BIA 2007), 78–80, 121, 182, 396, 397 Akhtar v. Attorney Gen., 138 F. App'x 481 (3d Cir. 2005), 784 Akinmade v. INS, 196 F.3d 951 (9th Cir. 1999), 527 A–L–, Matter of, (AAO Jan. 12, 2017) (unpublished), 1044 Alaka v. Attorney Gen., 456 F.3d 88 (3d Cir. 2006), 267, 272 Alan v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 21/1995, U.N. Doc. A/51/44 (1996), 341 Alan v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 21/1995, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/16/D/21/1995 (1996), 343 Alarcon-Chavez v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 343 (5th Cir. 2005), 730, 858 Albathani v. INS, 318 F.3d 365 (1st Cir. 2003), 543, 1274, 1276 Albillo-De Leon v. Gonzales, 410 F.3d 1090 (9th Cir. 2005), 1303 Albu v. Holder, No. 13-2864 (7th Cir. 2014), 533, 534, 735 Alcantar, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 801 (BIA 1994), 270 Aldabesheh, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 983 (BIA 1999), 264 Aldana-Ramos v. Holder, 757 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2014), 190, 385 A–L–D–G–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 14, 2018) (unpublished), 156 Alemu v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 572 (8th Cir. 2005), 336 Alexander v. Whitaker, 16-4003 NAC, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 468 (2d Cir. Jan. 8, 2019), 323 Alexandrescu v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 2008), 83 Alexandrov v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 395 (6th Cir. 2006), 504, 516, 549, 641, 736, 753, 1483 Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980 (6th Cir. 2009), 149, 161, 385, 400, 407, 422 Alhaj v. Holder, 576 F.3d 533, 2009 WL 2017934 (6th Cir. 2009), 327 Al-Harbi v. INS, 242 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2001), 176, 517 Ali, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1058 (BIA 1997), 860 Ali v. Achim, 468 F.3d 462 (7th Cir. 2006), 267, 269, 272, 344, 346, 1515 Ali v. Ashcroft, 346 F.3d 873 (9th Cir. 2003), 4 Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407 (6th Cir. 2004), 488 Ali v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 780 (9th Cir. 2005), 204, 301, 305, 375, 427 Ali v. Attorney Gen., 643 F.3d 1324 (11th Cir. 2011), 1303 Ali v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 515 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam), 1377 Ali v. Lynch, 814 F.3d 306 (5th Cir. 2016), 1496, 1500 Ali v. Mukasey, 525 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2008), 770 Ali v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 478 (2d Cir. 2008), 755, 1480, 1481, 1483, 1484 Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2001), 303, 304, 330, 333 Ali v. Reno, 829 F. Supp. 1415 (S.D.N.Y. 1993), 278 Alimbaev v. Attorney Gen., 872 F.3d 188 (3d Cir. 2017), 515, 1260 Aliyev v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2008), 129, 190, 374, 426 Al Khouri v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 461 (8th Cir. 2004), 518, 752, 758, 763, 796 Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668 (6th Cir. 2005), 1309 Almarez v. Holder, 608 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2010), 1297 Almeida-Amaral v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 231 (2d Cir. 2006), 1194 Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743 (5th Cir. 2006), 240, 455 Al Mutarreb v. Holder, 561 F.3d 1023 (9th Cir. 2009), 791 Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2001), 58, 59, 85 Al Otro Lado, Inc. v. Nielsen, No. 3:17-cv-02366-BAS-KSC (S.D. Cal. 2017), 41, 981, 982 Al Otro Lado, Inc. v. Nielsen, 327 F. Supp. 3d 1284 (S.D. Cal. 2018), 41 Alphonsus v. Holder, 705 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2013), 272, 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 Al Ramahi v. Holder, 725 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2013), 231, 239 Al-Saher v. INS, 268 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2001), 318, 319, 321, 336, 346 Alsamhouri v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 117 (1st Cir. 2007), 796, 1377 Al-Siddiqi v. Achim, 531 F.3d 490 (7th Cir. 2008), 1097 Alturo v. Attorney Gen., 716 F.3d 1310 (11th Cir. 2013), 288, 293

Alvarado, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 27 (BIA 2017), 247, 248, 254 Alvarado v. Whitaker, No. 17-1572 (1st Cir. 2019), 248 Alvarado-Arenas v. Sessions, 851 F.3d 827 (8th Cir. 2017), 1301 Alvarado-Carillo v. INS, 251 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2001), 543 Alvarenga-Villalobos v. Ashcroft, 271 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2001), 1042 Alvarez-Flores v. INS, 909 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1990), 147, 159 Alvarez-Portillo v. Ashcroft, 280 F.3d 858 (8th Cir. 2002), 1041 Alvizures-Gomes v. Lynch, 830 F.3d 49 (1st Cir. 2016), 157, 175, 333, 339, 340, 471 Al Yatim v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 584 (8th Cir. 2008), 143 A–M–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 737 (BIA 2005), 118, 120, 229 Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719 (3d Cir. 2003), 136, 146 Amaya-Castro, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 583 (BIA 1996), 778, 1168, 1194, 1204, 1217 Ambati v. Reno, 233 F.3d 1054 (7th Cir. 2000), 179 A–M–E– & J–G–U–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 69 (BIA 2007), 145, 148, 150, 151, 160, 164, 370, 401, 411, 417–419, 421, 441, 443, 455, 1156 American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh, 760 F. Supp. 796 (N.D. Cal. 1991), 629, 816, 1405, 1542–1544 American Immigration Lawyers Ass'n v. Reno, 18 F. Supp. 2d 38 (D.D.C. 1998), aff'd, 199 F.3d 1352 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 11, 2000), 922 Amezola-Garcia v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 135 (6th Cir. 2016), 70 A–M–G–B–, Matter of, A206-773-739 (BIA June 28, 2016) (unpublished), 553, 767 Amibola v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2004), 1381 Amilcar-Orellana v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 86 (1st Cir. 2008), 329, 333, 442, 444, 458, 475 Amir v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 921 (6th Cir. 2006), 330 A–M–L–, Matter of, [number not provided] (IJ Nov. 21, 2001) (Phoenix, AZ), 161, 1155 Amouri v. Holder, 572 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 2009), 128 A–M–P–, Matter of, (Arlington Imm. Court Apr. 19, 2019) (unpublished), 156, 166 Amrollah v. Napolitano, 710 F.3d 568 (5th Cir. 2013), 290 Anacassus v. Holder, 602 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2010), 196 A–N– & R–M–N–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 953 (BIA 1999), 1265 Ananeh-Firempong v. INS, 766 F.2d 621 (1st Cir. 1985), 162, 1151 Anaya-Aguilar v. Holder, 683 F.3d 369 (7th Cir. 2012), 1294 Anaya-Ortiz v. Holder, 594 F.3d 673 (9th Cir. 2010), 265, 270 Anderson v. Napolitano, 611 F.3d 275 (5th Cir. 2010), 1040 Andia v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2004), 861 Andrade, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 488 (BIA 1987), 1109, 1111, 1112 Andrade v. Lynch, 798 F.3d 1242 (9th Cir. 2015), 338 Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829 (9th Cir. 2016), 1065, 1066 Andrade Jaso & Carbajal Ayala, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 557 (BIA 2019), 658, 659 Andriasian v. INS, 180 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 1999), 137, 196, 504, 753 Ang v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2005), 162 Angoucheva v. INS, 106 F.3d 781 (7th Cir. 1997) (per curiam), 67, 389 Angov v. Holder, 736 F.3d 1263 (9th Cir. 2015), 548 Anim v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 243 (4th Cir. 2008), 517, 772, 1483 Annachamy v. Holder, 733 F.3d 254 (9th Cir. 2013), 288, 293, 296 Annang, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 502 (BIA 1973), 42 Anselmo, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 25 (BIA 1989), 31, 39 Antipova v. Attorney Gen., 392 F.3d 1259 (11th Cir. 2004), 204 Antonio-Martinez v. INS, 317 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2003), 1388 Antonyan v. Holder, 642 F.3d 1250 (9th Cir. 2011), 171, 174, 479 A–P–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 468 (BIA 1999), 852 Aparicio-Brito v. Lynch, 824 F.3d 674 (7th Cir. 2016), 929

Aquino-Rovas v. Attorney Gen., 431 F. App'x 200 (3d Cir. 2011), 73, 81 Aracela R. v. Nielsen, No. 17-1976, 2018 WL 3243977 (D.D.C. July 3, 2018), 937, 1105 Arana v. INS, 673 F.2d 75 (3d Cir. 1982), 1388 Arbid v. Holder, 674 F.3d 1138 (9th Cir. 2012), 270 Arbid v. Holder, 700 F.3d 379 (9th Cir. 2012), 267 Arboleda v. Attorney Gen., 434 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2006), 95, 98, 192, 429 Arce v. Holder, 449 F. App'x 404 (5th Cir. 2011), 77 A–R–C–G–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 388 (BIA 2014), 32, 164, 192, 362–364, 369–372, 384, 387, 388, 392, 411–415, 417, 419, 420, 422, 423, 427, 461, 723, 839, 994, 995, 1286 Areguillin, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 308 (BIA 1980), 1040 Arej v. Sessions, 852 F.3d 665 (7th Cir. 2017), 1292 Arevalo v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2003), 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1048, 1390 Arevalo-Giron v. Holder, 667 F.3d 79 (1st Cir. 2012), 160, 422 Arif v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 677 (5th Cir. 2007), 1438 Aris v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 595 (2d Cir. 2008), 1301, 1303 Armendarez, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 646 (BIA 2008), 1290, 1308 Arobelidze v. Holder, 653 F.3d 513 (7th Cir. 2011), 1380 Aroyan v. Gonzales, 183 F. App'x 634 (9th Cir. 2006), 260 Arrabally & Yerrabelly, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 771 (BIA 2012), 1539 Arrazabal v. Lynch, 822 F.3d 961 (7th Cir. 2016), 156, 445 Arrey v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1149 (9th Cir. 2019), 302 Arriaga-Barrientos v. INS, 937 F.2d 411 (9th Cir. 1991), 112, 121, 159, 173, 174, 176 Arrieta; United States v., 224 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2000), 1258, 1263 Arriza-Escobar v. Attorney Gen., 382 F. App'x 190 (3d Cir. 2010), 75 Arteaga v. INS, 836 F.2d 1227 (9th Cir. 1988), 112, 173 Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940 (9th Cir. 2007), 149, 160, 333, 407, 444, 445, 450 Artigas, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 99 (BIA 2001), 1550 Aruta v. INS, 80 F.3d 1389 (9th Cir. 1996), 176 Arvizu; United States v., 122 S. Ct. 744 (2002), 751 A–S–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1106 (BIA 1998), 518, 519, 527, 549 Asani v. INS, 154 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 1998), 72, 84 A–S–B–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 493 (BIA 2008), 1260, 1262 A–S–C–H–, Matter of, (BIA July 5, 2017) (unpublished), 1053 Ashqar v. Holder, 355 F. App'x 705 (4th Cir. 2009), 80, 119 A–S–J–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 893 (BIA 2012), 1474, 1478 Aslam v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008), 717, 1124 Assaad, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 553 (BIA 2003), 1303, 1304 A–T–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 296 (BIA 2007), vacated, 24 I&N Dec. 617 (AG 2008), 31, 67, 90–93, 394, 395, 400–402, 1286 A–T–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 4 (BIA 2009), 238 A–T–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 16, 2018) (unpublished), 156 Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 117 S. Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997), 191, 378, 501 Auguste v. Ridge, 395 F.3d 123 (3d Cir. 2005), 312, 321, 324, 336 Augustin v. Sava, 735 F.2d 32 (2d Cir. 1984), 765 Avagyan v. Holder, 646 F.3d 672 (9th Cir. 2011), 1293, 1304, 1385 Avelar-Gonzalez v. Whitaker, 908 F.3d 820 (1st Cir. 2018), 541 Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 2015), 270, 327, 531 Averianova v. Holder, 592 F.3d 931 (8th Cir. 2010), 1297 Averianova v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 890 (8th Cir. 2007), 772 Avetisyan, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 688 (BIA 2012), 815, 816 Avetova-Elisseva v. INS, 213 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2000), 118, 119, 189

Avila v. Attorney Gen., 560 F.3d 1281 (11th Cir. 2009), 1041, 1050 Avila v. Rivkind, 724 F. Supp. 945 (S.D. Fla. 1989), 278 Avila-Macias v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 108 (3d Cir. 2003), 1043, 1048 Avila-Santoyo v. Attorney Gen., 713 F.3d 1357 (11th Cir. 2013), 1302 Awale v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 527 (8th Cir. 2004), 96, 429 Ay v. Holder, 743 F.3d 317 (2d Cir. 2014), 288, 293, 296, 319 Ayala v. Holder, 683 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2012), 160 Ayala v. Sessions, 855 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2017), 82, 1065, 1376, 1384 Ayele v. Holder, 564 F.3d 862 (7th Cir. 2009), 385 A–Y–M–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 791 (BIA 2012), 1247, 1504 Ayvaz v. Holder, 564 F. App'x 625 (2d Cir. 2014), 292 Azanor v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir. 2004), 325, 378 Azarshahy v. Ilchert, 1994 WL 446040 (N.D. Cal., Aug. 10, 1994), 123 Azhgirevich v. Gonzales, 185 F. App'x 72 (2d Cir. 2006), 126 Aziz v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 854 (8th Cir. 2007), 535, 641, 736 Azzouka v. Meese, 820 F.2d 585 (2d Cir. 1987), 278

B B–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 427 (BIA 1991), 246, 268, 269, 502, 1164 B–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 66 (BIA 1995), 102, 103, 431, 523, 526, 537 Ba v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 2008), 95 Baballah v. Ashcroft, 335 F.3d 981 (9th Cir. 2003), 1152 Baballah v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2004), 79, 80, 125, 137, 143, 179, 189 Bace v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 1133 (7th Cir. 2003), 66, 92, 125 Badache v. Holder, 492 F. App'x 124 (1st Cir. 2012), 76 Badalamenti, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 623 (BIA 1988), 822 Baez-Sanchez v. Sessions, 872 F.3d 854 (7th Cir. 2017), 1524 Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2010), 171 Bah v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 348 (5th Cir. 2003), 250 Bah v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 637 (6th Cir. 2006), 396 Bah v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2008), 67, 91, 92, 394 Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228 (4th Cir. 2009), 67, 73 Baires v. INS, 856 F.2d 89 (9th Cir. 1988), 805 Bakanovas v. Holder, 438 F. App'x 717 (10th Cir. 2011), 1294 Bakhtriger v. Elwood, 360 F.3d 414 (3d Cir. 2004), 1378 Balachova v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 374 (2d Cir. 2008), 247, 259 Balasubramanrim v. INS, 143 F.3d 157 (3d Cir. 1998), 521, 528, 929, 930 Ballester-Garcia, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 592 (BIA 1980), 275 Balleteros-Ruiz; United States v., 319 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003), 770 Balliu v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 2006), 91, 505 Balogun v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2004), 542, 543, 928 Bamba v. Riley, 366 F.3d 195 (3d Cir. 2004), 1032 Banat v. Holder, 557 F.3d 886 (8th Cir. 2009), 835, 1483 Bandari v. INS, 227 F.3d 1160 (9th Cir. 2000), 88, 132, 521 B & H Med., LLC v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 671 (2014), 191, 378, 501 Banks v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 449 (7th Cir. 2006), 110, 118, 547, 551, 836 Banos v. Asher, No. 18-35460 (9th Cir. May 31, 2018), 1054 Bao v. Gonzales, 460 F.3d 426 (2d Cir. 2006), 525 Bao Hui Chen v. Attorney Gen., 438 F. App'x 125 (3d Cir. 2011), 81 Baptiste v. Attorney Gen., 229 F. App'x 66, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 9400 (3d Cir. Apr. 25, 2007), 784

Barahona v. Holder, 691 F.3d 349 (4th Cir. 2012), 282, 288, 293 Barahona-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 243 F. Supp. 1029 (N.D. Cal. 2002), 816 Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351 (9th Cir. 2017), 203, 204, 327, 341 Barapind v. Enomoto, 400 F.3d 744 (9th Cir. 2005), 274 Barcenas, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 609 (BIA 1988), 520, 751, 845, 929, 1217 Barillas-Mendez v. Lynch, No. 14-1444 (8th Cir. 2015), 73 Barraza Rivera v. INS, 913 F.2d 1443 (9th Cir. 1990), 174 Barreiros, Matter of, 10 I&N Dec. 536 (BIA 1964), 512 Barreto-Claro v. Attorney Gen., 275 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2001), 525, 535, 536, 641, 736 Barrientos, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 100 (BIA 2007), 1538 Barrios v. Holder, 581 F.3d 849 (9th Cir. 2009), 467, 469, 471 Barrios-Cantarero v. Holder, 772 F.3d 1019 (5th Cir. 2014), 1301 Barry v. Barr, No. 18-2334 (7th Cir. 2019), 337 Barry v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 741 (4th Cir. 2006), 67 Barsoum v. Holder, 617 F.3d 73 (1st Cir. 2010), 72, 73 Bartolo-Diego v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 1024 (8th Cir. 2007), 333 B–A–S–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 57 (BIA 1998), 859 Bassene v. Holder, 737 F.3d 530 (9th Cir. 2013), 524 Bastanipour v. INS, 980 F.2d 1129 (7th Cir. 1992), 141, 160 Batalova v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir. 2004), 1274 Bathula v. Holder, 723 F.3d 889 (7th Cir. 2013), 85, 160 Batista v. Ashcroft, 270 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2001), 1043 Bazan-Reyes v. INS, 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir. 2001), 1032 B–B–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 10, 2009) (unpublished), 322 Bbale v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 63 (1st Cir. 2016), 1295 Bead v. Holder, 703 F.3d 591 (1st Cir. 2012), 1293, 1304, 1305, 1385 Becerra-Miranda, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 358 (BIA 1967), 504, 516 Beck v. Mukasey, 527 F.3d 737 (8th Cir. 2008), 80, 83, 179 Beckford, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1216 (BIA 2000), 1293 Beekhan v. Holder, 634 F.3d 723 (2d Cir. 2011), 1040 Begzatowski v. INS, 278 F.3d 665 (7th Cir. 2002), 69 Beharry v. Reno, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584 (E.D.N.Y 2002), rev'd, 329 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2003), 15 Behzadpour v. U.S., 946 F.2d 1351 (8th Cir. 1991), 88 Bejjani v. INS, 271 F.3d 670 (6th Cir. 2001), 1037, 1041, 1390 Belay-Gebru v. INS, 327 F.3d 998 (10th Cir. 2003), 1377 Belishta v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1078 (9th Cir. 2004), 105, 106 Bellido v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2004), 68, 88, 122, 521, 540 Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622 (1979), 778, 1194 Beltran v. Cardall, 826 F.3d 721 (4th Cir. 2016), 1215 Beltrand-Alas v. Holder, 689 F.3d 90 (1st Cir. 2012), 472 Benitez-Ramos v. Holder, 589 F.3d 426 (7th Cir. 2009), 147, 149, 150, 155, 161, 442, 444, 445, 451, 452, 455 Benyamin v. Holder, 579 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. 2009), 395 Bera v. Attorney Gen., 555 F. App'x 129 (3d Cir. 2014), 85 Berdo v. INS, 432 F.2d 824 (6th Cir. 1970), 179 Berhane v. Holder, 606 F.3d 819 (6th Cir. 2010), 274, 276 Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314 (3d Cir. 2004), 92, 337 Bermudez-Cota, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 441 (BIA 2018), 727, 786, 791 Bernabe v. Holder, 581 F. App'x 647 (9th Cir. 2014), 1477 Bernal-Garcia v. INS, 852 F.2d 144 (5th Cir. 1988), 162, 174 Bernal-Rendon v. Gonzales, 419 F.3d 877 (8th Cir. 2005), 446, 463 Bernard v. Sessions, 881 F.3d 1042 (7th Cir. 2018), 344

Berri v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 390 (6th Cir. 2006), 796 Berroteran-Melendez v. INS, 955 F.2d 1251 (9th Cir. 1992), 108, 109 Bescovik v. Gonzalez, 467 F.3d 223 (2d Cir. 2006), 86 B–F–O–, Matter of, A78 677 043 (BIA Nov. 6, 2001), 104, 1155 Bhargava v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 168 (3d Cir. 2010), 1474 Bhasin v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2005), 1309 Bhatt v. Reno, 172 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 1999), 108, 121 Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2016), 524, 526, 540 Bhattarai v. Nielsen, No. 19-cv-00731 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2019), 1533, 1534 Bilokumsky v. Tod, 263 U.S. 149 (1923), 757, 791 Bitsin v. Holder, 719 F.3d 619 (7th Cir. 2013), 1373 Bi Zhu Lin v. Ashcroft, 183 F. Supp. 2d 551 (D. Conn. 2002), 319 Blake v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. 2007), 1381 Blanco De Belbruno v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 272 (4th Cir. 2004), 1276 Blanco-Lopez v. INS, 858 F.2d 531 (9th Cir. 1988), 176 Blandino-Medina v. Holder, 712 F.3d 1338 (9th Cir. 2013), 269, 272 B–L–C–M–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 18, 2018) (unpublished), 1054 Boer-Sedano v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2005), 98, 106, 126 Boika v. Holder, 727 F.3d 735 (7th Cir. 2013), 517, 1299 Bojnoordi v. Holder, 757 F.3d 1075 (4th Cir. 2014), 286 Bolanos-Hernandez v. INS, 767 F.2d 1277 (9th Cir. 1984), 117, 125 Bolieiro v. Holder, 731 F.3d 32 (1st Cir. 2013), 1290 Bondarenko v. Holder, 733 F.3d 899 (9th Cir. 2013), 549, 753 Bonilla v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 72 (1st Cir. 2008), 75, 302, 305 Bonilla v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 87 (3d Cir. 2018), 1065 Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1132 (6th Cir. 2010), 442, 444 Borca v. INS, 77 F.3d 210 (7th Cir. 1996), 73, 81 Borges v. Attorney Gen., 383 F. App'x 891 (11th Cir. 2010), 1550 Borges v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 398 (3d Cir. 2005), 1301, 1302 Borja v. INS, 175 F.3d 732 (9th Cir. 1999), 69 Bornelus v. United States AG, 253 F. App'x 826 (11th Cir. 2007), 475 Borovsky v. Holder, 612 F.3d 917 (7th Cir. 2010), 85 Bosede v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 946 (7th Cir. 2008), 322 Boshtrakaj v. Holder, 324 F. App'x 99 (2d Cir. 2009), 257 Bosung v. Gonzales, No. 05-1555, 2006 WL 851092 (4th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (per curiam), 240 Bouchikhi v. Holder, 676 F.3d 173 (5th Cir. 2012), 222 Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281 (1974), 1394 Boyanivskyy v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 286 (7th Cir. 2006), 834 Boykov v. INS, 109 F.3d 413 (7th Cir. 1997), 74, 76 B–R–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 119 (BIA 2013), 55 Bravo-Pedroza v. Gonzales, 475 F.3d 1358 (9th Cir. 2007), 791 Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 136 (1945), 958 Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir. 2017), 155, 195, 332, 544 Briones v. Attorney Gen., 443 F. App'x 534 (11th Cir. 2011), 1377 Briones v. INS, 175 F.3d 727 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc), 132, 176 Briseno-Sanchez v. Heinauer, 319 F.3d 324 (8th Cir. 2003), 1042, 1043, 1048 Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1071 (9th Cir. 2008), 118, 119, 319, 328, 330, 1484 Bropleh v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 772 (8th Cir. 2005), 1274 Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115 (1994), 23 Brue v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227 (10th Cir. 2006), 782 Bu v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 424 (6th Cir. 2007), 174

Bucur v. INS, 109 F.3d 399 (7th Cir. 1997), 69, 141 Budhathoki v. Nielsen, 898 F.3d 504 (5th Cir. 2018), 1527 Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. 2016), 285 Budiono v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 44 (1st Cir. 2008), 122 Bueso-Avila v. Holder, 663 F.3d 934 (7th Cir. 2011), 126, 483, 484 Bufalino, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 277 (BIA 1967), 226, 511 Bulnes-Nolasco, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 57 (BIA 2009), 1259, 1290, 1308 Burbiene v. Holder, 568 F.3d 251 (1st Cir. 2009), 194, 404 Burger v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 2007), 552, 753 Burka v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 575 (8th Cir. 2018), 1373 Bustos-Torres v. INS, 898 F.2d 1053 (5th Cir. 1990), 826, 844 Butt v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 430 (3d Cir. 2005), 516, 521 B–Y–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 236 (BIA 2010), 532–534, 736

C C–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 529 (BIA 1992), 263, 270, 272 C–A–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 951 (BIA 2006), 145–148, 150, 151, 160, 385, 401, 411, 414, 417, 419, 421, 441, 443–445, 453, 457, 458, 462, 1156, 1158 Caal-Tiul v. Holder, 582 F.3d 92 (1st Cir. 2009), 460, 461, 487 Caballero-Martinez v. Barr, 920 F.3d 543 (8th Cir. 2018), 819, 1518 Cabas v. Holder, 695 F.3d 169 (1st Cir. 2012), 1373 Cabrera v. Sessions, 890 F.3d 153 (5th Cir. 2018), 107, 461 Cabrera-Perez v. Gonzales, 456 F.3d 109 (3d Cir. 2006), 858 Cabrera Vasquez v. Barr, No. 18-1226 (4th Cir. 2019), 347 Cadet v. Bulger, 377 F.3d 1173 (11th Cir. 2004), 320, 324, 335–337 C–A–L–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 754 (BIA 1997), 95, 96, 112, 429, 430, 473 California v. Trump, No. 3:19-cv-00872 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2019), 1017, 1018 Calla Mejia v. Sessions, No. 16-1280 (4th Cir. 2017), 1044 Calle-Vujiles v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 472 (3d Cir. 2003), 1377 Camaj v. Holder, 625 F.3d 988 (7th Cir. 2010), 1301 Camara v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 361 (4th Cir. 2004), 315, 326, 339, 341, 342, 517, 575, 648, 649, 744, 745, 827, 828 Camara v. Attorney Gen., 527 F.3d 196 (3d Cir. 2009), 69 Camelien v. Attorney Gen., 636 F. App'x 498 (11th Cir. 2016), 265 Camposeco-Montejo v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2004), 301 Campos-Guardado v. INS, 809 F.2d 285 (5th Cir. 1987), 389, 397 Campos Mejia v. Sessions. See Mejia v. Sessions Canales-Vargas v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 739 (9th Cir. 2006), 113 Canas-Segovia v. INS, 970 F.2d 599 (9th Cir. 1992), 175 Cano-Merida v. INS, 311 F.3d 960 (9th Cir. 2002), 334, 386, 492, 554, 754, 768, 802, 803 Cantarero v. Holder, 734 F.3d 82 (1st Cir. 2013), 155, 160, 451, 452 Cantillano Cruz v. Sessions, 853 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2017), 154 Cao v. Attorney Gen., 407 F.3d 146 (3d Cir. 2005), 174, 183 Capric v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1075 (7th Cir. 2004), 71, 118, 206 Carballe, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 357 (BIA 1986), 271, 272 Cardenas v. INS, 294 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2002), 99 Cardova-Soto v. Holder, 732 F.3d 789 (7th Cir. 2013), 1050 Cardoza-Fonseca v. INS, 767 F.2d 1448 (9th Cir. 1985), aff'd, 480 U.S. 421 (1987), 5, 7, 108, 110, 191, 198, 205, 206, 377, 378, 396, 427, 503, 508, 942, 1381, 1383, 1474 C–A–R–M–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 15, 2018) (unpublished), 1247

Carpio v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1091 (10th Cir. 2010), 1380 Carrizo v. Attorney Gen., 652 F.3d 1326 (11th Cir. 2011), 520, 522, 538, 845 Carry v. Holmes, 02-CV-0369Sr, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26243 (W.D.N.Y. July 18, 2003), 324, 335 Carvajal-Munoz v. INS, 743 F.2d 562 (7th Cir. 1984), 503 Casanova, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 494 (BIA 2015), 523 Castañeda-Castillo v. Gonzales, 488 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2007), 261 Castaneda-Castillo v. Holder, 638 F.3d 354 (1st Cir. 2011), 130, 258, 373 Castaneda-Hernandez v. INS, 826 F.2d 1526 (6th Cir. 1987), 531 Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533 (6th Cir. 2003), 147, 159, 445, 455, 486, 1156, 1500 Castellanos-Pineda v. Holder, 537 F. App'x 797 (10th Cir. 2013), 1381–1382 Castilho de Oliveira v. Holder, 564 F.3d 892 (7th Cir. 2009), 504, 516, 754 Castillo v. Barr, No. 17-72544 (9th Cir. 2019), 346 Castillo v. INS, 951 F.2d 1117 (9th Cir. 1991), 112, 516 Castillo-Arias v. Attorney Gen., 446 F.3d 1190 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 977 (Jan. 8, 2007), 147, 149, 150, 160, 370, 407, 417, 443, 457, 468, 474, 1156 Castillo-Villagra v. INS, 972 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1992), 551 Castro v. Department of Homeland Sec., No. 16-1339 (3d Cir. May 19, 2016), 960, 1375 Castro v. Holder, 597 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2010), 132, 170, 376, 466, 467, 479 Castro-Cortez v. INS, 239 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2001), 629, 630, 732, 1037, 1041 Castro-Martinez v. Holder, 674 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2011), 195, 334 Castro-O'Ryan v. INS, 847 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1988), 758 Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2005), 189, 195, 426 Castro-Tum, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 271 (AG 2018), 32, 566, 722, 723, 815–817, 1223, 1286, 1448, 1550 Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. v. Meese, vacated sub nom. Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 U.S. 43 (1993), 1036 Cazun v. Attorney Gen., 856 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. 2017), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 C–C–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 899 (BIA 2006), 186, 188, 1261, 1310 C–C–I–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 375 (BIA 2014), 1481–1484 Ceballos-Castillo v. INS, 904 F.2d 519 (9th Cir. 1990), 521 Cece v. Holder, 733 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 2013) (en banc), 145, 149, 150, 152, 162, 164, 165, 190, 368, 370, 376, 398, 405–407, 419, 421, 422, 424, 442, 460, 1152, 1380, 1522 C–E–F–B–, Matter of, (BIA July 23, 2018) (unpublished), 1054 Cendrawasih v. Holder, 571 F.3d 128 (1st Cir. 2009), 1438 Ceraj v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 583 (6th Cir. 2007), 535 Cervantes v. Holder, 597 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2010), 1537 Chacon-Botero v. Attorney Gen., 427 F.3d 954 (11th Cir. 2005), 240 Chadha v. Attorney Gen., 386 F. App'x 319 (3d Cir. 2010), 73 Chaib v. Ashcroft, 397 F.3d 1273 (10th Cir. 2005), 504, 516 Chakhov v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 843 (8th Cir. 2016), 522 Chakir v. Gonzalez, 466 F.3d 563 (7th Cir. 2006), 190, 376 Chaly-Garcia v. United States, 508 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 2007), 226, 636, 1542 Cham v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 683 (3d Cir. 2006), 515, 754, 755 Chambers v. Mukasey, 520 F.3d 445 (5th Cir. 2008), 795 Chanchavac v. INS, 207 F.3d 584 (9th Cir. 2000), 473 Chanco v. INS, 82 F.3d 298 (9th Cir. 1996), 171 Chand v. INS, 222 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2000), 78 Chandra v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2014), 1297 Chang v. INS, 119 F.3d 1055 (3d Cir. 1997), 7, 87–89, 170, 171, 466 Charleswell; United States v., 456 F.3d 347 (3d Cir. 2006), 1041 Chatta v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 748 (7th Cir. 2008), 928 Chavarria v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 508 (3d Cir. 2006), 74, 75

Chavez v. INS, 723 F.2d 1431 (9th Cir. 1984), 159, 1155 Chawla v. Holder, 559 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 2010), 504, 516 Chay Ixcot v. Holder, 646 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. 2011), 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1048 Chay-Velasquez v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 751 (8th Cir. 2004), 274, 275 C–H–C–, Matter of, (BIA May 4, 2017) (unpublished), 276, 1165 Cheema v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 1147, amended, 383 F.3d 848 (9th Cir. 2004), 278, 284, 839 Cheema v. Holder, 693 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir. 2012), 534, 640, 641, 735 Chehazeh v. Attorney Gen., 666 F.3d 118 (3d Cir. 2012), 1377 Chen, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 16, 1989 WL 331860 (BIA 1989), 90, 91, 102, 104, 198, 395, 403, 431, 500, 506, 1145 Chen v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2004), 183 Chen v. Attorney Gen., 463 F.3d 1228 (11th Cir. 2006), 522 Chen v. Attorney Gen., 491 F.3d 100 (3d Cir. 2007), 508 Chen v. Attorney Gen., 513 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2008), 257 Chen v. Attorney Gen., 565 F.3d 805 (11th Cir. 2009), 1297 Chen v. Attorney Gen., 676 F.3d 112 (3d Cir. 2011), 81, 187 Chen v. Attorney Gen., No. 07-11562 (11th Cir. 2008), 249 Chen v. DOJ, 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006), 1373, 1374 Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 303 (2d Cir. 2005), 183, 545, 546, 1156 Chen v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 212 (3d Cir. 2005), 89, 515 Chen v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 670 (7th Cir. 2006), 183 Chen v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131 (5th Cir. 2006), 328 Chen v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 758 (7th Cir. 2007), 186, 1297, 1298 Chen v. Holder, 607 F.3d 511 (7th Cir. 2010), 88 Chen v. Holder, 658 F.3d 246 (2d Cir. 2011), 542, 544, 569, 648, 743 Chen v. Holder, 722 F.3d 63 (1st Cir. 2013), 1297 Chen v. Holder, 742 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2014), 186, 347 Chen v. Holder, 751 F.3d 876 (8th Cir. 2014), 177, 186 Chen v. INS, 195 F.3d 198 (4th Cir. 1999), vacated, 537 U.S. 1016 (2002), 120, 187 Chen v. INS, 266 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2001), 185 Chen v. INS, 359 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2004), 65, 72, 119, 526, 546, 836 Chen v. Lynch, 810 F.3d 466 (7th Cir. 2016), 541 Chen v. Mukasey, 510 F.3d 797 (8th Cir. 2007), 523 Chen v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 2008), 1297 Chen v. United States, 434 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2006), 147, 240 Cheo v. INS, 162 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 1998), 305 Cherichel v. Holder, 591 F.3d 1002 (8th Cir. 2010), 323, 324 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984), 58, 253, 1370, 1378, 1379 Chhetry v. DOJ, 490 F.3d 196 (2d Cir. 2007), 551, 552, 753 Chilel v. Holder, 779 F.3d 850 (8th Cir. 2015), 158, 449 Ching & Chen, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 203 (BIA 1984), 1039, 1040 Chirinos, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 276 (BIA 1977), 1114, 1115, 1117, 1285 Chitay-Pirir v. INS, 169 F.3d 1079 (7th Cir. 1999), 777 Choeum v. INS, 129 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 1997), 263, 270 Chong Shin Chen v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2004), 1274 Chouchkov v. INS, 220 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2000), 80 Chowdhury v. INS, 249 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. 2001), 791 Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281 (1979), 823 Chuen Piu Kwong v. Holder, 671 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. 2011), 1383 Cinto-Velasquez v. Lynch, 817 F.3d 602 (8th Cir. 2016), 112 Ciorba v. Ashcroft, 323 F.3d 539 (7th Cir. 2003), 766

Circu v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 990 (9th Cir. 2006), 753 Cisneros v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 857 (7th Cir. 2016), 1515 City of. See name of city Civil v. INS, 140 F.3d 52 (1st Cir. 1998), 159, 1153 C–J–H–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 284 (BIA 2014), 1472, 1480, 1487, 1496, 1503 C.J.L.G. v. Barr, No. 16-73801 (9th Cir. 2019), 761, 1190, 1191 C.J.L.G. v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 1122, reh'g en banc granted, 904 F.3d 642 (9th Cir. 2018), 76, 319, 761, 1190 Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371 (2005), 1053 C–L–R–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 7, 2017) (unpublished), 1297 C–O–, Matter of, (BIA July 6, 2017) (unpublished), 155 Cohen v. Swacina, 2009 WL 799430 (S.D. Fla. 2009), 1396 Cojocari v. Sessions, 863 F.3d 616 (7th Cir. 2017), 515, 524, 531 Cole v. Attorney Gen., 712 F.3d 517 (11th Cir. 2013), 319 Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762 (9th Cir. 2011), 319, 328, 331, 344, 346, 445, 455, 493 Colmenar v. INS, 210 F.3d 967 (9th Cir. 2000), 766 Colon-Calderon v. Attorney Gen., 726 F. App'x 158 (3d Cir. 2018), 265 Comollari v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 694 (7th Cir. 2004), 319, 321, 325 Compean, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 710 (AG 2009), 1303 Compean, Bangaly & J–E–C–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 1 (AG 2009), 1303, 1304 Constanza v. Holder, 647 F.3d 749 (8th Cir. 2011), 159, 444–446, 448, 456, 462, 1156 Contreras-Bocanegra v. Holder, 678 F.3d 811 (10th Cir. 2012), 1290, 1309 Contreras-Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 462 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2006), 1290, 1308 Cooke v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 899 (8th Cir. 2008), 64, 95, 116 Cordero-Trejo v. INS, 40 F.3d 482 (1st Cir. 1994), 112, 113, 118, 127, 525 Cordoba v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2013), 162, 328, 330, 331, 456, 458 Cordova v. Holder, 759 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 2014), 134, 135, 464, 487 Cordova-Soto v. Holder, 659 F.3d 1029 (10th Cir. 2011), 1040, 1050 Coronado-Durazo v. INS, 123 F.3d 1323 (9th Cir. 1997), 771 Corovic v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2008), 528, 772 Cortez-Mendez v. Whitaker, 912 F.3d 205 (4th Cir. 2019), 126 Costa v. Holder, 733 F.3d 13 (1st Cir. 2013), 160, 327 Costello v. INS, 376 U.S. 120 (1964), 791 Cotzojay v. Holder, 725 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2013), 843, 844 County of. See name of county Coyt v. Holder, 593 F.3d 902 (9th Cir. 2010), 1290, 1309 C–R–C–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 20, 2018) (unpublished), 1115 Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117 (4th Cir. 2011), 67, 74, 134, 135, 149, 154, 158, 160, 385, 442, 444, 446, 462, 463, 1158 Crespo v. Holder, 631 F.3d 130 (4th Cir. 2011), 262 Crespo-Gomez v. Richard, 780 F.2d 932 (11th Cir. 1986), 263, 270, 307 Cruz, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 236 (BIA1974), 791 Cruz-Diaz v. INS, 86 F.3d 330 (4th Cir. 1996), 1145, 1151 Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1187 (10th Cir. 2005), 159, 328, 330 Cruz-Garcia, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1155 (BIA 1999), 1300 Cruz-Gomez v. Lynch, 801 F.3d 695 (6th Cir. 2015), 1301 Cruz-Martinez v. Sessions, 885 F.3d 460 (7th Cir. 2018), 340 Cruz-Quintanilla v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 884 (4th Cir. 2019), 339, 1377 Cruz-Samayoa v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1145 (6th Cir. 2010), 87 C–T–L–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 341 (BIA 2010), 203 Cubillos v. Holder, 565 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2009), 85 Cubor-Cruz, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 470 (BIA 2011), 1193

Cuellar-Gomez, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 850 (BIA 2012), 1261 Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2005), 1274 Cuevas v. INS, 43 F.3d 1167 (7th Cir. 1995), 128 Cui v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1289 (9th Cir. 2008), 808 Cuko v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 32 (1st Cir. 2008), 515 Culpatan v. Holder, 612 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2010), 234 Cunanan v. INS, 856 F.2d 1373 (9th Cir. 1988), 851 C–W–L–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 346 (BIA 2007), 186, 1297, 1298 C–Y–R–C–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 27, 2019) (unpublished), 156, 166 C–Y–Z–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 915 (BIA 1997), 68, 170, 181, 182, 466

D D–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 827 (BIA 1994), 269, 826, 844 D–A–A–, Matter of, (AAO Apr. 2, 2019), 1520 Dababneh v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2006), 727 Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1 (2008), 1385, 1391 Daiga v. INS, 183 F.3d 797 (8th Cir. 1999) (per curiam), 516, 549 Dale v. Holder, 610 F.3d 294 (5th Cir. 2010), 1383, 1384 Dallakoti v. Holder, 619 F.3d 1264 (10th Cir. 2010), 126 Damaize-Job v. INS, 787 F.2d 1332 (9th Cir. 1986), 112, 115, 117, 521 Damko v. INS, 430 F.3d 626 (2d Cir. 2005), 81, 179 Damus v. Nielsen, 313 F. Supp. 3d 317 (D.D.C. 2018), 937, 1082, 1093, 1104, 1105 Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615 (6th Cir. 2004), 114 Dar v. Norway, Commc'n No. 249/2004, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/38/D/249/2004 (May 16, 2007), 345 Daramy v. Attorney Gen., 365 F. App'x 351 (3d Cir. 2010), 222 Darinchuluun v. Lynch, 804 F.3d 1208 (7th Cir. 2015), 528, 541 Dass, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 120 (BIA 1989), 110, 503, 545, 1146 Datau v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 37 (1st Cir. 2008), 85 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993), 835 Davila-Bardales v. INS, 27 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1994), 777, 1193 Davila-Mejia v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 624 (8th Cir. 2008), 149, 159, 407 Davis v. Lynch, 802 F.3d 168 (1st Cir. 2015), 513, 756 Dawoud v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 2005), 568, 743 Debeato v. Attorney Gen., 505 F.3d 231 (3d Cir. 2007), 1050 De Brenner v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 629 (8th Cir. 2004), 476 de Carvalho-Frois v. Holder, 667 F.3d 69 (1st Cir. 2012), 160 De Castro-Gutierrez v. Holder, 713 F.3d 375 (8th Cir. 2013), 205 Decky v. Holder, 587 F.3d 104 (1st Cir. 2009), 73 Degbe v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 651 (8th Cir. 2018), 1373 Dehonzai v. Holder, 650 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2011), 520, 522, 845 De La Rosa v. Holder, 598 F.3d 103 (2d Cir. 2010), 332 De La Rosa v. Sessions, No. 15-859 NAC, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 7973 (2d Cir. 2017), 83 Del Carmen Molina v. INS, 170 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 1999), 69 Del Cid Marroquin v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 933 (9th Cir. 2016), 333 Delcid-Zelaya v. Holder, No. 12-9589 (10th Cir. 2013), 160 Deleon v. INS, 115 F.3d 643 (9th Cir. 1997), 1389 De Leon-Barrios v. INS, 116 F.3d 391 (9th Cir. 1997), 516, 521 De Leon Gramajo v. Holder, No. 11-72666, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 10100 (9th Cir. May 20, 2013), 116 Delgadillo v. Carmichael, 332 U.S. 388 (1947), 40 Delgado v. Attorney Gen., 487 F.3d 855 (11th Cir. 2007), 1438

Delgado v. Holder, 563 F.3d 863 (9th Cir. 2009), 267, 271 Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2011), 267, 272 Delgado v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 702 (2d Cir. 2007), 328–330 Delgado v. Mukasey, No. 03-74442 (9th Cir. 2008), 267 Deloso v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2004), 193 Demarest v. Manspeaker, 498 U.S. 184 (1991), 23 De Morales v. INS, 116 F.3d 145 (5th Cir. 1997), 859 Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510 (2003), 1096 Denis v. Attorney Gen., 633 F.3d 201 (3d Cir. 2011), 270, 323, 324 Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. 2003), 1274, 1276 Dent v. Holder, 627 F.3d 365 (9th Cir. 2010), 824, 825, 847 de Rincon v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2008), 1050 De Rivas v. Sessions (8th Cir. 2018), 1246 De Sandoval v. Attorney Gen., 440 F.3d 1276 (11th Cir. 2006), 1041 De Santamaria v. Attorney Gen., 525 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2008), 64, 109, 116 Desir v. Ilchert, 840 F.2d 723 (9th Cir. 1988), 476 Desta v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2003), 304, 796 Desta v. Ashcroft, 365 F.3d 741 (9th Cir. 2004), 1392 DeValle v. INS, 901 F.2d 787 (9th Cir. 1990), 159 Devison, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1362 (BIA 2000), 262, 1145 Dhakal v. Sessions, 895 F.3d 532 (7th Cir. 2018), 698, 1381 Dhine v. Slattery, 3 F.3d 613 (2d Cir. 1993), 198 Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044 (9th Cir. 2008), 225, 1374 Dhoumo v. BIA, 416 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2005), 54–56 Dhuka v. Holder, 716 F.3d 149 (5th Cir. 2013), 1380 Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc), 504, 516, 542, 1274, 1276 Diallo v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 687 (7th Cir. 2004), 304, 306 Diallo v. Attorney Gen., 596 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2010), 70, 74 Diallo v. Department of Justice, 548 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 2008), 119, 526, 546, 836 Diallo v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1274 (10th Cir. 2006), 240, 1477 Diallo v. Holder, 335 F. App'x 556 (6th Cir. 2009), 128 Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279 (2d Cir. 2000), 108, 508, 543, 544 Diallo v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 451 (8th Cir. 2007), 95 Diaz v. Holder, 501 F. App'x 734 (10th Cir. 2012), 265 Diaz v. Lynch, 824 F.3d 758 (8th Cir. 2016), 1302 Diaz v. Reno, 40 F. Supp. 2d 984 (N.D. Ill. 1999), 917 Diaz-Garcia, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 794 (BIA 2012), 1259 Diaz-Zanatta v. Holder, 558 F.3d 450 (6th Cir. 2009), 258, 261 Dieng v. Holder, 698 F.3d 866 (6th Cir. 2012), 396, 397 D–I–M–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 448 (BIA 2008), 90, 94 Diop v. Holder, 586 F.3d 587 (8th Cir. 2009), 396, 397 Diop v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 70 (4th Cir. 2015), 531, 762, 780, 783 Diouf v. Napolitano, 634 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2011), 1054 Disu v. Ashcroft, 338 F.3d 13 (1st Cir. 2003), 521 D–J–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 572 (BIA 2003), 31, 936, 1103, 1115, 1286 Djadjou v. Holder, 662 F.3d 265 (4th Cir. 2011), 519, 525 Djonda v. Attorney Gen., 514 F.3d 1168 (11th Cir. 2008), 84 D–K–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 761 (BIA 2012), 1499, 1500 D–L– & A–M–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 409 (BIA 1991), 305 D–M–C–P–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 644 (BIA 2015), 808 D-Muhumed v. Attorney Gen., 388 F.3d 814 (11th Cir. 2004), 334

Doe v. See name of opposing party Doh v. Gonzales, 193 F. App'x 245 (4th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (unpublished), 1377 Doherty, In re, 599 F. Supp. 270 (S.D.N.Y. 1984), 283 Doherty; INS v., 502 U.S. 314 (1992), 1310 Dominguez-Pulido v. Lynch, 821 F.3d 837 (7th Cir. 2016), 151, 153 Dong v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 573 (7th Cir. 2005), 525–527 Dong v. Holder, 696 F.3d 121 (1st Cir. 2012), 182 Dorosh v. Gonzales, 398 F.3d 379 (6th Cir. 2004), 543 Douglas v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 230 (3d Cir. 2004), 1390 Doumbia v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 957 (7th Cir. 2007), 826 D–R–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 445 (BIA 2011), 261, 550 D–R–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 105 (BIA 2017), 254, 258 Drysdale, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 815 (BIA 1994), 1109 D–T–, Matter of, (BIA June 14, 2018) (unpublished), 305 Duarte v. Ashcroft, 83 F. App'x 119 (7th Cir. 2003), 1274 Duarte de Guinac v. INS, 179 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 1999), 69, 86, 137, 568, 647, 743 Duarte-Luna & Luna, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 324 (BIA 2014), 1537 Dulane v. INS, 46 F.3d 988 (10th Cir. 1995), 56 Dunat v. Henry, 297 F.2d 744 (3d Cir. 1961), 179 Duran-Hernandez v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. 2003), 1042, 1043, 1048 Durgac v. Gonzales, 2005 WL 3275790 (7th Cir. 2005), 543 Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960), 781 Duvall v. Attorney Gen., 436 F.3d 382 (3d Cir. 2006), 791 D–V–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 77 (BIA 1993), 63, 67, 90, 132, 391, 398 Dwomoh v. Sava, 696 F. Supp. 970 (S.D.N.Y. 1988), 89, 276 D–X– & Y–Z–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 664 (BIA 2012), 42, 304

E E–A–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 1 (BIA 2012), 273–275 E–A–A–M–, Matter of, (BIA May 10, 2018) (unpublished), 1114, 1115 E–A–G–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 591 (BIA 2008), 148–150, 411, 417, 441–444, 447, 468–470, 478, 486, 1156 E–A–M–L–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 19, 2018) (unpublished), 491, 553, 767, 768, 800 East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 139 S. Ct. 782, 202 L. Ed. 2d 510 (2018), 1003 East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 909 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir. 2018), 24, 41, 243, 244, 1003 East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 349 F. Supp. 3d 838 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2018), 24, 243, 1003 East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 354 F. Supp. 3d 1094 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 19, 2018), 24, 26, 243, 244, 1004 East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, No. 18-cv-06810-JST, 2019 WL 1048238 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2019), 24, 244, 1003 Echevarria, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 512 (BIA 2011), 1538 Echeverria-Hernandez v. INS, 923 F.2d 688, vacated, 946 F.2d 1481 (9th Cir. 1991), 15 Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982), 778, 1194 E–D–H–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 29, 2017) (unpublished), 155 Edimo-Doualla v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 276 (2d Cir. 2006), 527 Edionseri v. Sessions, 860 F.3d 1101 (8th Cir. 2017), 189, 195 E–D–R–, Matter of, (BIA June 17, 2016) (unpublished), 156 Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182 (5th Cir. 2004), 141, 488 Efe v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899 (5th Cir. 2002), 342, 517, 641, 736, 1385, 1477, 1480

E–F–H–L–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 319 (BIA 2014), vacated, 27 I&N Dec. 226 (AG 2018), 32, 489–491, 504, 512, 513, 552, 553, 565, 723, 757, 767, 768, 798, 800, 1286 Ekimian v. INS, 303 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2002), 1377 El-Gazawy v. Holder, 690 F.3d 852 (7th Cir. 2012), 1293, 1304, 1385 Elias-Zacarias; INS v., 502 U.S. 478 (1992), 124–126, 128, 131, 169, 172, 175, 189, 374, 424, 426, 465, 468, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 484, 485 Elien v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 392 (1st Cir. 2004), 147, 159, 337 El-Labaki v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2008), 121 Elmi v. Australia, Commc'n No. 120/1998, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/22/D/120/1998 (May 25, 1998), 327, 345 El Rescate Legal Servs., Inc. v. EOIR, 959 F.2d 742 (9th Cir. 1992), 765 El Rgeig v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 280/2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/37/D/280/2005 (Nov. 30, 2006), 345 El-Sheikh v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 643 (8th Cir. 2004), 543 Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1143 (10th Cir. 2004), 302 Ememe v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 446 (7th Cir. 2004), 521, 952 Enamorado, Matter of, A77 530 541 (IJ Nov. 22, 1999), 453 Eneh v. Holder, 601 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2010), 323, 324 En Hua Zhu v. Holder, 528 F. App'x 544 (6th Cir. 2013), 83 Enriquez-Alvarado v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. 2004), 1377 E–P–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 860 (BIA 1997), 121, 538 E–R–Z–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 12, 2018) (unpublished), 228 E–S– & A–M–, Matter of, [file no. redacted] (IJ Mar. 20, 2003), 453 Escamilla v. Holder, 459 F. App'x 776, No. 11-9520, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 4974, 2012 WL 760162 (10th Cir. Mar. 9, 2012), 324, 471 Escobar v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 363 (3d Cir. 2005), 159, 1155 Escobar v. Holder, 657 F.3d 537 (7th Cir. 2011), 128, 164, 370, 442, 444 Escobar v. Holder, 698 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2012), 159 Escoto-Castillo v. Holder, 658 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2011), 1051 E–S–I–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 136 (BIA 2013), 1217 Espinosa-Cortez v. Attorney Gen., 607 F.3d 101 (3d Cir. 2010), 126, 131, 374 Espinoza v. INS, 45 F.3d 308 (9th Cir. 1995), 770, 826 Espinoza Alvarez, In re, A028 688 657 (BIA May 17, 2018), 1545 Esponda v. Attorney Gen., 453 F.3d 1319 (11th Cir. 2006), 1271 Essohou v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 518 (4th Cir. 2006), 97, 98, 430 Estrada-Escobar v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 1042 (10th Cir. 2004), 176 Estrada-Martinez v. Lynch, 809 F.3d 886 (7th Cir. 2015), 272 Estrada-Posadas v. INS, 924 F.2d 916 (9th Cir. 1991), 155, 161, 176 Eta-Ndu v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 977 (8th Cir. 2005), 539 Etugh v. INS, 921 F.2d 36 (3d Cir. 1991), 98 Eusebio v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1088 (8th Cir. 2004), 73, 127 Evers v. Mukasey, 288 F. App'x 441 (9th Cir. 2008), 1051 Exilus, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 276 (BIA 1982), 89 Ezeagwuna v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 116 (3d Cir. 2002), rev'd, 325 F.3d 396 (3d Cir. 2003), 504, 549, 753, 826, 843, 844, 851, 1483

F Faddoul v. INS, 37 F.3d 185 (5th Cir. 1994), 57, 85 Fahmy v. Holder, 576 F. App'x 524 (6th Cir. 2014), 324 Faiz-Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. 2005), 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042 Fajardo v. INS, 300 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2002), 1302, 1304 Fakhry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2008), 227, 230

Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003), 1274, 1276 Fang Huang v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 640 (6th Cir. 2008), 187 Fano v. O'Neill, 806 F.2d 1262 (5th Cir. 1987), 33 Farah v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2003), 534, 641, 736 Farbakhsh v. INS, 20 F.3d 877 (8th Cir. 1994), 306 Farinas, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 1967), 1293 Faronda-Blandon, Matter of, A74 979 517 (IJ June 15, 2001), 161 Faruk v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 940 (9th Cir. 2004), 130, 189, 193, 373, 394, 413 Faruqi v. DHS, 360 F.3d 985 (9th Cir. 2004), 1390 Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233 (3d Cir. 1993), 70, 73, 79, 142, 143, 147, 162, 174, 390, 391, 408, 409, 416 Fatoumata Toure, Matter of, No. A24 876 244, 1990 Immig. Rptr. LEXIS 1435 (BIA June 26, 1990), 55 Faye v. Holder, 580 F.3d 37 (1st Cir. 2009), 400, 422 F–D–F–G–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 18, 2018) (unpublished), 1054 Federated Dep't Stores v. Moitie, Inc., 452 U.S. 394 (1981), 822 Fedorenko, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 57 (BIA 1984), 250, 822 Fedorenko v. United States, 449 U.S. 490 (1981), 250, 251 Fedosseeva v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 840 (7th Cir. 2007), 59, 60 Fedunyak v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2007), 170, 171, 466 Fefe, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 116 (BIA 1989), 489–491, 504, 512, 513, 553, 757, 767, 800, 803 Fei Mei Cheng v. Attorney Gen., 623 F.3d 175 (3d Cir. 2010), 82 Feleke v. INS, 118 F.3d 594 (8th Cir. 1997), 118, 120 Felzcerek v. INS, 75 F.3d 112 (2d Cir. 1996), 826, 844 Fergiste v. INS, 138 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 1998), 92, 204 Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337 (4th Cir. 2007), 1380 Fernandez-Gonzalez v. Attorney Gen., 707 F. App'x 674 (11th Cir. 2017), 151, 332, 333 Fernandez-Roque v. Smith, 599 F. Supp. 1103 (N.D. Ga. 1984), 31, 360, 1286 Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 881 (10th Cir. 2005), aff'd sub nom. Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30, 126 S. Ct. 2422 (2006), 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1066, 1390 Feroz v. INS, 22 F.3d 225 (9th Cir. 1994), 263 Ferreira v. Lynch, 831 F.3d 803 (7th Cir. 2016), 930 Fesehaye v. Holder, 607 F.3d 523 (8th Cir. 2010), 342, 525 FH–T v. Holder, 743 F.3d 1077 (7th Cir. 2014), 296 Fiadjoe v. Attorney Gen., 411 F.3d 135 (3d Cir. 2005), 190, 193, 343, 428, 519, 525, 530, 531 Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980), 15 Firmansjah v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 598 (7th Cir. 2005), 120, 303 Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 1996), 409 F.L.B. v. Lynch. See J.E.F.M. v. Holder Flores v. Attorney Gen., 856 F.3d 280 (3d Cir. 2017), 271 Flores v. Johnson, 212 F. Supp. 3d 898 (C.D. Cal. 2015), aff'd in part, rev'd in part & remanded, 828 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2016), 1197, 1239, 1240 Flores v. Lynch, No. CV854544DMGAGRX, 2017 WL 6049373 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2017), 1214 Flores v. Meese, No. 85-cv-4544 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 1996), 910, 1232, 1236 Flores v. Reno, No. CV 85-4544-RJK (C.D. Cal. 1997), 910, 915, 1073, 1087, 1088, 1092, 1196, 1197, 1200, 1204, 1214, 1232, 1236 Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 863 (9th Cir. 2017), 1197, 1214, 1215 Flores v. Sessions, No. CV 85-4544 DMG (AGRx) (C.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 2018), 29, 1240 Flores v. USCIS, 718 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 2013), 1476–1477, 1539 Flores-Chavez v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2004), 777, 861, 1193 Flores-Portillo v. Ashcroft, 103 F. App'x 852 (5th Cir. 2004), 1155 Floroiu v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 970 (7th Cir. 2007), 140, 516, 755 F–M–N–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 27, 2018) (unpublished), 272

F–N–M–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 26, 2018) (unpublished), 201, 384 Fofana v. Holder, 704 F.3d 554 (8th Cir. 2013), 519 Fong Faw Tan v. Phelan, 333 U.S. 6 (1948), 40 Fongwo v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 944 (8th Cir. 2005), 536 Forgue v. Attorney Gen., 401 F.3d 1282 (11th Cir. 2005), 517 Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 253 (1829), 2, 314 Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992), 1053 F–P–R–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 681 (BIA 2008), 222, 635 Francois v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 645 (3d Cir. 2006), 321 Francois v. INS, 283 F.3d 926 (8th Cir. 2002), 102, 104, 109, 122, 431 Franco-Rosendo v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 965 (9th Cir. 2006), 1309 Frentescu, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 244 (BIA 1982), 263, 268, 271, 273 Fuentes, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 658 (BIA 1988), 124, 131, 132, 162, 457, 488, 539 Fuentes v. Holder, 764 F.3d 902 (8th Cir. 2014), 157 Fuentes-Erazo v. Sessions, 848 F.3d 847 (8th Cir. 2017), 169, 332, 378 Fuller v. Lynch, 833 F.3d 866 (7th Cir. 2016), 169 Fuller v. Sessions, 879 F.3d 265 (7th Cir. 2018), 1390 Fuller v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 514 (7th Cir. 2019), 1291 F–X–M–C–, Matter of, (BIA Feb. 20, 2018) (unpublished), 156, 1157

G G–, Matter of, 3 I&N Dec. 136 (BIA 1948), 1040 G–A–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 366 (BIA 2002) (en banc), 123, 326, 346, 347, 349, 1484 Gafoor v. INS, 231 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 2000), 130, 137, 374, 375 Gailius v. INS, 147 F.3d 34 (1st Cir. 1998), 113, 119, 125, 526, 531, 546, 807, 836, 1483 Gaitan v. Holder, 671 F.3d 678 (8th Cir. 2012), 149, 159, 407, 444, 448, 1156 Galina v. INS, 213 F.3d 955 (7th Cir. 2000), 119, 190, 191, 194, 347, 376, 377, 427, 526, 546, 836 Gallardo, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 449 (BIA 2018), 270 Galo-Garcia v. INS, 86 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 1996), 15 Galvez-Vergara v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 798 (5th Cir. 2007), 859, 1301 Gambashidzez v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 187 (3d Cir. 2004), 97, 430 Gandziami-Mickhou v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 351 (4th Cir. 2006), 339 Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266 (3d Cir. 2002), 501, 507 Gao v. Board of Immigration Appeals, 482 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2007), 518 Gao v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2005), 175 Gao v. Gonzales, 440 F.3d 62 (2d Cir. 2006), 99, 162, 421, 422, 429, 431 Gao v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2007), 1388 Gao v. Holder, 595 F.3d 549 (4th Cir. 2010), 267, 270 Gao v. Holder, 721 F.3d 893 (7th Cir. 2013), 1296 Garay Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2016), 153, 155, 157, 319, 408, 444, 445, 453, 492 Garces v. Mukasey, No. 04-70272, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 4842 (9th Cir. 2009), 114 Garcia, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 179 (BIA 2007), 1547 Garcia v. Attorney Gen., 665 F.3d 496 (3d Cir. 2011), 193, 445, 459 Garcia v. Holder, 746 F.3d 869 (8th Cir. 2014), 127, 157, 378, 446, 450, 1156 Garcia v. Holder, 749 F.3d 785 (9th Cir. 2014), 529 Garcia v. Holder, 756 F.3d 885 (5th Cir. 2014), 194, 327, 334 Garcia v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 789 (9th Cir. 2015), 1383 Garcia v. Lynch, 820 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2016), 329 Garcia v. Lynch, 652 F. App'x 591 (9th Cir. 2016), 269 Garcia v. Sessions, 856 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2017), 383, 1031, 1066, 1067

Garcia v. Sessions, 873 F.3d 553 (7th Cir. 2017), 1031, 1066, 1067 Garcia v. Sessions, No. 16-3234 (7th Cir. 2017), 1044 Garcia-Aguilar v. Whitaker, No. 15-72970 (1st Cir. 2019), 1296 Garcia-Arreola, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 267 (BIA 2010), 1082, 1083, 1095 Garcia-Callejas v. Holder, 666 F.3d 828 (1st Cir. 2012), 160, 442, 444 Garcia-Carias v. Holder, 697 F.3d 257 (5th Cir. 2012), 1290, 1309 Garcia-Colindres v. Holder, 700 F.3d 1153 (8th Cir. 2012), 84 Garcia-Cortez v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 749 (9th Cir. 2004), 1271 Garcia-Cruz v. Sessions, 858 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2017), 101, 381 Garcia Del Valle v. Holder, 343 F. App'x 45 (6th Cir. 2009), 77 Garcia-Flores, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 325 (BIA 1980), 23, 751, 821, 822, 1217 Garcia-Flores v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 439 (6th Cir. 2007), 1388 Garcia-Garcia v. Sessions, No. 15-2571 (1st Cir. 2017), 1044 Garcia-Garrocho, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 423 (BIA 1986), 271 Garcia-Guzman v. Reno, 65 F. Supp. 2d 1077 (N.D. Cal. 1999), 763, 805 Garcia-Martinez v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2004), 389, 398 Garcia-Melendez v. Ashcroft, 351 F.3d 657 (5th Cir. 2003), 1276 Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2013), 176 Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 2014 WL 555138 (9th Cir. 2014), 333 Garcia-Milian v. Lynch, 825 F.3d 943 (8th Cir. 2016), 128, 464 Garcia-Moctezuma v. Sessions, 879 F.3d 863 (8th Cir. 2018), 128 Garcia-Nunez v. Sessions, 882 F.3d 499 (5th Cir. 2018), 1301 Garcia-Quintero v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2006), 1380, 1381 Garcia-Reyes v. Sessions, 740 F. App'x 592 (9th Cir. 2018), 106 Garcia-Villeda v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2008), 1041, 1043, 1048, 1050 Garfias-Rodriguez v. Holder, 649 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2011), adhered to on reh'g en banc, 702 F.3d 504 (9th Cir. 2012), 1391, 1392 Garrovillas v. INS, 156 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. 1998), 69, 74, 76, 529 Garza-Moreno v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 239 (6th Cir. 2007), 1270 Gashi v. Holder, 702 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012), 161, 459 Gasparyan v. Holder, (9th Cir. 2013), 231, 234 Gathungu v. Holder, 725 F.3d 900 (8th Cir. 2013), 162, 190, 193, 396, 397 Gatimi v. Holder, 578 F.3d 611 (7th Cir. 2009), 67, 79, 149, 150, 155, 161, 405, 442, 444, 1380 Gaye v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 519 (6th Cir. 2015), 541 G–C–L–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 359 (BIA 2002), 170, 177, 181, 466, 1298 G–D–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1132 (BIA 1999), 1292, 1293, 1385 Ge v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2004), 181 Gebreeyesus v. Gonzales, 482 F.3d 952 (7th Cir. 2007), 517 Gebrekidan v. Clark, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83687 (W.D. Wash. 2006), 796 Gebremaria v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 734 (8th Cir. 2004), 1289 Gebremichael v. INS, 10 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 1993), 112, 121, 146, 160, 385, 1158 Gen Lin v. Attorney Gen., 700 F.3d 683 (3d Cir. 2012), 1306, 1307 Georgis v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2003), 521, 833, 1276 Getachew v. INS, 25 F.3d 841 (9th Cir. 1994), 552, 753 Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425 (9th Cir. 1995), 516 Gharadaghi, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 311 (BIA 1985), 199 Gharti-Magar v. Holder, 551 F. App'x 197 (5th Cir. 2014), 76 Ghazali v. Holder, 585 F.3d 289 (6th Cir. 2009), 536 Ghazaryan v. Gonzales, 172 F. App'x 139 (9th Cir. 2006), 257, 260 Ghebrehiwot v. Attorney Gen., 467 F.3d 344 (3d Cir. 2006), 118, 317, 334, 336 Ghebremedhin v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 1116, modified, 392 F.3d 241 (7th Cir. 2004), 82

Ghotra v. Whitaker, 912 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. 2019), 522, 527 Ghounem v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 2004), 858, 860 Ghouri v. Holder, 618 F.3d 68 (1st Cir. 2010), 113 Giday v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 543 (7th Cir. 2006), 69, 521 Gill v. INS, 420 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2005), 1383, 1384 Giri v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 833 (5th Cir. 2007), 1388 Girma v. INS, 283 F.3d 664 (5th Cir. 2002), 132 Gitimu v. Holder, 581 F.3d 769 (8th Cir. 2009), 95 Gjeci v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 416 (7th Cir. 2006), 753, 796 Gjerazi v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 2006), 527, 540 Gjura v. Holder, 695 F.3d 223 (2d Cir. 2012), 160, 405, 422 Gjura v. Holder, 502 F. App'x 91 (2d Cir. 2012), 405 G–L–C–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 359 (BIA 2002), 1293 G–N–C–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 281 (BIA 1998), 629, 630, 732, 791, 792 Go v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2011), 275 Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), 492, 554, 768, 801, 802 Gomes v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 1264 (9th Cir. 2005), 99, 118 Gomes v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 746 (7th Cir. 2007), 65 Gomez v. Gonzales, 182 F. App'x 634 (9th Cir. 2006), 260 Gomez v. INS, 947 F.2d 660 (2d Cir. 1991), 145, 160, 162, 416, 422, 456 Gomez-Beleno v. Holder, 644 F.3d 139 (7th Cir. 2011), 327 Gomez-Chavez v. INS, 308 F.3d 796 (7th Cir. 2002), 1042, 1043, 1048 Gomez-De Leon v. INS, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13606 (D. Conn. 2002), 784 Gomez-Garcia v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 730 (8th Cir. 2017), 446 Gomez-Gomez, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 522 (BIA 2002), 858, 1217 Gomez-Rivera v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 995 (8th Cir. 2018), 134, 375, 464 Gomez-Sanchez v. Sessions, 887 F.3d 893 (9th Cir. 2018), 268, 271 Gomez-Zuluaga v. Attorney Gen., 527 F.3d 330 (3d Cir. 2008), 67, 75, 162, 329–331 Gonahasa v. INS, 181 F.3d 538 (4th Cir. 1999), 109, 119, 347, 526, 546, 836 Gontcharova v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 873 (7th Cir. 2004), 543 Gonzales v. Department of Homeland Sec., 508 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2007), 1044, 1380 Gonzales v. Tchoukhrova, 127 S. Ct. 57 (2006), 162, 1154 Gonzales; Doe v., 484 F.3d 445 (7th Cir. 2007), 259, 262 Gonzales-Neyra v. INS, 122 F.3d 1293 (1997), amended, 133 F.3d 726 (9th Cir. 1998), 74, 76, 125, 206, 476, 477, 479 Gonzales-Solares v. Whitaker, 742 F. App'x 277 (9th Cir. 2018), 371 Gonzalez, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 682 (BIA 1988), 275 Gonzalez v. INS, 82 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 1996), 113 Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2000), 1173, 1174 Gonzalez v. Sessions, No. 18-16465 (9th Cir. Aug. 6, 2018), 1054 Gonzalez v. Sessions, No. 18-cv01869-JSC (N.D. Cal. 2018), 1054 Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, 884 F.3d 1266 (10th Cir. 2018), 1051 Gonzalez Cano v. Lynch, 809 F.3d 1056 (8th Cir. 2016), 158, 1155 Gonzalez-DeLeon; United States v., 32 F. Supp. 2d 925 (W.D. Tex. 1998), 758 Gonzalez-Lopez, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 644 (BIA 1993), 861, 1257 Gonzalez-Posadas v. Holder, 781 F.3d 677 (3d Cir. 2015), 128, 203 Gonzalez-Rivera v. INS, 22 F.3d 1441 (9th Cir. 1994), 751 Gonzalez-Soto v. Lynch, 841 F.3d 682 (5th Cir. 2016), 157, 444 Gonzalez-Valencia v. Barr, No. 18-3334, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 8061 (6th Cir. Mar. 19, 2019), 1383, 1384 Gor v. Holder, 607 F.3d 180 (6th Cir. 2010), 1294, 1377 Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2004), 80, 83, 179

Gourdet v. Holder, 587 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2009), 320, 323, 324 G–P–G–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 14, 2018) (unpublished), 1296 Grace v. Whitaker, 344 F. Supp. 3d 96, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11853, 2019 WL 329572 (D.D.C. 2018), 30, 41, 163, 165, 191, 192, 365–367, 378, 379, 386, 501, 511, 942, 945, 947, 948, 985, 996–999, 1278 Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010), modified (July 6, 2010), 1170 Granada-Rubio v. Lynch, 814 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2016), 158 Grava v. INS, 205 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir. 2000), 171, 174 G.R.B. v. Sweden, Comm. No. 83/1997, CAT/C/20/D/83/1997 (1997), 328 Green v. Attorney Gen., 694 F.3d 503 (3d Cir. 2012), 333, 339 Grijalva, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 713 (BIA 1988), 851 Grijalva, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 27 (BIA 1995), 1302 Grijalva, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 472 (BIA 1996), 859, 1301 G–R–M–, Matter of, (BIA June 2, 2017) (unpublished), 542 Groza v. INS, 30 F.3d 814 (7th Cir. 1994), 269 G–S–, Matter of, (BIA June 5, 2017) (unpublished), 200, 382 Guaman-Loja v. Holder, 707 F.3d 119 (1st Cir. 2013), 85 Guamanrrigra v. Holder, 670 F.3d 404 (2d Cir. 2012), 727 Guan v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 391 (2d Cir. 2005), 525, 928–930 Guang Yan Lin v. INS, 165 F. App'x 26 (2d Cir. 2006), 256 Guang Zhao Zhang v. Holder, 330 F. App'x 201 (1st Cir. 2009), 113 Guerra, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 37 (BIA 2006), 1109, 1111, 1112 Guerra v. Shanahan, 831 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. 2016), 1053 Guerra-Marchorro v. Holder, 760 F.3d 126 (1st Cir. 2014), 157, 1155 Guerrero v. Attorney Gen., 658 F. App'x 178 (3d Cir. 2016), 332 Guerrero v. Holder, 667 F.3d 74 (1st Cir. 2012), 170 Guerrero v. Johnson, 138 F. Supp. 3d 754 (E.D. La. 2015), 1476 Guerrero v. Whitaker, 908 F.3d 541 (9th Cir. 2018), 263 Guerrero-Sanchez v. Warden York Cnty. Prison, 905 F.3d 208 (3d Cir. 2018), 1054 Guevara, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 238 (BIA 1991), 757 Guevara v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 173 (5th Cir. 2006), 791 Gui v. INS, 280 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. 2002), 320 Guillen-Hernandez v. Holder, 592 F.3d 883 (8th Cir. 2010), 193 Gulla v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2007), 527 Gumaneh v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 785 (8th Cir. 2008), 396 Gunawan v. Attorney Gen., 305 F. App'x 908 (3d Cir. 2009), 119 Guo v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 2004), 125 Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556 (3d Cir. 2004), 517 Guo v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. 2006), 187, 339, 342, 517 Guo Liang Lin v. Keisler, 251 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2007), 256, 257 Guo Qi Wang v. Holder, 583 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2009), 258, 261, 275 Guta-Tolossa v. Holder, 674 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 2012), 541 Gutierrez, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 226 (BIA 1977), 760 Gutierrez v. Holder, 730 F.3d 900 (9th Cir. 2013), 1476, 1477 Gutierrez v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 2016), 157, 444, 456 Gutierrez-Almazan v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 956 (7th Cir. 2006), 1388 Gutierrez-Lopez, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 479 (BIA 1996), 1289, 1291, 1542 Gutierrez-Vidal v. Holder, 709 F.3d 728 (8th Cir. 2013), 190, 376 Gutnik v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 683 (7th Cir. 2006), 1500 Guzman, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 822 (BIA 1999), 1300 Guzman v. Attorney Gen., No. 17-3220, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 9417 (3d Cir. Mar. 29, 2019), 329 Guzman v. INS, 327 F.3d 11 (1st Cir. 2003), 334

Guzman-Arguera, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 722 (BIA 1999), 859, 1258 Guzman Chavez v. Hott, No. 18-6086 (4th Cir. Mar. 21, 2019), 1054 G–Y–B–, Matter of, 6 I&N Dec. 159 (BIA 1954), 1290, 1308 G–Y–R–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 181 (BIA 2001), 728, 858, 860, 1301

H H–, Matter of, 6 I&N Dec. 358 (BIA 1954), 782 H–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 337 (BIA 1996), 36, 90, 92, 98, 102–104, 106, 147, 161, 189, 192, 193, 198, 385, 395, 421, 431, 442, 461, 488, 505 H–, Matter of, (BIA July 10, 2009) (unpublished), 292 H–A–A–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 8, 2018) (unpublished), 1117 Habtemicael v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 774 (8th Cir. 2004), 312, 320, 328, 335, 473 H–A–C–S–, Matter of, (BIA 2018) (unpublished), 1157 Haddad v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 515 (6th Cir. 2006), 1297 Haddam v. Holder, 547 F. App'x 306 (4th Cir. 2013), 249 Haddam v. Holder, 2013 WL 6245782 (4th Cir. 2013), 200 Hadera v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2007), 796 Hagi-Salad v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 1044 (8th Cir. 2004), 97, 99 Haider v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 902 (8th Cir. 2006), 727 Haider v. Holder, 595 F.3d 276 (6th Cir. 2010), 70, 320 Hai Fan Huang v. Attorney Gen., 249 F. App'x 293 (3d Cir. 2007) (unpublished), 186 Haile v. Holder, 591 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2010), 60, 62, 137 Haile v. Holder, 658 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2011), 283, 286, 294 Haile v. Holder, No. 10-1920 (4th Cir. 2011), 516, 541 Hailemichael v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 878 (8th Cir. 2006), 1291, 1293, 1385, 1477–1480 Hajiani-Niroumand v. INS, 26 F.3d 832 (8th Cir. 1994), 521 Hakeem v. INS, 273 F.3d 812 (9th Cir. 2001), 116 Hakim v. Holder, 628 F.3d 151 (5th Cir. 2010), 270, 329 Hakopian v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 843 (9th Cir. 2008), 224, 1373 Halim v. Holder, 755 F.3d 506 (7th Cir. 2014), 141 Halmenschlager v. Holder, 577 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. 2009), 85 Hamama v. INS, 78 F.3d 233 (6th Cir. 1996), 263 Hamazaspyan v. Holder, 590 F.3d 744 (9th Cir. 2009), 859 Hamdan v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1051 (7th Cir. 2005), 1274 Hamdan v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 986 (7th Cir. 2008), 175 Hamilton v. Whitaker, 17-1013 NAC, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 36798 (2d Cir. Jan. 08, 2018), 332 Hamoui v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 821 (9th Cir. 2004), 315, 341 Hanaj v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 694 (7th Cir. 2006), 500, 516, 569, 648, 743 Hanna v. Holder, 740 F.3d 379 (6th Cir. 2014), 303 Hanna v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 933 (9th Cir. 2007), 94, 102, 106, 431, 506 Haoua v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 227 (4th Cir. 2007), 162 Haoud v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 201 (1st Cir. 2003), 1274 Harchenko v. INS, 379 F.3d 405 (6th Cir. 2004), 1377 Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580 (1952), 40 Harmon v. Holder, 758 F.3d 728 (6th Cir. 2014), 70 Hartooni v. INS, 21 F.3d 336 (9th Cir. 1994), 518 Harutyunyan v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 64 (1st Cir. 2005), 194 Hasan v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 2004), 171, 174, 340 Hasan v. Ashcroft, 122 F. App'x 329 (9th Cir. 2005), 260 Hashmi, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 785 (BIA 2009), 818, 819

Hassan v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2005), 1274 Hassan v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 513 (8th Cir. 2007), 67, 91, 395, 398, 416, 421 Hawaii v. Trump, 864 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. 2017), 50, 51 Haxhiu v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 685 (7th Cir. 2008), 171 Hayrapetyan v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 1330 (10th Cir. 2008), 171, 190 He v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 593 (9th Cir. 2003), 516, 765 Heng v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 46 (1st Cir. 2007), 523 Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc), 145, 149, 150, 161, 407, 420, 442, 445, 453, 458, 460, 465 Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 2013 WL 518048 (9th Cir. 2013), 444 Henriquez Rivera, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 575 (BIA 2011), 1538 Herbert v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d 68 (1st Cir. 2003), 1301 Hernandez v. Ashcroft, 345 F.3d 824 (9th Cir. 2003), 30 Hernandez v. Reno, 258 F.3d 806 (8th Cir. 2001), 251, 252 Hernandez v. Sessions, 884 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2018), 288, 293 Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944 (4th Cir. 2015), 67, 69, 130, 134–136, 154, 158, 376, 385, 444, 454, 463, 487 Hernandez-Barrera v. Ashcroft, 373 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2004), 90, 93 Hernandez-Carrera v. Carlson, 547 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2008), 1380 Hernandez-De La Cruz v. Lynch, 819 F.3d 784 (5th Cir. 2016), 158, 445 Hernandez-Galand v. Barr, No. 18-9527 (10th Cir. 2019), 761, 1190 Hernandez-Gil v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 803 (9th Cir. 2007), 763 Hernandez-Guadarrama v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 674 (9th Cir. 2005), 550 Hernandez-Lima v. Lynch, 836 F.3d 109 (1st Cir. 2016), 75, 127 Hernandez-Montiel v. INS, 225 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2000), 67, 146, 161, 531, 758 Hernandez-Nolasco v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 95 (4th Cir. 2015), 270 Hernandez-Ortiz v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. 2007), 79, 1145, 1148 Hernandez-Vasquez v. Holder, 430 F. App'x 448 (6th Cir. 2011), 1477 Hernandez-Velasquez v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2010), 1283 Hernandez-Vermudez; United States v., 356 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 2004), 1032 Herrera-Molina v. Holder, 597 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2010), 1038, 1042, 1049, 1066 Herrera Morales v. Sessions, 860 F.3d 812 (5th Cir. 2017), 121 Higgs v. Attorney Gen., 655 F.3d 333 (3d Cir. 2011), 1383 Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770 (1987), 1390 Himri v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 932, amended, 2004 WL 1879255 (9th Cir. 2004), 80, 82, 119, 179, 232, 337, 340, 1162, 1163 H–I–Y–, Matter of, (BIA May 18, 2017) (unpublished), 292 H–L–H– & Z–Y–Z–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 209 (BIA 2010), 119, 187, 548, 1260 H–M–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 683 (BIA 1993), 87 H–M–C–J–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 1, 2018) (unpublished), 233, 271 H–M–V–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 256 (BIA 1998), 2, 314 H–N–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1039 (BIA 1999), 1495, 1500, 1514, 1515 Holder; Doe v., 736 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2013), 193 Holmes, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 647 (BIA 1974), 824 Hong v. Attorney Gen., 165 F. App'x 995 (3d Cir. 2006), 1155 Hong Chen v. Holder, 2014 WL 983309 (1st Cir. Mar. 14, 2014), 83 Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 67 (2d Cir. 2018), 523 Hongsheng Leng v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2008), 123 Hoque v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2004), 373 Hor v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 482 (7th Cir. 2005), 427, 1390 Hor v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 2005), 190, 376, 427, 540

Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953 (9th Cir. 2006), 336, 339, 346 Hosseini v. Johnson, 826 F.3d 354 (6th Cir. 2016), 1377 Hosseini v. Nielsen, 911 F.3d 366 (6th Cir. 2018), 292 Hounmenou v. Holder, 691 F.3d 967 (8th Cir. 2012), 396, 397 H–R–E–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 21, 2018) (unpublished), 1116 Hu v. Holder, 652 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 2011), 541 Hua Fang v. Gonzales, No. 03-71352 (9th Cir. Oct. 30, 2006), 1396 Huaman-Cornelio v. BIA, 979 F.2d 995 (4th Cir. 1992), 115, 176 Huang v. Ashcroft, No. 03-16730, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 27903 (9th Cir. 2004), 314 Huang v. Attorney Gen., 620 F.3d 372 (3d Cir. 2010), 1260 Huang v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 945 (7th Cir. 2005), 516, 525 Huang v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 142 (2d Cir. 2006), 504, 516, 755 Huang v. Holder, 591 F.3d 124 (2d Cir. 2010), 180 Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012), 1260 Huang v. INS, 421 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 2005), 187, 188 Huang v. INS, 436 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2006), 199, 201, 202 Huerta v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 753 (10th Cir. 2006), 1264 Hui Zhao v. Attorney Gen., 191 F. App'x 160 (3d Cir. 2006), 266 Hui Zheng v. Holder, 562 F.3d 647 (4th Cir. 2009), 1297 Hui Zheng v. Lynch, 632 F. App'x 626 (2d Cir. 2015), 635 Humanitarian Law Project v. Gonzales, 380 F. Supp. 2d 1134 (C.D. Cal. 2005), 284 Hung, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 178 (BIA 1967), 1166 Huo Qiang Chen v. Holder, 773 F.3d 396 (2d Cir. 2014), 82 Hurtado v. Attorney Gen., No. 16-3908, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 31087 (3d Cir. Nov. 2, 2018), 158 Hussain v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 622 (7th Cir. 2005), 543 Hussain v. Holder, 390 F. App'x 445 (6th Cir. 2010), 85 Hussain v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 534 (7th Cir. 2008), 348 Hussam F. v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 707 (6th Cir. 2018), 201, 383, 528 Husyev v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2008), 239, 1373, 1374

I Ibragimov v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 2007), 1274 Ibrahim v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 1074 (8th Cir. 2006), 339, 342, 517 Idrees v. Whitaker, 910 F.3d 1103 (9th Cir. 2018), 1377 Ignatova v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 1209 (8th Cir. 2005), 536 Ilic-Lee v. Mukasey, 507 F.3d 1044 (6th Cir. 2007), 1291 Iliev v. INS, 127 F.3d 638 (7th Cir. 1997), 128, 161 Ilunga v. Holder, 777 F.3d 199 (4th Cir. 2015), 516, 520, 522, 524, 845, 929 I–M–E–G–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 23, 2016) (unpublished), 156 Immigration Petitions for Review Pending in U.S. Court of Appeals for Second Cir., Matter of, No. 12-4096 (Oct. 16, 2012), 1389 Innovation Law Lab v. McAleenan, 924 F.3d 503 (9th Cir. 2019), 220, 732, 733, 1012, 1013 Innovation Law Lab v. Nielsen, No. 19-15716, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 10926 (9th Cir. Apr. 12, 2019), 41 Innovation Law Lab v. Nielsen, No. 19-cv-00807-RS, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60336 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2019), 41 In re. See name of party INS v. See name of opposing party Interiano-Rosa, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 264 (BIA 2010), 491, 553, 767, 800 International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, 883 F.3d 233 (9th Cir. 2017), 50, 51 Irasoc v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 727 (7th Cir. 2008), 68

Ireland v. United Kingdom, 2 Eur. Ct. H.R. 25 (1978), 319 Irogoyen-Briones v. Holder, 644 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2011), 1264 Iruegas-Valdez v. Yates, 846 F.3d 806 (5th Cir. 2017), 326, 327 I–S– & C–S–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 432 (BIA 2008), 852 Islam v. DHS, 136 F. Supp. 3d 1088 (N.D. Cal. 2015), 290 Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53 (2d Cir. 2006), 803 Ismaiel v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 1198 (10th Cir. 2008), 342, 523 Issaq v. Holder, 617 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2010), 271 Issiaka v. Attorney Gen., 569 F.3d 135 (3d Cir. 2009), 504, 516, 524 Ivanishvili v. United States, 433 F.3d 332 (2d Cir. 2006), 85 Ivanov v. Holder, 736 F.3d 5 (1st Cir. 2013), 84 Ixtlilco-Morales v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 651 (8th Cir. 2007), 93, 195 Izatula, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 149 (BIA 1990), 87–89

J J–A–B– & I–J–V–A–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 168 (BIA 2017), 821, 1223 Jabateh v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 332 (7th Cir. 2017), 292 Jabri v. Holder, 675 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2012), 516, 523, 524 Jacinto v. INS, 208 F.3d 725 (9th Cir. 2000), 763 Jadaan v. Gonzales, 211 F. App'x 422 (6th Cir. 2006), 781 J–A–G–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 17, 2018) (unpublished), 1116 Jahed v. INS, 356 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2004), 68, 132 Jahjaga v. Attorney Gen., 512 F.3d 80 (3d Cir. 2008), 1283, 1386 Jaimes-Aguirre v. Attorney Gen., 369 F. App'x 101 (11th Cir. 2010), 1294 Jalloh v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 894 (8th Cir. 2005), 525 Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, 543 U.S. 335 (2005), 796 James v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 505 (5th Cir. 2006), 1284 Jane Doe, (Baltimore Imm. Court June 15, 2016) (unpublished), 156 Janusiak v. INS, 947 F.2d 46 (3d Cir. 1991), 87 Japarkulova v. Holder, 615 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2010), 81, 83, 113, 1295 Jashari v. Sessions, 722 F. App'x 481 (6th Cir. 2018), 536 Javhlan v. Holder, 626 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2010), 70 Jay v. Boyd, 351 U.S. 345 (1956), 300 J–B–N– & S–M–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 208 (BIA 2007), 124, 125, 132–134, 373, 424, 486, 1159 J–C–G–, Matter of, (BIA May 19, 2017) (unpublished), 1054 J–C–H–F–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 211 (BIA 2018), 520, 523, 525, 845, 929 J–C–L–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 30, 2018) (unpublished), 271 J–C–T–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 20, 2018) (unpublished), 1299 J–E–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 291 (BIA 2002), 317–319, 321–323, 325, 326, 336–338, 341, 344–346 Jean, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 373 (AG 2002), 198, 268, 348, 771, 1284, 1499, 1515 Jean v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 392 (5th Cir. 2006), 1515 Jean v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 87 (1st Cir. 2006), 116 Jean Louis v. Attorney Gen., (3d Cir. 2019), 1301 Jean-Pierre v. Attorney Gen., 500 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2007), 322–324, 344 Jean Pierre Batcha Samba, A088 046 199 (BIA Dec. 19, 2013) (unpublished), 199 J–E–C–, Matter of, 224 (BIA July 19, 2017), 1301 J.E.C.M. v. Lloyd, Case No. 1:18-CV-903-LMB (E.D. Va. Aug. 16, 2018), 1207 J.E.F.M. v. Holder, No. 2:14-cv-01026 (W.D. Wash. July 9, 2014), 760, 1190 J.E.F.M. v. Holder, 180 F. Supp. 3d 811 (W.D. Wash. 2016), 513, 756 J.E.F.M. v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2016), 760, 761, 1190, 1191

J.E.F.M. v. Whitaker, 908 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2018), 760, 1190 Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830 (2018), 938, 939, 1055, 1080, 1093 Jerezano v. INS, 169 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. 1999), 730, 1301 J–E–R–G–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 8, 2016) (unpublished), 1193 Jeune, Matter of, A079-346-938 (BIA May 15, 2017) (unpublished), 1294 Jeune v. Attorney Gen., 810 F.3d 792 (11th Cir. 2016), 155 J–F–E–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 29, 2017) (unpublished), 1054 J–F–F–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 912 (BIA 2006), 338, 781, 782, 784 J–F–L–K–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 31, 2015) (unpublished), 286 J–G–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 161 (BIA 2013), 1265, 1302 J–G–D–F–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 82 (BIA 2017), 157, 445 J–H–C–, Matter of, (BIA Mar. 9, 2017) (unpublished), 524 J–H–S–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 196 (BIA 2007), 188, 517 Jiang v. Attorney Gen., 568 F.3d 1252 (11th Cir. 2009), 187, 1298 Jiang v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2007), 833 Jiang v. Holder, 436 F. App'x 315 (5th Cir. 2011), 81 Jiang v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 266 (2d Cir. 2008), 1303 Jiang v. USCIS, 520 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2008), 180 Jian He Zhang v. Holder, 737 F.3d 501 (8th Cir. 2013), 504, 515, 516, 754, 755 Jian Le Lin v. Attorney Gen., 681 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir. 2012), 1290, 1309 Jianli Chen v. Holder, 703 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2012), 518, 525 Jian Li Zheng v. Attorney Gen., 418 F. App'x 128 (3d Cir. 2011), 72 Jiannong Jiang v. Holder, 400 F. App'x 859 (5th Cir. 2010), 80 Jiao Hua Huang v. Holder, 620 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2010), 525 Jibril v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2005), 522 Jie Shi Liu v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 834 (9th Cir. 2018), 544 Jimenez Ferreira v. Lynch, No. 15-2603 (7th Cir. 2016), 520, 524 Jimenez-Morales v. Attorney Gen., 821 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 2016), 1031, 1034, 1043, 1044, 1049, 1066, 1067 Jin v. Holder, 748 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2014), 518 Jinan Chen v. Lynch, 814 F.3d 40 (1st Cir. 2016), 84 Jin Chen v. DOJ, 426 F.3d 104 (2d Cir. 2005), 515 J–I–Q–L–, Matter of, (BIA April 27, 2018) (unpublished), 1301 J–J–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 976 (BIA 1997), 242, 1164, 1288, 1289, 1293, 1296, 1297 J–J–V–, Matter of, (BIA July 28, 2017) (unpublished), 271 J–M–, Matter of, [number not provided] (BIA May 31, 2007), 784 J–M–O–M–, Matter of, (BIA May 16, 2018) (unpublished), 155 Jo v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 104 (2d Cir. 2006), 320 Joaquin-Porras v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2006), 222 John Doe, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 2016) (unpublished), 262, 273 John Smith, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 15, 2015) (unpublished), 156, 446 John Smith, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 10, 2015), 155 John Smith, Matter of, (Denver Imm. Court Sept. 21, 2015) (unpublished), 174 John Smith, Matter of, (N.Y. Imm. Court Feb. 10, 2016) (unpublished), 286 John Smith, Matter of, (Oakdale Imm. Court Aug. 20, 2015), 286 John Smith, Matter of, (Omaha Imm. Court Feb. 26, 2018), 155 John Smith, Matter of, (Phil. Imm. Court Sept. 13, 2012), 445 John Smith, Matter of, (Portland Imm. Court Apr. 3, 2017) (unpublished), 156 Jonaitiene v. Holder, 660 F.3d 267 (7th Cir. 2011), 370 Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236 (1963), 921 Jorge-Tzoc v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 146 (2d Cir. 2006), 71, 1145, 1148 Jorgji v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2008), 222, 223

Joseph, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 799 (BIA 1999), 1096 Joseph v. Holder, 579 F.3d 827 (7th Cir. 2009), 1296 Joshi v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 732 (7th Cir. 2004), 858, 860, 1302 J–O–T–D–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 9, 2019) (unpublished), 1116 Jourbina v. Holder, 532 F. App'x 1 (2d Cir. 2013), 60, 63 J.P.S. v. Attorney Gen., 384 F. App'x 185 (3d Cir. 2010), 78 J–R–G–P–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 482 (BIA 2018), 324 J–R–R–A–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 609 (BIA 2015), 530, 783, 1151 J–S–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 520 (AG 2008), 68, 177, 181, 184 J.S.R. v. Sessions, 330 F. Supp. 3d 731 (D. Conn. 2018), 992, 1229, 1230 J–S–S–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 679 (BIA 2015), 269, 531, 783 Juan-Pedro v. Sessions, 740 F. App'x 467 (6th Cir. June 29, 2018), 129, 374 Juarez, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 664 (BIA 1988), 269, 271 Judulang v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 476 (2011), 1043, 1050 Julmiste v. Ashcroft, 212 F. Supp. 2d 341 (D.N.J. 2002), 344 Juncaj v. Holder, 316 F. App'x 473 (6th Cir. 2009), 386, 492, 554, 768, 801, 802 J–W–S–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 185 (BIA 2007), 186, 188 J–Y–C–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 260 (BIA 2007), 514, 538, 1167

K K–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 418 (BIA 1991), 263, 1284 K–A–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 661 (BIA 2004), 1474, 1495, 1513, 1516 Kaba v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 741 (6th Cir. 2008), 522 Kabamba v. Gonzales, 162 F. App'x 337 (5th Cir. 2006), 540 Kabba v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1239 (10th Cir. 2008), 528, 1261 K–A–B–V–, Matter of, (BIA June 27, 2017) (unpublished), 1193 Kaczmarczyk v. INS, 933 F.2d 588 (7th Cir. 1991), 781 Kadia v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 817 (7th Cir. 2007), 519, 520, 523, 845 Kadri v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 16 (1st Cir. 2008), 66, 80, 82, 179 Kaganovich v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2006), 1487, 1500, 1501 Kaharudin v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 619 (7th Cir. 2007), 120 Kahssai v. INS, 16 F.3d 323 (9th Cir. 1994), 1148 Kaiser v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 653 (9th Cir. 2004), 96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 430, 431 Kaita v. Attorney Gen., 522 F.3d 288 (3d Cir. 2008), 318, 526 Kalaj v. Gonzales, 201 F. App'x 345 (6th Cir. 2006), 763 Kalouma v. Gonzales, 512 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2008), 661 Kalubi v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2004), 198, 199, 202, 287, 517 Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279 (9th Cir. 2001), 310, 316, 340, 342, 344 Kamar v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 811 (6th Cir. 2017), 190, 319, 331 Kamara v. Attorney Gen., 420 F.3d 202 (3d Cir. 2005), 321, 328, 338 Kambolli v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 454 (2d Cir. 2006), 1274 Kanacevic v. INS, 448 F.3d 129 (2d Cir. 2006), 525, 1377 Kanagasundram, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 963 (BIA 1999), 733, 917 Kanagu v. Holder, 781 F.3d 912 (8th Cir. 2015), 157 Kang v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 157 (3d Cir. 2010), 319, 324 Kanivets v. Riley, 320 F. Supp. 2d 297 (E.D. Pa. 2004), 239, 1374, 1378 Kante v. Holder, 634 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2011), 126, 160, 398, 422 Kantoni v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 894 (7th Cir. 2006), 189 Kaoru Yamataya v. Fisher, 189 U.S. 86 (1903), 958 Kapcia v. INS, 944 F.2d 702 (10th Cir. 1991), 89

Kaplun v. Attorney Gen., 602 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 2010), 271, 1260 Karapetyan v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2008), 137 Karki v. Holder, 715 F.3d 792 (10th Cir. 2013), 70, 329, 541 Karouni v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2005), 64, 146 Karroumeh v. Lynch, 820 F.3d 890 (7th Cir. 2016), 549, 753 Kartasheva v. Holder, 582 F.3d 96 (1st Cir. 2009), 524 Kasinga, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 357 (BIA 1996) (en banc), 66, 68, 71, 96, 110, 111, 125, 146, 162, 189, 192, 199, 200, 383, 388, 391, 394, 416–419, 421, 425–427, 429, 504, 516, 518, 676, 1159 Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972), 757 Kaur v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2004), 527, 528 Kaur v. BIA, 413 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 2005), 1288 Kaur v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2005), 518, 525 Kaur v. Holder, 561 F.3d 957 (9th Cir. 2009), 769 Kaweesa v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 62 (1st Cir. 2006), 1301 Kazemzadeh v. Attorney Gen., 577 F.3d 1341 (11th Cir. 2009), 73 K–B–J–, Matter of, 628 (BIA Jan. 31, 2013), 1301 Kebede v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 2004), 396, 518, 525 Keeley, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 146 (BIA 2017), 269 Kegeh v. Sessions, 865 F.3d 990 (8th Cir. 2017), 518, 523 Keirkhavash v. Holder, 779 F.3d 440 (7th Cir. 2015), 517, 529 Kerciku v. Ashcroft, 314 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2003), 386, 492, 513, 554, 753, 768, 801, 802, 834 Key v. Heckler, 754 F.2d 1545 (9th Cir. 1985), 763 Khadka v. Holder, 618 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2010), 533 Khalifah, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 107 (BIA 1995), 1096, 1112 Khalil v. District Dir., 457 F.2d 1276 (9th Cir. 1972), 503 Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2009), 160, 194 Khan, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 797 (BIA 2016), 1524 Khan v. Attorney Gen., 448 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. 2006), 1377 Khan v. Department of Justice, 494 F.3d 255 (2d Cir. 2007), 1264 Khan v. Holder, 584 F.3d 773 (9th Cir. 2009), 281, 296, 1372, 1374 Khan v. Holder, 608 F.3d 325 (7th Cir. 2010), 921 Khan v. Holder, 766 F.3d 689 (7th Cir. 2014), 283, 294, 329, 378 Khan v. INS, 237 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2001), 833 Khan v. Johnson, 160 F. Supp. 3d 1199 (C.D. Cal. 2016), 290 Khano v. INS, 999 F.2d 1203 (7th Cir. 1993), 521 Khattak v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 250 (4th Cir. 2003), 1274 Kheireddine v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 80 (1st Cir. 2005), 1270 Khilan v. Holder, 557 F.3d 583 (8th Cir. 2009), 194 Kho v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2007), 120 Kholyavskiy v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 555 (7th Cir. 2008), 106, 1148, 1153, 1500 Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2004), 273, 326, 329, 330, 334, 336, 346, 347 Khouzam v. Attorney Gen., 549 F.3d 235 (3d Cir. 2008), 312, 348, 1085, 1482, 1485, 1486 Khouzam v. Hogan, 497 F. Supp. 2d 615 (M.D. Pa. 2007), 1085, 1480, 1481 Khrystotodorov v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 775 (8th Cir. 2008), 525 Khudaverdyan v. Holder, 778 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2015), 515 Khunaverdiants v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 760 (9th Cir. 2008), 223, 1373, 1374 Khup v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2004), 78, 79, 115, 345, 346 Kiareldeen v. Ashcroft, 273 F.3d 542 (3d Cir. 2001), 753, 769, 839, 851 Kiareldeen v. Reno, 71 F. Supp. 2d 402 (D.N.J. 1999), 300, 753, 769, 839, 851 Kifleyesus v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2006), 535, 641, 736 Kim v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 40 (2d Cir. 2006), 521

Kisoki v. Sweden, Commc'n No. 41/1996, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/16/D/41/1996 (Feb. 12, 1996), 318, 340, 342, 345 Klawitter v. INS, 970 F.2d 149 (6th Cir. 1992), 389, 397 Kllokoqi v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 336 (7th Cir. 2005), 551 K.M. v. Sweden, Commc'n No. 279/2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/37/D/279/2005 (Dec. 7, 2006), 345 K–M–M–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 10, 2018) (unpublished), 1054 Knauff, United States ex rel. v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 (1950), 752, 922 Knezevic v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir. 2004), 68, 90, 96, 99, 108, 119, 137, 143, 430 K–O–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 27, 2013) (unpublished), 764 Kodwo, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 479 (BIA 2008), 1446 Kofa v. INS, 60 F.3d 1084 (4th Cir. 1995), 263, 272 Kojevnikova v. Reno, No. 97-4214, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 6368 (2d Cir. Apr. 6, 1999), 69 Kokar v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 803 (7th Cir. 2007), 1271 Kone v. Holder, 596 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2010), 106 Kone v. Holder, 620 F.3d 760 (7th Cir. 2010), 79, 320, 397 Konou v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2014), 269 Konstantinova v. INS, 195 F.3d 528 (9th Cir. 1999), 770 Korablina v. INS, 158 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 1998), 78, 92, 501, 507 Korneenkov v. Holder, 347 F. App'x 93 (5th Cir. 2009), 85, 128 Kossov v. INS, 132 F.3d 405 (7th Cir. 1998), 796 Kotasz v. INS, 31 F.3d 847 (9th Cir. 1994), 119, 120 Koudriachova v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 255, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 15177 (2d Cir. 2007), 147, 149, 407 Koulibaly v. Mukasey, 541 F.3d 613 (6th Cir. 2008), 521, 525, 846 Kouljinski v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2007), 198, 200 Kourouma v. Holder, 588 F.3d 234 (4th Cir. 2009), 395, 549 Kourski v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1038 (7th Cir. 2004), 500, 516, 527 Kovac v. INS, 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969), 179 Koval v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 798 (7th Cir. 2005), 834–836 Kozulin v. INS, 218 F.3d 1112 (9th Cir. 2000), 89, 128 Kporlor v. Holder, 597 F.3d 222 (4th Cir. 2010), 315, 1382 Kratchmarov v. Heston, 172 F.3d 551 (8th Cir. 1999), 108, 115 Krisman v. Gonzales, 199 F. App'x 299 (4th Cir. 2006), 1373 Krotova v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2005), 78, 86, 192 Krouchevski v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 670 (7th Cir. 2003), 521 K–R–Y– & K–C–S–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 133 (BIA 2007), 42, 54, 56, 304 K–S–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 715 (BIA 1993), 39 Kucana v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233 (2010), 1051, 1052, 1288, 1294, 1310, 1372, 1376 Kucana v. Holder, 603 F.3d 394 (7th Cir. 2010), 1296 Kuci v. Attorney Gen., 299 F. App'x 168 (3d Cir. 2008), 160 Kueviakoe v. Attorney Gen., 567 F.3d 1301 (11th Cir. 2009), 523, 524 Kukalo v. Holder, 418 F. App'x 450 (6th Cir. 2011), 77 Kulakchyan v. Holder, 730 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2013), 536 Kulle, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 318 (BIA 1985), 307 Kumar v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 1043 (9th Cir. 2006), 527 Kumar v. Holder, 728 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2013), 258 Kurshumi v. Ashcroft, 102 F. App'x 172 (1st Cir. 2004), 1479, 1503 Kuruca v. Attorney Gen., 547 F. App'x 126 (3d Cir. 2013), 72 Kuschchak v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 597 (7th Cir. 2004), 490, 553, 767, 800, 803 Kuusk v. Holder, 732 F.3d 202 (4th Cir. 2013), 1293, 1304, 1385 Kwan Ho Kim, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 912 (BIA 2017), 269 Kyaw Myat Htun v. Lynch, 818 F.3d 1111 (10th Cir. 2016), 522

L La v. Holder, 701 F.3d 566 (8th Cir. 2012), 772 L–A–A–, Matter of, 875 (BIA Apr. 3, 2018) (unpublished), 155 L–A–B–R–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 405 (AG 2018), 32, 566, 723, 787, 788, 796, 797, 811, 818–820, 1173, 1223, 1287, 1448, 1518, 1528, 1529 L–A–C–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 516 (BIA 2015), 541, 544 Lagandaon v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2004), 30 La Guerre v. Reno, 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. 1998), 752 Lai v. Holder, No. 10-73473, 2014 WL 5573318 (9th Cir. 2014), 524 Laipenieks, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 433 (BIA 1983), 80, 250 Laipenieks v. INS, 750 F.3d 1427 (9th Cir. 2005), 248 Lal v. INS, 255 F.3d 998, amended, 268 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2001), 102–104, 431 Lam, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 168 (BIA 1972), 550, 846, 847 Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21 (1982), 752 Lapaix v. Attorney Gen., 605 F.3d 1138 (11th Cir. 2010), 269 Lara v. Lynch, 833 F.3d 556 (5th Cir. 2016), 305 Lara-Aguilar v. Sessions, 889 F.3d 134 (4th Cir. 2018), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 Lari v. Holder, 697 F.3d 273 (5th Cir. 2012), 1290, 1309 Larios v. Holder, 608 F.3d 105 (1st Cir. 2010), 444, 448 Larngar v. Holder, 562 F.3d 71 (1st Cir. 2009), 1297, 1477 Lasu v. Chertoff, 426 F. Supp. 2d 1124 (S.D. Cal. 2006), 1373, 1378 Latifi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 103 (2d Cir. 2005), 525, 528 Lattab v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2004), 1035, 1037, 1038, 1041, 1042 Lavira v. Attorney Gen., 478 F.3d 158 (3d Cir. 2007), 266, 323, 324, 784 Lavorski v. INS, 232 F.3d 124 (2d Cir. 2000), 1304 Lazar v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 469 (6th Cir. 2007), 535, 536 L.D.G. v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1022 (7th Cir. 2014), 1524 L–E–A–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 40 (BIA 2017), 32, 154, 159, 385, 414, 441, 446, 462, 463, 1158, 1287 L–E–A–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 494 (AG 2018), 32, 154, 159, 485, 486, 1158, 1287 League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. INS, vacated sub nom. Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 U.S. 43 (1993), 1036 Lecaj v. Holder, 616 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2010), 94 Lee v. Holder, 765 F.3d 851 (8th Cir. 2014), 519, 1299 Lei v. Attorney Gen., No. 08-12059 (11th Cir. 2008), 1373 Lei Li v. Holder, 629 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2011), 140 Leitao v. Reno, 311 F.3d 453 (1st Cir. 2002), 922 Lemos v. Holder, 636 F.3d 365 (7th Cir. 2011), 1048 Lemus v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 15 (8th Cir. 2018), 1301 Lemus-Arita v. Sessions, 854 F.3d 476 (8th Cir. 2017), 109 Lemus-Galvan v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2008), 340, 341 Lena v. Attorney Gen., No. 14-10023, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 16097 (11th Cir. Aug. 21, 2014), 1472 Lendo v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 439 (4th Cir. 2007), 1377 Lenis v. Attorney Gen., 525 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir. 2008), 1294, 1377 Leon-Orosco & Rodriguez-Colas, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 136 (AG 1984), 31, 360, 1286, 1309 Leslie v. Attorney Gen., 611 F.3d 171 (3d Cir. 2010), 752 Lesum v. Barr, 915 F.3d 1189 (8th Cir. 2019), 238 Lewis v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 2002 WL 982364 (Fed Cir. 2002), 771 L–G–M–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 24, 2018) (unpublished), 271 Li v. Ashcroft, 356 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc), 180, 183–185 Li v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2004), 525

Li v. Attorney Gen., 400 F.3d 157 (3d Cir. 2005), 66, 74, 75, 80, 82, 179, 368 Li v. Attorney Gen., 633 F.3d 136 (3d Cir. 2011), 87 Li v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2005), 80, 179, 180 Li v. Holder, 559 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2009), 88, 504, 516, 517 Li v. INS, 92 F.3d 985 (9th Cir. 1996), 112, 121, 160 Liadov, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 990 (BIA 2006), 1263, 1264 Lianhua Jiang v. Holder, 754 F.3d 733 (9th Cir. 2014), 524 Lianping Li v. Lynch, 839 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2016), 519 Liao, Matter of, A44 197 294 (BIA Oct. 22, 1999), 765 Liao v. INS, 293 F.3d 610 (2d Cir. 2002), 179 Li Bin Lin v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 1131 (9th Cir. 2007), 184 Lidan Ding v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 1131 (9th Cir. 2004), 178 Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530 (3d Cir. 2005), 112, 113, 118–120 Lie v. Holder, 729 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2013), 1299 Li Fang Lin v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 685 (4th Cir. 2008), 180, 315 Lim v. INS, 224 F.3d 929 (9th Cir. 2000), 74, 76, 77, 112–114, 206 Limbeya v. Holder, 764 F.3d 894 (8th Cir. 2014), 533, 535 Lin v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 1014 (9th Cir. 2004), 161, 185, 753, 1158, 1191 Lin v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 748 (7th Cir. 2004), 184 Lin v. Attorney Gen., 555 F.3d 1310 (11th Cir. 2009), 182 Lin v. Attorney Gen., No. 12-1668 (3d Cir. 2012), 1299 Lin v. Gonzales, 190 F. App'x 301 (4th Cir. 2006), 1373 Lin v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 979 (9th Cir. 2007), 1309 Lin v. Gonzales, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 3041 (2d Cir. 2007), 784 Lin v. Holder, 584 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2009), 256–258, 261 Lin v. Holder, 723 F.3d 300 (1st Cir. 2013), 185, 186 Lin v. Holder, 736 F.3d 343 (4th Cir. 2013), 517, 519, 525, 929, 930 Lin v. Lynch, 653 F. App'x 40 (2d Cir. 2016), 1260 Lin v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 2008), 522 Lin v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 596 (7th Cir. 2008), 186 Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162 (2d Cir. 2008), 520, 522, 523, 525, 539, 845 Lin v. Sessions, 682 F. App'x 674 (10th Cir. 2017), 140, 522 Lin v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 459 F.3d 255 (2d Cir. 2006), 549, 772 Lin v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 494 F.3d 296 (2d Cir. 2007) (en banc), 181, 182, 185 Lin v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 2007 WL 2032066 (2d Cir. 2007), 182 Linares-Urrutia v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 477 (2d Cir. 2017), 222 Ling Huang v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1149 (9th Cir. 2014), 518 Lin-Jian v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 182 (4th Cir. 2007), 342, 517 Lishou Wang v. Lynch, 804 F.3d 855 (7th Cir. 2015), 183 Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631 (6th Cir. 2005), 105, 523, 543 Liu v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 529 (3d Cir. 2004), 521, 548, 833 Liu v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 307 (7th Cir. 2004), 71, 84, 1144, 1145, 1148 Liu v. Attorney Gen., 555 F.3d 145 (3d Cir. 2009), 1297 Liu v. Holder, 632 F.3d 820 (2d Cir. 2011), 73, 182 Liu v. Holder, 692 F.3d 848 (7th Cir. 2012), 169 Liu v. Holder, 714 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2013), 529 Liu v. Holder, 727 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2013), 1295, 1296 Liu v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. 2015), 537 Li Yong Zheng v. U.S. DOJ, 416 F.3d 129 (2d Cir. 2005), 1297 Li Yun Lin v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 1164 (8th Cir. 2008), 186 Lizama v. Holder, 629 F.3d 440 (4th Cir. 2011), 149, 159, 442, 444, 445, 456, 1156

Lkhagvasuren v. Lynch, 849 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2016), 172 L–K–U–, Matter of, (BIA June 16, 2017) (unpublished), 301, 302 Llanos-Fernandez v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 79 (2d Cir. 2008), 777, 1193 Llapa-Sinchi v. Mukasey, 520 F.3d 897 (8th Cir. 2008), 1193 L–M–P–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 265 (BIA 2018), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067, 1290 L–M–R–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 26, 2016) (unpublished), 156, 1157 Lo v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 934 (9th Cir. 2003), 1301 L–O–G–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 413 (BIA 1996), 1310 Loho v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 1016 (9th Cir. 2008), 116 Lolong v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc), 109 Long Sheng, Matter of, A71 800 016 (IJ June 23, 1993) (Baltimore, MD), 833 Lonyem v. Attorney Gen., 352 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2003), 1276 Lopes v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2006), 858 Lopez, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 16 (BIA 1998), 1291 Lopez v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 799 (9th Cir. 2004), 69 Lopez v. Attorney Gen., 504 F.3d 1341 (11th Cir. 2007), 190, 195, 428 Lopez v. Lynch, 810 F.3d 484 (7th Cir. 2016), 270 Lopez v. Sessions, No. 17-1047 (7th Cir. 2017), 157 Lopez v. Sessions, Nos. 17-9517 & 17-9531, 2018 WL 3730137 (10th Cir. Aug. 6, 2018), 169, 371 Lopez-Aldana, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 49 (BIA 2009), 1538 Lopez-Amador v. Holder, 649 F.3d 880 (8th Cir. 2011), 324 Lopez-Barrios, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 203 (BIA 1990), 791, 795 Lopez-Cardona v. Holder, 662 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir. 2011), 271 Lopez-Castro v. Holder, 577 F.3d 49 (1st Cir. 2009), 137 Lopez de Hincapie v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 213 (1st Cir. 2007), 84, 127 Lopez-Dubon v. Holder, 609 F.3d 642 (5th Cir. 2010), 1193 Lopez-Galarza v. INS, 99 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 1996), 67, 398 Lopez-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 263 F.3d 442 (5th Cir. 2001), 98, 99 Lopez-Lopez v. Sessions, 885 F.3d 49 (1st Cir. 2018), 128 Lopez-Mendoza; INS v., 468 U.S. 1032 (1984), 751, 757 Lopez Perez v. Holder, 587 F.3d 456 (1st Cir. 2009), 194 Lopez-Rodriguez v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 1012 (2008), reh'g en banc denied sub nom. Lopez-Rodriguez v. Holder, 560 F.3d 1098 (9th Cir. 2009), 751 Lopez-Soto v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 228 (4th Cir. 2004), 147, 160, 330, 1158 Lopez-Umanzor v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2005), 753 Lopez-Zeron v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 8 F.3d 636 (8th Cir. 1993), 173 Lorenzo v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1278 (10th Cir. 2007), 1041, 1050 Louhghalam v. Trump, 230 F. Supp. 3d 26 (D. Mass. 2017), 513, 756 Louis-Martin v. Ridge, 322 F. Supp. 2d 556 (M.D. Pa. 2004), 788 Loulou v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 706 (8th Cir. 2003), 1276 Lovan v. Holder, 574 F.3d 990 (8th Cir. 2009), 272 Lozada, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA 1988), 231, 233, 1303, 1304 Lozano-Zuniga v. Lynch, 832 F.3d 822 (7th Cir. 2016), 70, 127 L–R–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 13, 2009), 412, 418, 419, 425 L–S–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 645 (BIA 1999), 265, 266, 272 L–S–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 705 (BIA 2012), 105–107, 395, 403, 429, 431, 506 L–S–J–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 973 (BIA 1997), 31, 268, 269 Lu v. Ashcroft, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 3003 (9th Cir. 2004) (unpublished), 175 Luciana v. Attorney Gen., 502 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2007), 536 Luis v. INS, 196 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 1999), 1377 Luis-Garcia, A098 237 658 (BIA Jan. 21, 2011), 1297

Lujan-Quitana, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 53 (BIA 2009), 917 Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157 (3d Cir. 2003), 105, 123, 145, 147, 162, 169, 333, 418, 531, 804, 1154, 1155 Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574 (6th Cir. 2006), 72, 77 Lumataw v. Holder, 582 F.3d 78 (1st Cir. 2009), 240, 1373 Luna v. Holder, 637 F.3d 85 (2d Cir. 2011), 1049, 1294 Luna-Canales, Matter of, No. A094 142 206 (BIA Apr. 28, 2011) (unpublished), 249, 1545 Luna-Garcia v. Holder, 777 F.3d 1182 (10th Cir. 2015), 1034, 1043, 1049 Lusingo v. Gonzalez, 420 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2005), 1152 Luxun Chen v. Attorney Gen., 393 F. App'x 959 (3d Cir. 2010), 84 L–V–K–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 976 (BIA 1999), 770, 1263, 1293, 1294 Lwin v. INS, 144 F.3d 505 (7th Cir. 1998), 145–147, 161, 1158 Ly v. Holder, 421 F. App'x 575 (6th Cir. 2011), 84 Ly v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 126 (1st Cir. 2008), 94 Lyashchynska v. Attorney Gen., 676 F.3d 962 (11th Cir. 2012), 772

M Ma v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 553 (9th Cir. 2004), 183 M.A. v. INS, 899 F.2d 304 (4th Cir. 1990), 87, 501, 507 M–A–B–, Matter of, (BIA June 30, 2017) (unpublished), 199 Mabasa v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 740 (7th Cir. 2006), 227, 228, 240 Maccaud, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 429 (BIA 1973), 115 Machado v. Ashcroft, No. Cs-02-0066-FVS (E.D. Wash., Mar. 5, 2002), 758, 1190 M–A–C–O–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 477 (BIA 2018), 914, 1163, 1220, 1222, 1223 Madrigal v. Holder, 716 F.3d 499 (9th Cir. 2013), 68, 190, 193, 319, 328, 330, 373 M–A–F–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 651 (BIA 2015), 225, 226, 747 Magala v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2005), 753 Magua v. Attorney Gen., 386 F. App'x 958 (11th Cir. 2010), 128, 137 Maharaj v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 961 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc), 302, 303, 306 Mahini v. INS, 779 F.2d 1419 (9th Cir. 1986), 268, 270 Mahmood v. Sessions, 849 F.3d 187 (4th Cir. 2017), 1472, 1475, 1480, 1487, 1496, 1497, 1500, 1503 Mahn v. Attorney Gen., 767 F.3d 170 (3d Cir. 2014), 1380 Maini v. INS, 212 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2000), 192 Maiwand v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 101 (2d Cir. 2007), 1487, 1500, 1501 M–A–J–, Matter of (BIA Sept. 30, 2015) (unpublished), 1528 Majd v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 590 (5th Cir. 2006), 324 Makadji v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 450 (2d Cir. 2006), 305 Makir-Marwil v. Attorney Gen., 681 F.3d 1227 (11th Cir. 2012), 1515 Maknojiya v. Holder, 524 F. App'x 956 (5th Cir. 2013), 85 Makonnen v. INS, 44 F.3d 1378 (8th Cir. 1995), 118, 120, 123 Maldonado v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2015) (en banc), 341 Maldonado v. Lynch, 646 F. App'x 129 (2d Cir. 2016), 155 Maldonado-Cruz v. INS, 883 F.2d 788 (9th Cir. 1990), 175 Maldonado-Lopez v. Holder (Feb. 4, 2014), 1067 Malik v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 890 (7th Cir. 2008), 1376 Malkandi v. Holder, 576 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2008), 278 Malone, Matter of, 11 I&N Dec. 730 (BIA 1966), 1293 Malonga v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 546 (8th Cir. 2008), 161 Malty v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2004), 1295, 1477 Malu v. Attorney Gen., 764 F.3d 1282 (11th Cir. 2014), 1033

Malvoisin v. INS, 268 F.3d 74 (2d Cir. 2001), 1385 M–A–M–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 474 (BIA 2011), 343, 531, 762, 780, 782, 783, 816, 1121 Mamouzian v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2004), 383 Manani v. Filip, 552 F.3d 894 (8th Cir. 2009), 342 Mandebvu v. Holder, 755 F.3d 417 (6th Cir. 2014), 229, 230, 1373 Mandycz; United States v., 199 F. Supp. 2d 671 (E.D. Mich. 2002), 781 Manes v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2017), 518 Mansour v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 667 (9th Cir. 2004), 85, 401 Mansour v. INS, 230 F.3d 902 (7th Cir. 2000), 316, 340, 342, 346 Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396 (6th Cir. 2007), 344, 524, 755 Margalli-Olvera v. INS, 43 F.3d 345 (8th Cir. 1994), 30 Margos v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 593 (7th Cir. 2006), 94 Marikasi v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 281 (6th Cir. 2016), 519, 530 Mariko v. Holder, 632 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2011), 396, 397 Marin-Portillo v. Lynch, No. 14-2138 (1st Cir. 2016), 127 Marku v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 982 (6th Cir. 2004), 174 Marquez v. INS, 105 F.3d 374 (7th Cir. 1997), 128, 171, 174 Marrero v. INS, 990 F.2d 772 (3d Cir. 1993), 1291 Marroquin-Ochoma v. Holder, 574 F.3d 574 (8th Cir. 2009), 329, 333, 467–470, 476, 477, 479, 486 Marshi, Matter of, A26 980 386 (AG Feb. 13, 2004), 834 Martinez v. Holder, 734 F.3d 105 (1st Cir. 2013), 519 Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902 (4th Cir. 2014), 149, 155, 161, 442, 444, 445, 452, 453, 1380 Martinez v. Lynch, 85 F.3d 1262 (8th Cir. 2015), 1297 Martinez v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 255 (5th Cir. 2007), 1276 Martinez v. Sessions, 873 F.3d 655 (9th Cir. 2017), 1384 Martinez-Buendia v. Holder, 616 F.3d 711 (7th Cir. 2010), 124, 125, 467, 473, 479 Martinez-de Bojorquez v. Ashcroft, 365 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2004), 1259 Martinez-Galarza v. Holder, 782 F.3d 990 (8th Cir. 2015), 127 Martinez-Montalvo, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 778 (BIA 2009), 1550 Martinez-Perez v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2018), 85, 368, 371 Martinez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 762 (11th Cir. 2007), 69 Martinez-Seren v. Holder, 394 F. App'x 404 (9th Cir. 2010), 442, 444 Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256 (9th Cir. 1996), 1385 Martins v. INS, 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir. 1992), 263 Martins v. USCIS, No. C 13-00591 LB, 2013 WL 8284498 (N.D. Cal. July 3, 2013), 36, 532, 824, 846 Maryenka v. Holder, 592 F.3d 594 (4th Cir. 2010), 540 Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112 (9th Cir. 2004), 78, 79, 99, 193, 194, 393, 413 Masopust v. Fitzgerald, No. 2:09-CV-1495-ARH, 2010 WL 324378 (W.D. Pa. Jan. 21, 2010), 1485 Masri, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1145 (BIA 1999), 797 Mata, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 524 (BIA 1975), 824 Mata-Siciliano, Matter of, A094-790-928 (BIA May 11, 2017), 1302 Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), 492, 554, 752, 768, 781, 801, 802, 1191, 1378 Matter of. See name of party Matul-Hernandez v. Holder, 685 F.3d 703 (8th Cir. 2012), 160 Mayorga-Rosa v. Sessions, 888 F.3d 379 (8th Cir. 2018), 157, 444 Mayorga-Vidal v. Holder, 675 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2012), 332, 467, 469–471 Mazariegos v. Attorney Gen., 241 F.3d 1320 (11th Cir. 2001), 99 Mazariegos-Paiz v. Holder, 734 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 2013), 1382 Mazzi v. Lynch, No. 15-1408, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 21477 (4th Cir. Dec. 01, 2016), 347 M–B–A–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 474 (BIA 2002), 337 Mballo v. Holder, 340 F. App'x 317 (6th Cir. 2009), 128

M–B–C–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 31 (BIA 2017), 307 Mboowa v. Lynch, 795 F.3d 222 (1st Cir. 2015), 524 McAllister v. Attorney Gen., 444 F.3d 178 (3d Cir. 2006), 280, 281, 283 McDaniel v. INS, 142 F. Supp. 2d 219 (D. Conn. 2001), 335 McMullen, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 542 (BIA 1980), 194 McMullen, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 90 (BIA 1984), 197, 206, 246, 274, 502, 1165 McMullen v. INS, 788 F.2d 591 (9th Cir. 1986), 273–275 McNary v. Haitian Refugee Ctr., Inc., 498 U.S. 479 (1991), 33 M–D–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 540 (BIA 2002), 860 Mead Corp.; United States v., 533 U.S. 218 (2001), 1379 M–E–A–S–, Matter of, (BIA June 2, 2017) (unpublished), 1297 Medina, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 734 (BIA 1988), 15, 16 Medina v. INS, 993 F.2d 499 (5th Cir. 1993), 791 Medina v. Whitaker, No. 18-1138 (1st Cir. 2019), 1305 Meghani v. INS, 236 F.3d 843 (7th Cir. 2001), 488 Meguenine v. INS, 139 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 1998), 118, 120 Mehilli v. Gonzales, 433 F.3d 86 (1st Cir. 2005), 240 Mehmeti v. Attorney Gen., 572 F.3d 1196 (11th Cir. 2009), 95, 106 Mejia v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 873 (9th Cir. 2002), 1292 Mejia v. Attorney Gen., 498 F.3d 1253 (11th Cir. 2007), 74 Mejia v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2007), 1381 Mejia v. Sessions, 866 F.3d 573 (4th Cir. 2017), 929, 1031, 1066, 1067 Mejia v. Sessions, 868 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2017), 531, 762, 783 Mejia v. Whitaker, 913 F.3d 482 (5th Cir. 2019), 1051, 1373 Mejia-Andino, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 533, 2002 WL 31733182 (BIA 2002), 777, 1193, 1204, 1216 Mejia-Hernandez v. Holder, 633 F.3d 818 (9th Cir. 2011), 1294, 1302 Mekhael v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 326 (7th Cir. 2007), 1297 Mekhoukh v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 118 (1st Cir. 2004), 803, 1274 Mekhtiev v. Holder, 559 F.3d 725 (7th Cir. 2009), 84 Melnik v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 278 (7th Cir. 2018), 158 Mendez v. Whitaker, 910 F.3d 566 (1st Cir. 2018), 111, 175, 445, 475 Mendez-Barrera v. Holder, 602 F.3d 21 (1st Cir. 2010), 149, 159, 340, 407, 422, 444, 448, 460, 461, 467, 469, 470, 1156 Mendez Rojas v. Johnson, 305 F. Supp. 3d 1176 (W.D. Wash. 2018), appeal docketed, No 18-35443 (9th Cir. May 25, 2018), 41, 235–237, 748 Mendoza v. Attorney Gen., 327 F.3d 1283 (11th Cir. 2003), 1274 Mendoza v. Holder, 553 F. App'x 507 (6th Cir. 2014), 83 Mendoza-Alvarez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir. 2013), 160 Mendoza-Lopez v. Gonzales, 205 F. App'x 630 (9th Cir. 2006), 252 Mendoza Manimbao v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 655 (9th Cir. 2003), 521 Mendoza-Ordonez v. Attorney Gen., 869 F.3d 164 (3d Cir. 2017), 95, 98, 174 Mendoza Osorio, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 703 (BIA 2016), 271 Mendoza Rizo v. Lynch, 810 F.3d 688 (9th Cir. 2016), 1381, 1383 Meng v. Holder, 770 F.3d 1071 (2d Cir. 2014), 256 Menghesha v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 142 (4th Cir. 2006), 132 Mengistu v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1044 (7th Cir. 2004), 1295, 1394 Meng Rong Fang v. Ashcroft, 114 F. App'x 486 (3d Cir. 2004) (unpublished), 180 Mengstu v. Holder, 560 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2009), 143 Menjivar v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 918 (8th Cir. 2005), 189, 190, 194, 329, 376, 377, 426 Mervil v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 1108 (8th Cir. 2016), 323

M–E–V–G–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 227 (BIA 2014), 128, 145, 146, 150–152, 154, 155, 163, 366, 368, 384, 390, 406, 407, 413, 414, 417–421, 441–444, 447, 448, 450, 454, 459, 487, 488, 491, 552, 553, 767, 798, 801, 994, 998, 1156, 1157, 1380 Mezo v. Holder, 615 F.3d 616 (6th Cir. 2010), 1293, 1304, 1385 Mezvrishvili v. Attorney Gen., 467 F.3d 1292 (11th Cir. 2006), 140 M–F–G–L–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 16, 2018) (unpublished), 1117 M–F–W– & L–G–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 633 (BIA 2008), 180, 183, 184 M–G–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 30, 2018) (unpublished), 302 M–G–G–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 469 (AG 2018), 32, 1287 M–G–G–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 475 (AG 2018), 32, 1287 Mgoian v. INS, 184 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 1999), 112, 119–121, 155, 161 M–H–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 46 (BIA 2012), 267 M–H–Z–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 757 (BIA 2016), 288, 293–295 Miah v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 784 (8th Cir. 2008), 327, 331, 346 Michel, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1101 (BIA 1998), 794 Michel v. INS, 206 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. 2000), 1381 Miguel-Miguel v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 941 (9th Cir. 2007), 266, 1381 Mihalev v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 722 (9th Cir. 2004), 72, 78, 84 Mihaylov v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2004), 92 Mikhael v. INS, 115 F.3d 299 (5th Cir. 1997), 70, 108 Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384 (6th Cir. 1998), 85 Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), 1170 Miller v. Sessions, 889 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 2018), 1051, 1292 Minasyan v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. 2009), 223, 635 Ming Dai v. Sessions, 884 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2018), 514, 517 Mingkid v. Attorney Gen., 468 F.3d 763 (11th Cir. 2006), 535, 536, 641, 736 Ming Li Hui v. Holder, 769 F.3d 984 (8th Cir. 2014), 93 Minwalla v. INS, 706 F.2d 831 (8th Cir. 1983), 179 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), 757 Miranda v. INS, 139 F.3d 624 (8th Cir. 1998), 473 Miranda v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 940 (8th Cir. 2018), 158, 445 Miranda-Alvarado v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 750 (9th Cir. 2006), 248, 249 Miranda-Alvarado v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 915 (9th Cir. 2006), 30, 252, 257, 260, 1381 Mirisawo v. Holder, 599 F.3d 391 (4th Cir. 2010), 81, 83 Mirzoyan v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 217 (2d Cir. 2006), 81, 179 Mitev v. INS, 67 F.3d 1325 (7th Cir. 1995), 413, 488 Mitondo v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 784 (7th Cir. 2008), 519, 522 Mitreva v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 761 (7th Cir. 2005), 118–121, 126 M–J–K–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 773 (BIA 2016), 531, 783 Mladineo, Matter of, 14 I&N Dec. 591 (BIA 1974), 1291 M–N–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 12, 2000), 272 Moab v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 656 (7th Cir. 2007), 525 Mogharrabi, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 439 (BIA 1987), 71, 108–112, 117, 123, 159, 161, 173, 198, 491, 499, 501, 507, 514, 553, 767, 800, 1158, 1277 Mohamed v. Attorney Gen., 705 F. App'x 108 (3d Cir. 2017), 490, 553, 767, 800, 803 Mohamed v. Gonzales, 312 F. App'x 126 (9th Cir. 2005), 928 Mohamed v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 522 (8th Cir. 2007), 320, 782 Mohammed v. Attorney Gen., 547 F.3d 1340 (11th Cir. 2008), 951 Mohammed v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 785 (9th Cir. 2005), 67, 91, 106, 162, 318, 394, 416, 421, 425 Mohammed v. Reno, 309 F.3d 95 (2d Cir. 2002), 1390 Mohideen v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 567 (7th Cir. 2005), 132

Moise, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 102 (BIA 1967), 1112 Mojica-Sanchez v. Attorney Gen., 276 F. App'x 882 (11th Cir. 2007), 328 Molina v. INS, 170 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 1999), 176 Molina-Avila v. Sessions, 907 F.3d 977 (7th Cir. 2018), 338 Molina-Cabrera v. Sessions, 905 F.3d 1103 (8th Cir. 2018), 99 Molina Jerez v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1058 (8th Cir. 2010), 1038, 1042 Molina Mendoza v. Sessions, 712 F. App'x 240 (4th Cir. 2018), 541 Moncada v. Sessions, Nos. 16-3440(L) & 17-1505(Con), 2018 WL 4847073 (2d Cir. Oct. 5, 2018), 371 Monges, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 246 (BIA 2010), 1302 Monreal, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 56 (BIA 2001), 1515 Monsalve v. Holder, 332 F. App'x 194 (5th Cir. 2009), 128 Montano Cisneros v. Attorney Gen., 514 F.3d 1224 (11th Cir. 2008), 1301 Montecino v. INS, 915 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. 1990), 171 Montes v. Holder, 394 F. App'x 95 (5th Cir. 2010), 77 Montez-Lopez v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2007), 1274 Montilla v. INS, 926 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1991), 751 Mora v. Smith, No. C97-1758WD (W.D. Wash. Dec. 17, 1997), 1036 Morales, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 130 (BIA 1995), 770, 1284, 1543 Morales v. Attorney Gen., 488 F.3d 884 (11th Cir. 2007), 333 Morales v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 972 (9th Cir. 2007), 330 Morales v. INS, 208 F.3d 323 (1st Cir. 2000), 766 Morales de Soto v. Lynch, 824 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 2016), 1045 Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 691 (9th Cir. 2007), 1043 Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 484 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc), 1041, 1051 Morales-Morales v. Sessions, 857 F.3d 130 (1st Cir. 2017), 332 Moran-Quinteros v. Holder, 352 F. App'x 974 (6th Cir. 2009), 77, 96, 430 Moreno v. Holder, 749 F.3d 40 (1st Cir. 2014), 75 Moreno-Bravo v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. 2006), 1373 Morgan v. Holder, 634 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2011), 193 Morgan v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 2008), 834, 835 Morris v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 42 (1st Cir. 2018), 338, 339 Moshud v. Blackmun, 68 F. App'x 328 (3d Cir. 2003), 329 Mosquera-Perez v. INS, 3 F.3d 553 (1st Cir. 1993), 263 Mossaad v. Gonzales, 244 F. App'x 701 (6th Cir. 2007), 269 Mostafa v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 622 (6th Cir. 2005), 341 Mouawad v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 589 (8th Cir. 2007), 328 Mouawad v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 405 (8th Cir. 2007), 328, 378 Moura v. Holder, 759 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2014), 127 Mousa v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2008), 523 M–P–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 786 (BIA 1994), 1309 M–P–R–, Matter of, (BIA Nov. 14, 2008) (unpublished), 155 M–R–A–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 665 (BIA 2008), 858, 861, 1302 M–R–G–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 16, 2015), 154 M–R–R–A–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 26, 2017) (unpublished), 1117 M–S–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 349 (BIA 1998), 859, 1258, 1301 M–S–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 509 (AG 2019), 32, 724, 806, 930, 938–940, 1072, 1078, 1081, 1092–1095, 1099, 1107, 1118, 1287 M–S–B–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 872 (BIA 2016), 533 Ms. L. v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, No. 3:18-cv-00428-DMS-MDD (2018), 992, 993, 1229, 1230 M.S.P.C. v. Johnson, (dismissed Jan. 30, 2015), 970, 1076, 1236 Muhanna v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 582 (3d Cir. 2005), 534, 641, 736

Muhur v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 958 (7th Cir. 2004), 143 Mukamusoni v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 110 (1st Cir. 2004), 116, 234, 545 Mulanga v. Ashcroft, 349 F.3d 123 (3d Cir. 2003), 175, 516, 518, 540, 542, 543 Mulyani v. Holder, 771 F.3d 190 (4th Cir. 2014), 346 Munoz-Cano v. Sessions, 690 F. App'x 407 (6th Cir. 2017), 151 Munoz-Monsalve v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2008), 782 Munyakazi v. Lynch, 829 F.3d 291 (4th Cir. 2016), 247 Muradin v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 1208 (9th Cir. 2007), 346 Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804), 4, 16 Musa v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 1019 (7th Cir. 2016), 68 Musabelliu v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 991 (7th Cir. 2006), 174 Mussie v. INS, 172 F.3d 329 (4th Cir. 1999), 304, 306 Mustafa v. Holder, 707 F.3d 743 (7th Cir. 2013), 175, 375 Mustafic v. Attorney Gen., No. 14-11707, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 21598 (11th Cir. Nov. 12, 2014), 1515 Mutuku v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1210 (9th Cir. 2010), 234 Mu Xiang Lin v. DOJ, 432 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2005), 344 Mu Ying Wu v. Attorney Gen., 745 F.3d 1140 (11th Cir. 2014), 82 M–V–, Matter of, [number withheld] (BIA Feb. 19, 2002), 779, 781 Mwembie v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 405 (5th Cir. 2006), 504, 516 Myrie v. Attorney Gen., 855 F.3d 509 (3d Cir. 2017), 329 Myslymi v. Gonzales, 216 F. App'x 571 (7th Cir. 2007), 834 M–Z–M–R–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 28 (BIA 2012), 98, 505

N Nabulwala v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 1115 (8th Cir. 2007), 189, 190, 193, 426, 427 Nadeak v. Attorney Gen., 460 F. App'x 170 (3d Cir. 2012), 85 Nadeem v. Holder, 599 F.3d 869 (8th Cir. 2010), 346 Nadmid v. Holder, 784 F.3d 357 (7th Cir. 2015), 524 N–A–G–F–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 19, 2018) (unpublished), 204 Nahrvani v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2005), 304 N–A–I–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 72 (BIA 2017), 628, 1472, 1475, 1480, 1487, 1496, 1497 Nai Yuan Jiang v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir. 2011), 68 Naizgi v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 484 (4th Cir. 2006), 106 Najmabadi v. Holder, 597 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2010), 1477 Nakibuka v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 473 (7th Cir. 2005), 76, 122 Nakimbugwe v. Gonzales, 475 F.3d 281 (5th Cir. 2007), 222, 223, 240, 635, 1374 N–A–M–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 336 (BIA 2007), 197, 206, 246, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 502, 1165 N–A–M– v. Holder (N–A–M– II), 587 F.3d 1052 (10th Cir. 2009), 267 Namid v. Holder, (7th Cir. 2015), 537 Namo v. Gonzales, 401 F.3d 453 (6th Cir. 2005), 319 Narine v. Holder, 559 F.3d 246 (4th Cir. 2009), 1258, 1263 Nasir v. INS, 122 F.3d 484 (7th Cir. 1997), 549 National Cable & Telecommc'ns Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967 (2005), 267, 408, 821, 1379, 1380 Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 2000), 74, 79 Nazaraghaie v. INS, 102 F.3d 460 (10th Cir. 1996), 87, 508 Nazarova v. INS, 171 F.3d 478 (7th Cir. 1999), 859, 1301 N–B–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 590 (BIA 1999), 859, 1300 Ndayshimiye v. Attorney Gen., 557 F.3d 124 (3d Cir. 2009), 132, 134, 136, 373, 441, 486 Ndibu v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 229 (4th Cir. 2016), 533, 534, 536, 641, 735

Nee Hao Wong v. INS, 232 F.3d 521 (9th Cir. 1977), 781, 782 Nee Hao Wong v. INS, 550 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1977), 781 Negele v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 981 (8th Cir. 2004), 307 Negusie, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 347 (BIA 2018), 32, 248, 250, 253, 296, 1165 Negusie, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 481 (AG 2018), 32, 248, 255, 261, 296, 1287 Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 129 S. Ct. 1159 (2009), 5, 7, 248–250, 252, 253, 1381 Nelson v. INS, 232 F.3d 258 (1st Cir. 2000), 391, 398, 781 Nen Di Wu v. Holder, 646 F.3d 133 (2d Cir. 2011), 1388 Nethagani v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 150 (2d Cir. 2008), 267, 271, 272 Neves v. Holder, 613 F.3d 30 (1st Cir. 2010), 1294 N–F–O–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 26, 2018) (unpublished), 1116 Ng, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 411 (BIA 1967), 1166 Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 182 (4th Cir. 2004), 102, 103, 106, 116, 117, 431, 1390–1392 Ngengwe v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1029 (8th Cir. 2008), 77, 162, 190, 191, 376, 377, 421, 426, 428 Ngugi v. Lynch, 826 F.3d 1132 (8th Cir. 2016), 151, 175 Ngum, Matter of, A27 709 543 (BIA Dec. 13, 1999), 123 Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975, reh'g denied, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 18608 (8th Cir. 2004), 66, 88, 89, 119, 1274 Nguyen v. Holder, 336 F. App'x 680 (9th Cir. 2009), 248 Nguyen v. INS, 991 F.2d 621 (10th Cir. 1993), 271 Ni v. BIA, 439 F.3d 177 (2d Cir. 2006), 319 Ni v. Holder, 715 F.3d 620 (7th Cir. 2013), 187 Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2004), 119, 526, 546, 575, 649, 745, 828, 835, 836 Nian v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2012), 1384 Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187 (10th Cir. 2005), 67, 147, 162, 337, 340, 342, 394, 417, 421, 517 Niang v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 505 (4th Cir. 2007), 79, 104, 206, 396 Niang v. Holder, 762 F.3d 251 (2d Cir. 2014), 533, 534, 640, 735 Niang v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2007), 517 Nibagwire v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 153 (4th Cir. 2006), 858, 860 Nicholson v. Williams, 203 F. Supp. 2d 153 (E.D.N.Y. 2002), 286 Nielsen v. Preap, 586 U.S. __ (2019), 1095, 1096 Nijjar v. Holder, 689 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2012), 1472 Ning Wang v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 299 (7th Cir. 2017), 535 Njong v. Whitaker, 911 F.3d 919 (8th Cir. 2018), 83 Nken v. Holder, 129 S. Ct. 1749 (2009), 1050, 1390 N.L.A. v. Holder, 744 F.3d 425 (7th Cir. 2014), 95, 98, 152, 156, 430 N–M–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 526 (BIA 2011), 171, 172, 373 N–M–A–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 312 (BIA 1998), 92, 102–104, 431 Noriega-Lopez v. Ashcroft, 335 F.3d 874 (9th Cir. 2003), 1284 Nosals v. Holder, 320 F. App'x 469 (7th Cir. 2009), 126 Nou v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 272 (1st Cir. 2008), 126 Nreka v. Attorney Gen., 408 F.3d 1361 (11th Cir. 2005), 1377 N–T–A–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 12, 2011) (unpublished), 302 Ntamack v. Holder, 372 F. App'x 407 (4th Cir. 2010), 259 Ntangsi v. Gonzales, 475 F.3d 1007 (8th Cir. 2007), 1477–1479, 1481 Nuru v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 1207 (9th Cir. 2005), 317, 334 Nwakanma v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 325 (6th Cir. 2003), 1391, 1392 Nwaokolo v. INS, 314 F.3d 303 (7th Cir. 2002), 67, 320, 343, 530 NWIRP v. USCIS, No. 18-35806 (9th Cir.), 1400

O O.A. v. Trump, 1:18-cv-02718-RDM, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 221816 (D.D.C. 2018), 25, 41, 244, 1004 Ochoa v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2005), 330 Ochoa v. Holder, 340 F. App'x 420 (9th Cir. 2009), 261 Ochoa v. Holder, 604 F.3d 546 (8th Cir. 2010), 1294 Ochoa-Carrillo v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 842 (8th Cir. 2006), 1041, 1042 O–D–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1079 (BIA 1998), 500, 515, 516, 527, 569, 648, 743 Oduche-Nwakaihe v. Attorney Gen., 363 F. App'x 898 (3d Cir. 2010), 1484 Oforji v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 2003), 80, 396 Ogbudimkpa v. Ashcroft, 342 F.3d 207 (3d Cir. 2003), 312 Oh v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 611 (9th Cir. 2005), 1264 Ojeda-Terrazas v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 292 (5th Cir. 2002), 1042, 1043, 1048 Olabanji v. INS, 973 F.2d 1232 (5th Cir. 1992), 549 Oliva v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 53 (4th Cir. 2015), 134, 135, 151, 373, 374, 444, 541 Oliva-Ramos v. Attorney Gen., 694 F.3d 259 (3d Cir. 2012), 844 Olivares v. Attorney Gen., No. 13-10316 (11th Cir. 2013), 516 Oliver, In re, 333 U.S. 257 (1948), 958 Olmos-Colaj v. Sessions, 886 F.3d 168 (1st Cir. 2018), 194 Olowo v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 692 (7th Cir. 2004), 80 Onsongo v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 849 (8th Cir. 2006), 529 Ontunez-Tursios v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 341 (5th Cir. 2002), 147, 328–330, 334 Onyinkwa v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 797 (8th Cir. 2004), 1376 Orantes-Hernandez v. Gonzales, 504 F. Supp. 2d 825 (C.D. Cal. 2007), 965 Orantes-Hernandez v. Thornburgh, 919 F.2d 549 (9th Cir. 1990), 759 Ordonez-Quino v. Holder, 760 F.3d 80 (1st Cir. 2014), 157 Orejuela v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. 2005), 147, 162, 456, 476, 488 Orellana-Arias v. Sessions, 865 F.3d 476 (7th Cir. 2017), 157, 444 Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 685 F.3d 511 (5th Cir. 2012), 149, 159, 407, 442, 444, 446, 448, 449, 454, 462 Orellana-Rodriguez v. Sessions, No. 15-1625, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 2796 (2d Cir. Feb. 15, 2017), 332 Orhorhaghe v. INS, 38 F.3d 488 (9th Cir. 1994), 751 Ornelas v. Ruiz, 161 U.S. 502 (1896), 273 Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2006), 195, 330, 332, 428 Ortiz-Alfaro v. Holder, 694 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2012), 1034, 1043, 1049, 1065 Ortiz-Araniba v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 39 (1st Cir. 2007), 194–196 Ortiz-Franco v. Holder, 782 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2015), 339, 1121 Ortiz-Salas v. INS, 992 F.2d 105 (7th Cir. 1993), 1270 Oryakhil v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 993 (7th Cir. 2008), 98 Oseiwusu, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 19 (BIA 1998), 1099 Oshodi v. Holder, 729 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc), 490, 491, 513, 526, 540, 553, 554, 753, 754, 756, 767, 768, 800–803 Osorio v. INS, 18 F.3d 1017 (2d Cir. 1994), 128, 132, 171, 174, 375, 466, 467, 479 Osorio v. INS, 99 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 1996), 521, 523 Osorto-Romero v. Sessions, 732 F. App'x 62 (2d Cir. 2018), 461 Osuji v. Holder, 657 F.3d 719 (8th Cir. 2011), 85 Ouda v. INS, 324 F.3d 445 (6th Cir. 2003), 59, 61, 69, 86 Owino v. Holder, 575 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2009), 342 Owino v. Holder, 771 F.3d 527 (9th Cir. 2014), 772 Oxygene v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 541 (4th Cir. 2016), 323–325 Oyeniran v. Holder, 672 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2012), 791, 1484 O–Z– & I–Z–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 23 (BIA 1998), 71, 77, 78, 86, 143, 193

Ozdemir v. INS, 46 F.3d 6 (5th Cir. 1994), 88

P Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408 (2005), 1305 Padilla v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, No. 2:18CV00928 (W.D. Wash. June 25, 2018), 939, 940 Padilla v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, No. C18-929 MJP (W.D. Wash. Apr. 5, 2019), 1094 Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010), 40 Padilla-Maldonado v. Attorney Gen., No. 17-3097, 751 F. App'x 263, 2018 WL 4896385 (3d Cir. 2018), 166, 371 Padilla-Martinez v. Holder, 770 F.3d 825 (9th Cir. 2014), 833 Padilla-Ramirez v. Bible, 882 F.3d 826 (9th Cir. 2018), 1054 Paiz-Morales v. Lynch, 795 F.3d 238 (1st Cir. 2015), 154, 163, 384, 552, 798 Palavra v. INS, 287 F.3d 690 (8th Cir. 2002), 55, 115 Palmer, In re, No. A154269, 2019 WL 1499151 (Cal. Ct. App. Apr. 5, 2019), 1194 Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2014), 151, 156, 406, 1152 Pan v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 408 (2d Cir. 2006), 182 Pan v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 80 (1st Cir. 2007), 520, 523, 845 Pan v. Holder, 777 F.3d 540 (2d Cir. 2015), 190, 194 Pang v. Holder, 665 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir. 2012), 81, 82 Pang v. USCIS, 448 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2006), 526 Pangilinan v. Holder, 568 F.3d 708 (9th Cir. 2009), 717, 763, 1124 The Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900), 15, 16 Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901 (9th Cir. 2018), 77 Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2002), 515, 516, 527, 540 Paripovic v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 240 (3d Cir. 2005), 58 Parlak v. Holder, 578 F.3d 457 (6th Cir. 2009), 248, 261, 1403 Parussimova v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 2008), 132 Parussimova v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 734 (9th Cir. 2009), 126, 130, 132–134, 374, 375, 486 Pascual v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 483 (6th Cir. 2007), 99, 175 Pascual-Garcia v. Ashcroft, 73 F. App'x 232 (9th Cir. 2003), 325 Pasha v. Gonzales, 433 F.3d 530 (7th Cir. 2005), 549, 835 Pasquini v. Morris, 700 F.2d 658 (11th Cir. 1983), 33 Passi v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 98 (2d Cir. 2008), 95 Patel, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 666 (BIA 1976), 1053, 1108, 1109, 1111, 1115 Patel, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 774 (BIA 1988), 223 Patel, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 368 (BIA 1991), 1039 Patel v. Sessions, 868 F.3d 719 (8th Cir. 2017), 549, 753 Patino, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 74 (BIA 2001), 854, 1258, 1263 Patzan v. Attorney Gen., No. 18-2544, 2018 WL 5318243 (3d Cir. Oct. 29, 2018), 371 Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148 (2d Cir. 2006), 315, 341, 517 Pavlov v. Holder, 697 F.3d 616 (7th Cir. 2012), 534, 641, 735 Pavlova v. INS, 441 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2006), 109, 523 Pavlovich v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 613 (8th Cir. 2007), 796 Pavlyk v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 1082 (7th Cir. 2006), 170, 171, 466, 467 Payeras v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 593 (8th Cir. 2018), 1292 P–C–M–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 432 (BIA 1991), 1111 Pearson, Matter of, A72 472 870 (IJ Mar. 27, 1997), 283, 284 Pechenkov v. Holder, 705 F.3d 444 (9th Cir. 2012), 272, 1477 Pedro Mateo v. INS, 224 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 2000), 473 Pena v. Lynch, 804 F.3d 1258 (9th Cir. 2015), 770, 1371

Peng Fei Ye v. Holder, 542 F. App'x 247 (4th Cir. 2013), 80 People's Mojahedin Org. of Iran v. U.S. Dep't of State, 182 F.3d 17 (D.C. Cir. 1999), 285 Percheman; United States v., 32 U.S. 51 (1833), 314 Percheman; United States v., 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 51 (1833), 2 Perdomo v. Holder, 611 F.3d 662 (9th Cir. 2010), 149, 371, 417, 421, 442 Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018), 727, 728, 786, 791, 822 Pereira-Diaz v. INS, 551 F.2d 1149 (9th Cir. 1977), 503 Perera v. Holder, 750 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2014), 1299 Perez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 2014), 1288 Perez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 2008), 730, 858 Perez-Garcia v. Lynch, 829 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2016), 1047, 1052 Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir. 2004), 1036 Perez-Guerrero v. Attorney Gen., 717 F.3d 1224 (11th Cir. 2013), 346 Perez-Guzman v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2016), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 Perez-Montes v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 849 (7th Cir. 2018), 205, 206, 337 Perez-Olano v. Holder, Case No. CV 05-3604 (C.D. Cal.), 1527 Perez-Palafox v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1138 (9th Cir. 2014), 270, 272 Perez-Quiroz v. Gonzales, 221 F. App'x 676, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 4515 (9th Cir. 2007), 751 Perez-Rabanales v. Sessions, 881 F.3d 61 (1st Cir. 2018), 157, 370 Perez-Ramirez v. Holder, 648 F.3d 953 (9th Cir. 2011), 171, 174, 340, 341 Perez Socop v. Holder, 407 F. App'x 495 (1st Cir. 2011), 471 Perez-Zenteno v. Attorney Gen., 913 F.3d 1301 (11th Cir. 2019), 157, 445 Pergega v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 623 (6th Cir. 2005), 521 Perinpanathan v. INS, 310 F.3d 594 (8th Cir. 2002), 283, 327, 337, 342, 346 Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615 (6th Cir. 1994), 87, 89, 143 Perlera-Sola v. Holder, 699 F.3d 572 (1st Cir. 2012), 80 Pervaiz v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 488 (7th Cir. 2005), 1302 Phal v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 85 (1st Cir. 2008), 520, 523, 845 Pheng v. Holder, 640 F.3d 43 (1st Cir. 2011), 126 Phommasoukha v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 1011 (8th Cir. 2005), 69, 84, 90 Pickering v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 525 (6th Cir. 2006), 266 Pierre v. Attorney Gen., 528 F.3d 180 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc), 323–325 Pierre v. Gonzales, 502 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. 2007), 312, 323, 324, 336 Pieschacon-Villegas v. Attorney Gen., 671 F.3d 303 (3d Cir. 2011), 329, 341, 344 Pilch v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 585 (7th Cir. 2003), 1377 Pineda v. Whitaker, 742 F. App'x 869 (5th Cir. 2018), 1305 Ping Chen v. Attorney Gen., 502 F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2007), 1283, 1386 Pinto v. Holder, 648 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2011), 1385 Pinto-Montoya v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2008), 751 Pirir-Boc v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2014), 153, 154, 163, 385, 446, 465, 491, 552, 553, 767, 798, 801 Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 1997), 69, 110, 111, 125 P.L. v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, 717, 939, 1094, 1118, 1125 Plaza-Ramirez v. Sessions, 908 F.3d 282 (7th Cir. 2018), 158, 464 Pllumi v. Attorney Gen., 642 F.3d 155 (3d Cir. 2011), 106, 1294, 1539, 1540 P–L–P–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 887 (BIA 1997), 629, 720, 732 Podio v. INS, 153 F.3d 506 (7th Cir. 1998), 492, 554, 766, 768, 801, 802 Polanco, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 894 (BIA 1994), 262 Polovchak v. Meese, 774 F.2d 731 (7th Cir. 1985), 1174 Ponce-Hernandez, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 784 (BIA 1999), 550, 778, 797, 826, 844, 858, 1194 Ponce-Leiva v. Ashcroft, 331 F.3d 369 (3d Cir. 2003), 758 Ponce-Osorio v. Johnson, 824 F.3d 502 (5th Cir. 2016), 1034, 1043, 1049

Ponta-Garca v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 341 (1st Cir. 2004), 1040, 1047, 1048, 1052 Ponta-Garcia v. Attorney Gen., 557 F.3d 158 (3d Cir. 2009), 1041 Popa v. Holder, 571 F.3d 890 (9th Cir. 2009), 727 Popova v. INS, 273 F.3d 1251 (9th Cir. 2001), 71, 125 Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2005), 7, 77, 542, 543 Portales, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 239 (BIA 1982), 301 Pouhova v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1007 (7th Cir. 2013), 929, 930 Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), 958 Prado v. Reno, 198 F.3d 286 (1st Cir. 1999), 1295 Pramatarov v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 764 (7th Cir. 2006), 504, 516 Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d 336 (9th Cir. 1995), 70, 88 Precetaj v. Holder, 649 F.3d 72 (1st Cir. 2011), 67, 78, 106, 541 Precetaj v. Sessions, 907 F.3d 453 (6th Cir. 2018), 1292 Prekaj v. INS, 384 F.3d 265 (6th Cir. 2004), 1385 Prela v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 515 (7th Cir. 2005), 84, 319 Prestol Espinal v. Attorney Gen., 653 F.3d 213 (3d Cir. 2011), 1290, 1309 Prichard-Ciriza v. INS, 978 F.2d 219 (5th Cir. 1992), 758 Pronsivakulchai v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 903 (7th Cir. 2006), 273, 766 P–S–H–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 329 (BIA 2014), 1478 Pula, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 1987), 115, 198–201, 382–384, 504, 527, 547, 676 Purba v. Holder, 733 F.3d 1040 (10th Cir. 2013), 1384 Purveegiin v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 684 (3d Cir. 2006), 1274 Purwantono v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 822 (8th Cir. 2007), 221, 333

Q Qi Hang Guo v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 422 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2005), 315 Qili Qu v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 2005), 91, 181 Qin v. Lynch, 833 F.3d 40 (1st Cir. 2016), 99 Qing Li Chen v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1028 (9th Cir. 2008), 186 Qinglin Cheng v. Holder, 341 F. App'x 72 (5th Cir. 2009), 113 Qiu v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 2003), 181, 540, 543 Qiu v. Holder, 611 F.3d 403 (7th Cir. 2010), 141, 483 Qiu Yun Chen v. Holder, 715 F.3d 207 (7th Cir. 2013), 187, 833 Q–T–M–T–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 639 (BIA 1996), 18, 263, 272 Qu v. Holder, 618 F.3d 602 (6th Cir. 2010), 132, 162 Quevedo v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 39 (1st Cir. 2003), 508 Quijada-Aguilar v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 1303 (9th Cir. 2015), 321, 338 Quilantan, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 285 (BIA 2010), 1040 Quinchia v. Attorney Gen., 552 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2008), 1380 Quinteros v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1006 (8th Cir. 2013), 159 Quinteros-Mendoza v. Holder, 556 F.3d 159 (4th Cir. 2009), 128, 134, 135, 442, 444, 468, 476, 483, 1274 Quist, Matter of, A79 468 512 (BIA July 9, 2004), 396 Quitanilla v. Holder, 758 F.3d 570 (4th Cir. 2014), 259, 261 Qureshi v. Holder, 663 F.3d 778 (5th Cir. 2011), 1474

R R–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 621 (BIA 1992), 97, 176 R–A–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 906, 2001 WL 1744475 (BIA 1999), vacated, (AG 2001), 31, 388, 391, 410, 412, 1286

R–A–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 694 (AG 2005), 408, 411, 412 R–A–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 629 (BIA 2008), 411 Radzhab v. Attorney Gen., No. 18-14842 (11th Cir. Nov. 19, 2018), 1054 Rafeedie v. INS, 688 F. Supp. 729 (D.D.C. 1988), 300 Raffington v. Cangemi, 399 F.3d 900 (8th Cir. 2005), 320, 784 Raffington v. INS, 340 F.3d 720 (8th Cir. 2003), 160 Rafiq v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 165 (2d Cir. 2006), 330 Rafiyev v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 853 (8th Cir. 2008), 753 Rahimzadeh v. Holder, 613 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 2010), 193 Rahman, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 480 (BIA 1992), 811 Rajah, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 127 (BIA 2009), 818, 819 Ralios Morente v. Holder, 401 F. App'x 17 (6th Cir. 2010), 88 R–A–M–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 657 (BIA 2012), 267, 270 Ramadan v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc), 228, 240, 1373, 1374 Ramirez v. Brown, 852 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2017), 1476, 1477, 1539 Ramirez v. Sessions, 887 F.3d 693 (4th Cir. 2018), 1383, 1391 Ramirez v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 764 (8th Cir. 2018), 490, 515, 553, 767, 800 Ramirez-Canenguez v. Holder, 528 F. App'x 853 (10th Cir. 2013), 490, 553, 767, 800, 803 Ramirez-Mejia v. Lynch, 794 F.3d 485 (5th Cir. 2015), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar, 436 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. 2006), 1050 Ramirez-Munoz v. Lynch, 816 F.3d 1226 (9th Cir. 2016), 157, 444 Ramirez-Peyro v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 637 (8th Cir. 2007), 340 Ramirez-Peyro v. Holder, 574 F.3d 893 (8th Cir. 2009), 327 Ramirez-Rivero, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 135 (BIA 1981), 262 Ramirez-Sanchez, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 503 (BIA 1980), 550, 846, 847 Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS, 824 F.2d 749 (9th Cir. 1987), 791 Ramos v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 948 (7th Cir. 2004), 720 Ramos v. Nielsen, No. 18-cv-01554 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2018), 1533, 1534 Ramos v. Sessions, 293 F. Supp. 3d 1021 (N.D. Cal 2018), 1115 Ramos-Lopez v. Holder, 563 F.3d 855 (9th Cir. 2009), 149, 407, 444, 448, 467, 469, 471 Ramos-Lopez v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 1024 (5th Cir. 2016), 1299 Ramos-Vazquez v. INS, 57 F.3d 857 (9th Cir. 1995), 174 Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169 (2d Cir. 2004), 315, 339, 341, 342, 517, 528, 928–930 Rapheal v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 521 (7th Cir. 2008), 717, 1124 Rashiah v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 1126 (7th Cir. 2004), 340 Rashid v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 127 (2d Cir. 2008), 1293, 1304, 1385 Ratnasingam v. Holder, 556 F.3d 10 (1st Cir. 2009), 77 Ravindran v. INS, 976 F.2d 754 (1st Cir. 1992), 115, 159 Ravix v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 42 (1st Cir. 2009), 77, 108, 113 Ray v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 582 (9th Cir. 2006), 1302 Rayamajhi v. Whitaker, 912 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 2019), 288, 293 R–D–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 221 (BIA 2007), 790 R–D–D–K–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 1, 2015) (unpublished), 156 Recinas, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 2002), 1515 Recinos de Leon v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. 2005), 755 Refahiyat v. INS, 29 F.3d 553 (10th Cir. 1994), 141, 483 Regalado-Escobar v. Holder, 717 F.3d 724 (9th Cir. 2013), 480 Rei Feng Wang v. Lynch, 795 F.3d 283 (1st Cir. 2015), 230 Ren v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir. 2011), 538–540 Renkel v. United States, 456 F.3d 640 (6th Cir. 2006), 312 Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471 (1999), 1377

Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc. See Catholic Soc. Servs. Inc. v. Meese Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292 (1993), 752, 1087, 1090–1092, 1196 Restrepo v. Winfrey, 162 F. App'x 311 (5th Cir. 2006), 1373, 1378 Revencu v. Sessions, 895 F.3d 396 (5th Cir. 2018), 111, 170 Reyes v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 736, 2018 U.S. LEXIS 669 (Jan. 16, 2018), 155 Reyes v. Sessions, No. 17-9550, 2018 WL 4460298 (10th Cir. Sept. 18, 2018), 371 Reyes-Diaz, Matter of, [number not provided] (IJ Aug. 2, 2001) (Los Angeles, CA), 161, 1155 Reyes-Guerrero v. INS, 192 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 1999), 114, 174 Reyes-Melendez v. INS, 342 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2003), 754 Reyes-Morales v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2006), 102, 103, 431 Reyes-Reyes v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 782 (9th Cir. 2004), 325 Reyes-Romero; United States v., 327 F. Supp. 855 (W.D. Pa. 2018), 385 Reyes-Sanchez v. Attorney Gen., 369 F.3d 1239 (11th Cir. 2004), 329, 333 Reyes-Torres v. Holder, 645 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2011), 1290, 1309 R.F.M. v. Nielsen, No. 1:18-cv-5068 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2019), 1528 R–G–, Matter of, (Hartford Imm. Court Nov. 24, 2017) (unpublished), 445 Rhodes-Bradford v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 2007), 1284 Ribas v. Mukasey, 545 F.3d 922 (10th Cir. 2008), 534, 640, 641, 735 Ridore v. Holder, 696 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2012), 1260 Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606 (8th Cir. 2004), 302, 1390 Riley v. INS, 310 F.3d 1253 (10th Cir. 2002), 1293, 1304, 1386 R.I. L–R– v. Johnson, No. 1:15-cv-00011-JEB (D.D.C. Feb. 20, 2015), 936, 970, 1103, 1104, 1237–1239 Rio Grande v. Trump, No. 1:19-cv-00720 (D.C. Mar. 14, 2019), 1019 Rioja v. Ashcroft, 317 F.3d 514 (5th Cir. 2003), 1271 Rios v. Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 895 (9th Cir. 2002), 68, 92, 122 Rios v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2015), 151, 154, 385, 464 Rios-Berrios v. INS, 776 F.2d 859 (9th Cir. 1985), 757 Rios-Pineda; INS v., 471 U.S. 444 (1985), 1309, 1310 Ritonga v. Holder, 633 F.3d 971 (10th Cir. 2011), 116, 121, 394, 413 Rivas v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 537 (8th Cir. 2018), 446, 463 Rivas-Gomez v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 2006), superseded, 225 F. App'x 680 (9th Cir. 2007), 1515, 1516 Rivas-Mira v. Holder, 556 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2009), 522 Rivera, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 688 (BIA 1988), 804 Rivera, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 599 (BIA 1996), 860 Rivera v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 864 (7th Cir. 2017), 169 Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder, 658 F.3d 1222 (10th Cir. 2011), corrected on denial of reh'g en banc, 666 F.3d 641 (10th Cir. 2012), 70, 149, 151, 159, 407, 422, 442, 444, 449, 460, 461, 467–470, 472, 478, 479, 486, 1156 Rivera-Moreno v. INS, 213 F.3d 481 (9th Cir. 2000), 173, 174 Rizal v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 84 (2d Cir. 2006), 140 R–K–, Matter of, (BIA Nov. 19, 2018) (unpublished), 535 R–K–K–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 658 (BIA 2015), 514, 515 R–M–D–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 16, 2018) (unpublished), 276 Robenko v. Holder, 693 F.3d 87 (1st Cir. 2012), 72 Robleto-Pastora v. Holder, 567 F.3d 437 (9th Cir. 2009), 1500 Robleto-Pastora v. Holder, 591 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir. 2010), 1475, 1496 Rodas-Orellana v. Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 2015 WL 859566 (10th Cir. 2015), 151, 450, 487 Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 414 F. App'x 484 (3d Cir. 2011), 1377 Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 844 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. 2016), 513, 756 Rodriguez v. Holder, 366 F. App'x 555 (5th Cir. 2010), 80

Rodriguez v. INS, 841 F.2d 865 (9th Cir. 1987), 112, 117 Rodriguez v. Marin, 909 F.3d 252 (9th Cir. 2018), 938, 1055, 1080 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 715 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2013), 938, 1055, 1080 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 803 F.3d 502 (9th Cir. 2015), 938, 1055, 1080 Rodriguez v. Robbins, 804 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2015), 938, 1053–1055 Rodriguez-Arias v. Whitaker, 915 F.3d 968 (4th Cir. 2019), 321, 338, 493 Rodriguez-Coto, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 208 (BIA 1985), 269, 307 Rodriguez-Cuate v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 1015 (8th Cir. 2006), 1302 Rodriguez-Diaz, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1320 (BIA 2000), 770 Rodriguez-Galicia v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 529 (7th Cir. 2005), 525, 528 Rodriguez-Lariz v. INS, 282 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2002), 1302, 1304 Rodriguez-Majano, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 811 (BIA 1988), 249, 250, 258–260, 488 Rodriguez-Matamoros v. INS, 86 F.3d 158 (9th Cir. 1996), 112, 121 Rodriguez-Mercado v. Lynch, 809 F.3d 415 (8th Cir. 2015), 516 Rodriguez-Molinero v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 1134 (7th Cir. 2015), 328 Rodriguez-Palma, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 465 (BIA 1980), 275 Rodriguez-Penton v. U.S., 905 F.3d 481 (6th Cir. 2018), 1304 Rodriguez-Roman v. INS, 98 F.3d 416 (9th Cir. 1996), 7, 87, 89 Rodriguez Sanchez v. Sessions, 742 F. App'x 8 (5th Cir. 2018), 239 Rodriguez-Saragosa v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 349 (5th Cir. 2018), 1050, 1051 Rodriguez-Vera, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 105 (BIA 1979), 1310 Rojas-Perez v. Holder, 699 F.3d 74 (1st Cir. 2010), 149 Roman v. INS, 233 F.3d 1027 (7th Cir. 2000), 194, 195 Romanishyn v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 175 (3d Cir. 2006), 1487, 1500, 1501 Romeike v. Holder, 718 F.3d 528 (6th Cir. 2013), 88 Rony Vladimir Monge, A205 503 682 (BIA Oct. 3, 2013) (unpublished), 803 Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), 1170 Rosa, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 228 (BIA 2018), 269 Rosales v. Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement, 426 F.3d 733 (5th Cir. 2005), 269 Rosales Justo v. Sessions, 895 F.3d 154 (1st Cir. 2018), 195, 378, 464, 541, 545 Rosario v. USCIS, No. 2:15-cv-00813-JLR, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 222338, 2018 WL 7568371 (W.D. Wash. July 26, 2018), 695, 1400, 1415 Rostomian v. INS, 210 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2000), 488 Rotimi v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam), 1380, 1381 Roye v. Attorney Gen., 693 F.3d 333 (3d Cir. 2012), 324, 328 R–R–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 547 (BIA 1992), 551, 1291 Rranci v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 165 (3d Cir. 2008), 32 R.R.D. v. Holder, 746 F.3d 807 (7th Cir. 2014), 155, 190, 376 Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 551 (6th Cir. 2005), 160, 333, 405, 406, 422 R–R–M–, Matter of, (BIA May 24, 2017) (unpublished), 1053 R–S–A–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 7, 2017) (unpublished), 1054 R–S–C– v. Sessions, 869 F.3d 1176 (10th Cir. 2017), 1031, 1044, 1066, 1067 R–S–H–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 629 (BIA 2003), 247 Ruano v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2002), 114 Ruci v. Holder, 720 F.3d 239 (1st Cir. 2013), 94 Ruderman v. Whitaker, 914 F.3d 567 (7th Cir. 2019), 270 Rufino Marquez-Rocha, Matter of, No. A201 073 660 (BIA Jan. 29, 2013), 1264 Ruga v. Attorney Gen., 757 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir. 2014), 533, 534, 640, 735 Ruiz v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 31 (1st Cir. 2008), 72, 75 Ruiz-Cabrera v. Holder, 748 F.3d 754 (7th Cir. 2014), 157, 176 Ruiz-Del Cid v. Holder, 765 F.3d 635 (6th Cir. 2014), 535, 1380

Ruiz-Escobar v. Sessions, 881 F.3d 252 (1st Cir. 2018), 128, 464 Ruiz-Guerrero v. Whitaker, 910 F.3d 572 (1st Cir. 2018), 330 Ruiz-Martinez v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2006), 1385 Ruiz-Turcios v. Attorney Gen., 717 F.3d 847 (11th Cir. 2013), 1302, 1309 Ru Lin v. Attorney Gen., No. 05-5512, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 10813 (3d Cir. May 7, 2007), 113 Rusak v. Holder, 734 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2013), 79, 1152 Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316 (4th Cir. 2002), 550, 717, 846, 847, 1124

S S–A–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1050 (BIA 1997), 792, 793, 860 S–A–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1328 (BIA 2000), 69, 130, 141, 142, 189, 192, 195, 373, 409, 410, 423, 426– 428, 518 S.A. v. Trump, 363 F. Supp. 3d 1048 (N.D. Cal. 2018), 1243 S.A. v. Trump, No. 18-CV-03539-LB, 2019 WL 990680 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2019), 1244 S.A. v. Trump, No. 18-CV-03539 LB, 2019 WL 1593229 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2019), 1245 Saakian v. INS, 252 F.3d 21 (1st Cir. 2001), 1301 S.A.B. v. Boente, 847 F.3d 542 (7th Cir. 2017), 283 Sackie v. Ashcroft, 270 F. Supp. 2d 596 (E.D. Pa. 2003), 345 Sadhvani v. Holder, 596 F.3d 180 (4th Cir. 2009), 1309 Saeedi v. Roark, 803 F. Supp. 2d 381 (W.D.N.C. 2011), 1513 Sael v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. 2004), 119, 120 Safaie v. INS, 25 F.3d 636 (8th Cir. 1994), 147, 162, 408, 416, 423 Sagarminaga v. INS, 113 F.3d 1247 (10th Cir. 1997), 173 Sagaydak v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. 2005), 174 Saget v. Trump, No. 18-cv-01599 (E.D. NY May 31, 2018), 1533, 1534 Sahi v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 587 (7th Cir. 2005), 65 Saidane v. INS, 129 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 1997), 769, 851 St. Cyr; INS v., 533 U.S. 289 (2001), 921, 1378 Saint Fort v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 191 (1st Cir. 2003), 312 Saintha v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 243 (4th Cir. 2008), 1500, 1501 S–A–K– & H–A–H–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 464 (BIA 2008), 68, 102–104, 395, 431 Sakhawati v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 852 (6th Cir. 2016), 1299 Salaam v. INS, 229 F.3d 1234 (9th Cir. 2000), 569, 648, 743, 1153 Salama, Matter of, 11 I&N Dec. 536 (BIA 1966), 86, 179 Salazar v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2004), 206, 302, 304, 306 Salazar-Paucar v. INS, 281 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2002), 74 Saldana v. Lynch, 820 F.3d 970 (8th Cir. 2016), 195, 196 Saldarriaga v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 461 (4th Cir. 2005), 170, 171 Sale v. Haitian Ctrs. Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155, 113 S. Ct. 2549, 125 L. Ed. 2d 128 (1993), 734, 982 Saleh v. INS, 962 F.2d 234 (2d Cir. 1992), 87 Salgado-Sosa v. Sessions, 882 F.3d 451 (4th Cir. 2018), 134, 154, 158, 446, 464 Salim v. Holder, 728 F.3d 718 (7th Cir. 2013), 120, 1299 Salim v. Lynch, 831 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2016), 120, 508, 1297 Sall v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 229 (2d Cir. 2006), 303, 306 Salman v. Holder, 687 F.3d 991 (8th Cir. 2012), 193, 542 Salta v. INS, 314 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2002), 858, 860 Sam v. Holder, 752 F.3d 97 (1st Cir. 2014), 157 Sama v. Attorney Gen., 887 F.3d 1225 (11th Cir. 2018), 127 Samedov v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 704 (8th Cir. 2005), 108, 109 Sanchez v. Holder, 627 F.3d 226 (6th Cir. 2010), 1302

Sanchez & Escobar, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 276 (BIA 1985), 169, 804 Sanchez-Herbert, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 43 (BIA 2012), 659 Sanchez-Jimenez v. Attorney Gen., 492 F.3d 1223 (11th Cir. 2007), 66, 72, 74, 368 Sanchez-Ponce v. Whitaker, 17-579 NAC, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 33592 (2d Cir. Nov. 30, 2018), 332 Sanchez-Robles v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 688 (6th Cir. 2015), 157, 444 Sanchez-Romero v. Sessions, 865 F.3d 43 (1st Cir. 2017), 1296 Sanchez-Sosa, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 807 (BIA 2012), 818, 819, 1518 Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, 801 F.2d 1571 (9th Cir. 1986), 145, 159, 169, 463, 804, 1155 Sandoval-Luna v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir. 2008), 1377 San Francisco, City & Cnty. of v. Trump, 897 F.3d 1225 (9th Cir. 2018), 27, 41 Sangha v. INS, 103 F.3d 1482 (9th Cir. 1997), 74, 76, 86, 174, 175 Sanjaa v. Sessions, 863 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir. 2017), 175 San Kai Kwok v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 2006), 569, 648, 743 Sankoh v. Mukasey, 539 F.3d 456 (7th Cir. 2008), 551 San Martin, Matter of, 15 I&N Dec. 167 (BIA 1974), 1111, 1112 Santa Clara, Cnty. of v. Trump, 275 F. Supp. 3d 1196 (N.D. Cal. 2017), 27, 41 Santana v. Holder, 731 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2013), 1290, 1309 Santana-Gonzalez v. Attorney Gen., 506 F.3d 274 (3d Cir. 2007), 858, 860 Santashbekov v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2016), 515, 522 Santillan v. Gonzales, 388 F. Supp. 2d 1065 (N.D. Cal. 2005), 1425 Santos, Matter of, No. A29 564 781 (IJ Aug. 24, 1990) (Arlington, VA), 15 Santos-Guaman v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 12 (1st Cir. 2018), 1148, 1149, 1154 Santos Gutierrez v. Attorney Gen., No. 17-1946, 2018 WL 5832236 (3d Cir. Nov. 7, 2018), 371 Santos-Lemus v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 738 (9th Cir. 2008), 122, 159, 444, 448, 467, 469, 471, 1156 Santos-Lopez, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 419 (BIA 2002), 265 Sanusi v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 193 (2d Cir. 2006), 1377 Sapoundjiev v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 727 (7th Cir. 2004), 1388 Saraj v. Gonzales, 203 F. App'x 99 (9th Cir. 2006), 327 Saravia v. Attorney Gen., 905 F.3d 729 (3d Cir. 2018), 540 Sarhan v. Holder, 658 F.3d 649 (7th Cir. 2011), 130, 162, 190, 373, 375, 399, 400, 422, 425, 427 Sarmiento-Cisneros v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 1277 (11th Cir. 2004), 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1048 Sarr v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 783 (10th Cir. 2007), 521 Saval v. Holder, 623 F.3d 664 (9th Cir. 2010), 1438 S–B–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 42 (BIA 2006), 22, 515 Scatambuli v. Holder, 558 F.3d 53 (1st Cir. 2009), 149, 160, 193, 407, 442, 444, 445, 458 Scheerer v. Attorney Gen., 513 F.3d 1244 (11th Cir. 2008), 1472 Scorteanu v. INS, 339 F.3d 407 (6th Cir. 2003), 1301 Sea v. Holder, 444 F. App'x 843 (6th Cir. 2011), 523 Secaida-Rosales v. INS, 331 F.3d 297 (2d Cir. 2003), 504, 516, 523, 539, 544 S–E–G–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 579 (BIA 2008), 148, 150, 159, 161, 411, 417, 421, 441–444, 446–448, 454, 462, 465, 468–470, 478, 491, 801, 1156, 1261 Selami v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 621 (6th Cir. 2005), 536, 641, 736 Selgeka v. INS, 184 F.3d 337 (4th Cir. 1999), 753 Sembiring v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 9810 (9th Cir. 2007), 861 Semenov v. Attorney Gen., 346 F. App'x 783 (3d Cir. 2009), 1270 Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210 (3d Cir. 1998), 88, 492, 521, 538, 554, 768, 801, 803 Seng v. Holder, 584 F.3d 13 (1st Cir. 2009), 529 Sepulveda v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 770 (7th Cir. 2006), 147 S.E.R.L. v. Sessions, 894 F.3d 535 (3d Cir. 2018), 151, 153, 157, 371, 408, 415, 444, 450 Serrano v. Attorney Gen., 655 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2011), 1477

Serrano-Alberto v. Attorney Gen., 859 F.3d 208 (3d Cir. 2017), 386, 492, 513, 515, 554, 754–756, 768, 802, 803 Sesay v. Attorney Gen., 787 F.3d 215 (3d Cir. 2015), 288, 293, 296 Sessions; Doe v., No. 16-3707 (8th Cir. Mar. 7, 2017), 262, 273, 1165 Setiadi v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 2006), 99, 194 Settenda v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 89 (1st Cir. 2004), 315, 320, 324, 341 Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166 (3d Cir. 2002), 344 S–F–L–M–, Matter of, (BIA May 1, 2015) (unpublished), 517 S–H–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 462 (BIA 2002), 852 Shah v. INS, 220 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2000), 119, 504, 521, 526, 546, 836 Shahinaj v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 1027 (8th Cir. 2007), 504, 516, 755 Shaikh v. Holder, 702 F.3d 897 (7th Cir. 2012), 133, 373 Shan Liao v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 293 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2002), 81, 185 Shantu v. Lynch, 654 F. App'x 608 (4th Cir. 2016), 201 Shao v. BIA, 465 F.3d 497 (2d Cir. 2006), 187 Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2008), 188, 551 Sharif v. INS, 87 F.3d 932 (7th Cir. 1996), 81, 173, 179, 409, 423 Sharma v. Holder, 729 F.3d 407 (5th Cir. 2013), 541 Sharma v. INS, 89 F.3d 545 (9th Cir. 1996), 860 Sharmin, Matter of, A73 556 833 (IJ Sept. 27, 1996), 163, 389 Shaughnessy v. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953), 752 Shaw, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 177 (BIA 1979), 1109, 1111, 1112 Shehu v. Attorney Gen., 482 F.3d 652 (3d Cir. 2007), 444, 468, 476, 1377 Shehu v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 435 (5th Cir. 2006), 94, 194 Shehu v. Holder, 531 F. App'x 1 (1st Cir. 2013), 127 Sheng En Liu v. Holder, No. 13-2105, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 4045 (7th Cir. 2014), 84 Sherpa v. Holder, 469 F. App'x 54 (10th Cir. 2013), 174 Shewchun v. Holder, 658 F.3d 557 (6th Cir. 2011), 1270 Shi v. Attorney Gen., 707 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2013), 70, 73, 77, 141 Shi v. Attorney Gen., 724 F. App'x 898 (11th Cir. 2018), 99 Shi-Chen v. Holder, 604 F.3d 324 (7th Cir. 2010), 394, 413 Shigui Dong v. Holder, No. 09-4121, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 14014 (6th Cir. July 7, 2011), 1388 Shih, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 697 (BIA 1993), 854, 1258, 1263 Shi Jie Ge v. Holder, 588 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2009), 238 Shi Jin Ou v. Attorney Gen., 456 F. App'x 175 (3d Cir. 2012), 83 Shirdel, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 33 (BIA 1984), 198 Shirvanyan v. Gonzales, 130 F. App'x 196 (9th Cir. 2005), 259 Shkambi v. Attorney Gen., 584 F.3d 1041 (11th Cir. 2009), 525 Shoafera v. INS, 228 F.3d 1070 (9th Cir. 2000), 67, 137, 143 Shoaira v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 837 (8th Cir. 2004), 78, 79, 492, 554, 768, 801, 803 Shojaeddini v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 325 (7th Cir. 2018), 536 Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2010), 518 Shu Han Liu v. Holder, 718 F.3d 706 (7th Cir. 2013), 141, 1298 Shunfu Li v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2008), 514 S–I–B–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 16, 2016) (unpublished), 285 Sibanda v. Holder, 778 F.3d 676 (7th Cir. 2015), 544 Sibrun, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 354 (BIA 1983), 87, 820 Siddique v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 814 (7th Cir. 2008), 535, 640, 763 Sierra Club v. Trump, No. 19-CV-00892-HSG (N.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2019), 1018 Sierra Club v. Trump, No. 19-CV-00892-HSG, 2019 WL 2247689 (N.D. Cal. May 24, 2019), 1018 Sihotang v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 46 (1st Cir. 2018), 1292, 1295

S–I–K–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 324 (BIA 2007), 1501 Silaya v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2008), 176 Silva v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2005), 128 Silva-Carvalho Lopes v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2008), 858, 860 Silva-Pereira v. Lynch, 827 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2016), 275, 528 Silva-Rengifo v. Attorney Gen., 473 F.3d 58 (3d Cir. 2007), 309, 330 Silva Rosa v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 403 (5th Cir. 2007), 1038, 1042 Silvestre-Mendoza v. Sessions, 729 F. App'x 597 (9th Cir. 2018), 162, 167, 371 Simarmata v. Holder, 752 F.3d 79 (1st Cir. 2014), 1299 Simo v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 7 (1st Cir. 2006), 928, 951 Sindona v. Grant, 619 F.2d 167 (2d Cir. 1980), 273 Singh, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 998 (BIA 1997), 859 Singh, Matter of, A78 494 845 (BIA Nov. 23, 2001), 765 Singh v. Ashcroft, 351 F.3d 435 (9th Cir. 2003), 312 Singh v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2003), 1271 Singh v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. 2004), 765 Singh v. Ashcroft, 375 F.3d 1007 (10th Cir. 2004), 1390 Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396 (6th Cir. 2005), 315, 339, 341, 517 Singh v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2005), 521, 525, 846 Singh v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 191 (3d Cir. 2005), 175 Singh v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 736 (7th Cir. 2005), 257, 259 Singh v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 484 (5th Cir. 2006), 1300 Singh v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 1170 (9th Cir. 2007), 1283, 1386 Singh v. Holder, 488 F. App'x 476 (2d Cir. 2012), 1479, 1503 Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d 1264 (9th Cir. 2011), 527, 528, 538 Singh v. Holder, 649 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir. 2011), 224, 635 Singh v. Holder, 656 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2011), 231, 232 Singh v. Holder, No. 12-2424 (7th Cir. 2013), 94 Singh v. Holder, 750 F.3d 84 (1st Cir. 2014), 96, 430 Singh v. Ilchert, 63 F.3d 1501 (9th Cir. 1995), 88, 97, 568, 569, 647, 743 Singh v. Ilchert, 69 F.3d 375 (9th Cir. 1995), 175 Singh v. INS, 94 F.3d 1353 (9th Cir. 1996), 78, 120, 137, 193 Singh v. INS, 134 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 1998), 73 Singh v. INS, 213 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. 2000), 859 Singh v. INS, 292 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 2002), 521 Singh v. INS, 295 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2002), 1301 Singh v. Lynch, 803 F.3d 988 (8th Cir. 2015), 518 Singh v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 220 (5th Cir. 2016), 1299 Singh v. Moschorak, 53 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 1995), 97 Singh v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2008), 133 Singh v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 207 (2d Cir. 2009), 524, 528, 751 Singh v. Sessions, 687 F. App'x 36 (2d Cir. 2017), 97, 224 Singh v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 220 (5th Cir. 2018), 520, 522, 845 Singh v. Sessions, 898 F.3d 518 (5th Cir. 2018), 97 Singh v. Whitaker, Nos. 16-70823, 16-72285, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 2329 (9th Cir. 2019), 100, 106, 381 Singh-Kaur v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 293 (3d Cir. 2004), 288, 293 Singh-Kaur v. INS, 183 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 1999), 521 Sinha v. Holder, 564 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir. 2009), 138 Siniauskas, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 207 (BIA 2018), 1109, 1112 Siong v. INS, 376 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2004), 1304 Sirbu v. Holder, 718 F.3d 655 (7th Cir. 2013), 73

Sivakaran v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 1028 (8th Cir. 2004), 315, 341, 342, 517 Siwe v. Holder, 742 F.3d 603 (5th Cir. 2014), 1474, 1495 S–K–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 936 (BIA 2006), 276, 281, 289, 293, 294, 1261 S–K–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 475 (BIA 2008), 282 Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944), 1380 S–L–, Matter of, (BIA Aug. 31, 2015) (unpublished), 542 S–L–L–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 1 (BIA 2006), 181–184 Slyusar v. Holder, 740 F.3d 1068 (6th Cir. 2014), 522 Smith v. Holder, 627 F.3d 427 (1st Cir. 2010), 1309 Smith v. U.S. Customs & Border Protection, 741 F.3d 1016 (9th Cir. 2014), 921, 922 S–M–J–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 722 (BIA 1997), 7, 36, 110, 224, 503, 504, 537–540, 542, 543, 545, 547, 568, 569, 635, 647, 648, 743, 823, 834, 1146 Smolniakova v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005), 64 Smolniakova v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005), 523, 543 Smriko, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 836 (BIA 2005), 1487, 1500 Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004), 1500 Soadjede v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 830 (5th Cir. 2003), 1274 Socop-Gonzales v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2001), 1304 Soeung v. Holder, 677 F.3d 484 (1st Cir. 2012), 569, 648, 743 S–O–G– & F–D–B–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 462 (AG 2018), 32, 681, 723, 821, 822, 1287, 1448 Sok v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 48 (1st Cir. 2008), 67, 504, 516 Soleimani, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 99 (BIA 1989), 42, 198, 301, 306 Soriano v. Holder, 569 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2009), 442, 444, 445, 458, 468, 474 Sosa-Valenzuela v. Holder, 692 F.3d 1103 (10th Cir. 2012), 1310 Sosa Ventura, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010), 1477 Sotelo-Aquije v. Slattery, 17 F.3d 33 (2d Cir. 1994), 112, 189 Soto-Olarte v. Holder, 555 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2009), 526 Soumahoro v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 732 (7th Cir. 2005), 544 Sow v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 953 (8th Cir. 2008), 95 Sowe v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1281 (9th Cir. 2008), 104 S–P–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 486 (BIA 1996) (en banc), 88, 124, 132, 133, 175, 377, 465, 569, 647, 648, 743, 1159 Spilionoulos, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 561 (BIA 1978), 1109, 1111 Spina v. DHS, 70 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2006), 1373, 1378 S–R–P–O–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 20, 2018) (unpublished), 156 S–S–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 121 (BIA 1995), 499, 501, 507 S–S–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 458 (BIA 1999), 265 Ssali v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 556 (7th Cir. 2005), 523 Stanojkova v. Holder, 645 F.3d 943 (7th Cir. 2011), 65, 66, 368 State of. See name of state Steele v. Blackman, INS, 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 2001), 922 Stepanian v. Holder, No. 11-70898, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 822 (9th Cir. Jan. 20, 2015), 116 Sterkaj v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 273 (6th Cir. 2006), 536, 641, 736 Stevic; INS v., 467 U.S. 407, 104 S. Ct. 2489 (1984), 70, 72, 108, 110, 205, 206, 508 Stolaj v. Holder, 577 F.3d 651 (6th Cir. 2009), 1500 Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386 (1995), 1385 Stoyanov v. INS, 172 F.3d 731 (9th Cir. 1999), 523, 526, 754 Stserba v. Holder, 646 F.3d 964 (6th Cir. 2011), 57, 60, 62, 81, 82, 137, 143 Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 714 F.3d 241 (4th Cir. 2013), 329 Subhan v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 591 (7th Cir. 2004), 753, 1377 Sugiarto v. Holder, 586 F.3d 90 (1st Cir. 2009), 128

Sugiarto v. Holder, 761 F.3d 102 (1st Cir. 2014), 1296 Sukhova v. Sessions, No. 15-2533 NAC, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 19094 (2d Cir. Oct. 3, 2017), 323 Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627 (3d Cir. 2006), 118, 240 Sultani v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 878 (8th Cir. 2006), 304 Sumolang v. Holder, 723 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2013), 79, 1158 Sun v. Sessions, 883 F.3d 23 (2d Cir. 2018), 541 Sun v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 421 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2005), 1264 Sunday v. Attorney Gen., 832 F.3d 211 (3d Cir. 2016), 1524 Suntharalinkam v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2006), 523 Supangat v. Holder, 735 F.3d 792 (8th Cir. 2013), 95 Surita v. INS, 95 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 1996), 195, 196 Susma, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 947 (BIA 1999), 1292 S–V–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 1306 (BIA 2000), 325, 328, 329, 332, 346, 427, 1291, 1310 S–V–C–, Matter of, (BIA Nov. 1, 2016), 236 S–Y–G–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 247 (BIA 2007), 186, 188, 1296–1298 Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924 (6th Cir. 2004), 521

T T–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 571 (BIA 1992), 88 Tadesse v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 905 (7th Cir. 2007), 521 Taerghodsi, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 260 (BIA 1977), 1282 Tagaga v. INS, 228 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2000), 88 Taha v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 800 (9th Cir. 2004), 315, 341 Tahsir, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 56 (BIA 1976), 824 T–A–I–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 7, 2018) (unpublished), 1477 Tairou v. Whitaker, 909 F.3d 702 (4th Cir. 2018), 67, 76 Tala v. Sweden, Commc'n No. 43/1996, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/17/D/43/1996 (Mar. 7, 1996), 343 Tamara-Gomez v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 343 (5th Cir. 2006), 102, 126, 333 Tamas-Mercea v. Reno, 222 F.3d 417 (7th Cir. 2000), 413 Tamayo-Tamayo v. Holder, 709 F.3d 795 (9th Cir. 2013), 1040 Tamenut v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 1000 (8th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (per curiam), 1377 Tampubolon v. Holder, 610 F.3d 1056 (9th Cir. 2010), 120 Tan, Matter of, 12 I&N Dec. 564 (BIA 1967), 190 Tandia v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2006), 383 Tang, Matter of, 13 I&N Dec. 691 (BIA 1971), 751 Tang v. Attorney Gen., 578 F.3d 1270 (11th Cir. 2009), 516, 524 Tang v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 176 (4th Cir. 2016), 109 Tangka v. Holder, No. 14-2275, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 4893 (7th Cir. 2015), 120 Tao Jiang v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 2007), 183, 185 Tapia-Lemos v. Holder, 696 F.3d 687 (7th Cir. 2012), 1040, 1047, 1049, 1052 Tapia Madrigal v. Holder, No. 10-73700 (9th Cir. May 13, 2013), 486 Tapia Paez v. Sweden, Commc'n No. 39/1996, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/18/D/39/1996 (1997), 345, 347 Tariq v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 650 (7th Cir. 2007), 190, 376 Tarraf v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 525 (7th Cir. 2007), 116 Tarubac v. INS, 182 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 1999), 69, 92, 124, 132, 171 Taslimi v. Holder, 590 F.3d 981 (9th Cir. 2010), 239, 1373, 1374 Tassi v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710 (4th Cir. 2011), 504, 516 Tasya v. Holder, 574 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2009), 73 Tawadrus v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir. 2004), 758 Tawuo v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 725 (7th Cir. 2015), 928

Tay-Chan v. Holder, 699 F.3d 107 (1st Cir. 2012), 160 Taylor, Matter of, 24 Immigr. Rptr. B1-184 (BIA 2002), 785 Tchemkou v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 785 (7th Cir. 2007), 345 Tchitchui v. Holder, 657 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2011), 303, 304 Tchoukhrova v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2005), vacated, 549 U.S. 801 (2006), 161, 1154 Tchuinga v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 54 (1st Cir. 2006), 534 Tebourski v. France, Commc'n No. 300/2006, U.N. Doc. No. CAT/C/38/D/300/2006 (May 11, 2006), 347 Tegegn v. Holder, 702 F.3d 1142 (8th Cir. 2013), 118 Telles v. Lynch, 639 F. App'x 658 (1st Cir. 2016) (unpublished), 1065 Temu v. Holder, 740 F.3d 887 (4th Cir. 2014), 134, 136, 155, 375, 784 Tesfamichael v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 169 (5th Cir. 2005), 1390 Tesfamichael v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 109 (5th Cir. 2006), 58, 190, 501, 507 Tewabe v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 533 (4th Cir. 2006), 516, 517 T–G–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 6, 2017) (unpublished), 155 Thap v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 674 (6th Cir. 2008), 1500 Thapaliya v. Holder, 750 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2014), 73, 113 Thavendran v. Gonzales, 211 F. App'x 74 (2d Cir. 2007), 118 Thiam v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 912 (8th Cir. 2007), 523 32 Cnty. Sovereignty Comm. v. U.S. Dep't of State, 292 F.3d 797 (D.C. Cir. 2002), 285 Thomas v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc), vacated, 547 U.S. 183 (2006), 147, 161, 176, 753, 758 Thuraissigiam v. Nielsen, No. 18-55313 (9th Cir. Mar. 7, 2019), 770, 959, 960, 1098, 1374, 1375 Thuraissigiam v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 287 F. Supp. 3d 1077 (S.D. Cal. 2018), 960, 1375 Tian v. Holder, 576 F.3d 890 (8th Cir. 2009), 271, 272 Tian v. Holder, 745 F.3d 822 (7th Cir. 2014), 1373 Tian Ming Lin v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 2007), 187 Ticas-Guillen v. Whitaker, No. 16-72981, 744 F. App'x 410, 2018 WL 6266766 (9th Cir. Nov. 30, 2018), 167, 371 Tilley v. Chertoff, 144 F. App'x 536 (6th Cir. 2005), 1373, 1378 T–M–H– & S–W–C–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 193 (BIA 2010), 238 Toboso-Alfonso, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 819 (BIA 1990), 70, 146, 161, 272 Todorovic v. Attorney Gen., 621 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 2010), 155 Tomas, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 464 (BIA 1987), 765 Tomas v. Holder, 316 F. App'x 510 (7th Cir. 2009), 78 Toor v. Lynch, 789 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2015), 1309 Toro, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 340 (BIA 1980), 550, 846, 847 Torres v. DHS, No. 5:18-cv-02604 (Dec. 14, 2018), 939, 1093 Torres v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 616 (7th Cir. 2008), 110, 161, 504, 515–517, 523, 525, 755, 1158 Torres v. Ridge, No. C04-525JCC (W.D. Wash. Apr. 13, 2004), 924 Torres-Tristan v. Holder, 656 F.3d 653 (7th Cir. 2011), 1050 Toufighi v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 988 (9th Cir. 2008), 1299 Toure v. Ashcroft, 400 F.3d 44 (1st Cir. 2005), 67 Toure v. Attorney Gen., 443 F.3d 310 (3d Cir. 2006), 540 Toussaint v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 409 (3d Cir. 2006), 159, 323, 324 Tran v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 937 (6th Cir. 2006), 338 Traore v. Holder, 358 F. App'x 677 (6th Cir. 2009), 73 Trejo, In re, 2018 WL 2761501 (BIA Mar. 5, 2018), 1477 Trujillo Diaz v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 244 (6th Cir. 2018), 101, 381, 1292 Trump; Doe v., 288 F. Supp. 3d 1045 (W.D. Wash. 2017), 28, 50 Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392 (2018), 28, 41 Tsegay v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 2004), 1274

Tsegmed v. Sessions, 859 F.3d 480 (7th Cir. 2017), 109, 1373 Tum-Lux v. Attorney Gen., No. 17-14897, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 18578 (11th Cir. July 09, 2018), 332 Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014 (8th Cir. 2007), 492, 554, 755, 765, 768, 801, 802, 834, 835 Tun v. INS, 445 F.3d 554 (2d Cir. 2006), 118, 123 Tunis v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 547 (7th Cir. 2006), 318 Turangan v. Mukasey, 307 F. App'x 11 (7th Cir. 2009), 85 Turkson v. Holder, 667 F.3d 523 (4th Cir. 2012), 1260, 1261 T–Z–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 163 (BIA 2007), 73, 80–83, 178, 184, 202, 517

U Ucelo-Gomez v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 163 (2d Cir. 2006), 525 Ucelo-Gomez v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2007), 149, 160, 407, 444, 456, 468, 476 Uchida v. Attorney Gen., 435 F. App'x 110 (3d Cir. 2011), 81 Uddin v. Attorney Gen., No. 17-1056, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 18492 (3d Cir. Sept. 25, 2017), 285 U–H–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 355 (BIA 2002), 277, 283 U–M–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 327 (BIA 1991), 270, 272 Umana-Ramos v. Holder, 724 F.3d 667 (6th Cir. 2013), 149, 159, 407, 449, 1156 Umanzor-Alvarado v. INS, 896 F.2d 14 (1st Cir. 1990), 173 Umirov v. Whitaker, No. 17-597, 2019 WL 181176 (2d Cir. Jan. 14, 2019), 239 Umude-Louis v. Holder, 368 F. App'x 544 (5th Cir. 2010), 1065 Umuzayire v. Ashcroft, 2003 WL 367743 (E.D. La. Feb. 14, 2003), 698 Un v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 205 (1st Cir. 2005), 69, 91, 505 United States v. See name of opposing party United States ex rel. See name of related party Urbina-Dore v. Holder, 735 F.3d 952 (7th Cir. 2013), 159 Urbina-Mejia v. Holder, 597 F.3d 360 (6th Cir. 2010), 155, 161, 275, 442, 444, 445, 451, 452 Urgen v. Holder, 768 F.3d 269 (2d Cir. 2014), 540 Urooj v. Holder, 734 F.3d 1075 (9th Cir. 2013), 1476, 1477 Utah Constr. & Mining Co.; United States v., 384 U.S. 394 (1966), 791 Uwais v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 513 (2d Cir. 2007), 132, 175 Uwase v. Ashcroft, 349 F.3d 1039 (7th Cir. 2003), 523

V V–, Matter of, 7 I&N Dec. 460 (BIA 1957), 512 Vaduva v. INS, 131 F.3d 689 (7th Cir. 1997), 72, 77 Vahora v. Holder, 641 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2011), 227, 229, 230, 240 Valdez-Sanchez v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1084 (10th Cir. 2007), 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042 Valdez-Valdez, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 703 (BIA 1997), 1115 Valdiviez-Hernandez v. Holder, 739 F.3d 184 (5th Cir. 2013), 1033 Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Attorney Gen., 502 F.3d 285 (3d Cir. 2007), 194, 333, 449, 488 Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Holder, 663 F.3d 582 (3d Cir. 2011), 149, 151, 333, 421, 442, 444, 449, 471, 1380 Valencia v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2008), 794 Valerio-Ramirez v. Sessions, 882 F.3d 289 (1st Cir. 2018), 269, 270 Valles, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 769 (BIA 1997), 1117 Vang v. INS, 146 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 1998), 305, 1166 Varela v. INS, 204 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2000), 1303, 1304 Vargas-Garcia v. INS, 287 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2002), 1275 Vargas-Sarmiento v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 448 F.3d 159 (2d Cir. 2006), 1381 Vasha v. Gonzales, 410 F.3d 863 (6th Cir. 2005), 523, 755

Vasile v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 2005), 240 Vasili v. Holder, 732 F.3d 83 (1st Cir. 2013), 94, 127 Vatulev v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1207 (10th Cir. 2003), 393, 413 Vatyan v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. 2007), 833 V–B–P–, Matter of, (BIA Oct. 7, 2015), 1193 Vea, Matter of, 18 I&N Dec. 171 (BIA 1981), 1109 Vega-Ayala v. Lynch, 833 F.3d 34 (1st Cir. 2016), 158 Velaquez v. Sessions, No. 16-60087, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 23684 (5th Cir. Nov. 22, 2017), 1515 Velasco v. INS, 87 F. App'x 35, 2004 WL 78208 (9th Cir. 2004), 772 Velasco-Cervantes v. Holder, 593 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. 2010), 445, 458, 468, 474 Velasquez, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 377 (BIA 1986), 795 Velasquez v. Sessions, 866 F.3d 188 (4th Cir. 2017), 127, 362 Velasquez-Banegas v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 258 (7th Cir. 2017), 111, 155, 531 Velasquez-Gabriel v. Crocetti, 263 F.3d 102 (4th Cir. 2001), 1042, 1043, 1048 Velasquez-Garcia v. Holder, 336 F. App'x 517 (6th Cir. 2009), 128 Ventura v. INS, 264 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2001), rev'd, 537 U.S. 12 (2002), 76, 112, 121, 176, 406 Verano-Velasco v. Attorney Gen., 456 F.3d 1372 (11th Cir. 2006), 534 Vera-Valera v. INS, 147 F.3d 1036 (9th Cir. 1998), 174 Verde-Rodriguez v. Attorney Gen., 734 F.3d 198 (3d Cir. 2013), 1050 V–F–D–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 859 (BIA 2006), 85 Vicente-Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086 (10th Cir. 2008), 80, 179 Victor v. Holder, 616 F.3d 705 (7th Cir. 2010), 1288 Viegas v. Holder, 699 F.3d 798 (4th Cir. 2012), 288, 293 Vigil, Matter of, 19 I&N Dec. 572 (BIA 1988), 173, 1155 Vilchez v. Holder, 682 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 2012), 717, 1124 Vilela v. Holder, 620 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2010), 75 Villacis v. Holder, No. 14-60220 (5th Cir. 2015), 192 Villafranca v. Lynch, 797 F.3d 91 (1st Cir. 2015), 127, 545 Villa-Londono v. Holder, 600 F.3d 21 (1st Cir. 2010), 525 Villalta, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 142 (BIA 1990), 112, 121, 162, 189, 193, 488, 500, 1159 Villalta-Martinez v. Sessions, 882 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2018), 128, 464 Villalvaso-Lugo v. Ashcroft, 110 F. App'x 754 (9th Cir. 2004), 1259 Villatoro v. Sessions, 680 F. App'x 212 (4th Cir. 2017), 154 Villatoro-Ochoa v. Lynch, 844 F.3d 993 (8th Cir. 2017), 1296 Villegas v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 984 (9th Cir. 2008), 321, 324, 325 Villegas de la Paz v. Holder, 614 F.3d 605 (6th Cir. 2010), 1050 Vincent v. Holder, 632 F.3d 351 (6th Cir. 2011), 82, 83, 170, 232 Viridiana v. Holder, 646 F.3d 1230 (9th Cir. 2011), 231, 859, 1373 Vitug v. Holder, 723 F.3d 1056 (9th Cir. 2013), 82, 1260 Vivas, Matter of, 16 I&N Dec. 68 (BIA 1977), 823 Vizcarra-Delgadillo, Matter of, 13 I&N Dec. 51 (BIA 1968), 791 V–K–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 500 (BIA 2008), 339, 1260, 1262 V.L. v. Switzerland, Commc'n No. 262/2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/37/D/262/2005 (Jan. 22, 2007), 343 Vladimirova v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 690 (7th Cir. 2004), 72, 84, 99 V–M–Z–B–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 19, 2018) (unpublished), 276 Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607 (3d Cir. 2005), 68 Vongsakdy v. INS, 171 F.3d 1203 (9th Cir. 1999), 102–104, 114, 431 Vong Xiong v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 530 (8th Cir. 2007), 1487, 1500 V–Q–, Matter of, 9 I&N Dec. 78 (BIA 1960), 1040 Vrljicak v. Holder, 700 F.3d 1060 (7th Cir. 2012), 1373 V–T–S–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 792 (BIA 1997), 69, 70, 161, 1159

Vukmirovic v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 2004), 248, 252, 347 Vukmirovic v. Holder, 640 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2011), 860 Vumi v. Gonzales, 502 F.3d 150 (2d Cir. 2007), 160, 1158 V–X–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 147 (BIA 2013), 1476, 1500

W W–A–A–M–, Matter of, (BIA Apr. 13, 2018) (unpublished), 1193 W–A–F–C–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 880 (BIA 2016), 1217 Wagafe v. Trump, No. C17-0094-RAJ, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95887 (W.D. Wash. June 21, 2017), 299 Waggoner v. Gonzales, 488 F.3d 632 (5th Cir. 2007), 1306 Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2009), 120, 238, 239, 346 Waldron v. Holder, 688 F.3d 354 (8th Cir. 2012), 1261 Walters v. Ashcroft, 198 F. App'x 78 (2d Cir. 2006), 1373, 1378 Wang v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2003), 312 Wang v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir. 2003), 68, 177, 178, 518 Wang v. Attorney Gen., 423 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 2005), 515, 754, 755 Wang v. Gonzales, 152 F. App'x 761 (11th Cir. 2005), 182, 183 Wang v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 134 (3d Cir. 2005), 183, 1156 Wang v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 993 (7th Cir. 2006), 128 Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 531 (5th Cir. 2009), 522 Wang v. Holder, 750 F.3d 87 (1st Cir. 2014), 1305 Wang v. Lynch, 824 F.3d 587 (6th Cir. 2016), 514 Wang v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 2017), 522 Wangchuck v. DHS, 448 F.3d 524 (2d Cir. 2006), 54, 56 Wani Site v. Holder, 656 F.3d 590 (7th Cir. 2011), 347 Wanrong Lin v. Holder, 771 F.3d 177 (4th Cir. 2014), 185, 186 Wanyama v. Holder, 698 F.3d 1032 (8th Cir. 2012), 170 Warner v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2004), 1042, 1043, 1048 Wei v. Mukasey, 545 F.3d 1248 (10th Cir. 2008), 186, 1297, 1298 Wei Fang v. Sessions, 702 F. App'x 338 (6th Cir. 2017), 228 Wei Guang Wang v. BIA, 437 F.3d 270 (2d Cir. 2006), 1297 Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982), 4 Weinong Lin v. Holder, 763 F.3d 244 (2d Cir. 2014), 230, 1373 Weiwei Chen v. Holder, No. 13-1863, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 25557 (7th Cir. Dec. 23, 2013), 76 Weng v. Attorney Gen., 287 F.3d 1335 (11th Cir. 2002), 1390 Weng v. Holder, 562 F.3d 510 (2d Cir. 2009), 256–258, 261 Werner, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 45 (BIA 2009), 1108 W–F–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 503 (BIA 1996), 860, 1300 W.G.A. v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 957 (7th Cir. 2018), 130, 151, 153, 154, 158, 375, 405, 408, 444, 446, 487 W–G–R–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 208 (BIA 2014), 145, 146, 150, 151, 155, 164, 345, 370, 390, 406, 407, 413, 414, 417–421, 441–444, 447, 452, 454, 459, 487, 1156, 1157, 1380 Whitney v. Robertson, 12 U.S. 190 (1888), 221 Wijaya v. Gonzales, 06-4481-ag NAC, A97-149-944, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 8844 (2d Cir. Apr. 6, 2007), 121 William v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 329 (4th Cir. 2007), 1290, 1309 Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 889 (10th Cir. 2004), 112, 117, 122, 516, 540 Witjaksono v. Holder, 573 F.3d 968 (10th Cir. 2009), 1270 Wong, Matter of, 13 I&N Dec. 820 (BIA 1971), 751 Wong v. Holder, (2d Cir. 2011), 180, 181 Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966), 797, 1039 W–S–, Matter of, (BIA Sept. 28, 2017) (unpublished), 1117

Wu v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 418 (3d Cir. 2005), 525 Wu v. Holder, 737 F.3d 829 (1st Cir. 2013), 1299 Wu Lin v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2016), 528 W–Y–C– & H–O–B–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 189 (BIA 2018), 168, 372, 423, 490, 491, 553, 565, 767, 798, 799, 801, 802, 1261, 1383 W–Y–U–, Matter of, 27 I&N Dec. 17 (BIA 2017), 815, 816

X X–, Matter of, (BIA unpublished decision Dec. 24, 2008), 327 X–, Matter of, (Feb. 26, 2013), 771 X–G–D–C–, Matter of, (BIA Dec. 11, 2018) (unpublished), 156, 166 X–G–W–, Matter of, 22 I&N Dec. 71 (BIA 1998), 1292, 1385 Xia v. Attorney Gen., 608 F.3d 1233 (11th Cir. 2010), 522 Xia Chen v. Attorney Gen., 392 F. App'x 962 (3d Cir. 2010), 84 Xiao v. Board of Immigration Appeals, 165 F. App'x 911 (2d Cir. 2006), 319 Xiao v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 712 (7th Cir. 2008), 521, 525, 928, 951 Xiaoguang Gu v. Gonzalez, 454 F.3d 1014 (9th Cir. 2006), 84 Xie v. INS, 434 F.3d 136 (2d Cir. 2006), 256, 257, 259 Xinbing Song v. Sessions, 882 F.3d 837 (9th Cir. 2018), 170 Xing Jie Guan v. USCIS, 183 F. App'x 76 (2d Cir. 2006), 256 Xing Qiang Zhuo v. Attorney Gen., 502 F. App'x 176 (3d Cir. 2012), 81 Xin Nin He v. Holder, 972 F. App'x 561 (9th Cir. 2014), 182 Xiong v. INS, 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir. 1999), 791 Xiu Fen Xia v. Mukasey, 510 F.3d 162 (2d Cir. 2007), 179 Xiu Ying Wu v. Attorney Gen., 712 F.3d 486 (11th Cir. 2013), 504, 516 Xiu Zhen Lin v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 596 (7th Cir. 2008), 82 X–K–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 731 (BIA 2005), 32, 724, 806, 937, 938, 1072, 1078, 1093, 1094, 1099, 1107, 1109, 1118, 1287 X–M–C–, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 322 (BIA 2010), 535, 536 X–P–T–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 634 (BIA 1996), 68, 170, 177, 466 Xue v. BIA, 439 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2006), 526 Xue v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 1099 (10th Cir. 2016), 83, 121 Xue Tong Zou v. Attorney Gen., 367 F. App'x 36 (11th Cir. 2010), 549 Xu Sheng Gao v. Attorney Gen., 500 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2007), 258

Y Yadegar-Sargis v. INS, 297 F.3d 596 (7th Cir. 2002), 409, 422 Yahya v. Sessions, 889 F.3d 392 (7th Cir. 2018), 1299 Yakovenko v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 631 (8th Cir. 2007), 100, 340 Yan v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1249 (10th Cir. 2006), 140, 548 Yan v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 63 (2d Cir. 2007), 523 Yanez-Garcia, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 390 (BIA 2002), 265 Yang v. Attorney Gen., 418 F.3d 1198 (11th Cir. 2005), 180, 184 Yang v. Department of Justice, 426 F.3d 520 (2d Cir. 2005), 342 Yang v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 1117 (8th Cir. 2005), 98, 99, 183, 187, 429, 431, 835 Yang v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 133 (2d Cir. 2007), 508, 524, 1292 Yang v. Holder, 405 F. App'x 825 (5th Cir. 2010), 80, 538 Yang v. Holder, 770 F.3d 294 (4th Cir. 2014), 529 Yang v. Lynch, 822 F.3d 504 (9th Cir. 2016), 518, 1299

Yang Zhao-Cheng v. Holder, 721 F.3d 24 (1st Cir. 2013), 1296 Yan Xia Zhu v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2008), 504, 516, 525, 540 Yauri, Matter of, 25 I&N Dec. 103 (BIA 2009), 1293 Yazitchian v. INS, 207 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2000), 476 Y–B–, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1136 (BIA 1998), 110, 506, 514, 526, 543, 547 Y–C–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 286 (BIA 2002), 232, 1163 Y.C. v. Holder, 741 F.3d 324 (2d Cir. 2013), 170 Yeimane-Berhe v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2004), 527 Yepes-Prado v. INS, 10 F.3d 1363 (9th Cir. 1993), 30 Yerkovich v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 990 (10th Cir. 2004), 1376 Yewondwosen, Matter of, 21 I&N Dec. 1025 (BIA 1997), 1292, 1293, 1306, 1385 Ye Xian Jing v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 38 (1st Cir. 2017), 340, 524, 928 Y–G–, Matter of, 20 I&N Dec. 794 (BIA 1994), 128 Y–H–I–, Matter of, (BIA Jan. 23, 2017), 289, 293 Yih-Hsiung Wang, Matter of, 17 I&N Dec. 565 (BIA 1980), 1290, 1308 Ying Zheng v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 201 (2d Cir. 2007), 180 Yi Quing Yang v. Gonzales, 2007 WL 2000044 (July 12, 2007), superseded, 494 F.3d 1311 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam), 184 Yi-Tu Lian v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 457 (7th Cir. 2004), 341 Yi Xian Chen v. Holder, 705 F.3d 624 (7th Cir. 2013), 182 Y–L–, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 151 (BIA 2007), 532–534, 536, 641, 736 Y–L–, Matter of, A–G–, Matter of, & R–S–R–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 270 (AG 2002), 253, 265, 266, 269, 270, 326, 329, 346 Yongo v. INS, 355 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2004), 528, 833 Yong Xiu Lin v. Holder, 754 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2014), 185, 186 Yousefi v. INS, 260 F.3d 318 (4th Cir. 2001), 268 Yousif v. Lynch, 796 F.3d 622 (6th Cir. 2015), 535 Y–S–L–C–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 688 (BIA 2015), 515, 550, 754, 1188 Y–T–L–, Matter of, 23 I&N Dec. 601 (BIA 2003), 68, 91, 93, 181 Yu v. Attorney Gen., 513 F.3d 346 (3d Cir. 2008), 187 Yu v. Holder, 693 F.3d 294 (2d Cir. 2012), 171, 174 Yuan v. Lynch, 827 F.3d 648 (7th Cir. 2016), 524 Yuen Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2008), 186, 1297, 1298 Yuk v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1222 (10th Cir. 2004), 1274, 1276 Yumin Xiang v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 306 (7th Cir. 2017), 177 Yun Jian Zhang v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 773 (7th Cir. 2007), 80, 83, 179 Yun Yan Huang v. Attorney Gen., 429 F.3d 1002 (11th Cir. 2005), 184 Yusev v. Sessions, 851 F.3d 763 (7th Cir. 2017), 1305 Yusupov v. Attorney Gen., 518 F.3d 188 (3d Cir. 2008), 277 Yusupov v. Attorney Gen., 650 F.3d 968 (3d Cir. 2011), 277, 504, 516 Yu Yun Zhang v. Holder, 702 F.3d 878 (6th Cir. 2012), 1298

Z Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001), 854, 856, 1053, 1086, 1097, 1105, 1107 Zafar v. Attorney Gen., 461 F.3d 1357 (11th Cir. 2006), 1377 Zahedi v. INS, 222 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2000), 88, 527, 549 Zahren v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 1039, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 11542 (7th Cir. 2007), 796 Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491 (6th Cir. 2015), 487 Zalega v. INS, 916 F.2d 1257 (7th Cir. 1990), 84 Zamanov v. Holder, 649 F.3d 969 (9th Cir. 2011), 519

Zambrano v. INS, vacated, 509 U.S. 918 (1993), 1036 Zambrano v. Sessions, 878 F.3d 84 (4th Cir. 2017), 228, 230, 1373, 1374 Zamora-Morel v. INS, 905 F.2d 833 (5th Cir. 1990), 174 Zapeda-Melendez v. INS, 741 F.2d 285 (9th Cir. 1986), 159 Zarate-Martinez; United States v., 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 1998), 770 Zavala-Bonilla v. INS, 730 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 1984), 521 Zavaleta-Policiano v. Sessions, 873 F.3d 241 (4th Cir. 2017), 134, 154, 190, 446 Zegarra-Gomez v. INS, 314 F.3d 112 (9th Cir. 2003), 922 Zelaya v. Holder, 668 F.3d 159 (4th Cir. 2012), 159, 328, 331, 444, 445, 447, 448, 454, 459, 460, 464, 468, 474, 493, 1156 Zewdie v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 804 (8th Cir. 2004), 319, 345, 346 Zhakypbaev v. Sessions, 880 F.3d 881 (7th Cir. 2018), 158 Zhang v. DOJ, 480 F.3d 104 (2d Cir. 2007), 521 Zhang v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 1239 (9th Cir. 2005), 77, 82, 183, 185 Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540 (2d Cir. 2005), 171, 174 Zhang v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 339 (5th Cir. 2005), 336 Zhang v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 993 (7th Cir. 2006), 91, 182, 527 Zhang v. Holder, 385 F. App'x 546 (6th Cir. 2012), 1292 Zhang v. Holder, 585 F.3d 715 (2d Cir. 2009), 525 Zhang v. Holder, 617 F.3d 650 (2d Cir. 2010), 534 Zhang v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851 (6th Cir. 2008), 186, 1297 Zhang v. Reno, 27 F. Supp. 2d 476 (S.D.N.Y. 1998), 177 Zhang v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 362 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2004), 1274, 1276 Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295 (5th Cir. 2005), 1309 Zhao v. INS, 452 F.3d 154 (2d Cir. 2006), 1302 Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186 (9th Cir. 2003), 328–331, 346 Zheng v. Attorney Gen., 549 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 2008), 186, 1298 Zheng v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 804 (7th Cir. 2005), 180 Zheng v. Gonzales, 160 F. App'x 501 (7th Cir. 2005), 928, 951 Zheng v. Gonzales, 475 F.3d 30 (1st Cir. 2007), 109 Zheng v. Holder, 666 F.3d 1064 (7th Cir. 2012), 185, 186 Zheng v. Holder, 672 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2012), 536 Zheng v. Holder, 698 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 2012), 275 Zheng v. Holder, 701 F.3d 237 (7th Cir. 2012), 178, 186 Zheng v. Holder, 722 F.3d 986 (7th Cir. 2013), 187 Zheng v. Lynch, 819 F.3d 287 (6th Cir. 2016), 140, 522 Zheng v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 869 (8th Cir. 2007), 1297 Zheng v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2008), 536 Zheng v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 277 (2d Cir. 2009), 189, 224, 1373 Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2014), 524 Zhi Geng Li v. Holder, 388 F. App'x 45 (2d Cir. 2010), 256 Zhihui Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208 (9th Cir. 2018), 77, 141 Zhu v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 521 (5th Cir. 2004), 766, 1274 Zhu v. Attorney Gen., (11th Cir. 2013), 1260 Zhu v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 588 (5th Cir. 2007), 68, 179, 227, 1374 Zhu v. Holder, 744 F.3d 268 (3d Cir. 2014), 177, 186, 833 Zmijewska, Matter of, 24 I&N Dec. 87 (BIA 2007), 1303 Zoarab v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 777 (6th Cir. 2008), 128 Zongxun Jiang v. Holder, No. 11-3158-ag NAC, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 14114 (2d Cir. 2012), 106 Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463 (3d Cir. 2003), 67, 315, 316, 319, 320, 341, 342, 398, 517, 545 Zuh v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 504 (4th Cir. 2008), 198, 199

Z–Z–O–, Matter of, 26 I&N Dec. 586 (BIA 2015), 1260