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GRUPO DEL BANCO MUNDIAL: Seis Décadas De Historia, Un Desafío

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GRUPO DEL BANCO MUNDIAL: Seis Décadas De Historia, Un Desafío Universidad de Chile Facultad de Derecho Departamento de Derecho Internacional GRUPO DEL BANCO MUNDIAL: Seis Décadas de Historia, un Desafío Pendiente Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales Alumno: JOSÉ MANUEL MATTE VERDUGO Profesor Guía: MARIO ARNELLO R. SANTIAGO, CHILE 2012 Agradecimientos: A la profesora Gilda Cicci, por su ayuda, tiempo y compromiso. A mi papá, por su consejo, paciencia y amor incondicional. 2 TABLA DE CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN: PROGRESO EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS……………….... 8 CAPÍTULO I: FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL BANCO MUNDIAL………. 11 1) Estructura Organizacional……………………………………………………. 11 1.1 Junta de Gobernadores ………………………………………….. 12 1.2 Directorio Ejecutivo.…………………………………………….. 14 1.3 Presidencia………….………………………………………….... 16 1.4 Consejo Consultivo…………………………………………….... 18 2) Organizaciones que componen el Grupo del Banco Mundial..…….………… 18 2.1 Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF)…….. 19 2.1.1 Fines del BIRF……………………………………….... 20 2.1.2 Instrumentos y Operaciones…………………………... 22 2.1.3 Ingresos y Recursos...…………………………………. 27 2.1.4 Situación jurídica…………………………………….... 28 2.1.5 Relaciones con otras Organizaciones Internacionales.... 30 2.2 Asociación Internacional de Fomento (AIF)…………….……….. 31 2.2.1 Fines de la AIF ……..…………………………………. 33 2.2.2 Instrumentos y Operaciones………………………….... 34 2.2.3 Ingresos y Recursos…………………………………..... 37 2.3 Corporación Financiera Internacional (CFI)……………………... 39 3 2.3.1 Fines de la CFI.……..………………………………… 42 2.3.2 Instrumentos y Operaciones…………………………... 43 2.3.3 Ingresos y Recursos………………………………….... 45 2.4 Organismo Multilateral de Garantías a la Inversión (OMGI)…… 46 2.4.1 Fines del OMGI.…..…………………………………... 48 2.4.2 Instrumentos y Operaciones…………………………... 49 2.4.3 Ingresos y Recursos…………………………………… 50 2.5 Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a la Inversión (CIADI)………………………………………………. 52 2.5.1 Fines del CIADI...…..………………………………… 53 2.5.2 Instrumentos y Operaciones…………………………... 54 2.5.3 Ingresos y Recursos…………………………………… 54 CAPÍTULO II: RECORRIDO HISTÓRICO DE LA LABOR DEL BANCO MUNDIAL (1947-2009) ………………………………...… 55 1) Antecedentes Históricos.………………………………………………… 55 1.1 Del Siglo XIX a la Gran Guerra………………………………… 55 1.2 Bretton Woods y la consolidación de la hegemonía norteamericana…………………………………………………... 57 2) Periodos Históricos en el Banco Mundial.……………………………….. 59 1.1 1947-1968……………………………………………………….. 59 1.2 1968-1982……………………………………………………….. 62 1.3 1982-1995……………………………………………………….. 72 1.4 1995-2012……………………………………………………….. 80 4 CAPÍTULO III: PRINCIPIO DE AUTODETERMINACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES Y SU VULNERACIÓN POR PARTE DE LAS INSTITUCIONES ECONÓMICAS INTERNACIONALES……………………………................ 83 1) Concepto de Autodeterminación.…..……………………………………… 83 1.1 Concepto de “Pueblo”……………………………………………... 83 1.2 Derecho esencial de los pueblos: Autodeterminación.….………… 84 1.3 Autodeterminación económica……………………………………. 89 2) Vulneración del principio de Autodeterminación.……..………………….. 92 2.1 Doble condicionalidad.………………...………………………….. 92 2.2 Ideología imperante……………………………………………….. 95 2.2.1 El Consenso de Washington……………………................... 98 2.3 Representatividad y poder....……………………………………... 104 CAPÍTULO IV: REFORMA ACTUAL……………………………………... 109 1) Reevaluación histórica……………………………………………………. 109 1.1 Un nuevo escenario económico………………………………….. 109 1.2 Monterrey 2002…………………………………………………... 112 1.3 Estambul 2009……………………………………………………. 115 5 2) Reforma interna…………………………………………………………... 117 2.1 Informe Zedillo………………………………………………….. 118 2.2 Comité para el Desarrollo……………………………………….. 123 2.3 Una reforma integral…………………………………………….. 130 CONCLUSIONES: UN DESAFIO PENDIENTE……………………………… 133 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………... 135 ANEXOS ANEXO 1: CONVENIO CONSTITUTIVO DEL BIRF…………………………… 144 ANEXO 2: PODER DE VOTO SEGÚN PAÍS……………………………………... 172 ANEXO 3: COMPOSICIÓN DIRECTORIO EJECUTIVO BIRF, AIF, CFI….... 174 6 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS MENCIONADAS AIF (IDA) : Asociación Internacional de Fomento BIRF (IBRD) : Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento BM : Banco Mundial CAO : Oficina Ombudsman y Asesor en materia de observancia CFI (IFC) : Corporación Financiera Internacional CIADI (ICSID): Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias relativas a la Inversión CNUDMI : Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil (UNCITRAL) Internacional FAO : Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura FMI : Fondo Monetario Internacional ONU (UN) : Naciones Unidas OIT : Organización Internacional del Trabajo OMGI (MIGA): Organismo Multilateral de Garantías a la Inversión OMS : Organización Mundial de la Salud ONUDI : Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial PNUD : Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo UNESCO : Organización para la Educación, las Ciencias y la Cultura de las Naciones Unidas 7 INTRODUCCIÓN PROGRESO EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS La Segunda Guerra Mundial ocasionó estragos en el mundo tanto en el plano humano, como lo demuestran los casi sesenta millones de muertos1, y en el plano económico y social. Para poder superar esta oscura etapa se requirió un esfuerzo de cooperación internacional nunca antes desplegado, un largo proceso de discusión y diálogo que culminó con la creación de organismos internacionales que aseguraran la paz y seguridad internacional. Una serie de declaraciones y conferencias fueron necesarias para la creación de las Naciones Unidas. Se destaca la Carta del Atlántico (1941), la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas (1942), la Conferencia de Moscú (1943), Conferencia de Dumbarton Oaks (1944), Conferencia de Yalta (1945) y la Conferencia de San Francisco (1945). Estas instancias fueron de vital importancia para generar el consenso necesario relativo a la creación de un organismo internacional que reemplazara a la fallida Sociedad de las Naciones. A su vez se sucedieron numerosas reuniones de naciones respecto a temas específicos, los que era necesario abordar para enfrentar el escenario de post-guerra. Así sucedió con la Conferencia Monetaria y Financiera de las Naciones Unidas, que tuvo lugar en Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, E.E.U.U., del 1 al 22 de Julio de 1944. Esta instancia reunió a cuarenta y tres naciones y tuvo como principal propósito el asentar las bases para la creación de un Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y un Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF), ambas instituciones enfocadas a resolver los problemas financieros y económicos que iba a enfrentar el mundo de post-guerra. 1 Cifra estimada, reconocida por varios autores. 8 El Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento fue creado bajo el alero de Sir J.M Keynes, y se le asignaron las tareas de permitir la reconstrucción de la economía de post- guerra, mediante la entrega de préstamos y garantías para así elevar los niveles de producción. En la conferencia de Bretton Woods se estableció respecto del BIRF, las obligaciones de las naciones miembros, los poderes y recursos con los que éste iba a contar y se preparo la redacción de su convenio constitutivo, este último entraría en vigencia el 27 de Diciembre de 1945.2 Finalmente, el 15 de Noviembre de 1947, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas aprobó el acuerdo de Vinculación con el BIRF, quedando este incorporado como un organismo especializado en Naciones Unidas. El Banco Mundial, que originalmente estaba compuesto por el BIRF, posteriormente se le iban a sumar la Asociación Internacional de Fomento (AIF) en 1960, y tres instituciones filiales: La Corporación Financiera Internacional (CFI) en 1956, el Organismo Multilateral de Garantías a la Inversión (OMGI) de 1988 y el Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias relativas a la Inversión (CIADI) de 1966. Estas cinco instituciones son lo que se conoce como el Grupo del Banco Mundial. El Grupo del Banco Mundial tiene una larga historia donde se reconocen grandes aciertos y desaciertos. En sus más de sesenta años de historia se le ha reconocido como “la fuente principal de ayuda multilateral al desarrollo”3 y se le ha destacado la labor de haber estado “estrecha e ininterrumpidamente asociado a los esfuerzos de los países miembros a favor de su propio desarrollo.”4 De manera, que al ser una fuente vital de recursos de los países más pobres ha contribuido a que en la segunda mitad del siglo XX se redujera considerablemente el 2 Siendo firmado por Chile el 31 de Diciembre de 1945, junto a México y Perú 3 NEME, Jacques y Colette. Organizaciones Económicas Internacionales. Barcelona, 1972 Colección Demos, ed. Ariel, Pág. 209 4El Grupo del Banco Mundial en las Américas, Resumen de sus actividades, Febrero de 1970. Pág 2 9 analfabetismo5, aumentara en veinte años el promedio de la esperanza de vida6, la pobreza extrema detuviese su aumento7 y en los últimos años el crecimiento económico de las naciones en desarrollo ha superado el de los países desarrollados.8 Todos estos logros, sumados a la concreción de numerosos proyectos y reformas en las naciones en desarrollo, nos muestran que el Grupo del Banco Mundial si ha tenido un papel importante en el progreso. El problema radica en que el rol protagónico que se le encomendó a esta institución no se ha cumplido del todo. Además de su falta de liderazgo en numerosas ocasiones, la mayor parte de los errores que el mismo Banco Mundial reconoce se han centrado sobre la base de influencias económicas de determinados países, lo que ha provocado en numerosos casos que: “el compromiso con una determinada ideología ha privado a los países de elecciones
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