Acordurile De La Bretton Woods

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Acordurile De La Bretton Woods Acordurile de la Bretton Woods Reprezentati ai celor doua mari puteri aliate, Marea Britanie si SUA, au inceput sa se gândeasca, inca din timpul celui de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial (anii 1940-41) la arhitectura sistemului financiar international pentru perioada postbelica. Lectiile perioadei interbelice erau: cursurile de schimb fluctuante produc instabilitate excesiva; miscarile de capital necontrolate cauzeaza si ele perturbatii mari; este nevoie de un cadru care sa favorizeze comertul international si sa evite razboaiele comerciale. La aceste constatari s-a adaugat un motiv suplimentar serios si anume nevoia acuta de refacere economica, de reconstructie dupa un razboi care se dovedea a fi devastator pentru beligeranti. Lectiile erau clare si, totusi, punctele de vedere intre cele doua delegatii nu erau identice. Americanii, prin vocea mai ales a oficialului Departamentului Trezoreriei, Harry Dexter White, pleda pentru stabilitatea (fixitatea) cursurilor de schimb si fluxuri comerciale si de capital libere; era vorba de o pozitie ce reflecta forta economiei americane in preajma si dupa al Doilea Razboi Mondial, ca si interesele sale specifice. În schimb, britanicii, aflati sub bagheta intelectuala a marelui economist John Maynard Keynes (poate cel mai influent economist al secolului XX), gândeau prin prisma unei viziuni mai aproape de realitatea economica a Europei, la acel moment, un continent distrus de razboi, unde guvernele aveau nevoie de un numar cât mai ridicat de mijloace, pentru a lupta cu eventuale dezechilibre externe mari, fiind preocupate si de costurile ajustarii pentru o populatie istovita. Planul Keynes accentua nevoia de stabilitate a cursurilor de schimb si de dezvoltare a relatiilor comerciale, dar prevedea “cursuri ajustabile” si posibilitatea de a impune restrictii comerciale si controale asupra miscarilor de capital, in anumite circumstante. Se poate afirma ca intâlnirea dintre cele doua pozitii exprima, pe de o parte, viziuni analitice diferite (pozitia americana, mai “liberala” in acceptia europeana, sau mai neoclasica/monetarista in terminologia economica si o pozitie britanica profund keynesista, care era obsedata de somaj ridicat), iar pe de alta parte, interese care nu coincideau in multe privinte. Din acest punct de vedere se poate mentiona dorinta firmelor americane de a inlatura pozitia privilegiata a celor britanice in interiorul Commowealth-ului, ceea ce ar fi presupus un comert nestânjenit de “preferinte imperiale”. Dar comertul liber era vazut de americani si ca o modalitate de a mari interdependentele dintre state care, astfel, ar fi capatat interese mai statornice de a evita conflicte armate intre ele. În final s-a ajuns la un compromis, care a incercat sa concilieze cele doua pozitii si care s-a regasit in acordurile de la Bretton Woods (din 1944), in statutele celor doua organizatii financiare specializate – Fondul Monetar International si Banca Mondiala. Aranjamentele de la Bretton Woods statuau ca “reguli ale jocului” functionarea de cursuri fixe, dar ajustabile (adjustable pegs) in conditii speciale si posibilitatea de a aplica restrictii comerciale in anumite conditii, din perspectiva ajustarii balantei de plati. Totodata, se acceptau controale asupra miscarilor de capital. Trebuie remarcat ca ajustarea de curs de schimb prezuma existenta unui “dezechilibru fundamental al balantei de plati” si un acord din partea FMI, aceasta conditie dorind sa previna o cursa a devalorizarilor. Daca FMI si Banca Mondiala urmau sa se ocupe de problematica financiara, pe termen scurt (ajustare de balanta de plati) si lung (dezvoltare economica), o alta organizatie, GATT (actuala Organizatie Mondiala a Comertului) trebuia sa se preocupe de ordonarea comertului international, de liberalizarea sa. Oricâte critici s-ar aduce astazi aranjamentelor de la Bretton Woods nu se poate contesta ca ele au introdus reguli folositoare in relatiile economice internationale, plus functionarea a doua institutii, care a marcat evolutia sistemului postbelic. Aceste aranjamente au contribuit, de asemenea, la refacerea economica a tarilor vest-europene dupa razboi. 1 | P a g e În timp insa, s-a manifestat o presiune in crestere spre relaxarea restrictiilor, a regulilor de baza. Pe fondul dezvoltarii schimburilor de produse si servicii in economia mondiala si, implicit, al multiplicarii dezechilibrelor conturilor comerciale, in conditiile cresterii masive a fluxurilor de capital, presiunea catre flexibilizarea cursurilor de schimb a devenit tot mai mare. Acei ani au insemnat dezvoltarea pietei euro-valutelor, eliminarea unor restrictii la fluxurile de capital, dar si dezechilibre comerciale mari, care au reclamat ajustari de balanta de plati de anvergura. În cazul SUA, de pilda, dezechilibrul comercial mare se datora, in special, razboiului din Vietnam, care a fost finantat de Administratie aparent fara dificultate, in virtutea privilegiului tarii de a furniza moneda de rezerva. Totul a culminat cu decizia SUA de a renunta la convertibilitatea in aur a dolarului (in 1971). Acel moment a semnalat intrarea intr-o era a fluxurilor flotante. Sistemul de la Bretton Woods – cursuri de schimb fixate – a durat efectiv din decembrie 1958 pâna in martie 1973. Al doilea regim, care a debutat in martie 1973, continua si in prezent – regimul cursurilor de schimb supuse flotarii controlate. Sub primul regim, dolarul a fost principala valuta de rezerva. Cu exceptia aurului, desigur. Pentru ca metalul galben a continuat sa fie un important activ de rezerva al sistemului de la Bretton Woods. Lira sterlina, desi si-a pastrat statutul de valuta de rezerva, juca un rol minor in tarile din afara Commonwealth-ului britanic. Pe pietele valutare, in timpul perioadei Bretton Woods, interventiile bancilor centrale erau limitate. Înainte de 15 august 1971, operatiunile americane erau, in mare parte de doua tipuri: vânzarea de aur catre autoritatile straine, pentru dolarii achizitionati din interventiile lor pe piata valutara; ceva mai târziu, cumpararea de dolari de la autoritatile straine in contrapartida la valuta straina dobândita de SUA prin tragerile swap ale Rezervei Federale sau emiterea de bonduri. Statele Unite au incercat, un timp, dupa cel de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial, sa mai pastreze aurul ca stâlp al sistemului monetar. Au renuntat insa la 15 august 1971. Regimul cursurilor valutare ajunsese la o rascruce a istoriei: in timp ce ratele fixe de schimb mureau, avea loc o larga deschidere a drumului spre economia de piata. Dupa ce dolarul a fost declarat neconvertibil in aur, in august 1971, a urmat imediat o declaratie de devalorizare. Autoritatile SUA au inceput sa exerseze interventii directe pe pietele valutare. Lumea a descoperit, treptat, ca de la monedele cu curs fortat, impus prin rate fixe de schimb, nu mai are nimic bun de asteptat. Cu alte cuvinte, ratele fixe tineau in loc competitivitatea. Prin urmare, s-a renuntat la acest curs fix. Americanii si-au devalorizat moneda, pentru a-si deschide drum spre avantajele competitive. Devalorizarea dolarului a dus la multiplicarea tranzactiilor comerciale in marci, yeni si in alte monede. Mai mult, unele banci centrale au inceput sa-si constituie rezerve in marci si yeni ori in franci elvetieni. Pe masura ce Statele Unite au devenit tot mai preocupate de intarirea economiei lor interne si, in acest sens, au redescoperit rolul inflatiei ca factor de crestere si de stimulare a investitiilor, devalorizarea dolarului nu putea sa le fie decât favorabila. Din august 1971, când presedintele american Richard Nixon a anuntat direct ca Banca Federala americana (Rezerva Federala) nu mai asigura convertibilitatea dolarului in aur, gest ce echivala cu ruperea Acordului de la Bretton Woods, pâna in momentul de fata – timp marcat de mari rasturnari la nivel mondial, unele induse de aparitia euro – moneda americana a continuat sa fie o complicata problema pentru toate celelalte state, mari sau mici. Înfiintarea Fondului Monetar International a fost stabilita in iulie 1944, in cadrul Conferintei Financiare si Monetare a Organizatiei Natiunilor Unite desfasurate in localitatea americana Bretton Woods, unde delegatii din 44 state au fost de acord asupra unui nou cadru privind cooperarea economica, destinat in mare parte evitarii repetarii politicilor economice dezastruoase, care au contribuit la marea recesiune din anii 1930. 2 | P a g e În timpul acestui deceniu, ca urmare a slabirii activitatii economice a majoritatii statelor industrializate, acestea au incercat sa-si protejeze economiile prin cresterea restrictiilor privind importurile. Dar aceasta masura a dus la o scadere a activitatilor de comert, a productivitatii si a fortei de munca. Pentru a mentine rezervele diminuate de aur si de valuta straina, unele state au redus libertatea cetatenilor lor de a cumpara din strainatate, unele si-au devalorizat moneda nationala, iar altele au introdus restrictii complicate asupra cetatenilor sai de a detine valuta. Aceste politici, insa au dus la devastarea economiei internationale, inregistrându-se o crestere a somajului si o scadere a standardelor de viata in cele mai multe tari. Totodata, pentru a se inlatura dezordinea monetara internationala ce aparuse la sfârsitul celui de-al Doilea Razboi Mondial si a se introduce mai multa rigoare in relatiile financiare internationale, tarile aliate au luat in considerare o multitudine de planuri in vederea restabilirii ordinii in cadrul relatiilor financiare internationale. Prin urmare, s-a organizat in perioada 1-22 iulie 1944, Conferinta Monetara si Financiara
Recommended publications
  • BDOHP Biographical Details and Index Lord Wright of Richmond
    BDOHP Biographical details and index Lord Wright of Richmond (28.06.31-06.03.20) - career outline with, on right, relevant page numbers in the memoir to the career stage. Served Royal Artillery, 1950–51 p 3 Joined Diplomatic Service, 1955 pp 2-3 Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies, 1956–57 pp 3-6 Third Secretary, British Embassy, Beirut, 1958–60 - Private Secretary to Ambassador and later First Secretary, pp 12-15 British Embassy, Washington, 1960–65 Private Secretary to Permanent Under-Secretary, FO, 1965–67 pp 10-11 First Secretary and Head of Chancery, Cairo, 1967–70 - Deputy Political Resident, Bahrain, 1971–72 - Head of Middle East Department, FCO, 1972–74 - Private Secretary (Overseas Affairs) to Prime Minister, 1974–77 pp 7-10, 25, 34-35 Ambassador to Luxembourg, 1977–79 pp 30-31 Ambassador to Syria, 1979–81 pp 30-33 Deputy Under-Secretary of State, FCO, 1982–84 - Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, 1984–86 pp 33-34, 36 Permanent Under-Secretary of State and Head pp 11-12, of Diplomatic Service, 1986–91. 16-18, 21, 30 Member, Security Commission, 1993–2002. - General comments on Middle East and United States, pp 6-8; political versus professional diplomatic appointments, pp 15-20; retirement age in diplomatic service, pp 21-23; recruitment, pp 23-25; Foreign Office image, pp 38-40; John Major, pp 40-42; leaking of restricted papers, pp 43-45. Lord Wright of Richmond This is Malcolm McBain interviewing Lord Wright of Richmond at his home in East Sheen on Monday, 16 October 2000. MMcB: “Lord Wright, you were born in 1931, educated at Marlborough and Merton College, Oxford, you did a couple of years’ national service in the Royal Artillery, and then joined the Diplomatic Service, presumably after going to Oxford, in 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Norske Skog
    09 ANNUAL REPORT NORSKE SKOG BOD report Sustainability 22 and accounts 96 report KEY FINANCIAL FIGURES DEFINITIONS 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Income statement (NOK million) Operating revenue 20 362 26 468 27 118 28 812 25 726 25 302 24 068 23 471 30 354 26 635 Gross operating earnings 1 2 185 2 723 3 932 4 704 3 957 4 353 4 686 5 198 8 419 6 599 Operating earnings (1 325) (1 407) 677 (2 527) 630 757 1 536 1 306 5 096 4 211 Earnings before financial expenses 2 (1 209) (1 242) 785 (2 275) (51) 868 1 383 1 833 5 581 4 575 Profit/loss before income taxes (1 019) (2 779) 235 (3 480) (1 004) 210 770 806 3 894 3 021 Net profit/loss for the year (1 400) (2 765) (683) (3 017) (848) 629 406 1 168 2 660 2 184 Balance sheet (NOK million) Non-current assets 23 546 26 980 29 307 37 577 43 740 36 861 39 219 38 197 45 417 43 717 Current assets 9 609 18 211 13 953 7 653 8 293 7 238 7 119 6 769 10 855 17 510 Total assets 33 155 45 191 43 260 45 230 52 033 44 099 46 338 44 966 56 272 61 227 Total equity 12 015 13 632 15 957 18 550 22 679 18 894 19 416 17 921 19 526 22 351 Non-current liabilities 17 316 23 277 21 533 18 802 21 700 20 052 21 402 18 814 30 858 31 906 Current liabilities 3 824 8 282 5 770 7 878 7 654 5 153 5 520 6 210 5 888 6 970 Total equity and liabilities 33 155 45 191 43 260 45 230 52 033 44 099 46 338 42 945 56 272 61 227 Net interest-bearing debt 9 595 14 047 16 408 17 320 19 063 16 871 17 759 18 204 22 820 20 535 Profitability Gross operating margin % 3 10.73 10.30 14.50 16.30 15.40 17.20 19.50 22.10 27.70 24.80
    [Show full text]
  • Task Force on Economic and Monetary Union Briefing 22 First
    Task Force on Economic and Monetary Union Briefing 22 First revision Prepared by the Directorate General for Research Economic Affairs Division The opinions expressed are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Parliament Although Greece is making remarkable progress towards economic convergence, it remains the only EU country that does not satisfy any of the Maastricht criteria. Luxembourg 28th. April 1998 PE 166.453/rev.1 EMU and Greece Contents Introduction 3 Fulfilment of the Criteria 4 a) Inflation 4 b) Long-term interest rates 5 c) Budget deficit as a percentage of GDP 6 d) Public debt as a percentage of GDP 7 e) Exchange rate stability 9 f) Independence of the Greek Central Bank 9 g) Growth and Unemployment 10 h) Balance of Payments 12 The Political background 13 a) Government policy 13 b) The Opposition 13 c) Industry 13 d) Trade Unions 14 e) Privatization 15 f) The Press 15 g) Public opinion 15 Tables and Charts Table 1: Convergence criteria for Greece 4 Table 2: Gross public debt - structural characteristics 8 Table 3: Sustainability of debt trends 9 Chart 1: Inflation (1990-1999) 5 Chart 2: Long-term interest rates 6 Chart 3: Budget deficits as a percentage of GDP (1990-1999) 7 Chart 4: Public debt as a percentage of GDP (1990-1999) 8 Chart 5: Growth of GDP (1990-1999) 10 Chart 6: Unemployment (1990-1999) 11 Chart 7: Occupation of the labour force in 3 sectors of the economy 11 Chart 8: Balance of payments 12 Authors: Alexandros Kantas and Jérome Durand Editor: Ben Patterson 2 PE 166.453/rev.1 EMU and Greece Introduction On the 25th March the Commission and the European Monetary Institute published their separate reports on progress towards meeting the convergence criteria for Economic and Monetary Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Original Attachment Criminal Charges Concerning Bioterrorism Acts and Mass Murder. Submitted
    Download the original attachment Criminal Charges concerning Bioterrorism Acts and Mass Murder. Submitted: FBI OFFICER EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES Boltzmanngasse 16 A-1090 Vienna Austria Date: June 10, 2009 Contents I. Introduction: Summary of Claims II. Factual Background III. Evidence the “swine flu“ vaccines are bioweapons IV. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” virus is an artificial (genetically engineered) virus. V. Scientific evidence the “swine flu” was bioengineered to resemble the Spanish flu killer virus of 1918. VI. Genome sequence of the “swine flu” VII. Evidence as to deliberate release of the “swine flu” virus in Mexico VIII. Evidence as to the involvement of President Obama IX. Evidence as to the role of Baxter and WHO in producing and releasing pandemic virus material in Austria. X. Evidence Baxter is an element in a covert bioweapons network. XI. Evidence Baxter has deliberately contamined drugs. XII. Evidence Novartis is using vaccines as bioweapons. XIII. Evidence as to the WHO’s role in the bioweapons program: supplier of the bird flu virus to Baxter XIV. Evidence as to WHO’s manipulation of disease data in order to justify declaring a Pandemic Level 6 in order to seize control of the USA. XV. Evidence as to FDA’s role in covering up the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence as to the Canada’s National Microbiology Labs role in the bioweapons program XVI. Evidence of the involvement of scientists working for the UK’s NIBSC, and the CDC in engineering the swine flu. XVII. Evidence vaccinations caused the Spanish killer flu of 1918. XVIII. Precedents: the abandoned swine flu mass vaccination program of 1976 XIX.
    [Show full text]
  • Garter Banners
    Garter Banner Location (updated October 2017) Living Knights and Ladies of the Order are shown in bold Sovereigns of the Order 1901 - Edward VII - The Deanery, Windsor Castle 1910 – George V – above his tomb, Nave of St George’s Chapel 1936 – George VI - above The Queen’s stall, St George’s Chapel Ladies of the Garter 1901 - Queen Alexandra – the Deanery, Windsor Castle 1910 - Queen Mary – above her tomb St George’s Chapel 1936 - Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother – Clarence House 1994 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 1958 – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands 1979 – Queen Margrethe of Denmark – St George’s Chapel 1989 – Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands – St George’s Chapel 1994 – HRH The Princess Anne (Princess Royal) – St George’s Chapel 2003 – HRH Princess Alexandra – St George’s Chapel Companions of the Order Queen Elizabeth II appointments 1009 – King Felipe VI of Spain - not yet in place 1008 – Sir David Brewer – St George’s Chapel 1007 – Lord Shuttleworth – St George’s Chapel 1006 – Baron King of Lothbury – St George’s Chapel 1005 – Baroness Manningham-Buller - St George’s Chapel 1004 - Lord Stirrup – St George’s Chapel 1003 – Lord Boyce – St George’s Chapel 1002 – Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers – St George’s Chapel 1001 – Sir Thomas Dunne – St George’s Chapel 1000 – HRH Prince William of Wales – St George’s Chapel 999 - Lord Luce – St George’s Chapel 998 – HRH The Earl of Wessex – St George’s Chapel 997 – HRH The Duke of York – St George’s Chapel 996 – Sir John Major – St George’s Chapel 995 – Lord Bingham of Cornhill – St
    [Show full text]
  • Statoil 2006 Sustainability Report
    mastering challenges Statoil and sustainable development 2006 Our performance at a glance Financials1 2006 2005 2004 Total revenues 425,166 387,411 301,443 Income before financial items, other items, income taxes and minority interest 116,881 95,043 65,085 Net income 40,615 30,730 24,916 Cash flows used in investing activities 40,084 37,664 31,959 Return on average capital employed after tax 27.1% 27.6% 23.5% Operations Combined oil and gas production (thousand boe/d) 1,135 1,169 1,106 Proved oil and gas reserves (million boe) 4,185 4,295 4,289 Production cost (NOK/boe) 26.6 22.2 23.3 Reserve replacement ratio (three-year average) 0.94 1.02 1.01 Environment2 Oil spills (cubic metres) 156.7 442 186 Carbon dioxide emissions (million tonnes) 10.0 10.3 9.8 Nitrogen oxide emissions (tonnes) 31,600 34,700 31,100 Discharges of harmful chemicals (tonnes) 15 40 167 Energy consumption (TWh) 49.4 50.4 48.1 Waste recovery factor 0.73 0.76 0.76 Health and safety Total recordable injury frequency3 5.7 5.1 5.9 Serious incident frequency3 2.1 2.3 3.2 Sickness absence4 3.5 3.5 3.2 Fatalities3 0 2 3 Organisation Employee satisfaction5 4.6 4.6 4.6 Proportion of female managers6* 26% 25% 26% Union membership (per cent of workforce), Statoil ASA* 70 72 73 R&D expenditures7 1,225 1,066 1,027 1 Key figures given in NOK million 6 New reporting system implemented 2 Data cover Statoil-operated activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Et Kraftmarked Blir Til Et Tilbakeblikk På Den Norske Kraftmarkedsreformen
    Et kraftmarked blir til Et tilbakeblikk på den norske kraftmarkedsreformen Jan Moen Sverre Sivertsen (red.) Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat 2007 Norges vassdrags- og energrdirektorat Middelthunsgate 29 Postboks 5091 Majorstua 0301 Oslo Telefon: 22 95 95 95 Telefaks: 22 95 90 00 Internett www.nve.no Formgivning og layout: Rune Stubrud, NVE Trykk Grafia AS Foto NVE hvor ikke annet er oppgitt Opplag: 2000 ISBN 978-82-410-0639-5 Innhold Forord 5 Innføringen av energiloven sett innenfra Svein Roar Brunborg 9 Bakgrunnen for den norske kraftmarkedsreformen Einar Hope 25 NVE og energiloven Erling Diesen 38 Et statlig nettselskap blir til Svein Storstein Pedersen 48 Punkttariffer - en viktig byggesten i kraftmarkedet Jon Sagen 57 NVE innfører ny regulering av nettvirksomheten Jan Moen 67 Effektivitetsanalyser i reguleringen av nettselskapene Tore Langset 77 KILE-ordning - en stimulans til å opprettholde sikker levering av elektrisk kraft Tore Langset 84 Husholdningsmarket blir skapt Jan Moen 89 Den norske kraftmarkedsreformen og samarbeidet med Europa Jan Moen 96 Forord I de senere årene er det kommet flere bøker om norsk kraftforsyning. Ingen av bøkene tar spesielt for seg kraftmarkedsreformen som kom med innføringen av den nye energiloven i 1991. En av de mest grundige analysene av norsk kraftforsyning finner vi i boka "Strøm og styring" forfattet av Lars Thue der NVE er oppdragsgiver. Boka kom i 1996 da NVE feiret sitt 75 års-jubileum. Lars Thue dekker en lang periode fra starten på elektrifiseringen av landet rundt 1900, og fram til 1990-tallet da de viktigste brikkene i kraftmarkedsreformen var lagt. De fleste forfatterne vier ikke kraftreformen særlig stor interesse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of HM Embassy in Washington
    The Role of HM Embassy in Washington edited by Gillian Staerck and Michael D. Kandiah ICBH Witness Seminar Programme The Role of HM Embassy in Washington ICBH Witness Seminar Programme Programme Director: Dr Michael D. Kandiah © Institute of Contemporary British History, 2002 All rights reserved. This material is made available for use for personal research and study. We give per- mission for the entire files to be downloaded to your computer for such personal use only. For reproduction or further distribution of all or part of the file (except as constitutes fair dealing), permission must be sought from ICBH. Published by Institute of Contemporary British History Institute of Historical Research School of Advanced Study University of London Malet St London WC1E 7HU ISBN: 1 871348 83 8 The Role of HM Embassy in Washington Held 18 June 1997 in the Map Room, Foreign & Commonwealth Office Chaired by Lord Wright of Richmond Seminar edited by Gillian Staerck and Michael D. Kandiah Institute of Contemporary British History Contents Contributors 9 Citation Guidance 11 The Role of HM Embassy in Washington 13 edited by Gillian Staerck and Michael D. Kandiah Contributors Editors: GILLIAN STAERCK Institute of Contemporary British History DR MICHAEL KANDIAH Institute of Contemporary British History Chair: LORD WRIGHT OF Private Secretary to Ambassador and later First Secretary, Brit- RICHMOND ish Embassy, Washington 1960-65, and Permanent Under-Sec- retary and Head of Diplomatic Service, FCO 1986-91. Paper-giver DR MICHAEL F HOPKINS Liverpool Hope University College. Witnesses: SIR ANTONY ACLAND GCMG, GCVO. British Ambassador, Washington 1986-91. PROFESSOR KATHLEEN University College, University of London.
    [Show full text]
  • Greece at the Crossroads Can Reform Deliver Competitiveness and Investments?
    Greece at the Crossroads Can reform deliver competitiveness and investments? Monday, March 22 Tuesday, March 23 13:00 Registration & Light Luncheon 09:00 Registration 14:00 Opening 09:30 Reach and Implications of Greece’s Three Achilles Tsaltas, Vice President, Year Economic Stabilization Plan: How Successful Can It Be? International Herald Tribune George Papaconstantinou, Minister of Finance Theodoros Pangalos, Moderator: Jack Ewing, European Economics Correspondent, Vice President of the Hellenic Government International Herald Tribune 14:30 Opening Keynote 10:15 Keynote Speech Will Reform Bring Competitiveness and Dimitrios Droutsas, Alternate Minister of Foreign Affairs Investment? Introduction: Achilles Tsaltas, Vice President, International Herald Louka Katseli, Tribune Minister of Economy, Competitiveness & Shipping 10:45 Any other reforms needed for the recovery of the economy? 15:00 Competitiveness Revisited: Reversing the Yannos Papantoniou, former Minister of Economy & Finance, Downward Trend President of the Centre for Progressive Policy Research Jennifer Blanke, Senior Economist, Head of Global Stefanos Manos, former Minister of Economy & Finance, Leader of“Drassi” Competitiveness Network, World Economic Forum Moderator: Achilles Tsaltas, Michael Dicks, Senior Economist, Barclays Wealth Vice President, International Herald Tribune Moderator: Jack Ewing, European Economics Correspondent, International Herald Tribune 11.30 Can Greece Act as a Hub and Platform for Business in South East Europe? 15:45 Coffee & Tea Break Alex Rondos, Advisor on International Affairs Agis Leopoulos, General Manager International Activities, 16:00 Reforms to Combat Bureaucracy and National Bank of Greece Promote Transparency – A Panel Discussion Lavrentis Lavrentiades, President, Lavrentiades Group of Harris Pamboukis, Minister of State Companies Moderator: Symeon Tsomokos, Constantinos Bakouris, President & Managing Director, S.G.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Participant List
    Participant List 10/20/2019 8:45:44 AM Category First Name Last Name Position Organization Nationality CSO Jillian Abballe UN Advocacy Officer and Anglican Communion United States Head of Office Ramil Abbasov Chariman of the Managing Spektr Socio-Economic Azerbaijan Board Researches and Development Public Union Babak Abbaszadeh President and Chief Toronto Centre for Global Canada Executive Officer Leadership in Financial Supervision Amr Abdallah Director, Gulf Programs Educaiton for Employment - United States EFE HAGAR ABDELRAHM African affairs & SDGs Unit Maat for Peace, Development Egypt AN Manager and Human Rights Abukar Abdi CEO Juba Foundation Kenya Nabil Abdo MENA Senior Policy Oxfam International Lebanon Advisor Mala Abdulaziz Executive director Swift Relief Foundation Nigeria Maryati Abdullah Director/National Publish What You Pay Indonesia Coordinator Indonesia Yussuf Abdullahi Regional Team Lead Pact Kenya Abdulahi Abdulraheem Executive Director Initiative for Sound Education Nigeria Relationship & Health Muttaqa Abdulra'uf Research Fellow International Trade Union Nigeria Confederation (ITUC) Kehinde Abdulsalam Interfaith Minister Strength in Diversity Nigeria Development Centre, Nigeria Kassim Abdulsalam Zonal Coordinator/Field Strength in Diversity Nigeria Executive Development Centre, Nigeria and Farmers Advocacy and Support Initiative in Nig Shahlo Abdunabizoda Director Jahon Tajikistan Shontaye Abegaz Executive Director International Insitute for Human United States Security Subhashini Abeysinghe Research Director Verite
    [Show full text]
  • Halvårsrapport 2006
    STATENS EIERBERETNING FØRSTE HALVÅR 2006 VELKOMMEN Innhold Statens Eierberetning for første halvår 2006 omfatter 51 selskaper hvor statens direkte eierskap forvaltes av departementene. Selskapene som omtales er kommersielle selskaper og de største og viktigste selskapene med andre mål. Beretningen beskriver enkelte viktige eiersaker i selskapene i perioden. Selskapenes nøkkeltall gjengis, samt beregnet avkastning på statens aksjer i de børsnoterte selskapene. Beretningen gir blant annet en samlet oversikt med styresammensetningene per 31. august 2006 og utbetalte utbytter i 2006. For en mer fullstendig omtale av statens eierskapsforvaltning, vises det til den årlige Eierberetningen, senest utgitt for 2005. 3 Statens eierberetning første halvår 2006 11 Helse Sør RHF 16 Petoro AS 3 Viktige eiersaker i første halvår 2006 11 Helse Vest RHF 16 Posten Norge AS 4 Konsernresultat første halvår 2006 12 Helse Øst RHF 16 SAS AB 6 Utvikling første halvår 2006 12 Husbanken 17 Simula Research Laboratory AS 7 Mottatte utbytter og salgsproveny, 12 Industritjeneste AS 17 SIVA SF kapitalinnskudd og aksjekjøp 12 Innovasjon Norge 17 Statkraft SF 8 Argentum Fondsinvesteringer AS 13 Kings Bay AS 17 Statnett SF 8 Avinor AS 13 Kommunalbanken AS 18 Statoil ASA 8 Baneservice AS 13 Kompetansesenter for IT i helse- 18 Statskog SF 8 BaneTele AS og sosialsektoren AS 18 Statskonsult AS 9 Bjørnøen AS 13 Kongsberg Gruppen ASA 18 Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS 9 Cermaq ASA 14 Mesta AS 19 Telenor ASA 9 DnB NOR ASA 14 Nammo AS 19 Uninett AS 9 Eksportfi nans ASA 14 NORFUND 19 Universitetssenteret på Svalbard AS 10 Electronic Chart Centre AS 14 Norsk Eiendomsinformasjon AS 19 Venturefondet AS 10 Entra Eiendom AS 15 Norsk Hydro ASA 20 Veterinærmedisinsk oppdragssenter AS 10 Flytoget AS 15 Norsk Rikskringkasting AS 20 AS Vinmonopolet 10 Gassco AS 15 Norsk Samfunnsvitenskapelig datatj.
    [Show full text]
  • Committee on Soft Power and the UK's Influence
    SOFT POWER AND THE UK’S INFLUENCE COMMITTEE Oral and written evidence – Volume 2 Contents Lord Hannay of Chiswick – Written evidence ................................................................................ 617 Lord Hannay of Chiswick, Lord Jay of Ewelme, Sir Antony Acland – Oral evidence (QQ 292- 309) ........................................................................................................................................................... 621 H.E. Mr Keiichi Hayashi, Ambassador of Japan, H.E. Mr Roberto Jaguaribe, Ambassador of Brazil, H.E. Mr Kim Traavik, Ambassador of Norway and Dr Rudolf Adam, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany and – Oral evidence (QQ 187-199) ........................................... 622 Henry Jackson Society – Written evidence ..................................................................................... 623 Humanitarian Intervention Centre (HIC) – Written evidence.................................................... 628 ICAEW – Written evidence ................................................................................................................ 634 Independent Schools Council – Written evidence ......................................................................... 638 Ingenious Media – Written evidence ................................................................................................. 642 Institute of Export – Written evidence............................................................................................. 649 Institute of Export, National
    [Show full text]