Un Manifiesto Hacker

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Un Manifiesto Hacker UN MANIFIESTO HACKER ALPHA. BET & GIMMEL McKENZIE WARK UN MANIFIESTO HACKER Traducción de Laura Mañero ALPHA DECAY Gracias a: AG, AR, BH, BL, CD, CF, el di­ funto CH, CL, CS, DB, DG, DS, FB, FS, GG, GL, HJ, IV, JB, JD, JF, JR, KH, KS, LW, MD, ME, MH, ML MT, MV, NR, OS, PM, RD, RG, RN, RS, SB, SD, SH, SK, SL, SS, TB, TC, TW. Versiones anteriores de Un manifiesto hacker aparecieron en Critical Secret, Feeler- gauge, Fibreculture Reader, Sarai Reader y Subsol In memoriam: Kathy Rey de los piratas Acker ÍNDICE Abstracción ..................................................................... 15 Clase.................................................................................. 23 Educación ....................................................................... 33 Hackear ........................................................................... 43 Historia ........................................................................... 53 Información..................................................................... 67 Naturaleza ....................................................................... 73 Producción....................................................................... 81 Propiedad ....................................................................... 89 Representación .............................................................. 103 Revuelta........................................................................... 113 Estado ............................................................................. 123 Sujeto............................................................................... 131 Excedente ....................................................................... 141 Vector............................................................................... 147 M undo............................................................................. 161 Escritos............................................................................. 177 This land is your land, this land is my land W oody G uthrie This land is your land, this land is my land G ang of Four This land is your land, this land is my land L uther B lissett ... es como si surgiera de la tierra de una forma orgánica. Y posee esas caracterís­ ticas del comunismo que tanto apasio­ nan a la gente. Es decir, es libre. Steve B allmer, presidente ejecutivo de Microsoft ABSTRACCIÓN Un doble atemoriza al mundo, el doble de la abs- |00l) tracción. El destino de estados y ejércitos, empresas y comunidades depende de él. Todas las clases conten­ dientes, sea las dominantes, sea las que son dominadas, lo veneran... pese a temerlo. El nuestro es un mundo que se aventura a ciegas en lo nuevo con los dedos cru­ zados. Todas las clases temen esa implacable abstracción del |002] mundo, de la que, no obstante, depende su destino. To­ das las clases salvo una: la clase hacker. Nosotros hackea- mos la abstracción. Producimos nuevos conceptos, nue­ vas percepciones, nuevas sensaciones hackeadas a partir de datos en bruto. Sea cual sea el código que hackeamos, ya sea lenguaje de programación, lenguaje poético, matemá­ ticas o música, curvas o colores, somos nosotros quienes abstraemos nuevos mundos. Aunque nos presentemos como investigadores o autores, artistas o biólogos, quí­ micos o músicos, filósofos o programadores, cada una de estas subjetividades no es más que un fragmento de una clase que, punto a punto, todavía está cobrando conscien­ cia de sí misma como tal. Sin embargo, no sabemos muy bien quiénes somos. [003] Por eso este libro pretende poner de manifiesto nues­ tros orígenes, nuestro propósito y nuestros intereses. Un manifiesto hacker: no el único manifiesto, puesto que la naturaleza misma del hacker entraña diferir de los de­ más, diferir incluso de uno mismo, a lo largo del tiempo. 16 Un manifiesto hacker Hackear es diferir. Un manifiesto hacker no puede afir­ mar que representa aquello que rechaza toda represen­ tación. [0041 Los hackers crean la posibilidad de que a nuestro mun­ do lleguen cosas nuevas. No siempre grandes cosas, ni si­ quiera cosas buenas, pero sí nuevas. En el arte, en la ciencia, en la filosofía y en la cultura, en cualquier producto del conocimiento en el que se puedan reunir datos, del que se pueda extraer información y en el que se produzcan nuevas posibilidades para el mundo partiendo de esa información, hay hackers que hackean algo nuevo partiendo de lo anti­ guo. Pese a que creamos esos nuevos mundos, no los po­ seemos. Todo lo que creamos queda hipotecado a otros, y a los intereses de otros, a estados y corporaciones que mo­ nopolizan los medios necesarios para construir mundos que sólo nosotros podemos descubrir. No poseemos lo que producimos; lo que producimos nos posee a nosotros. [0051 Los hackers utilizan su conocimiento y su ingenio para conservar su autonomía. Algunos aceptan el dinero y echan a correr. (Tenemos que vivir con nuestros compro­ misos.) Algunos se niegan a comprometerse. (Vivimos lo mejor que podemos.) Con demasiada frecuencia, aque­ llos de nosotros que seguimos alguna de estas dos sendas nos sentimos ofendidos por quienes han seguido la otra. Un grupo se siente ofendido por la prosperidad de la que carece, el otro se siente ofendido por la libertad de la que carece para hackear a voluntad en el mundo. La clase hacker no ha llegado aún a una expresión más abstracta de nuestros intereses como clase y de cómo esos intereses pueden coincidir con el de otras personas del mundo. |006| Los hackers no somos gregarios. No solemos estar dispuestos a sumergir nuestra individualidad. Lo que re­ quieren nuestros tiempos es un hackeo colectivo que Abstracción 17 desarrolle un interés de clase basado en una alineación de diferencias más que en una unidad coercitiva. Los hackers son una clase, pero una clase abstracta. Una clase que fabrica abstracciones y una clase de factura abstracta. Abstraer a los hackers como clase es abstraer el concepto mismo de clase. El eslogan de la clase hacker no es: «Obreros del mundo, unios»; sino: «Obras del mundo, li­ beraos». Por doquier impera la abstracción, la abstracción he- [007] cha concreción. Por doquier las líneas rectas y las curvas puras de la abstracción ordenan materias a lo largo de vectores complejos pero eficaces. Sin embargo, mientras que la educación enseña lo que puede producirse con una abstracción, el conocimiento más útil para la clase hacker es cómo se producen las abstracciones en sí. De- leuze: «Las abstracciones no explican nada, en sí mismas deben ser explicadas».* La abstracción puede ser descubierta o producida, [008] puede ser material o inmaterial, pero abstracción es lo que todo hackeo produce y afirma. Abstraer es construir un plano en el que materias en principio diferentes y no relacionadas entre sí pueden unirse mediante muchas re­ laciones posibles. Abstraer es expresar la virtualidad de la naturaleza, dar a conocer algún ejemplo de sus posibili­ dades, hacer realidad una relación de entre la relacionali- dad infinita, manifestar la multiplicidad. La historia es la producción de abstracción y la abs- |009] tracción de la producción. Lo que hace que la vida difiera de una época a la época siguiente es la aplicación de nue­ vos modos de abstracción en la tarea de extraer libertad de la necesidad. La historia es lo virtual hecho real, un hackeo tras otro. La historia es la diferenciación cualitativa acumulativa de la naturaleza a medida que es hackeada. 18 Ur manifiesto hacker |010] De la abstracción de la naturaleza nace su productivi­ dad, así como la producción de un excedente que sobrepa­ sa las necesidades de la supervivencia. De ese excedente creciente que sobrepasa la necesidad nace una capaci­ dad creciente de hackear, una y otra vez, produciendo más abstracciones, más productividad, más alivio de la necesi­ dad, al menos potencialmente. No obstante, el hackeo de la naturaleza, la producción de un excedente, no nos hace libres. Siempre surge una clase dominante que controla el excedente que sobrepasa las necesidades básicas e im­ pone nuevas necesidades a las personas que producen esos mismos medios para escapar de la necesidad. [011] Lo que hace diferente nuestra época es la perspectiva de la posibilidad de un nuevo mundo imaginado hace mucho tiempo: un mundo libre de la necesidad. La pro­ ducción de abstracción ha llegado a un umbral en el que podría romper los grilletes, de una vez por todas, que atan el hackeo a unos intereses de clase desfasados y retrógra­ dos. Debord: «El mundo posee ya el sueño de una época cuya consciencia debe ahora poseer para llegar a vivirlo».* [012] La invención es la madre de la necesidad. Mientras que todos los estados dependen de la abstracción para producir su riqueza y su poder, la clase dominante de cualquier estado mantiene una relación incómoda con la producción de abstracción en formas nuevas. La clase dominante busca siempre controlar la innovación y enca­ minarla hacia sus propios fines, de manera que priva al hacker del control de su creación y, por ende, niega al mundo en su totalidad el derecho a gestionar su propio desarrollo. [013] La producción de nueva abstracción se da siempre entre quienes se distinguen de los otros por el acto de hackear. Quienes hemos hackeado nuevos mundos par- Abstracción 19 tiendo de los viejos acabamos por convertirnos no sólo en personas aparte, sino en una clase aparte. Mientras que reconocemos nuestra inconfundible existencia como gru­ po, como programadores, artistas, escritores, científicos o músicos, rara vez vemos formas de representarnos como meros fragmentos
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