Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu 6
Plan of Action For Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture in Kampong Speu Province 2014-2018
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu 6
Plan of Action For Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture in Kampong Speu Province 2014-2018
DECEMBER 2013
ឯកសារន េះ ត្រូវបា ផលិរន ើង នត្ោមជ ំ ួយហិរញ្ញ វរុថពីអគនាយកដ្ឋា ន ណៈកមមោរសហម អ៍ ឺរបុ សត្ាប់ជ ំ យួ ម ុសសធម ៌ ិងកិច្ចោរ家រជ សុីវលិ ិងនត្ោមជ ំ ួយបនច្ចកនេសពីអងគោរនសបៀង ិងកសិកមម
ន សហត្បᾶᾶរិត្បចកំ មុពᾶ។ 殶ល់េសស ៈទងំ ឡាយកុនងអរថបេន េះ ម ិ ត្រូវបា ឆុ្េះបញ្ច ំងពីេសស ៈ របស់សហម អ៍ ឺរបុ ិង ឬ អងគោរនសបៀង ិងកសិកមមន សហត្បᾶᾶរិន ើយ។
殶ល់ោរផលិរឯកសារន េះ នដ្ឋយផ្ផនក ឬទងំ មូល សត្ាបោ់ របនងើក ោរយល់ដឹង ោរកសាងផ្ផ ោរ ិង នោលបំណងម ិ ផ្សែងរកត្បាក់ច្ំណូលនានាត្រូវបា អ ុញ្ញរ នដ្ឋយត្ោ ់ផ្រផ់ល់ ូវោរេេួលសាគល់ត្បភព
ពរ័ ា៌ ។ 殶ល់ោរផលិរឯកសារន េះ កុនងនោលបំណងផ្សែងរកត្បាកច្់ ំនណញ ត្រូវបា ហាមឃារ ់ នដ្ឋយម ិ បា សុំោរអ ុញ្ញ រិពីអនកផលិរ។
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection and with technical assistance of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the European Commission and or FAO. Reproduction of any part of this publication for education, DRR awareness, and any other non- profit purpose is authorized without prior permission from the publisher, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purpose is prohibited without prior written permission from the publisher.
Foreword
Agricultural production and livelihoods, particularly of the majority of smallholder farmers in Kampong Speu are recurrently affected by a variety of natural hazards. Smallholder farmers in Cambodia are particularly vulnerable, due to high exposure to hazards, the use of agricultural practices such as mono-cropping under rain fed conditions, and the low yield produced. The high hazard exposure combined with low production levels threaten the livelihood security of thousands of smallholder farmers; damages and losses of assets and lives occur regularly, particularly during and after disasters.. The Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu (PDA) is committed to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and dependent farming communities, and to enhance the institutional capacities of service providers and communities to reduce damages and losses, and to lessen sufferings. During 2013 the PDA coordinated and facilitated the development of a Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture in Kampong Speu province for the period 2014-2018. This Plan of Action for DRR in Agriculture is designed as a practical roadmap to include key aspects of disaster risk reduction (DRR) into the sustainable development agenda of agriculture, especially for crop production and livestock production. The plan will contribute to realize the national level Plan of Action on DRR of the General Directorate of Agriculture 2014-2018, the National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 and the political program of the Royal Government of Cambodia especially the Rectangular Strategy Phase 3. This plan was developed with the facilitation and coordination of technical offices of PDA, relevant Provincial Departments, the Provincial Committee for Disaster Management (PCDM), and other NGOs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has provided technical assistance with financial support from the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (DIPECHO).
SOY PANHA Director, Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu
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Acknowledgement The Plan of Action to strengthen capacities for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector was prepared on the basis of a participatory consultation process with key DRR stakeholders, including PDoWRAM, Provincial Departments, PCDM, and Development Partners. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Cambodia facilitated the plan’s development process under the project “Enhancing capacities for disaster risk reduction in agriculture in Cambodia and the Philippines”, with financial support from the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (DIPECHO). My special thanks are due to Mr. Tieng Hilyna, Mr. Chin Erng, Ms. Chea Dany, and Mr. Chea Hokly for the organization and provision of facilitation support during consultative meetings and brainstorming sessions and technical review workshops and for the technical inputs, review and proof-reading of the plan. Chief, deputy chief of technical offices, all chiefs/deputy chiefs of the District offices of Agriculture of PDA, representatives of Provincial Departments and development partners are acknowledged for their technical inputs for this POA. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Stephan Baas for his overall technical guidance and the facilitation of one of the consultative multistakeholder workshops. Mr. Loek Sothea is acknowledged for his role as technical advisor of FAO for the preparation, overall technical review, and compilation of this Plan of Action.
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Executive Summary
Kampong Speu province has increasingly been exposed to disasters, in particular to droughts, flood, pest and diseases, and storms. These disastrous events cause damages to and losses of lives, properties, infrastructure, and livelihoods; they impede and set back the development efforts, and divert development funds. Millions of dollars are spent to save lives and rehabilitate people’s livelihoods. To better prepare for these impacts, the Provincial Department of Agriculture in technical collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Cambodia facilitated the development of a five-year Plan of Action (POA) for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture. Financial support was provided by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (DIPECHO). This Plan of Action was designed as practical guidance document and roadmap to support key aspects of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in agriculture, especially crop and livestock production, and to better include them into the sustainable development agenda,. The plan seeks the synergy of resources and efforts to holistically address disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in the sector. It is divided into 4 Chapters. The first chapter, the introduction, describes the geographical situation of the province, the needs for the sectoral plan of action, its scope, guiding principles, and the planning process. The second chapter discussed the key hazards that potentially affect the agriculture sector, and the policy frameworks on DRR that shape this Plan. The third chapter outlines the goal, mission, anticipated outcomes, indicators, and the priority areas for action. The last chapter suggests institutional mechanisms for the implementation of the plan, and the key actors to be involved in proactive DRR and CCA. There are several annexes, including the detailed activity planning matrix for 2014-2018, a list of priority actions for 2014-2018, underlying definitions, and the list of contributors to the POA. The Priorities for Action proposed in this plan are organized along 5 inter-linked areas, which correspond closely to the Hyogo Framework for action: namely (i) strengthening institutional and technical capacities for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture; (ii) enhancing early warning systems; (iii) improving knowledge management, awareness raising and education on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation; (iv) reducing underlying vulnerabilities by improving technical options in agriculture; and (v) strengthening preparedness capacities for effective emergency response and rehabilitation and integrating of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation interventions.
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Acronyms
Agromet Agro-meteorology BPH Brown Plant Hopper CBDRR Community-based disaster risk reduction CBO Community-based organizations CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCDM Commune Committee for Disaster Management CEDAC Cambodian Center for Study and Development DAHP Department of Animal Health and Productions DIPECHO European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection DOA District office of Agriculture DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EWS Early Warning System FFS Farmer Field School GDA General Directorate of Agriculture GPO Good Practice Option HFA Hyogo Framework for Action MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology NCDM National Committee for Disaster Management NGO Non-Governmental Organization PCDM Provincial Committee for Disaster Management PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture PDoWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology POA Plan of Action SC Steering Committee SNAP Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction TG Task Group TWG Technical Working Group
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Content
Page Foreword i Acknowledgement ii Executive Summary iii Acronyms iv Content v 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Background of Kampong Speu province 1 2 The Needs for a Sectoral plan for DRR in Agriculture 2 3 Scope of the Plan of Action 3 4 Guiding Principles of Plan of Action 3 5 Process of Plan Development 4
Chapter 2: Disaster Risk Exposure and Policy Frameworks on DRR in 5 Agriculture 1 Main Hazards affecting Agriculture 5 1.1 Droughts 6 1.2 Floods 6 1.3 Pests and Diseases 7 1.4 Strong Wind 7 1.5 Underlying Vulnerabilities 7
2 Policy Frameworks relevant for DRR in Agriculture 8 2.1 Strategic National Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2008- 8 2013 2.2 National Adaptation Program of Action to Climate Change 9 2.3 Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2010-2013 9 2.4 Plan of Action for DRR in Agriculture 2014-2018 of General 9 Directorate of Agriculture 2.5 Provincial DRR plan of Kampong Speu 2012-2014 10 Chapter 3: Plan of Action’s Framework for DRR in Agriculture 11 1 Vision, Mission and Goal 11 2 Anticipated Outcomes and indicators 11 2.1 Anticipated Outcomes 11 2.1 Indicators 11 3 Priority Framework for Action 12 3.1 Priority 1 12 3.2 Priority 2 12 3.3 Priority 3 13 3.4 Priority 4 14 3.5 Priority 5 15
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4 Cross-cutting issues 15 4.1 Capacity Development 15 4.2 Partnership 16 4.3 Gender Equity 16 Chapter 4: Coordination and Implementation Mechanism 17 1 Institutional Arrangements 17 1.1 Organizational structure of PDA of Kampong Speu 17 1.2 Coordination Mechanism 18 1.3 Funding and Resource Mobilization 18 1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 19
2 Inter-institutional Collaboration for the Implementation of Plan of 20 Action 2.1 Provincial Committee for Disaster Management 20 2.2 Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology 20 2.3 Non-Governmental Organization 20
Annex 1: Plan of Action for 2014-2018 21 Annex 2: Priority Activities for 2014-2018 34 Annex 3: Summary of Plan of Action for 2014-2018 35 Annex 4: Definitions 36 Annex 5: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-20015 38 Annex 6: List of Planning Development Committee 39 References
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Chapter 1:
Introduction
1. Background of Kampong Speu Province Kampong Speu province is one of the 25 provinces of the Kingdom of Cambodia. It is located about 48 km west of Phnom Penh municipality; it borders in the east with Kandal and Takeo provinces, in the south with Takeo and Kampot provinces, in the west with Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk provinces, and in the north with Kampong Chhnang and Pursat provinces.
Figure 1: Administrative Map of Kampong Speu province
Source: Kampong Speu Municipality
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The province is administratively divided into 7 districts and 1 Krong and further divided into 82 communes and 5 Sangkats. There are 1,342 registered villages and 38 non-registered villages. It has a surface area of 696,663 hectares, of which 113,600 hectares are paddy fields; 48,288 hectares are cropping fields; and 522,679 hectares are mountainous areas and irrigation scheme and wildlife sanctuary. Kampong Speu province has a population of 254,974 people (415,438 women) and 161,162 families. The population density is 116 people per square kilometer. About 67.61 percent of the total population of the province are farmers or receive their main income from farming activities. The rest of the population is employed in the garment factories or in the agro-industry. Most farmers generate their income from crop production, palm sugar production, small handcraft, and collection of non-timber forest products.
2. The Need for a Sectoral Plan for DRR in Agriculture Agriculture is one of the most hazard affected sectors in Cambodia. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to a combination of factors , including their high risk exposure, the wide spread mono-cropping practices under rain fed conditions, the overall low yield production in rice, and the strong concentration on one seasonal cropping only. This is a characteristic also for Kampong Speu: a high level of hazard exposure coupled with low production levels threatens livelihood security of thousands of smallholder farmers; In recent years Kampong Speu province has increasingly been exposed to hazards and disasters, in particular to droughts, flood, pest and diseases, and storms that affect people’s food and nutrition security. Disastrous events cause damage and losses of lives, properties, infrastructure and livelihoods; they impede and set back the development efforts, and divert development funds; when disasters hit, and find farmers in unprepared conditions, they have nothing to withstand or cope. Due to the lacking of plans and investments for proactive disaster risk reduction, millions of dollars are spent regularly to save lives and help people recover their losses.
In order to reduce damages, losses, and regular suffering caused by disasters in the agriculture sector, and secure and improve agriculture production and farmers’ livelihoods, there is a need for a comprehensive and systematic Plan for DRR and CCA that helps to increase resilience in the sector. The proposed strategic plan of action for DRR in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries will be instrumental to strengthen the capacities of PDA of Kampong Speu province to better address DRR issues, and incorporate them into the sector wide development agendas, including the growing challenge of extreme whether events caused by climate change; and thus better serve farmers and agriculture dependent communities.
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3. Scope of the Plan of Action This Plan of Action for DRR in agriculture builds on the vision of the Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture 2014-2018 of the General Directorate of Agriculture, reflecting the Strategic National Plan of Action for DRR (SNAP) 2008- 2013 of the Government of Cambodia. It is a guidance document, demonstrating the commitment of PDA to contribute at decentralized levels to the realization of the national policies and guidelines for DRR in the agriculture sector. It incorporates the paradigm shift agreed upon in Cambodia to move from an, ad-hoc emergency response biased approach in the past to a more proactive disaster risk reduction and management approach in the future, which puts equal emphasis on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness interventions. This POA is developed for a period of 5 years (2014-2018). It focuses on ways and measures to address the hazards affecting agriculture most, such as droughts, floods, pests and diseases, and strong wind. This POA is considered as a pilot within the agricultural sub-sector within the mandate of the PDA. However, it is planned to further expand its scope to the other sub-sectors under the responsibility of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.
While addressing mainly disaster risk reduction issues, this plan also considers linkages to climate change and aims to seek synergies between interventions that relate to both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This rationale is based on the perceptions of farmers and extension workers, who emphasize that climate change impacts are mainly felt at present through more frequent and intense climatic hazards; and that DRR and/or CCA measures currently proposed to them are basically the same; This view reflects a short term vision and was accepted at decentralized level to guide the POA for the next 5 years. It is crucial, however, to flag that with this focus the plan does not neglect the need to further explore long term interventions that would be needed to holistically address climate change adaptation in the sector.
4. Guiding Principles of Plan of Action The development of this plan of action is built on the following key principles which correspond to the guiding principles of National DRR Policies and national DRR plan of GDA; they are to: Integrate DRR, linked to CCA into sustainable agricultural development planning Ensure consistency, continuity and close coordination between preventive measures for DRR and emergency response planning and recovery Use a results based planning approach to ensure full participation of key stakeholders including governmental, nongovernmental and community- based organizations and the private sector in design and delivery of the plan Recognize DRR as an investment in sustainable agricultural development
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Ensure linkages between economic and environmental resilience, DRR and CCA Use existing knowledge and capacities as the foundation to build on Define agricultural communities as the ultimate beneficiaries
5. Process of Plan Development The Plan of Action for DRR in Agriculture has been formulated through a consultation process structured around three pillars: Stock-taking: a desk study and in-depth review of existing materials, such as plans, policies, and guideline related to DRR in the agriculture sector was conducted. The SNAP 2008-2013 was used as the main reference. The stock-taking exercise led to the formulation of a skeleton structure of the plan. Stakeholder consultative meetings: formal and informal meetings were bilaterally and or multi-laterally organized. Relevant provincial department district offices of agriculture, NGOs, community rice banks and farmers were consulted. In addition, a formal workshop was organized with DRR actors and relevant stakeholders in the provinces to generate inputs for the Plan. The consolidated inputs received constituted a first draft of the document. Technical review and validation meetings: technical review meetings with PDA were organized in order to technically refine the plan while cross- checking and collecting more information. The provincial wide validation workshop was then organized to re-edit and technically review the POA. The Plan was finally proof-read by the national committee for disaster management to ensure the consistency in the use of technical terminologies in the DRR context.
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Chapter 2:
Disaster Risk Exposure and Policy Frameworks on DRR in Agriculture
1. Main Hazards affecting Agriculture
Agriculture in Cambodia as well as in Kampong Speu province is regularly affected by droughts, flood, pests and diseases and strong wind.
Figure 2: Potential Hazards in Agriculture
Note: Risk patterns for pests and diseases outbreaks beyond Avian Influenza (AI) are not included in this map; risks exist particularly in the cropping zones and population agglomeration areas. Some areas are exposed affect to several hazards and cascading hazard impacts .
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Table 1 below consolidates recent data on hazard impacts on agriculture in Kampong Speu , 2009 -2013.
Affect Losses/damages
Year Droughts Pests Floods Livestock Droughts Pests Floods Livestock (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) diseases (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) diseases (Head) (Head) 2009 1,475 1,270 - 2,524 332 - - 189 2010 1,929 - 1,766 2,845 223 - 277 125 2011 - - - 3,698 - - - 191 2012 10,715 - - 1,584 320 - - 144 2013 2,239 - - 2,398 - - - 139 Total 16,358 1,270 1,766 13,049 865 - 277 788 Source: PDA annual report 2013
1.1 Droughts Droughts are considered periods of abnormal dry weather that causes serious hydrological imbalance in the area. Drought is the most prominent hazard for agriculture sector in Kampong Speu province. Severe drought conditions occurred in 1987, 1999, and 2000. The following four characteristics describe the main features of drought affecting agriculture in Kampong Speu:
Unpredictable delays in rainfall onset in the early wet season Erratic variations in wet season rainfall onset, amount, and duration across different areas Early ending of rains during the wet season Common occurrence of drought spells of up to three weeks or more during the wet season, which can damage or destroy crops without irrigation (SNAP 2008-2013) As shown in table 1, during the last five years, droughts have impacted 16,358 ha of paddy rice and caused damages to 865 ha of crops and paddy rice (PDA, 2013). 18,400 households were estimated to be affected by drought annually (PCDM of Kampong Speu, 2013). Droughts ravage other agricultural sub-sectors such as livestock production, fisheries, and food security.
1.2 Floods Floods do not regularly pose devastating impacts on agriculture in Kampong Speu province. Major floods occurred in province in 1994; the last flood of 2010 affected several districts, including Chbar Morn, Phnom Sruoch, Thporng, and Baseth. 1,766
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hectares of paddy field were inundated, of which 277 hectares were completely destroyed (PCDM of Kampong Speu, 2013). In general, floods in Kampong Speu are flash floods which occur due to heavy rainfall in mountainous areas, with water flowing into streams and tributaries of the Tonle Sap. As a result, areas along Prek Thnoat River are among the most prone areas to this type of floods, which include Krong Chbar Morn, Samrong Torng, Oaral, and Phnom Sruoch districts.
1.3 Pests and Diseases Livestock diseases, especially food and mouth disease, septicemia hemorrhagic, and blackleg brake out regularly during early rainy season almost everywhere. The province PDA’s database reveals that in the last 5 years (2009-2013), the diseases have affected 13,049, and killed 788 draft animals, including cattle and buffalos. Avian Influenza is a remarkable threat for aviculture and public health. It first occurred in 2004 in Tuol Prich village, Moha Russei commune, Korng Pisei district of Kampong Speu province and caused the loss of a young girl’s life. Until now, there have been 6 outbreaks of Avian Influenza in the province. On top of serious public health concerns, because of Avian Influenza, thousands of poultries were culled; the movement and transportation was banned and aviculture was temporally suspended. Besides these threats, plant pests, such as brown plant hoppers, hoppers, and rats are also threatening rice and crop productions in the province. The detailed impacts are not yet known, while there is clear evidence of significant damage to agricultural production. Plant pests ravaged 1,270 hectares of paddy fields in 2009 (PDA, 2013). Golden snails have recently destroyed young rice seedlings, however there is no current data recorded.
1.4 Strong winds Kampong Speu is partially protected against strong winds by the surrounding mountains and forests. Large scale hurricanes do not reach the province usually. However, localized strong winds occur often associated with heavy rains causing flash floods and inundating crops. Damages by strong winds have been observed on farmer houses and community buildings. However, major destructions of fruit trees or crops have not yet been reported.
1.5 Underlying vulnerabilities Lack of knowledge and access to adaptive agricultural techniques in the context of disasters and climate change is considered one of the factors that make farming communities vulnerable. It relates also to persistent use of unsuitable seeds and excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers., Other underlying factors of vulnerability include lack of or non functioning irrigation systems, unsustainable farming and animal husbandry systems, and the use of unsuitable agriculture technologies. Some irrigation schemes are old and not
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capable to store large water volumes during drought periods, or are unsuitable to provide drainage and thus to contribute to the regulation of floods. Most importantly, rapid change of the farming practices and systems from rice planting to rice broadcasting coupled with a limited knowledge about sustainable technologies is often causing pests outbreaks, which can lead to dramatic production decreases in some districts. Land degradation is considered as the most severe environmental issue, which affects food and nutrition security in general. Productivity, security, and sustainability of large parts of the agricultural land in Cambodia are further influenced by limited availability of natural soil nutrients, outdated land use practices, and impact of climate change (drought and flood) (MAFF, 2012).
2. Policy Frameworks relevant for DRR in Agriculture There are several national frameworks, policies, and agreements that shaped PDA’s plan for DRR in agriculture; these include namely:
2.1 Strategic National Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2008-2013 The Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) on DRR 2008-2013 has been launched in 2008 to address the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action in Cambodia. The primary motivation of the Royal Government of Cambodia in the formulation of an Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction was to reduce the vulnerability of its people, especially the poor, to the effects of natural, environmental, and human-induced hazards. The Action Plan was conceived and formulated to serve as the “road map” or guide for strengthening and undertaking disaster risk reduction in Cambodia. The document identified six key disaster risk reduction components for Cambodia: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority Strengthen sub-national and community-based disaster risk management Identify, assess and monitor hazard risks and enhance early warning Use knowledge innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience Mainstreaming DRR into Policies and Programs of Relevant Government Ministries Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels All above DRR components were considered relevant for the development process of this POA, and are reflected in this document through specific actions tailored to context of Kampong Speu.
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2.2 National Adaptation Program of Action to Climate Change The National Adaptation Program of Action to Climate Change (NAPA) was endorsed by the Council of Ministers of the Royal Government of Cambodia on October 20, 2006. NAPA is to provide a framework that guides the coordination and implementation of adaptation initiatives through a participatory approach, and builds synergies with other relevant environment and development programmes. Cambodia's NAPA presents priority projects addressing the urgent and immediate needs and concerns of people at the grassroots level for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change in key sectors such as agriculture, water resources, coastal zone and human health. It encourages all concerned ministries and agencies to undertake their utmost efforts to integrate the priority projects identified within the NAPA into their respective sectoral plans.
2.3 Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2010-2013 This strategy, which was jointly developed by Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM) and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries provides a single, transparent strategic framework that guides policy and planning processes in both ministries, and the various departments and sub-sectors within both. The strategy aims at improving agriculture productivities and productions through sustainable use and management of water resources and at improved coordination amongst these two ministries, as the institutional setting of the agriculture and water sector is complex and mutually interdependent. It outlines correlations between water use and management and agriculture impacts on food security and nutrition, water resources and agriculture land management, agriculture and agri-business support, and research, education, and extension. The strategy is particularly important to serve grass-root needs related to the links between agriculture, water and other rural affairs.
2.4 Plan of Action for DRR in Agriculture 2014-2018 of General Directorate of Agriculture This first sectoral plan for DRR in Cambodia was developed in 2013 with the objective to build community resilience to natural disasters through DRR and CCA interventions in the agriculture sector. The Plan of Action was formulated in line with the Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2008-2013 (SNAP) and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2008-2015; it aims at building the resilience of farmers and agriculture dependent communities to natural disasters through disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation interventions in agriculture. The strategy framework of the plan consists of five priorities: Priority 1:Strengthen institutional and technical capacities for DRR and CCA in agriculture and enhance coordination mechanisms
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Priority 2: Promote and enhance early warning systems for pro-active disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Priority 3: Enhance knowledge management and innovation in support of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture Priority 4: Reduce vulnerabilities to disasters by improving technical options and implementing community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) and CCA measures in agriculture Priority 5: Strengthen effective preparedness and response capacities and the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into agriculture interventions
2.5 Provincial DRR plan of Kampong Speu 2012-2014 The Provincial DRR plan of Kampong Speu was established as roadmap and/or guidance document to coordinate and strengthen DRR work at provincial level in order to reduce vulnerabilities and adverse impacts of hazards to vulnerable community members. This plan focuses on the systematic implementation of DRR interventions in partnership with provincial stakeholders.
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Chapter 3:
Plan of Action’s Framework for DRR in Agriculture
1. Vision, Mission, and Goal Vision: Resilient farming communities withstand natural disasters and are able to cope with disasters Mission: Minimize the impacts of disasters and climate change on agriculture and farmers’ livelihoods Goal: To enhance capacities and resilience of farmers and communities to threats and disasters affecting agriculture and rural livelihoods
2. Anticipated Outcomes and Indicators
2.1 Anticipated Outcomes The POA envisages achieving the following outcomes: DRR and CCA measures are integrated into all sectoral and subsectoral provincial plans, actions, and programs led by PDA Farmers have improved access to and use Agro-met and EWS information for decision making throughout the annual cropping calendar; Good practice options to enhance resilience in agriculture are available and applied by farmers, and widely shared Sub-national planner/extension workers trained to proactively promote on location specific scale agriculture technologies that increase resilience Farmers are better prepared to cope with hazards, and receive timely emergency response once emergency status has been formally declared
2.2 Indicators Three indicators have been set to monitor and evaluate after three years the progress made towards achieving the main goal of this POA.
Level of farmers’ satisfaction with agriculture extension services at all levels Number of farmers applying good practices and resilient agriculture techniques % of farmers in disaster prone areas affected by food insecurity after disasters have hit More specific indicators per action areas will be elaborated later as part of a monitoring and evaluation plan to be established together with the implementation arrangements for this POA.
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3. Priority Framework for Action The Plan of Action for DRR in agriculture of Kampong Speu was designed in line with the SNAP 2008-2013 and the Plan of Action for DRR in Agriculture of GDA. Accordingly, the POA is composed of 5 priority action areas which include:
3.1 Priority 1: Strengthen institutional and technical capacities and enhance coordination mechanisms for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture
Objectives: Ensure efficient institutional mechanisms and processes within PDA to address disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation activities related to crop and livestock production, and integrate them into other PDA development priorities; while doing so enhance coordination with other provincial departments and other stakeholders.
Gaps to be addressed: Limited knowledge and capacities in agricultural line agencies to program and implement projects and actions to address the emerging issues of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation; resource constraints within PDA to tackle disaster risk reduction and inter-institutional coordination and collaboration.
Strategy: Strengthening institutional and technical capacities and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation within agriculture related plans and programs
3.1.1 Strengthen institutional mechanisms for effective coordination between line agencies and other stakeholders at provincial level for implementing DRR and CCA
3.1.2 Strengthen technical capacities of PDA, and DOA for effective implementation of DRR and CCA
3.2 Priority 2: Promote and enhance early warning systems for pro-active disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
Objectives: Improve the dissemination of climate information and Early Warning products, (to be obtained from GDA) including weather and climate information at various time scales, market price information, and plant pests and livestock diseases outbreak information to farmers and agriculture dependent communities.
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Gaps to be addressed: Inappropriate Climate information and Early Warning products for agriculture specific applications; lack of timely access to and inaccurate information; weak outreach communication channels for delivery of climate , weather and EW information products to farmers
Strategy: (i) Improve coordination and collaboration between relevant departments and service providers to regularly transfer relevant data and early warning products in a timely manner to the agricultural sector, and customize it within PDA to the needs of farmers; (ii) promote the development of agriculture specific climate information services and early warning systems; (iii) improve communication channels and information flow to enhance outreach of specific information bulletins and early warning information to the local level.
3.2.1 Promote and support the exchange of data for climate services and early warning systems in agriculture among relevant departments and stakeholders
3.2.2 Promote the development of agriculture specific climate information and early warning information products, adapted to the needs of agriculture
3.2.3 Improve the communication channels for information outreach to farmers and agriculture dependent communities
3.3 Priority 3: Enhance knowledge management and innovation in support of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture
Objective: Improve the knowledge basis and communication for informed planning, evidence based decision making and dissemination of information for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture.
Gaps to be addressed: The wealth of existing technical and indigenous knowledge promoting resilience of farmers’ livelihood options is neither systematically analyzed nor documented; existing know-how on DRR and CCA in agriculture is not validated and not widely disseminated. There are no strategies for the up-scaling of successful good practices, nor for adapting good practices to location specific conditions and needs. No field based approaches are institutionalized to generate and disseminate innovation for DRR/CCA while blending it with indigenous knowledge. Awareness among farming communities about the benefits and the value added they can gain from proactive disaster risk reduction is very limited.
Strategy: Improved access to data, knowledge management and dissemination of information through enhanced communication and awareness raising strategies to
13 Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu
increase understanding of options for and value added of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures.
3.3.1 Enhance and/or link DRR/CCA related databases to better inform planning and decision-making
3.3.2 Enhance knowledge base and promote innovation for DRR and CCA in agriculture including through good practice documentation and dissemination
3.3.3 Awareness raising and communication for DRR and CCA in agriculture
3.4 Priority 4: Reduce vulnerabilities through improved technical options in agriculture and the promotion of Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation processes
Objective: Build resilience against hazard exposure at local levels, and reduce underlying risk factors that enhance vulnerabilities of farming communities and farm families
Gaps: Insufficient use of good practices that reduce underlying vulnerability of farming systems and farm families; need to change unsustainable practices that reduce short and/or long-term resilience, such as mono cropping, poor soil nutrient management, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, poor water management and conservation practices, and unhealthy free grazing and backyard animal production.
Strategy: Increase livelihoods resilience against disasters; enhance capacities of technical staff and communities; increase access of farmers to a wider range of good practices that reduce hazard risk exposure, mitigate damage and loss, and create additional livelihood opportunities and risk transfer schemes; and institutional up-scaling of good practices for DRR and CCA
3.4.1 Promote integrated farming systems and crop diversification to build resilience of agriculture communities to disaster impacts
3.4.2 Improve animal production at all levels
3.4.3 Promote sustainable water management and conservation practices on farmer fields
3.4.4 Promote risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms
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3.4.5 Reduce adverse impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture at provincial and local level
3.5 Priority 5: Strengthen effective preparedness and response capacities and integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into agriculture response interventions
Objective: Enhance capacities of the provincial departments, local authorities and farming communities on better preparedness for response; ensure timely needs assessment and delivery of emergency support in agriculture in case of declared emergency; guide sectoral recovery and rehabilitation strategies ensuring that disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation concepts are included into all relevant interventions.
Gaps to be addressed: Limitation of resources (human and financial resources) within PDA for adequate and effective response and recovery after natural disasters; response efforts to disasters are delivered in ad hoc fashion and focus on immediate needs and asset replacement only.
Strategy: Promote systematic contingency planning at provincial and decentralized levels and support the paradigm shift to move away from reactive disaster management towards an integrated approach that systematically links emergency preparedness, response and recovery interventions with DRR and long-term sustainable development
3.5.1 Enhance capacities of PDA to conduct regular contingency planning and integration regarding ongoing planning and activities
3.5.2 Improve effectiveness of emergency response actions and post- disaster recovery in agriculture and embed DRR interventions within recovery and rehabilitation measures
4. Crosscutting issues The Plan of Action on disaster risk reduction considers three cross-cutting elements as integral parts of all the priority actions outlined above.
4.1 Capacity Development Consistent, programmatic support to institutional and technical capacity development is fundamental for the effective implementation of the five priorities outlined above. The core areas of capacity development include research and
15 Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu
development, technology transfer, tools and methods for assessment, agriculture and crops services, policy advocacy, awareness raising and mainstreaming.
4.2 Partnerships Strategic partnerships are crosscutting and essential to promote an interdisciplinary approach towards implementing the priority actions. The Plan of Action will foster partnerships at all levels from national to local levels, especially with ministry of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries and its directorates, provincial department of water resources and meteorology, and other provincial departments, NGOs, and CBOs. This POA seeks also partnership collaboration with district authorities and commune councils in disaster prone areas.
4.3 Gender equity The gender dimension is crucial in DRR and the agriculture sectors. Gender roles and relations affect food security and household welfare and risk exposure; they are critical indicators for agriculture development; gender inequalities regarding access to and control over resources are persistently undermining the sustainable and inclusive development of the sector; women’s leadership in key positions is still rare within the sectors. Integration and mainstreaming of gender priorities in all activities of the POA is essential to enhance overall long term resilience.
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Chapter 4:
Coordination and Implementation Mechanism
1. Institutional Arrangements The institutional arrangements needed for the implementation of this plan, including coordination mechanisms, organizational structure, resource mobilization as well as monitoring and evaluation are as important for the achievement of the POA’s objectives, as the selected thematic priority areas for action.
1.1 Organizational structure of PDA of Kampong Speu The Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu is one of the sub- national bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. The mandate of the PDA includes crop production, agricultural extension, agricultural land improvement, and animal production and health. The day-to-day affairs of the PDA are managed by the provincial director with assistance from three Deputy Directors. There are eight technical offices. These include the Office of Administration and Personnel, the Office of Planning and Accounting, the Office of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement, the Office of Animal Productions and Health, the Office of Agricultural Extension, the Office of Agricultural Engineering, the Office of Agricultural Jurisdiction, and the Offices of Agro-Industry. Figure 3: Organizational Diagram of PDA of Kampong Speu
DIRECTOR
DEPUTY DEPUTY DEPUTY DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DIRECTOR
Office of Office of Office of Office of Agro- Administration Agricultural Agronomy Industry and Personels Juridition
Office of Animal Office of Office of Office of Production and Planning and Agricultural Agricultural Health Accounting Extension Engineering
DOA of DOA of Chbar DOA of Phnom DOA of Baseth Samrong Morn Sruoch Torng
DOA of Krong DOA of DOA of DOA of Aoral Pisei Uddong Thporng
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The PDA directly oversees eight District Offices of Agriculture (DOA) which include the DOA of Chbar Morn, the DOA of Korng Pisei, the DOA of Baseth, the DOA of Uddong, the DOA of Samrong Torng, the DOA of Thporng, the DOA of Phnom Sruoch, and the DOA of Aoral. At present, the PDA of Kampong Speu does not have a focal point for facilitating and coordinating on DRR and CCA matters.
1.2 Coordination Mechanism The introduction of new priorities and approaches for DRR/CCA in PDA, which involves different stakeholders and departments, requires consensus building, and an enhanced management and implementation structure. Thus the organizational features for the management of POA-DRR have been considered as follows: A Steering Committee will provide overall direction and oversight. This committee includes the PDA Director and Deputy Directors. The SC will be accountable to the PDA for the implementation and monitoring the progress of this POA. The Steering Committee will be backstopped by a Technical Working Group, which is overall-directed by the Director. The TWG invites all relevant technical offices and district offices of agriculture. The TWG will guide and the implement three task areas: Capacity Building and Planning: Building capacities of PDA, DOAs, and selected communes and ensuring the integration of DRR and CCA into agriculture planning at all levels. Assessment and Emergency Response: Conducting post disaster assessment, data collection, and update all information related to disaster losses and damages in the agriculture sector. This task will be formed on ad hoc basis and the team could be re-activated and deployed within 24 hours after an emergency to initiate rescue and response actions. Chief(s) of DOA in affected district are member of this task group. Resilient Agriculture: Combining technical agricultural knowledge with the DRR and CCA concepts and conducting research and the development of good practice options for resilient and adaptive agriculture. The Technical Working Group may consider establishing on demand task teams for the delivery of above tasks. The Steering Committee and the Technical Working Group will be supported by a Secretariat which will serve particularly in the monitoring and progress reporting on the implementation of the POA. The Office of Administration and Personnel is proposed to provide the Secretarial services.
1.3 Funding and Resource Mobilization Funding for the implementation of the action plan will be allocated from the national and local budgets. There are three sources of funding: internal, external, and innovative funding.
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The internal sources of funding constitutes the financial sources that are raised within Cambodia, which include current public budget, private sector funding, sub- national level funding and other sources of domestic funding. Existing external sources of funding include grants and loans, bilateral and multi- lateral funds from NGOs, and humanitarian funds. The external sources of funds are not specific; however, they represent the funding from development partners and NGOs. Innovative sources of funding to be sought represent new, non-traditional modes of financing. Recently, innovative financing mechanisms have increasingly been viewed as a stable and sustainable funding source that is not affected by changes in political dynamics or donor policies and modalities. The innovative funding mechanisms potentially accessible for DRR work include funding mechanisms established under the GFDRR, the EU DIPECHO programme, and the Least Development Country Fund, the Green Climate Fund or the Adaptation Fund under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Opportunities may also arise from payment mechanisms for environmental services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Clean Development Mechanism.
1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation The Steering Committee shall establish an overall Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for the POA-DRR. This will be based on the statement of intended outcomes and indicators presented in the previous sections. Appropriate and more specific indicators will be formulated in the monitoring and evaluation plan that will be developed as start up action before implementation of the Plan of Action. The Monitoring and Evaluation Plan shall provide guidance on how to track the progress of the POA and include information such as indicators, methods for information gathering, timing and utilization of information. There will be two sets of information produced: results and processes. Information on results will be useful for tracking effectiveness and efficiency of public investments in POA and will be reported to Government and donor partners as well as project implementers themselves. On the other hand, information on processes refers to "how successful or unsuccessful activities were carried out and lessons learned by the various implementers of POA projects. This type of information will be shared "horizontally" among stakeholders (Farming communities, government staff, NGOs, local authorities etc.) and will be part of knowledge management initiatives. Participatory methods for monitoring will be applied to ensure participation of primary stakeholders. PDA staff will monitor the POA in collaboration with local communities, beneficiaries, and NGOs to monitor the POA. External support will be required for midterm and final evaluation.
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2. Inter-institutional Collaboration for the Implementation of Plan of Action The sub-national governmental and non-governmental institutions working in the areas of disaster management, climate change adaptation and agriculture are the key stakeholders to jointly implement this POA.
2.1 Provincial Committee for Disaster Management The Provincial Committee for Disaster Management (PCDM) is the provincial level of the Disaster Management structure. The PCDM is chaired by the Provincial Governor; the Deputy Governor is the Deputy Chair; and all Provincial Departments are members of this committee. The PCDM provides the overall leadership and coordination of DRR/M. The structure of disaster management reaches down to sub-national and local level. It includes district committees for disaster management (DCDM), commune committees for disaster management (CCDM), and village disaster management groups.
2.2 Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology The Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology leads and manages water resources and meteorology sector at provincial level. The department’s responsibilities are closely related to agriculture, especially irrigation and meteorology related affairs. The Water and Agriculture Strategy of 2010-2013 was jointly developed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries to outline the area where these two ministries have to join hands and share responsibilities in relation to water use and management, food security and nutrition, agriculture land management, agri- business, research, education, and extension. This strategy also illustrates the coordination and collaboration at provincial and local levels.
2.3 Non-Governmental Organizations Some NGOs are working in the area of DRR and CCA in the province. The majority of these organizations does not have representative offices in Kampong Speu, but rather operate from their central/main offices in Phnom Penh in collaboration with provincial departments, District Offices, and or directly working with commune councils or beneficiaries. Currently, I/NGOs that are working on agriculture, livelihood empowerment, and DRR include Life With Dignity, World Vision, Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture, Srer Khmer, National Prosperity Association, Partnership for Development of Kampuchea, and Cambodian Institute for Research and Development etc.
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Annex 1: Plan of Action for 2014-2018
Year of Specific activities Indicators of Implementation Strategic Activities 2014-2018 monitoring 20 20 20 20 20 14 15 16 17 18 Goal: To enhance capacities and resilience of farmers and communities to threats and disasters affecting agriculture and rural livelihoods Priority 1: Strengthen institutional and technical capacities and enhance coordination mechanisms for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture
1.1 Strengthen institutional mechanisms for effective coordination between line agencies and other stakeholders at provincial level for implementing DRR and CCA 1.1.1 Establish a focal point in 1.1.1.1 Formalize a DRR and CCA focal point Focal person X X PDA to coordinate and guide PDA within PDA to coordinate and guide PDA on DRR identified with clear regarding DRR and CCA matters and CCA TORs and to deliver related technical 1.1.1.2 Set up SC and TWG to guide PoA for DRR Number of women in X X X X X tasks implementation ; in doing so promote woman a decision making leadership within PDA in DRR and CCA position 1.1.1.3 Provide logistical support to the PDA Secretariat functioned X X X X X coordination mechanism for DRR and CCA during and after emergency 1.1.2 Establish and strengthen 1.1.2.1 Implement national specific planning Number of projects, X X X X X inter-institutional collaboration, policy/guideline/tools for the integration of DRR which include coordination and information and CCA in cropping and livestock production integrated DRR and exchange, with other key CCA stakeholders in DRR and CCA 1.1.2.2 Establish bilateral networking with Inter-institutional X X X X X across sectors and at various PDoWRAM to strengthen collaboration regarding committee levels to water use management for DRM and CCA established planning 1.1.2.3 Ensure active membership in technical Presence of X X X X X working group in disaster management agriculture officer in
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committees at sub-national level with task to the technical working enhance coordination for agricultural techniques group 1.1.2.4 Coordinate with NGOs/CBOs working in Number of projects, X X X X X agriculture sectors to integrate DRR and CCA as which include part of their planning and programming integrated DRR and CCA 1.2 Strengthen technical capacities of PDA, and DOA for effective implementation of DRR and CCA 1.2.1 Strengthen capacity of 1.2.1.1 Update TORs of selected staff to include Revised TORs for X X X technical units in PDA to DRR and CCA related responsibilities technical staff, which address/include DRR and CCA include DRR, CCA issues tasks 1.2.1.2 Establish team of trainers within PDA on Team of trainers X X X DRR and CCA and capacitate them with adequate established knowledge and resources 1.2.1.3 Develop training curriculum to role out Training curriculum X X X X DRR/CCA training, which is tailored to the for DRR and CCA situation and needs of agriculture in Kampong available Speu; design cost efficient training strategy 1.2.1.4 Provide training to DOAs and selected Number of trainings X X X X X commune authorities in drought prone areas on conducted DRR and CCA in agriculture sector 1.2.2 Enhance field based 1.2.2.1 Conduct more field based research and Number of field X X X X X research (research-extension) to demonstrations on hazard resilience of cropping demonstrations on support DRM and CCA in practices and systems (e.g. flood, drought, pest hazard resilience of agriculture and diseases) tailored to different geographical cropping practices zones in the province and systems conducted 1.2.2.2 Conduct field based research and Number of field X X X X X demonstrations on bio-security practices for based research and animal production/husbandry demonstrations on animal production conducted
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Priority 2: Promote and enhance early warning systems for pro-active disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
2.1 Promote and support the exchange of data for climate services and early warning systems in agriculture among relevant departments and stakeholders 2.1.1 Establish and improve 2.1.1.1 Establish bilateral networking with Inter-institutional X X X X X networking with MoWRAM at PDoWRAM to regularly exchange data & weather committee decentralized levels, directorates and climate information, which can be applied to established of MAFF and other relevant agriculture and is tailored to the needs of farmers institutions to exchange climate 2.1.1.2 Establish inter-institutional based Inter-institutional X X X X X and weather information products information and networking between PDA and committee and services tailored to the directorates/MAFF (GDA and DAHP) to provide established needs of farmers weather and climate bulletin/market price information/pest control management and outbreak informational updates for agriculture 2.1.1.3 Set up an inter-departmental network with Inter-institutional X X X X X provincial department of information and committee provincial-based radios for the broadcasting of established information related to hazards affecting food and nutrition security 2.2 Promote the development of agriculture specific climate information and early warning information products, adapted to the needs of agriculture 2.2.1 Support the adoption and 2.2.1.1 Develop and build capacity of technical A technical agro-met X X X X interpretation of agro-met Agro-met team within PDA to interpret and team established with informational products received translate climate and weather data received from clear TOR from GDA/ MoWRAM to the national level into operational advice for geographic situation of Kampong agriculture in Kampong Speu Speu province 2.2.1.2 Develop agriculture specific weather, Perception of farmers X X X X climate and warning information bulletins for on Agromet Kampong Speu to farming communities as a information decision-support tool for crop and livestock production and operational planning in line with
23 Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu
the cropping calendar 2.2.2 Enhance and regularly 2.2.2.1 Set up a technical team to collect data and A technical team X X X X disseminate agriculture related market price information for agriculture products formed with clear market price information TORs 2.2.2.2 Provide regularly market price information Market price bulletins X X X X to GDA to contribute to production of market price made available to and bulletins accessed by farmers 2.2.3. Enhance livestock 2.2.3.1 Build the capacity of provincial VET team Number of trainings X X X X X disease/pest monitoring and Early to detect the early occurrence of animal outbreaks conducted Warning system 2.2.3.2 Build the capacity of provincial staff to Number of trainings X X X X X detect the early occurrence of crop pests (e.g. conducted BPH, Hoppers, rats) 2.2.3.3 Build the capacity of village animal health Number of trainings X X X X X workers and conduct ground surveillance and conducted and reporting on animal diseases/outbreaks (e.g. number of monitoring avian influenza, Newcastle disease, Swine cholera, reports Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Blackleg) 2.2.4 Support to preparation of 2.2.4.1 Conduct provincial and district hazard risk Provincial and district X X detailed hazards and risks and and vulnerability studies/maps specific for hazard and vulnerability maps at provincial agriculture sectors and share relevant information vulnerability maps and district levels for adaptation planning and risk mapping available for agriculture in Kampong Speu 2.2.4.2 Conduct risk assessments and vulnerability Vulnerability maps for X X X maps specifically for swine and poultry production animal production in Samrong Torng, Korng Pisey, Baseth, available Charmorn, and Phnom Sruoch districts and use it as an advisory tool for small and medium farms 2.2.4.3 Conduct Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice KAP study available X X survey on bio-security practices in small and and used for medium scales animal farms (swine and poultry decision-making at farms) and use it as an entry point to strengthen different levels bio-security practices and to limit disease
Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu 24
outbreaks 2.2.4.4 Develop pilot cropping calendars for single Cropping calendars X X rice based production areas in Kampong Speu for Kampong Speu available 2.2.4.5 Develop crop-based zoning and use it to Cropping zoning for X X X develop a specific crop production training Kampong Speu package and as an advisory tool for planning available 2.3 Improve the communication channels for information outreach to farmers and agriculture dependent communities 2.3.1 Strengthen communication 2.3.1.1 Institutional set up of an Information Hub Provincial circulation X X X mechanisms to promote timely within PDA and equip it with adequate resources of functioning and accurate early warning to collect and receive information from field (e.g. information center messages hazard information: flood, drought, pests, diseases…) for planning and actions 2.3.2.2 Develop a PDA-NGO forum/network to Forum network X X X X X share and update hazard-specific information for established the agriculture sector 2.3.2.3 Regularly disseminate climate information Perception of farmers X X X X X and EW products through existing village on agriculture agriculture agents (VAHWs), NGOs, extension extension service workers, specifically for villages prone to disasters 2.3.2 Enhance capacities of 2.3.2.1 Improve the capacities of the extension Level of satisfaction X X X X X extension unit at PDA and at unit within PDA to disseminate technical of farmers on village level for effective information as well as EWS information agricultural extension communication services 2.3.2.2 Enhance capacity of VAHWs and Level of satisfaction X X X X X transform them into village based agriculture of farmers on extension agents and pilot in two districts agricultural extension (Samrong Torng and Korng Pisey districts) services
25 Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu
Priority 3: Enhance knowledge management and innovation in support of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in agriculture
3.1 Enhance and/or link DRR/CCA related databases to better inform planning and decision-making 3.1.1 Support the systematic 3.1.1.1 Conduct regular updates on agriculture Agricultural database X X X X X collection of new data, and sector database in view of applications for available improving access to existing data DRR/CCA relevant for DRR and CCA in 3.1.1.2 Link database network to national Agricultural and X X X X X agriculture database system national database linked 3.2 Enhance knowledge base and promote innovation for DRR and CCA in agriculture including through good practice documentation and dissemination 3.2.1 Promote the establishment 3.2.1.1 Facilitate the formation of FFSs in hazard Number of FFS X X X X X of farmer field schools (FFS) and prone areas established demonstration farms/plots to 3.2.1.2 Disseminate technical information to Level of satisfaction X X X X X disseminate knowledge on good farmers on DRR, CCA, and SLM of farmers on practices for DRR and CCA agricultural extension services 3.2.1.3 Provide trainings to model farmers on Number of trainings X X X X X resilient agriculture practices courses conducted 3.2.2 Prepare and disseminate 3.2.2.1 Document good practice options for Technical text books X X X X X technical text books on DRR/CCA including a focus on particular crops available recommended cropping and (rice, soybean, cassava…) for small and medium sustainable land management farmers practices in context of DRR and 3.2.2.2 Publish and disseminate printed products Technical text books X X X CCA (e.g. technical text books, GPOs, posters) to small available and medium farmers 3.2.3 Design and implement a 3.2.3.1 Conduct trainings to extension workers Number of trainings X X X X X capacity development strategy on and NGOs to enhance local knowledge base on conducted DRR good practices in agriculture DRR good practice and their application 3.2.3.2 Support for on-farm applying, testing, and Number of GPOs X X X X validating of good practices for DRR in agriculture implemented, tested,
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and validated 3.3 Awareness raising and communication for DRR and CCA in agriculture 3.3.1 Design and conduct local 3.3.1.1. Conduct a representative needs Result of analysis X X X level awareness raising assessment study in selected districts/communes available for decision campaigns and training program to map information gaps and needs of farmers making at different on lessons learnt and good related to DRR and socio-economic impacts of levels practices of DRR and CCA disasters in agriculture 3.3.1.2 Develop field awareness program and Number of public X X X X X disseminate lesson learnt and good practices of awareness events DRR and CCA in agriculture through existing local organized channels (e.g. extension workers, village animal health workers, model farmers) and through community activities (e.g. farm demonstrations, farmer field days) 3.3.1.3 Disseminate agro-met bulletins developed Number of X X X X by GDA through existing channels (e.g. extension communities received workers, VAHWs, model farmers) agro-met bulletins 3.3.2 Link famers to national and 3.3.2.1 Provide technical support to selected Number of farmers X X X X X policy level to advocate on and to model farmers and link them to national level from the province raise awareness on DRR and CCA farmer competition on resilient agriculture participated in the practices competition 3.3.2.2 Organize a provincial platform for farmers’ Annual provincial X X X X X completion on good practices in DRR/CCA platforms organized intervention 3.3.2.3 Encourage cross-exchange visits of Number of exchange X X X X X farmers visits organized
27 Plan of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture of Kampong Speu
Priority 4: Reduce vulnerabilities through improved technical options in agriculture and the promotion of Community- Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation processes
4.1 Promote integrated farming systems and crop diversification to build resilience of agriculture communities to disaster impacts 4.1.1 Encourage practices on 4.1.1.1 In coordination with GDA develop a Number of trainings X X X combined cropping specific training package for crop diversification organized techniques/practices (crop and integrated farming system production tailored diversification, crop rotation, to the suitability of the particular communes in inter-crop, and covering crops) to Kampong Speu based on crop-based zoning build resilience to disaster related 4.1.1.2 Provide specific trainings on combined Number of trainings X X X X X impacts cropping techniques/practices (e.g. crop organized diversification, crop rotation, intercrop, covering crop) for selected communes identified by crop- based zoning 4.1.1.3 Encourage the pre and post-monsoon Number of farmers X X X X X cropping in rice field implemented good practice 4.1.1.4 Promote household integrated farming Number of farmers X X X X X implemented good practice 4.1.1.5 Discourage mono-cropping system to Percentage of X X X X X reduce the soil degradation farmers applied mono cropping 4.1.2 Encourage practices on 4.1.2.1 Encourage rice-fish associated practices Number of farmers X X X X X animal/forest-crop associated and pilot in rain-fed area implemented good production system practice 4.1.2.2 Encourage rice-duck associated practices Number of farmers X X X X X and pilot in 3 flood prone communes implemented the good practice 4.1.2.3 Promote and encourage multi-purpose Number of farmers X X X X X farm concept to smallholder farmers to reduce the implemented the impact of drought good practice
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4.1.2.4 Promote agro-forestry in Phnom Sruoch, Number of farmers X X X X X Thporng, Aoral, Baseth, and Korng Pisei districts implemented the good practice 4.2 Improve animal production at all levels 4.2.1 Enhance technical capacities 4.2.1.1 Strengthen technical capacity of village Perception of farmers X X X X X on animal husbandry and animal health workers and veterinary agents on for agriculture production at all levels animal production and on bio-security practices in extension services animal production 4.2.1.2 Strengthen mechanism to ensure that Perception of farmers X X X animal medicine and feed suppliers and detailers for agriculture are technically capacitated extension services 4.2.1.3 Conduct trainings on animal husbandry Number of trainings X X X X (swine and poultry) to smallholder farmers organized 4.2.1.4 Promote the installation of biogas Proportion of farmers X X X X X systems to reduce Green House Gas emissions possessed bio-gas from animal grazing system 4.2.2 Build and improve favorable 4.2.2.1 Provide technical assistance and advice on Farmer perception for X X X X environment for investment in animal production to small and medium farmers livestock services animal productions in the 4.2.2.2 Advocate vis a vis MAFF for restricted Farmer perception for X X X X X province quarantine and quality control for imported livestock services pigs/poultry carcasses from neighboring countries 4.2.3 Limit the transmission and 4.2.3.1 Discourage free grazing practices for Percentage of farmer X X X X X spread of animal diseases swine and poultry productions do grazing practices 4.2.3.2 Conduct regular inspection to small and Number of monthly X X X X X medium farms on bio-security and animal welfare inspections organized 4.2.3.3 Build capacity of slaughter houses on Farmers’ perception X X X X X hygienic and bio-security practices on livestock services 4.2.3.4 Conduct regular inspections of slaughter Percentage of farmer X X X X X houses to limit the spread of animal diseases confirmed of culling sick and dead animals 4.2.3.5 Impose strict restrictions on the Farmers perception X X X X movement of sick and dead animals within the on livestock services province tributary
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4.2.3.6 Initiate and establish community-owned Number of livestock X X X X stalls for selling live animal stalls established 4.3 Promote sustainable water management and conservation practices on farmer fields 4.3.1 Promote on-farm 4.3.1.1 Work with PDoWRAM to rehabilitate Number of irrigation X X X X X conservation and management irrigation systems in 8 districts systems rehabilitated practices to support vulnerable 4.3.1.2 Work with PDoWRAM and commune Number of secondary X X X X X communities (e.g. water councils to build a secondary canal, which canals connected to harvesting schemes, multi-use connects the main canal and the paddy fields in 5 main canals and water systems and technologies) districts paddy fields rehabilitated 4.3.1.3 Encourage and promote DRIP irrigation Number of farmers X X X X X technique in drought prone areas implemented the practice 4.3.1.4 Encourage and promote common nursery Number of farmers X X X X X and Dapog nursery preparation around water implemented bodies in drought prone communes practices 4.3.2 Improve water harvesting 4.3.2.1 Conduct feasibility study on cost Result of study X X X technique, water productivity and effectiveness of the water gates construction available for making drought management in drought across streams and rivers in Thporng, Oaral, and decision prone areas Phnom Sruoch districts 4.3.2.2 Construct 5 water gates across stream in Number of water X X X X X Am Leang commune of Thporng district and in gates installed Uddong district to reduce drought impacts in the area and build water gates in other areas along different streams 4.3.2.3 Encourage and install community-owned Number of pipeline X X X X X pipeline drainage of upstream water to reduce drainage installed drought impacts in Phmom Sruoch, Oaral, and Thprong districts 4.3.2.4 Promote rain water harvesting technique Number of X X X X X including deepening family/community ponds and family/community construct large water jars in areas where there is ponds rehabilitated a scarcity of surface water and ground water is and large water jars
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polluted. constructed. 4.4 Promote risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms 4.4.1 Promote and extend the 4.4.1.1 Provide training to PDA/DOA staff and Number of trainings X X X formation of community NGOs on agriculture cooperatives law and on organized agricultural cooperatives, formation of agriculture cooperatives/banks community seeds/rice and animal 4.4.1.2 Coordinate with NGOs and other Number of farmer X X X X X banks, and community safely net institutions to establish agriculture cooperatives, social nets s in hazards prone areas rice/seeds banks, cow/pig banks, FFSs established 4.4.1.3 Promote improvement of strategic seed Percentage of X X X X X banks and seeds storage systems at community farmers purified and level stored seeds 4.5 Reduce adverse impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture at provincial and local level 4.5.1 In close coordination with 4.5.1.1 Implement law, Prakas and Circulation Farmers’ perception X X X X X MAFF, enforce the application of and other regulations relating to chemical for agricultural law law and quality controls on fertilizers and pesticides application chemical fertilizers, herbicides, 4.5.1.2 Conduct inspections of retailers and Number of monthly X X X X X and pesticides distributors of chemical inspections conducted fertilizers/pesticides/herbicides shops within provincial tributary to control on quality of products (expired dates, indication …etc.) 4.5.2 Enhance capacities and 4.5.2.1 Enhance capacities of chemical fertilizers Farmers’ perception X X X X X promote awareness raising and pesticides distributors, sellers, and farmers on on agricultural amongst suppliers down to users technical utilization and impacts of chemical dissemination about impacts of fertilizers, fertilizers and pesticides services pesticides, and herbicides 4.5.2.2 Conduct public awareness raising on Proportion of farmer X X X X X impacts of chemical fertilizers and aware of negative pesticides/herbicides impacts of chemical fertilizer/pesticides
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Priority 5: Strengthen effective preparedness and response capacities and integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into agriculture response interventions 5.1 Enhance capacities of PDA to conduct regular contingency planning and integration regarding ongoing planning and activities 5.1.1 Enhance capacity of PDA 5.1.1.1 Develop a contingency plan in line with Contingency plan X X departments to enable timely national Emergency, Preparedness, Response Plan available response toemergencies in 5.1.1.2 Conduct contingency planning exercises in Number of annual X X X X agriculture sector hazard prone areas and identify the practices to simulation exercise facilitate preparedness and response 5.1.2 Strengthen capacities to 5.1.2.1 Mainstream DRR and CCA concepts into Proportion of projects X X X X X integrate DRR and CCA into every preparedness, response and recovery where DRR/CCA preparedness, response and projects of PDA concepts are recovery projects integrated 5.1.2.2 Provide technical support to selected Proportion of X X X X X communes to be able to integrate resilient communes, which agriculture techniques/combined agriculture integrate resilient techniques into their planning (Commune agriculture Investment Plan and Commune Development techniques in their Plan) CIPs/CDPs 5.2 Improve effectiveness of emergency response actions and post-disaster recovery in agriculture and embed DRR interventions within recovery and rehabilitation measures 5.2.1 Promote preservation of 5.2.1.1 Promote preservation of quality and pure Quantity of rice seed X X X X X agricultural inputs for emergency short-term and non-seasonal rice seeds (Kha 3 preserved at response and post- disaster variety for drought, Sen Pidor, Chulsa, IR 66, provincial level recovery at PDA and at household Romduol, Romiet, Romdeng, Chan Sen Sar level varieties) for post-flood/drought recovery at PDA and at household level 5.2.1.2 Promote preservation of vegetable seeds Quantity of vegetable X X X X X for post-flood/drought recovery at PDA and at seeds preserved at household level provincial level 5.2.1.3 Stock piling pesticides specifically for BPH Quantity of pesticides X X X X X
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and Hoppers and be ready to intervene at PDA preserved at level provincial level 5.2.1.4 Preserve gas/petrol for pumping machines Quantity of petrol X X X X X for drought response at PDA level preserved for emergency response 5.2.1.5 Stock piling of vaccines against HS, FMD, Doses of livestock X X X X X and Blackleg for draft animals before an outbreak vaccination preserved period (May-September) at PDA level at provincial level 5.2.1.6 Encourage preservation of fodders, keep Proportion of farmers X X X X X them out of water level for draft animals during preserved fodder for flood and drought their animal 5.2.1.7 Identify/locate and build safe hills Safe area map X X X equipped with adequate facilities to serve as available animal shelters during floods/storms 5.2.2 Promote and strengthen the 5.2.2.1 Build and capacitate a livestock unit within Farmers’ perception X X X X X protocols for emergency situation PDA equipped with facilities to be ready to provide on effectiveness of in agriculture vaccination/treatment to an disease outbreak and response link them to MAFF/PCDM and other agencies 5.2.2.2 Institutional set up of a sector specific Farmers’ perception X X X X X needs assessment team within PDA, capacitate on effectiveness of them and link them to MAFF, NCDM/PCDM and response other relevant stakeholders 5.2.2.3 Motivate to allocate and maintain Number of X X X X X emergency fund for response and recovery in communes, with agriculture sector and pilot it in 3 districts prone budget allocated for to drought and pest/diseases emergency response
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Annex 2: Priority Activities for 2014-2018 Year of Implementation Involved Budget Objective Specific Activities Place 20 20 20 20 20 Institution (USD) 14 15 16 17 18 s Smallholder farmers are Promote household integrated 8 districts X X X X X 123,500 PDA able to maximize their farming to smallholder farmers to agricultural land to build resilience to drought ensure sufficient food production Small and medium Conduct risk assessments and Samrong X X X 114,000 Office of farmers are able to establish hazard and vulnerability Torng, Korng Animal improve their livestock maps specifically for swine and Pisei, Baseth, health and production and poultry production and use it as Chbar Morn, production productivity an advisory tool for small and and Phnom medium farmers Sruoch Sufficient water and Build 5 water gates across Thporng and X X X X X 199,000 PDA access to water is streams to reduce the impact of Uddong available for agricutlural drought production Commune council is Provide technical support to Baseth and X X X X X 50,000 Office of able to effectively selected communes to be able to Uddong Agricultural respond to the needs of integrate resilient agriculture Extension farming communities to technique/combined agriculture enable implementing technique into their planning agricultural techniques, (CIP/CDP) that aim to build resilience and integrate DRR and CCA actions into commune planning (e.g. CIP, CDP) Small farmers are Encourage and promote common Baseth, Korng X X X X X 36,000 Office of receiving equal nursery and Dapog nursery Pisei, Thporng, Agronomy opportunities to preparation around water bodies Samrong Torng undertake rice farming in drought prone communes
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Annex 3: Summary of Plan of Action for 2014-2018
Goal: To enhance capacities and resilience of farmers and communities to threats and disasters affecting agriculture and rural livelihoods Anticipated Outcomes DRR and CCA measures are integrated into all sectoral and subsectoral Sub-national planner/extension workers trained to proactively promote provincial plans, actions, and programs led by PDA on location specific scale agriculture technologies that increase Farmers have improved access to and use Agro-met and EWS information resilience for decision making throughout the annual cropping calendar; Farmers are better prepared to cope with hazards, and receive timely Good practice options to enhance resilience in agriculture are available and emergency response once emergency status has been formally applied by farmers, and widely shared declared Priorities for Action Strengthen institutional Strengthen effective Enhance knowledge and technical capacities Reduce vulnerabilities through preparedness and management and and enhance coordina- Promote and enhance EWS for improved technical options in response capacities and innovation in support of tion mechanisms for pro-active DRR and CCA agriculture and the promotion of integrate DRR ad CCA into DRR and CCA in DRR and CCA in CBDRR and CCA processes agriculture response agriculture agriculture interventions Strengthen Promote and support the Enhance and/or link Promote integrated farming Enhance capacities of institutional exchange of data for climate DRR/CCA related systems and crop diversification PDA to conduct regular mechanisms for services and EWSs in databases to better to build resilience of agriculture contingency planning effective coordination agriculture among relevant inform planning and communities to disaster impacts and integration between line agencies departments and stakeholders decision-making Improve animal production at all regarding ongoing and other Promote the development of Enhance knowledge base levels planning and activities stakeholders at agriculture specific climate and promote innovation Promote sustainable water Improve effectiveness of provincial level for information and EW for DRR and CCA in management and conservation emergency response implementing DRR and information products, adapted agriculture including practices on farmer fields actions and post-disaster CCA to the needs of agriculture through good practice Promote risk sharing and risk recovery in agriculture Strengthen technical Improve the communication documentation and transfer mechanisms and embed DRR capacities of PDA, and channels for information dissemination Reduce adverse impacts of interventions within DOA for effective outreach to farmers and Awareness raising and chemical fertilizers and pesticides recovery and implementation of agriculture dependent communication for DRR in agriculture at provincial and rehabilitation measures DRR and CCA communities and CCA in agriculture local level
Cross-cutting Issue Capacity Development Partnership Gender Equity
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Annex 4: Definitions Adaptation means the adjustment in the natural or human system in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm and exploits beneficial opportunities. Climate Change – Change observed in the climate on a global, regional or sub- regional scale caused by natural processes and/or human activity. Climate change adaptation is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Disaster – A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society, causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community/society to cope using only its own resources. Disasters are often classified according to their cause (natural or manmade). Disaster Risk Management and Disaster Risk Reduction: Disaster Risk Management is a continuum of processes and actions related to Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. Disaster Risk Reduction is a subset of DRM developing capacities and promoting policies, processes and actions with a focus on prevention, mitigation and better preparedness for response. I. Prevention: Measures taken for the purpose of preventing natural or man-made phenomena from causing or giving rise to disasters or other emergency situations II. Mitigation Measures taken to reduce the loss of life, livelihood and property by disasters, either by reducing vulnerability or by modifying the hazard where possible III. Preparedness Measures taken to reduce the impact of disasters through the prior organising of systems to promptly and efficiently respond to them. Preparedness addresses actions in both the pre-disaster phase, for example, warning and evacuation, as well as the post-disaster phase. IV. Response Actions carried out in a disaster situation with the objective to save lives, alleviate suffering and reduce economic losses. V. Rehabilitation The short-term repair of physical, social and economic damage – basically enough to get back on one’s feet. VI. Reconstruction
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The medium- and long-term repair of physical, social and economic damage, and the return of affected structures to a condition equal to or better than before the disaster. Disaster Risk Management (DRM) - The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards (UN ISDR). Disaster risk reduction (DRR) - Activities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. DRR involves: (i) Risk awareness and assessment; (2) Knowledge development; (3) Public commitment and institutional frameworks; (4) application of multitude of measures, (5) Early warning systems, preparedness measures and reaction capacities (UN ISDR). Hazard – A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon and or human activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Natural Hazard – Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a damaging event. Resilient Agriculture – Agriculture technical process and approach that strive to maintain system functionality and therefore, food system outcomes. Such resilience lessens acute, seasonal, cyclical and chronic variations in food security system (Dr. Jean-Charles Le Vallée). Risk – The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of lives, people injured, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damage) resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. Conventionally, risk is expressed by the equation Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability (UN ISDR) Strategy is a broad plan of action that is implemented through policies and measures. Strategies can be comprehensive (i.e. focusing on national, cross sectional levels) or targeted (i.e. focusing on specific sectors, regions or measures). Sustainable Development – Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Uncertainty is an expression of the degree to which a value (e.g. the future state of the climate system) is unknown. Vulnerability – A set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social, economic, and environmental factors, which increases the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
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Annex 5: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-20015 The Hyogo Framework of Action 2005-2015 (HFA) is the consensus strategy adopted by 168 member countries in the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction in January 2005 in Kobe in order to spearhead the task of disaster risk reduction globally. The HFA 2005-2015 was developed based on the gap analysis in the national and global efforts in DRR in the preceding decade from 1994-2004. The goals set by the HFA 2005-2015 are: a) Integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies and planning, b) Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities to build resilience to hazards, and c) Systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery program. It recommends five priorities for Action: . HFA Priority Action 1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. . HFA Priority Action 2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. . HFA Priority Action 3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. . HFA Priority Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors. . HFA Priority Action 5: Strengthen Disaster preparedness for effective response. Cambodia has expressed its commitment to DRR by signing the HFA 2005-2015. Cambodia has already prepared the SNAP 2008-2013, developed National Action Plan for DRR 2014-2018 and outlined the strategy for disaster risk reduction.
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Annex 6: List of Planning Development Committee
N Name Designation Organization 01 Mr. Soy Panha Director PDA 02 Mr. Tieng Hilyna Chief of Office PDA 03 Mr. Chin Erng Vice Chief of Office PDA 04 Ms. Chea Dany Vice Chief of Office PDA 05 Mr. Chea Hokly Technical Staff PDA 06 Mr. Loek Sothea Technical Advisor FAO
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References 1. Cambodian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI). 2013. Golden Apple Snail and Management, Farmer Notes, Cambodian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI), July 2013.\ 2. Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC).2005. Assessment of local authorities and communities practices and information needs to face disasters Report from surveys in Ba Phnom and Peam Ro districts, Prey Veng province, Cambodia. Working Paper.Nov. 2005. 3. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of Nepal. 2011. Priority framework for action 2011-2020. April 2011. 4. FAO/WFP. 2012. Crop and Food Security, Update Mission to Cambodia Report, , 17 April 2012. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp24705 9.pdf 5. FAO/ICP. 2007. Final Report on IPM for Vegetables and TCP/310/CMB.. 6. Mekong River Commission. 2011. Flood Situation Report 2011. MRC Technical Paper , No 36., Nov. 2011. http://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/technical/Tech-No36- Flood-Situation-Report2011.pdf 7. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF). 2012. Roles of sustainable land management, Complement agreement in Agriculture in Cambodia. 8. National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM). 2013. Flood Assessment Report, December 2013. 9. National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM). 2010. Post Ketsana Disaster Needs Assessment, Part I: Main Report. March 2010. 10. National Committee for Disaster Management and Ministry of Planning, Royal Government of Cambodia. 2008. Strategic National Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2008-2013. 11. Nobleman, M. T.2003. Cambodia. Mankato, Minn: Bridgestone Books. p. 7. ISBN 9780736813709. 12. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_In dex 13. Provincial Department of Agriculture of Kampong Speu. 2013. Annual Report 14. Provincial Committee for Disaster Manager. 2013. Plan of Action for DRR of Kampong Speu, 2012-2014
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