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Neanthes Brandti Class: Polychaeta Order: Phyllodocida a Clam Bed Worm Family: Nereididae

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Neanthes Brandti Class: Polychaeta Order: Phyllodocida a Clam Bed Worm Family: Nereididae View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oregon Scholars' Bank Phylum: Annelida Neanthes brandti Class: Polychaeta Order: Phyllodocida A clam bed worm Family: Nereididae Taxonomy: Neanthes brandti has been 2). The peristomium is apodous and placed in the genera Nereis and, most asetigerous. recently, Alitta. Depending on the author, Trunk: Thick segments that are wider Neanthes is currently considered a separate than they are long, gently tapers to or subspecies to the genus Nereis (Hilbig posterior (Fig. 1). 1997). The genus Alitta was originally Posterior: Pygidium bears two designated for the species, A. virens, based slender ventrolateral anal cirri (Fig. 1) on parapodial morphology. Later, A. brandti (Blake and Ruff 2007). was added to this genus. Although, most Parapodia: The first two setigers are authors regard Neanthes and Alitta as uniramous. All other parapodia are biramous synonyms, there is evidence to suggest that (Nereididae, Blake and Ruff 2007) where both Alitta is a monophyletic and a separate taxon notopodia and neuropodia have acicular to Neanthes (Bakken and Wilson 2005). lobes and each lobe bears 1–3 additional Currently, Neanthes brandti is the name seen lobes (above and below) called ligules (Blake in local intertidal guides (e.g., Blake and Ruff and Ruff 2007). The posterior notopodial 2007), but this name could change to Alitta lobes broadly expanded and leaf-like. All brandti in the near future. Furthermore, N. other lobes are small (Fig. 6). Dorsal cirri are brandti is one of three species in a closely short and inserted halfway along dorsal related cryptic species complex which has (notopodial) lobe, while ventral cirri are been suggested to be not three, but the inserted at the base of the neuropodial lobe single, widely distributed species – N. virens (Fig. 6). The parapodia of epitokous (Breton et al. 2004). individuals are modified for swimming and are wide and plate-like (Hilbig 1997). Description Setae (chaetae): Setae are compound and Size: Atokous or sexually immature can be blunt (falcigerous) or hair-like individuals up to 185 mm in length, having (spinigerous) (Nereididae, Blake and Ruff 166 segments. Epitokous (heteronereids) are 2007). Compound setae can be described as 300- 600 mm in length, 18 mm in width, heterogomph, meaning that the two basal having 230 segments (Hartman 1968; Fernald prongs are of unequal length, or homogomph, et al. 1987). where basal prongs are of equal length (Fig. Color: Usually a dark iridescent green- 5). Notosetae are composite spinigers only brownish or blueish, with a ventrum more pale (Fig. 5) (Neanthes, Pettibone 1963; Fauchald than dorsum (Hartman 1968). 1977; Hilbig 1997). Neurosetae are both General Morphology: Thick worms that are composite spinigers and short shafted rather wide for their length (Fig. 1). falcigers (Fig. 5). Body: Individuals are flattened dorso- Eyes/Eyespots: Two pairs of eyes in ventrally and extremely active. Nereids are trapezoidal arrangement on prostomium (Fig. recognizable by their anterior appendages 2) (Nereididae, Hartman 1968; Blake and Ruff including two prostomial palps and four 2007). The eyes of epitokous individuals are peristomial tentacular cirri (see Anterior enlarged (Hilbig 1997). appendages) (Blake and Ruff 2007). Anterior Appendages: Palps at sides of Anterior: Prostomium short, broad prostomium are thick at bases and each have and not as long as peristomium (Fig. a small style (Fig. 2). The palps of epitokous individuals are larger than sexually immature Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Neanthes brandti. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12670 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected] individuals (Hilbig 1997). The prostomium The prostomium of N. virens is small and also bears two short and conical antennae triangular, its eyes are small and on the (Fig. 2). Four pairs of smooth tentacular cirri posterior half of the prostomium. It has short are found on the peristomium and second antennae, and massive palps. These dorsal pair is the longest. species exhibit overlapping geographic Branchiae: Absent (Blake and Ruff 2007). distributions and it is possible that they are Burrow/Tube: Nereids secrete and live in the same species (Breton et al. 2004). mucous-lined tubes (Hilbig 1997). Neanthes succinea is one of the most Pharynx: The pharynx bears a distinct common nereids in the NE Pacific, but is eversible proboscis. The everted proboscis recognizable from N. brandti by its very has two rings, oral (or proximal) and distal (or enlarged posterior notopodial lobes, with a maxillary) and terminates with two fang- small distal dorsal cirrus attached at the end shaped jaws (Figs. 3, 4). The oral ring is of the lobe (Blake and Ruff 2007). used largely in burrowing, while the distal ring Furthermore, it has a heteronereid form and is used in feeding (Barnes and Head 1977). N. limnicola does not. N. succinea is thought Each ring is equipped with many papillae and to be a more southern form (although it has conical paragnaths and their patterns are been reported from Netarts Bay). taxonomically relevant. Area I is composed of Neanthes limnicola is usually pale three cones in tandem; Area II, Ill, IV are each and translucent, not dark green and its with many cones in dense patches; Area V posterior parapodial lobes are not expanded has zero to one cone (Banse and Hobson like those of N. brandti. 1974); Area VI has a median row of four to Neanthes have spinigerous five large cones; Areas VII and VIII are each notosetae only (Hilbig 1997). The with a broad band of many cones (Hartman morphologically similar genus, Nereis sensu 1968) (N. brandti has at least four to five stricto, is characterized by species with rows) (Figs. 3, 4) (Banse and Hobson 1974). spinigerous notosetae in the anterior half of Genitalia: the body and falcigerous notosetae Nephridia: posteriorly (Pettibone 1963; Smith 1959). Common Nereis species include the very Possible Misidentifications abundant Nereis vexillosa, an olive green to The prostomia of nereid worms are quite brown worm found in many diverse marine alike, with four eyes, a pair of frontal environments, especially in mussel beds. It antennae and biarticulate palps, and 3–4 has greatly elongated, strap-like notopodial pairs of tentacular cirri. The genus Neanthes lobes in the posterior parapodia. Nereis currently, includes 3–4 local species (Blake eakini, from rocky habitats, has a long and Ruff 2007). Neanthes species have prostomium and proboscis rings covered only homogomph spinigerous setae in the with small round paragnaths. The bright posterior notopodia, a trait it shares with green Nereis grubei has greatly expanded Hediste but without the fused falcigers. The posterior notopodial parapodial lobes and no genus Neanthes is further distinguished by paragnaths in Area V of the proboscis. having only conical paragnaths on both Nereis procera is subtidal in sand, has tiny proboscis rings, and biramous parapodia eyes, a very long body, and unusually with composite setae (Hartman and Reish inconspicuous paragnaths on its proboscis 1950). (Hartman 1968). The genus Nereis differs Neanthes brandti has been at times from Hediste because members of the latter considered a subspecies or a synonym of N. genus has 1–3 fused falcigers on the supra- virens, the large, coldwater form (Breton et acicular bunch of posterior neuropodial setae al. 2004). This latter species, however, has (no local species are known, Blake and Ruff only a few paragnaths on its proboscis rings, 2007). (i.e. 2–3 rows in AreasmVII, VIII), not many as in N. brandti (4–5 rows in Areas VII, VIII). Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Neanthes brandti. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Ecological Information Growth Rate: Range: Type locality is coastal Siberia. Food: Fecal castings, which are similar to Known range includes northeast Pacific to the lug worm (see Abarenicola pacifica), are southern California (Hartman 1968). small and contain seaweed. Although some Local Distribution: Coos Bay distribution nereids are carnivorous (Blake and Ruff includes sites along the South Slough in 2007), many are herbivorous and use their Charleston (Hartman and Reish 1950). jaws to tear apart and eat pieces of algae Habitat: Known habitats are highly variable (Fernald et al. 1987; Kozloff 1993). Immature with individuals found in sand bars, thick mud worms appear to eat Ulva, Enteromorpha (Kozloff 1974), and Enteromorpha beds (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1949). (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1949). Largest Predators: specimens occur in fine mud and eelgrass Behavior: Neanthes brandti are fast beds rather than in pure sand. N. brandti is swimmers with swimming speed between 50– very rare in sulfite-polluted areas (Porch 80 mm/sec (Haderlie 1980). 1970). Salinity: Temperature: Bibliography Tidal Level: Low intertidal (Hartman 1968) where individuals burrow deeply in sand. 1. BAKKEN, T., and R. S. WILSON. Associates: 2005. Phylogeny of nereidids Abundance: A common nereid in Coos Bay (Polychaeta, Nereididae) with and also abundant in eelgrass beds paragnaths. Zoologica Scripta. (Pettibone 1963). 34:507-547. 2. BANSE, K., and K. D. HOBSON. Life-History Information 1974. Benthic errantiate polychaetes Reproduction: Epitokous stages begin of British Columbia and Washington. swarming and are attracted to night-lights in Fisheries and Marine Service, Ottawa, June–August (Washington, Fernald et al. Canada. 1987). These epitokes provide observers 3. BARNES, R. S. K., and S.
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