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The Social Conflict Between Stakeholders in the Governance of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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The Social Conflict Between Stakeholders in the Governance of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2018 The Social Conflict between Stakeholders in the Governance of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia Sitti Rahbiah Socio Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muslim Indonesia (UMI), Makassar, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Awaluddin Yunus Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Makassar (UIM), Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract—Most conservation areas in Indonesia are communities that have occupied those areas for such a currently under strong pressure and suffering severe long time, from one generation to another [2]. Being a damage caused by illegal logging, encroachment, conservation zone, a national park has become a uncontrolled logging and forest fires. The lack of an forbidden area to the people. This is how the conflict of appropriate form of forest “governance” has been at the interest comes up [3], [4]. root of this problem. This research have been doing at The Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (Babul Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park in the South of Sulawesi Province. Conducted from January to April 2015, NP) in the province of South Sulawesi has some the research was to understand the social conflict in the uniqueness and a lot of attractive ecosystem potential in governance of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. its 43,750 ha wide area, consisting of a natural preserve, The data gathering was carried out through a survey a natural tourism park, a preserved forest and a method. The social conflict model is based on production forest [5]. This zone was officially designated interconnectivity performance by combining the to be a national park on October 18, 2004. It is the second stakeholders’s roles constructed based on resources largest preserve zone after China’s [6]-[8]. availability, organizing and norms. The results reveal that In general, ecosystem in such area has a low support the dissipative structure in the national park is constructed capacity and is difficult to recover when damaged. The around a co-management model through the profit-sharing- based external actor involvement. The ecological, economic, natural potential available is currently in danger because social and institutional balance is to arrange the paradox of the exploitation by the society [2], [9]-[11]. This time, independence. The autopoesis involves linkage among the most of the conservation areas in Indonesia are under actors, interests, levels, disciplines and multi-scenarios strong pressure and leading to severe damage caused by constructed with the profit sharing, alternative livelihoods illegal loging, encroachment, uncontrolled logging and development and co-management model. The emergence fire. That a good forest management is still unavailable construction is created based on the alternative model of has been the root of this problem. cTherefore, a rural conservation, development of productive business to conservation area should be eternally protected against reduce the society’s economic dependence on the national social, economic and ecological factors by paying a great park and special enclaves zones in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. deal of attention to both the nation’s and people’s interest [1], [5], [7]. Index Terms—social conflict, stakeholders and governance A. The Problem Formulation “How the social conflict in the Bantimurung I. INTRODUCTION Bulusaraung National Park governance is constructed” was the focus of the research. National park is such a priceless asset for improve the society’s prosperity. Indonesia has continuously managed, B. The Objectives can be exploited to natural preserve and protection zones The objective of the research was to construct the of 23,214,626.57 hectare. Most of them are national social conflict in the national park governance, parks [1]. particularly; The national park governance concept is highly 1. To identify the stakeholders involved in the centralized and often ignores the existence of local governance. 2. To map relations among the stakeholders in the Manuscript received July 19, 2017; revised January 19, 2018. governance. ©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 166 doi: 10.18178/joaat.5.2.166-172 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2018 3. To construct the social conflict in the governance. method resulted in a systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts, characteristics and relations II. METHODOLOGY among the phenomena observed [5], [7]. A. Place & Time Research III. FINDING AND DISCUSSION The research was conducted in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (Babul NP), the Province of A. The Stakeholders in the Babul NP Governance South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is carried out in January to The stakeholders, directly and indirectly involved in April 2015. the Babul NP governance [10], are; the central government, the Provincial Forestry Department, the B. Data Collection Regional Forestry Department, the Babul NP Office, the The research applied the survey method with a case local government, the Tourism Office, the village study analysis unit. The qualitative data was gathered government, the universities, the non-governmental through the interview method toward the informants who organizations, the public figures and the farmers. These were purposely chosen for their compatibility [5], [7]. stakeholders have their own roles and interests according The qualitative data was also gained through the field to their tasks. observation conducted in the location in order to see the factual phenomena occuring and to examine the B. The Mapping of Relations among the Stakeholders documents available, such as research outcome data and The conflict complexity of the Babul NP governance other secondary data [7]-[9]. can be described based on relations among the stakeholders [12]-[14] as served in the Fig. 1. The C. Data Analysis mapping lasts vertically and horizontally. The data gained from the location was analysed in a descriptive manner, according to the area condition. This Forest Service Local Central Province Government Government Department of Tourism Central Forest Service Village Babul - NP District Govertnmen t Leaders of Farmers Community NGOS Universities Note: Wavy lines : In Conflict Dotted lines : Medium Relations Straight lines : Good Relations. Figure 1. The mapping of relations among the stakeholders in the babul NP. The conflict occurs among the management, farmers The medium relations (no conflict, but not intense) and public figures. The conflict between the management occur between the central government and the regional and farmers is due to the seasonal farming activity, forestry department, among the provincial and regional farmland movement, candlenut garden, teak plantation forestry department and the NGOS and the Babul NP and folk forest that have existed in the national park area Office, and among the regional government and the for such a long time. Those had been in there for many NGOS and the public figures, the farmers, the tourism years when the government designated it to be a national office and the NGOS. park by the SK.398/Menhut-II/2004 decree, issued by the These medium relations occur since there is no Ministry of Forestry on October 18, 2004. The conflict synchronized coordination between the stakeholders and dealing with the public figures, as a part of the farming the national park management yet. The management community who highly relies on the national park, occurs applies a managing approach which circumscribes the because they are not effectively involved in the effort to role and involvement of the province, region and village overcome the conflict between the farmers and the in managing the forest in the national park. The central management and in the entire national park managing government UPT (Technical Executors Unit) is already policy. in good coordination with the provincial forestry office, ©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 167 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2018 but not with the regional forestry office. On the contrary, Neither the UPT nor the Babul NP has good access to there has been good coordination between the provincial the society (farmers) and the public figures. On the forestry office and the regional forestry office. These contrary, the side with good access to them is the facts indicate some coordination discrepancy between the regional forestry office. central government UPT and the regional forestry office, The good relations occur among the UPT, the causing some medium relations between the Babul NP provincial forestry office, the regional government and management and the regional forestry office. The the Babul NP Office and between the provincial forestry coordination between the management and the central office and the regional forestry office. These good government UPT, which is based in the capital city of the relations are due to intense coordination among the province and as the representative of the central stakeholders. government, is categorized as good quality. The central In general, the stakeholders are in the category of main government UPT and the provincial forestry office, as the characteristics. If all the sides could participate and play representative of the regional government, are well their roles totally, the Babul NP would be successfully coordinated. managed.
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