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Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward Papers from the 3rd Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries 21-23 April, 2011 9th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum Shanghai Ocean University China Special Issue Publication Vol. 25S (2012) Asian Fisheries Science Guest Editors Meryl J. Williams Marilyn Porter Poh Sze Choo Kyoko Kusakabe Veikila Vuki Nikita Gopal Melba Bondard-Reantaso The Journal of the Asian Fisheries Society Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward Guest Editors Meryl J. Williams Marilyn Porter Poh Sze Choo Kyoko Kusakabe Veikila Vuki Nikita Gopal Melba Bondard-Reantaso © 2012 Asian Fisheries Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or transmitted electronically or re-used for any commercial purposes whatsoever without written permission from the Asian Fisheries Society. ISSN 0116-6514 Reference: Williams, M.J., M. Porter, P.S. Choo, K. Kusakabe, V. Vuki, N. Gopal and M. Bondard-Reantaso. 2012. Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward. Asian Fisheries Science (Special Issue) 25S. 276 pp. Cover picture credits and locations: (left to right): (1) Meryl Williams (Hyderabad, India), (2) Meryl Williams, (Manado, Indonesia), (3) Kibria Ghulam (Namibia), and (4) Peter Daszak (Tokyo, Japan) CONTENTS Message from AFS President vii Ida Siason and Derek Staples Acknowledgements, Disclaimer ix Guest Editorial 1 Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries : Moving the Agenda Forward Meryl J Williams, Marilyn Porter, Poh Sze Choo, Kyoko Kusakabe, Veikila Vuki, Nikita Gopal and Melba Bondad-Reantaso RESEARCH PAPERS “A Sea of One’s Own!” A Perspective on Gendered Political Ecology in Indian Mariculture 17 Ramachandran, C. Nair Braving the Sea: The Amasan (Women Divers) of the Yahataura Fishing Community, 29 Iki Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan Cristina P. Lim, Yasuhiro Ito and Yoshiaki Matsuda Why do Korean women dive? From a viewpoint of gender 47 Sun-Ae Ii Why the Coast Matters for Women: A Feminist Approach to Research 59 on Fishing Communities Marilyn Porter Capturing the Complexities of Globalization in Fisheries: 75 Gendered Divisions of Labour and Divisions of Labour and Difference Holly M. Hapke Edging up the Ladder: The Women in Ban Thung Maha, Thailand 93 Cristina P. Lim and Amporn Laowapong TECHNICAL PAPERS On Gender Mainstreaming Strategies and Tools in Fisheries Development Projects: 105 RFLP Gender Strategy and Lessons from the Asia-Pacific Region Angela Lentisco and Enrique Alonso Improving Gender Equity in Aquaculture Education and Training: 119 25 years of Experiences in the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture, Aquaculture, and AquaFish Collaborative Research Support Programs Hillary Egna, Lisa Reifke and Nancy Gitonga Gender Issues of the Fishery Communities in the Central Region of Vietnam 129 Nguyen Dang Hao The Role of Fisherwomen in the Face of Fishing Uncertainties on the 145 North Coast of Java, Indonesia Zuzy Anna The Role of Women in the Fishery Sector on Pantar Island, Indonesia 159 Ria Fitriana and Natasha Stacey Successful Women Entrepreneurs in Aquaculture Sectors: 177 Case Studies of Tamil Nadu, India B. Shanthi, M. Krishnan and A.G. Ponniah Gender Roles in the Development of Small-scale Shrimp Farming and 187 Recent Challenges in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh Md. Nuruzzaman Enhancing Rural Women’s Participation in Fisheries: Post-harvest Livelihoods, 199 Ilocos Region, Philippines Rosario Segundina P. Gaerlan, Remely B. Lachica, Marina B. Dumol Gender Roles in the Mangrove Reforestation Programmes in Barangay Talokgangan, 207 Banate, Iloilo, Philippines: A Case Study where Women have Sustained the Efforts Farisal U. Bagsit and Caridad N. Jimenez Improvement of Women’s Livelihoods, Income and Nutrition through Carp-SIS-prawn 217 Polyculture in Terai, Nepal Sunila Rai, Shakuntala H. Thilsted, Madhav K. Shrestha, Md. Abdul. Wahab, Kamala Gharti SHORT REPORTS Women's Roles in the Construction of New Fishing Villages in China, as Shown from 229 Surveys in Zhejiang Province Xu Sijie, Xu Yinghua, Huang Yonglian, Zheng, Fei Processing of Frigate Mackerel Auxis thazard: Post-harvest Gender roles 237 Corazon. P. Macachor, Cecilio S. Baga and Bonifacio S. Villanueva A Study on the Availability and Utilization of Microcredit in the Traditional Fisheries Sector 243 of Kerala, India Nikita Gopal, P. Jeyanthi, V.Chandrasekar and B. Meenakumari Gender roles in the Seaweed Industry Cluster of Southern Philippines: 251 The DICCEP Experience Della Grace Bacaltos, Nilla Nanette Revilla, Romeo Castañaga, Marilou Laguting, Gilbert Anguay, Domingo Ang, Grace Caballero, Arlyn Omboy, Kristeel Mae Efondo, and Gracelyn Flamiano-Garde Empowerment of a HIV/AIDS Women’s Group through Mangulukeni Fish Farm: 257 A Case Study from Namibia Md. Ghulam Kibria and Gosbert Hamutenya ANNEXES List of Reviewers 263 Shinning a Light on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: 265 GAF3 Symposium Summary Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward vii Asian Fisheries Science Special Issue Vol.25S (2012) Message from the Past and Current AFS Presidents The 9th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum held on April 21-25, 2011 at the Shanghai Ocean University was privileged to host the 3rd Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries, as a follow up to the women/gender and fisheries Symposia held in the previous triennial Fora. In fact, since the 5th Forum in 1998, the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS) has blazed a proud tradition by providing a venue for professionals and advocates to share their research and action programs, exchange ideas, and network on, initially “women in fisheries,” and into its current format as “gender in fisheries.” Every triennial meeting has since drawn a growing delegation of new researchers and advocates, and the continuing presence of committed persons who regularly participate in the symposia. For the first time the AFS Journal (Asian Fisheries Science Journal) is publishing a special issue on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries featuring papers presented during the 2011 Global Symposium. We believe it is a credit to the Society to publish an issue dedicated to the concerns and challenges of women and gender in the fisheries sector in the Asia-Pacific region and even beyond. The themes captured by the journal articles are wide ranging – descriptions of women’s changing status, gendered dynamics in fisheries development projects, tools for mainstreaming gender, women’s livelihoods in aquaculture and fish-processing, micro-finance in coastal communities – showing the complexity of women and gender issues in fishing and aquaculture but also highlighting the common threads that run through these issues despite separation of culture and physical boundaries. We congratulate the Co-editors for their diligence in seeing this volume through to publication. A special note of thanks to Meryl Williams, the convenor of the Global Symposium for her sustained leadership of the “women and gender in fisheries” theme. Ida M.L. Siason Derek J. Staples AFS Past-President (2009-2011) AFS President (2011-2013) Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: Moving the Agenda Forward ix Asian Fisheries Science Special Issue Vol.25S (2012) Acknowledgements This Special Issue of Asian Fisheries Science, Gender in aquaculture and fisheries: moving the agenda forward, has been made possible by many people and organisations. We first acknowledge its genesis in the 3rd Global Symposium on Gender and Fisheries (GAF3) held 21-23 April 2011 in Shanghai, China at the 9th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (9AFAF). For the conduct of that successful event, we are grateful for the organisational support from the Asian Fisheries Society, its past and present Council and Presidents, and the Shanghai Ocean University team, especially Dr T.T. Zhou. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) deserves our special appreciation as it made many aspects of GAF3 and the Special Issue possible. Firstly, FAO provided the Society greatly appreciated support which enabled participation of representatives from many developing nations. Very importantly, it also supported the publication of this Special Issue which can now be freely available immediately online on the Asian Fisheries Science journal website, and to produce a run of print copies for distribution to key stakeholders. To supplement the gender deliberations of GAF3, the FAO Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, with support from FAO’s Multidisciplinary Fund on Gender and Food Security, convened a Special Workshop, Future Directions for Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries Action, Research and Development, on 23-24 April 2011, immediately following GAF3.1 A special mention also goes to the FAO Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia, funded by the Spanish Government, that supported several oral presentations at GAF3 and papers in this Special Issue based on work in the Programme, as well as helping produce the brochure for the accompanying FAO Special Workshop and GAF3. In addition, the National Network on Women in Fisheries in the Philippines Inc., the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Mundus Maris supported the organisation and conduct of the GAF3 Symposium. GAF3 was honoured with a wealth of knowledge shared by all 48 oral and poster presenters (Appendix II), eight session chairs, and the audience, many of whom stayed throughout all presentations and contributed to lively questions and discussion. The support
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