China's Evolving Nuclear Posture Part I - Background and Benchmark
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The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 2 Studies “Lessons learned” in WWI: The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917 Christian Stachelbeck The Battle of Arras in the spring of 1917 marked the beginning of the major allied offensives on the western front. The attack by the British 1st Army (Horne) and 3rd Army (Allenby) was intended to divert attention from the French main offensive under General Robert Nivelle at the Chemin des Dames (Nivelle Offensive). 1 The French commander-in-chief wanted to force the decisive breakthrough in the west. Between 9 and 12 April, the British had succeeded in penetrating the front across a width of 18 kilometres and advancing around six kilometres, while the Canadian corps (Byng), deployed for the first time in closed formation, seized the ridge near Vimy, which had been fiercely contested since late 1914.2 The success was paid for with the bloody loss of 1 On the German side, the battles at Arras between 2 April and 20 May 1917 were officially referred to as Schlacht bei Arras (Battle of Arras). In Canada, the term Battle of Vimy Ridge is commonly used for the initial phase of the battle. The seizure of Vimy ridge was a central objective of the offensive and was intended to secure the protection of the northern flank of the 3rd Army. 2 For detailed information on this, see: Jack Sheldon, The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914-1917 (Barnsley: Pen&Sword Military, 2008), p. 8. Sheldon's book, however, is basically a largely indiscriminate succession of extensive quotes from regimental histories, diaries and force files from the Bavarian War Archive (Kriegsarchiv) in Munich. -
Zero Day Exploits and National Readiness for Cyber-Warfare
Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 36, No. 4, October 2017, pp. 1174 – 1183 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i4.26 ZERO DAY EXPLOITS AND NATIONAL READINESS FOR CYBER-WARFARE A. E. Ibor* DEPT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, CROSS RIVER UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE NIGERIA E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT A zero day vulnerability is an unknown exploit that divulges security flaws in software before such a flaw is publicly reported or announced. But how should a nation react to a zero day? This question is a concern for most national governments, and one that requires a systematic approach for its resolution. The securities of critical infrastructure of nations and states have been severally violated by cybercriminals. Nation-state espionage and the possible disruption and circumvention of the security of critical networks has been on the increase. Most of these violations are possible through detectable operational bypasses, which are rather ignored by security administrators. One common instance of a detectable operational bypass is the non-application of periodic security updates and upgrades from software and hardware vendors. Every software is not necessarily in its final state, and the application of periodic updates allow for the patching of vulnerable systems, making them to be secure enough to withstand an exploit. To have control over the security of critical national assets, a nation must be “cyber-ready” through the proper management of vulnerabilities and the deployment of the rightful technology in the cyberspace for hunting, detecting and preventing cyber-attacks and espionage. -
Army Medic~Orps
J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-78-02-01 on 1 February 1942. Downloaded from VOL. LXXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1942. No. 2. Authors are alone responsible for the statements _' ("...8<:8. 0 4~~ mad. ODd ... opinioruo ........... in ,'oh "P~ :!t ~({!1gr ~o~'1I)!;$ ~"- .~ ~ ~ 1,/~~~' Journal .~ • ~~40~ ~ of the ~~' O~ _ Royal Army Medic~orps. Original Communications. 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. " BLITZKRIEG." AN APPRECIATION. By BRI(!ADIER E. M. COWELL, C.B., CB.E., D.S.a., T.D. THIS is the title of a small book written by F. O. Miksche and recently published by Faber and Faber Ltd., London. The author, an officer of the Regular Army :of the Czechoslovak Republic for twelve years, served with distinction with the Republican forces in the late War in Spain. The book is described by Tom Wintringham in his introduction as "a Conti nental, a European\ essay on Tactics." LieutenantMiksche writes with a sound knowledge of Germal1 tactics and a practical experience of Total War. He is in a position to be able to describe' tJ.()t only the plans for attack' on the new lines exploited by the http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Germans with their ,armoured and motorized forces but also the methods to be adopted in defence in depth, as employed so brilliantly by our gallant Russian allies to-day. ' All medical officers in a Field Force will perform their duties with success 'proportional to their knowl~dge'oftactics. Whether it be the Regimental Medical Officer or the Director of Medical Services, m~dical arral~gements wiIH,,\iluilless'the tictical situation be studied, understood and appreciated tram a ptactical angle. -
Implementation of Defence in Depth at Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear Regulation 2016 Implementation of Defence in Depth at Nuclear Power Plants Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Daiichi Accident NEA Nuclear Regulation Implementation of Defence in Depth at Nuclear Power Plants Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Daiichi Accident © OECD 2016 NEA No. 7248 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General. NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1 February 1958. -
Understanding Strategic Interaction in the Second Nuclear Age
UNDERSTANDING STRATEGIC INTERACTION IN THE SECOND NUCLEAR AGE THOMAS G. MAHNKEN GILLIAN EVANS TOSHI YOSHIHARA ERIC S. EDELMAN JACK BIANCHI UNDERSTANDING STRATEGIC INTERACTION IN THE SECOND NUCLEAR AGE THOMAS G. MAHNKEN GILLIAN EVANS TOSHI YOSHIHARA ERIC EDELMAN JACK BIANCHI 2019 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND BUDGETARY ASSESSMENTS (CSBA) The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s analysis focuses on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to U.S. national security, and its goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, security policy, and resource allocation. ©2019 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Thomas G. Mahnken is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. He is a Senior Research Professor at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and has served for over 20 years as an officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve, to include tours in Iraq and Kosovo. He currently serves as a member of the Congressionally-mandated National Defense Strategy Commission and as a member of the Board of Visitors of Marine Corps University. His previous government career includes service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning from 2006–2009, where he helped craft the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review and 2008 National Defense Strategy. He served on the staff of the 2014 National Defense Panel, 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Independent Panel, and the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. -
EVOLUTION of the FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Library of Finland DSpace Services FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES EVOLUTION OF THE FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri OCUMENTATION War College Helsinki 1990 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the War College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the War College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, War College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Tauno Nieminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by WAR COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 SF - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 1 EVOLUTION OF THE FINNISH MILITARY DOCTRINE 1945-1985 Pekka Visuri DOCUMENTATION War College Helsinki 1990 ISBN 951-25-0522-3 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1990: War College All rights reserved Valtion painatuskeskus Pasilan VALTIMO Helsinki 1990 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 3 Purpose and approach ............................................................................. 3 Theoretical framework ............................................................................ -
The Wilhelm's Battle
The Wilhelm’s battle Prologue Paris, France, March 29 th , 1918, district of Saint Gervais, Good Friday. In the church of the district, some people have met for praying. There are men, women, young and old people. Suddenly, a whistle overwhelms the whisper of the prayers. The faithful become silent, they prick up their ears towards that sinister whistle which is closer and closer… Then, only fire and smoke, flames and dust , blood and screams. Vaults and walls collapse, tons of stones and bricks fall on the faithful. Paris is under fire of a monstrous gun made by the Krupp Factories. In the previous days, some other places of the city had been hit by it. Many inhabitants had already left the city. The Germans are almost at one hundred kilometres from Paris. And they are advancing. A nasty situation. After almost four years of war, Germany was exhausted. Bread was lacking, the infant mortality had doubled, the economy was on its knees, Socialists and Pacifists were adding fuel to the flames, the social riots were increasing. Till that time, on the western front, Germany had stood on defensive , intending – and hoping- to convince the Allies about the impossibility of a victory on the field and to force them to negotiate the peace. The attempts had failed; the Chancellor Theobald Bethman-Hollweg-- a moderate-- had resigned and the power, de facto, had passed into the hands of the militaries. Nasty business when the policy is decided by the militaries. They had imposed the indiscriminate submarine warfare, they were about to impose a new offensive on the western front. -
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 a Dissertation Presented
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Robert Thomas Davis II August 2008 © 2008 Robert Thomas Davis II All Rights Reserved ii This dissertation titled The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 by ROBERT THOMAS DAVIS II has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by ______________________________ Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History ______________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences iii Abstract DAVIS, ROBERT THOMAS II, Ph.D., August 2008, History The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 (422 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Peter John Brobst This study is a reappraisal of the strategic dilemma of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Cold War. This dilemma revolves around the problem of articulating a strategic concept for a military alliance in the nuclear era. NATO was born of a perceived need to defend Western Europe from a Soviet onslaught. It was an imperative of the early alliance to develop a military strategy and force posture to defend Western Europe should such a war break out. It was not long after the first iteration of strategy took shape than the imperative for a military defense of Europe receded under the looming threat of thermonuclear war. The advent of thermonuclear arsenals in both the United States and Soviet Union brought with it the potential destruction of civilization should war break out. This realization made statesmen on both sides of the Iron Curtain undergo what has been referred to as an ongoing process of nuclear learning. -
China in U.S. Nuclear War Planning
CHAPTER 3 China in U.S. Nuclear War Planning China has been a target for U.S. nuclear forces beginning soon after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. During the Korean War, after Chinese forces entered the conflict in October 1950, President Harry Truman considered using nuclear weapons against China, and even deployed nuclear-capable B-29 bombers and nine non-nuclear components to Guam in 1951 to be within range of key targets. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had his own series of crises with China in 1954 and 55 and in 1958 in the Taiwan Strait area, and the United States contemplated using nuclear weapons. These actions surely spurred Mao to decide to build a bomb. Until 1960, however, nuclear war planning against China was mainly an ad hoc, contingency-based effort. Throughout the late-1950s regional commanders sought to incorporate many of their new nuclear weapon systems into a growing number of contingency plans. Beginning in 1960 the Pentagon attempted to assemble the various strike plans under a coordinated execution planning system so as to avoid duplication. The result was the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP). The first SIOP, dated December 1960, contained only one “plan,” under which the United States would launch all of its strategic nuclear delivery vehicles immediately upon the initiation of general war with the Soviet Union. Although the Soviet Union was the main focus, the single target list also included Chinese and Soviet satellite state cities, as well as airfields and other military bases and facilities within or on the outskirts of these cities. -
EU's Institutional Framework Regarding Defence Matters
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS Requested by the Sub-Committee on Security and Defence EU’s Institutional Framework regarding Defence Matters Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE 603.484 - January 2020 EN DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS EU’s Institutional Framework regarding Defence Matters ABSTRACT This policy brief provides a short overview of recent initiatives and developments in the EU’s institutional defence architecture, with a particular focus on changes proposed and implemented since 2016. Specifically, it looks at the new Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework, the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD), the European Defence Fund (EDF), the Military Planning and Conduct Capacity (MPCC), as well as proposals to establish a European Peace Facility (EPF) and to take more Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) decisions through qualified majority voting. It examines the institutional state of play at the end of Federica Mogherini’s mandate as EU High Representative and the implications of EU defence institutional innovation for existing governance structures, internal coherence and effective oversight. Finally, it identifies some of the challenges posed by the recent reforms and initiatives relating to the EU’s existing defence infrastructure, and briefly introduces proposals to address these challenges. EP/EXPO/SEDE/FWC/2019-01/LOT4/1/C/04 EN January 2020 - PE 603.484 © European Union, 2020 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This paper was requested by the European Parliament's Sub-Committee on Security and Defence. English-language manuscript was completed on 10 January 2020. Printed in Belgium. -
Governing the Bomb: Civilian Control and Democratic
DCAF GOVERNING THE BOMB Civilian Control and Democratic Accountability of Nuclear Weapons edited by hans born, bates gill and heiner hänggi Governing the Bomb Civilian Control and Democratic Accountability of Nuclear Weapons STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Göran Lennmarker, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Indonesia) Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria) Jayantha Dhanapala (Sri Lanka) Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt) Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger (Germany) Professor Mary Kaldor (United Kingdom) The Director DIRECTOR Dr Bates Gill (United States) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00 Fax: +46 8 655 97 33 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Governing the Bomb Civilian Control and Democratic Accountability of Nuclear Weapons EDITED BY HANS BORN, BATES GILL AND HEINER HÄNGGI OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2010 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © SIPRI 2010 All rights reserved. -
Western Military Capability in Northern Europe 2020 Part I: Collective Defence
Western Military Capability in Northern Europe 2020 Part I: Collective Defence Eva Hagström Frisell and Krister Pallin (eds) Albin Aronsson, Bengt-Göran Bergstrand, Robert Dalsjö, Johan Engvall, Jakob Gustafsson, Michael Jonsson, Diana Lepp, Viktor Lundquist, Björn Ottosson and Anna Sundberg FOI-R--5012--SE February 2021 Western Military Capability in Northern Europe 2020 Part I: Collective Defence Eva Hagström Frisell and Krister Pallin (eds) Albin Aronsson, Bengt-Göran Bergstrand, Robert Dalsjö, Johan Engvall, Jakob Gustafsson, Michael Jonsson, Diana Lepp, Viktor Lundquist, Björn Ottosson and Anna Sundberg FOI-R--5012--SE Title Western Military Capability in Northern Europe 2020 Part I: Collective Defence Report No. FOI-R--5012--SE Month February Year 2021 Pages 132 ISSN 1650-1942 Customer Ministry of Defence Research Area 8. Security Policy Project No. A 12112 Approved by Malek Finn Khan Division Defence Analysis Cover: Jonathan Nackstrand/AFP. US Marines prepare their M1 Abrams tank before taking part in an exercise to capture an airfield during Trident Juncture 2018, near the town of Oppdal, Norway. This work is protected by the Swedish Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (1960:729). Citation is permitted in accordance with article 22 in said act. Any form of use that goes beyond what is permitted by Swedish copyright law, requires the written permission of FOI. ii FOI-R--5012--SE Abstract The conclusion of our analysis of Western military capability in Northern Europe in 2017 was that the West had several shortcomings compared to Russia when it came to high-intensity warfighting. Considerable resources and time would be required before the West could change the situation.