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Figures 1-12 Ecosystem-Scale Selenium Modeling in Support of Fish and Wildlife Criteria Development for the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary, California Administrative Report Figures 1 through 12 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey December, 2010 Find the full report and other attachments at http://www.epa.gov/region9/water/ctr 122°30’ 122°00’ 121°30’ Oil refineries Yolo Bypass Pumping plant Sacramento USGS Station 8.1 River Drainage basin Map Freeport location CALIFORNIA Cache Slough North Bay Aqueduct Suisun Napa Suisun Slough Montezuma River Slough Creek Nurse Rio Vista Slough 3 Mile Slough Grizzly Bay Honker Venice Island San Bay Big Break Mandeville Island Suisun Bay Stockton ship Pablo Franks channel Bay Benicia Martinez Tract Calaveras River 38°00’ Carquinez Strait Antioch Chipps Contra Costa Stockton Island Contra Costa San Intake pump Smith’s Canal Joaquin Mildred Middle River Canal Central River Island Bay Clifton Court Forebay Golden Gate SWPBanks Bridge San CVP Delta Francisco South Bay Aqueduct Delta-Mendota California Aqueduct Canal South San San Joaquin Francisco River Bay Vernalis PACIFIC 0 10 km OCEAN 0 10 mi Figure 1. Map of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary. Suisun Bay and Carquinez Strait Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta Food web: C. amurensis Food web: aquatic insect to white sturgeon or to juvenile Chinook salmon diving ducks or steelhead trout Inflow Refinery Yolo Bypass* (import) Impact of North internal Bay watershed input Se Se loads reduced loads Sacramento River Sacramento River by seasonally subjected watershed input high flows that to annual Se loads vary Sacramento River* accompany limit. with flow season their largest and water-year type. Se load inputs. Riverine Eastside streams* inputs as they mix with streams seawater North Bay North • North Bay determine Se North Bay Aqueduct concentrations for the Bay. • Contra Costa Contra Costa Canal Regulated refinery Se loads* County San Pablo elta Outflow Index = inflo San Joaquin Valley Grassland Bypass Project Net D w-dem • and annual restrictions apply Bay ay Suisun Bay to B w flo Regulated agricultural ut NDOI = [Delta inflow] – O [net Delta consumptive use] drainage Se load – [Delta exports] San Joaquin River San Joaquin River = NDOI watershed input Se loads depend on San Joaquin River recycle amount of river flow Clifton Court Forebay entering the Bay-Delta. Central Valley Project pumps • San Joaquin Delta Mendota Canal Valley industry Se loads (?)* California Delta-Mendota Aqueduct Canal State Water Project pumps • Los Angeles South California Aqueduct • South Bay Bay Demand (export) PACIFIC OCEAN *Privately owned treatment works and other industries also may contribute Se loads Figure 2. Conceptual details of sources of selenium, site-specic food webs, and hydrodynamic connections for the Bay-Delta. 12,000 A agricultural Refinery and Agricultural 10,000 Se Loads 8,000 6,000 refinery 4,000 Se loads , lbs/year wet/wet 2,000 wet/wet Proposed, observed wet/above normal data not available. 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 275,000 1997 B 1998 250,000 Bay-Delta transects November 5-6, 1997 225,000 June 16-17, 1998 October 7-8, 1998 200,000 April 13-14, 1999 November 4-5, 1999 175,000 150,000 125,000 1999 100,000 75,000 NDOI, cfs daily average per month 50,000 25,000 0 2000 2005 2010 Figure 3. Renery and agricultural selenium loads (1985-2009) (A) and ow conditions (1996-2009) (B). A. Grassland Drainage Area or Grassland Bypass Project Se loads (1986-2008) 12,000 10,000 measured Measured load, lbs Se start of Grassland Bypass Project 8,000 (site B, San Luis Drain at Mud Slough) 6,000 target Load target, lbs Se Grassland 4,000 Drainage Area target 3,296 lbs Se dry/below normal 2,000 measured 1,239 lbs Se 0 2009 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Water year B. Proposed Grassland Bypass Project Se load targets (2009-2019) 5,000 wet year proposed targets above normal year 4,000 dry/below normal year 3,000 2,000 Target, lbs Se critically dry year 1,000 0 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Year Figure 4. Grassland Bypass Project selenium loads (1997-2009) (A) and proposed selenium load targets (2009-2019) (B). San Francisco Bay-Delta Selenium Model composite source Se load (oil refinery, agricultural composite volume composite freshwater drainage through San Joaquin (Sacramento River = end-member Se concentration River or proposed San Luis ÷ San Joaquin River) (head of estuary) Drain, Sacramento River) dissolved selenium phytoplankton, algae, bacteria, suspended particulate Transformation species (selenate, material and bed sediment (elemental Se, particulate partitioning (K ) selenite, organo-Se) d organo-Se, adsorbed selenite/selenate) Bioaccumulation Prey clam zooplankton amphipod Trophic Transfer sturgeon Predator diving ducks striped bass splittail splittail flounder Effects impaired reproduction, teratogenesis, selenosis [adapted from Figure 2, Presser and Luoma (2006)] Figure 5. San Francisco Bay-Delta Selenium Model from Presser and Luoma (2006). Ecosystem–Scale Selenium Model Source Volume (hydrodynamics) Receiving- Load and Water Hydrology Dissolved Se concentration speciation Environmental Dissolved Se speciation Partitioning (selenate, selenite, organo-Se) ECOLOGY K d Loss of individuals RISK MANAGEMENT Population decline Transformation Particulate Se concentration Loss of species Particulate Se speciation Community change Bioavailability (phytoplankton, suspended material, biofilm, sediment) TTFinvertebrate Invertebrate Bioaccumulation Se concentration EFFECTS TTF TTF fish bird Reproduction in fish (deformity; larva and fry Se toxicity survival and Trophic Fish Wildlife guidelines growth) transfer Se Se concentration concentration Se protective Reproduction in reference dose birds (hatchability; teratogenesis; Processes chick survival and growth) Factors Se measurements [adapted from Figure 1, Presser and Luoma (2010)] Management guidelines Effects and ecology Predator/prey links Figure 6. General ecosystem-scale selenium model from Presser and Luoma (2010). [Kd = empirically determined environmental partitioning factor between water and particulate material; TTF = biodynamic food web transfer factor between an animal and its food.] A. Quantifying Processes Environmental Foodweb partitioning biodynamics • site hydrology • assimilation efficiency (AE) • speciation • ingestion rate (IR) • particulate type • efflux (ke) Cprey = (AE) (IR) (Cparticulate)/ke Cpredator = (AE) (IR) (Cprey)/(ke) TTF = (AE) (IR)/(k) Cwater-column C particulate C invertebrate C fish or C bird K d TTF invertebrate TTF fish TTF bird C particulate C invertebrate C fish C bird = = = = C water-column C particulate C invertebrate C invertebrate [adapted from Figure 2, B. Modeling Equations Presser and Luoma (2010)] Cinvertebrate = (Cparticulate) (TTFinvertebrate) Cfish = (Cinvertebrate) (TTFfish) Cbird = (Cinvertebrate) (TTFbird) Combined Equations Cfish = (Cparticulate) (TTFinvertebrate) (TTFfish) Cbird = (Cparticulate) (TTFinvertebrate) (TTFbird) If longer food web Cbird = (Cparticulate) (TTFinvertebrate) (TTFfish) (TTFbird) Cbird = (Cinvertebrate) (TTFfish) (TTFbird) Translation to Water-Column Concentration Cwater = (Cfish) ÷ [(TTFfish) (TTFinvertebrate) Kd] Cwater = (Cbird) ÷ [(TTFbird) (TTFinvertebrate) Kd] Figure 7. Quantifying processes (A) and modeling equations (B) for ecosystem-scale selenium modeling. Reproductive Effects Diet exogenous Liver endogenous female adult bird Se source Se source female adult fish Liver endogenous Se source minor prehatch Diet exogenous exposure Se source egg maternally prehatch exposure egg Se mediated Se reproductive yolk-sac larvae effects failure of eggs to hatch embryo reduced production exposure during (most sensitive endpoint) deformity of viable eggs yolk sac adsorption* (hatchability not affected) Se fry post-hatch chicks reproductive effects mortality deformity reduced growth hatch into contaminated environment hatch into contaminated environment direct Se effects mortality liver reduced growth reduced growth mortality (survival) disease (growth rate in (little data available, first 5 days is best may be most sensitive juvenile direct Se predictor of post- endpoint) effects hatch survival) Winter Stress Syndrome (metabolic stress imposed over-winter mortality resulting by low temperature during in seasonal poisoning of young fish Se exposure increases toxicity of dietary Se) * yolk proteins precursor, vitellogenin; yolk proteins lipovitellin and phosvitin (liver Se stored in yolk proteins until metabolized during embryonic and larval stages vitellogenesis = yolk proteins are synthesized in liver and transported to egg) Chronic Effects in Adults • compromised body condition (low body mass; edema) • oxidative stress (increased susceptibility to disease due to suppressed immune system) • decreased winter survival • decreased reproductive fitness (decreased breeding propensity; reduced recruitment) • behavioral impairment (missed breeding window; delayed timing of departure) • lowered saline tolerance and gill effects in fish Figure 8. Ecotoxicology and eects of selenium for sh and birds. Site-Specific Model Approach A. seaward site-specific fish predicted predicted predicted guidline*wb foodweb TTFsturgeon invertebrate TTFC.amurensis particulate Kd dissolved µg/g dw µg/g dw µg/g dw µg/L guideline species- species- emperical sturgeon/ specific specific salinity- prey to particulate specific C. amurensis/ Se in Se in food predator Se in prey to prey partitioning Se in suspended predator for prey trophic C. amurensis
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