Art Was Raised from the Status of Handic?A?T' T"'Thfdtsty O^Hlgh of the Mauryas
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Kanvas (73 BC – 28 BC) Cheti Dynasty (Kalinga) Satavahanas
Kanvas (73 BC – 28 BC) As per the puranas, there were four kings of the Kanva dynasty namely, Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susarman. The Kanvas were Brahmins. The Magadha Empire had diminished by this time considerably. Northwest region was under the Greeks and parts of the Gangetic plains were under different rulers. The last Kanva king Susarman was killed by the Satavahana (Andhra) king. Cheti Dynasty (Kalinga) The Cheti or Chedi dynasty emerged in Kalinga in the 1st century BC. The Hathigumpha inscription situated near Bhubaneswar gives information about it. This inscription was engraved by king Kharavela who was the third Cheti king. Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. Other names of this dynasty are Cheta or Chetavamsa, and Mahameghavahana. Satavahanas The Satavahana rule is believed to have started around the third century BC, in 235 BC and lasted until the second century AD. Some experts believe their rule started in the first century BC only. They are referred to as Andhras in the Puranas. The Satavahana kingdom chiefly comprised of modern-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra. At times, their rule also included parts of Karnataka, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Their capital cities varied at different times. Pratishthana (Paithan) and Amaravati were its capitals. Simuka founded the dynasty. They were the first native Indian rulers to issue their own coins with the portraits of the rulers. This practice was started by Gautamiputra Satakarni who derived the practice from the Western Satraps after defeating them. The coin legends were in Prakrit language. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu, Tamil and Kannada. -
POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Introduction
Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Introduction After the death of Ashoka, his successors were not able to keep the vast Mauryan Empire intact. The provinces started declaring their independence. The northwest India slipped out of the control of the Mauryas and a series of foreign invasions affected this region. Kalinga declared its independence and in the further south the Satavahanas established their independent rule. As a result, the Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic valley and it was soon replaced by the Sunga dynasty. Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty The founder of the Shunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Shunga, who was the commander- in-chief under the Mauryas. He assassinated the last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha and usurped the throne. The most important challenge to the Shunga rule was to protect North India against the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks from the northwest. The Greeks advanced up to Pataliputra and occupied it for sometime. However, Pushyamitra succeeded in regaining the lost territory. He also fought a campaign against Kharavela of Kalinga who invaded north India. Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty The founder of the Shunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Shunga, who was the commander- in-chief under the Mauryas. He assassinated the last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha and usurped the throne. The most important challenge to the Shunga rule was to protect North India against the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks from the northwest. The Greeks advanced up to Pataliputra and occupied it for sometime. However, Pushyamitra succeeded in regaining the lost territory. -
Buddhism in the Northern Deccan Under The
BUDDHISM IN THE NORTHERN DECCAN UNDER THE SATAVAHANA RULERS C a ' & C > - Z Z f /9> & by Jayadevanandasara Hettiarachchy Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of London 1973* ProQuest Number: 10731427 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731427 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This study deals with the history of Buddhism in the northern Deccan during the Satavahana period. The first chapter examines the evidence relating to the first appearance of Buddhism in this area, its timing and the support by the state and different sections of the population. This is followed by a discussion of the problems surrounding the chronology of the Satavahana dynasty and evidence is advanced to support the ’shorter chronology*. In the third chapter the Buddhist monuments attributable to the Satavahana period are dated utilising the chronology of the Satavahanas provided in the second chapter. The inscriptional evidence provided by these monuments is described in detail. The fourth chapter contains an analysis and description of the sects and sub-sects which constituted the Buddhist Order. -
The Relationship Between the Western Satraps and the Greeks
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-11-08 East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks Ward, Megan Leigh Falconer Ward, M. L. F. (2018). East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/33255 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/109170 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY “East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks.” by Megan Leigh Falconer Ward A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA NOVEMBER, 2018 © Megan Leigh Falconer Ward 2018 Abstract The satraps of Persia played a significant role in many affairs of the European Greek poleis. This dissertation contains a discussion of the ways in which the Persians treated the Hellenic states like subjects of the Persian empire, particularly following the expulsion of the Persian Invasion in 479 BCE. Chapter One looks at Persian authority both within the empire and among the Greeks. -
Ancient Coins of the Silk Road
Ancient Coins of the Silk Road A 20 Silver Coin Set The Silk Road is not a single road, but rather a network of routes extending from the Far East to Europe, including such storied cities as Alexandria, Tyre, Samarkand, Herat, and Xanadu. One cannot overstate the impact of the Silk Road on the cultural exchange between East and West. Trade along these routes—essentially a highway between two of the world’s largest empires (China and Rome) running through a third (Persia)—contributed to the cultural development of China, India, Persia, Arabia, north Africa, and all of Europe. The Silk Road became more than crude caravan tracks in the second century BCE, when Zhang Qian, an emissary of the Han Dynasty, made the trek across the deserts of western China and through the Hindu Kush mountains to what is today Afghanistan. Learning of new lands to the west, he convinced Emperor Wu to expand Chinese trade routes. By the time Marco Polo set upon his famous journey to Asia in 1271, the Silk Road was at its peak. Only when Vasco de Gama became the first explorer to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in the late fifteenth century did the Silk Road’s influence begin to wane, as Europeans traders took to the quicker, less dangerous sea route to India. The name “Silk Road,” coined by the German academic Ferdinand von Richthofen a century and a half ago, is somewhat inaccurate. Silk was not a major commodity until it became fashionable in Rome, where it was worth its weight in gold (The Roman Senate, in fact, tried to ban the material, on the grounds that its purchase was depleting the imperial gold reserves); by then, the Silk Road had been operating for centuries. -
Aryan Tribes, and on the 'Rājput'
295 ART. X.—Notes on the Origin of the 'Lunar' and 'Solar7 Aryan Tribes, and on the ' Rajput' Clans. By B. If. BADEN-POWELL, C.I.E., M.E.A.S. BY way of explanation, I may be permitted to say that having been for some time engaged on an inquiry into the history of the various kinds of Indian landlord tenure,1 not as a matter of theory, but on the basis of local facts, it became necessary to consider the origin and distribution of the tribes or clans to which the landlord classes most commonly belong. A number of notes were thus accumulated ; and I thought it might be useful to put them together, much more in the hope of receiving correction, and of thus gaining information, than with the design of imparting it. It at once appears, as regards Northern India, that of the superior proprietor class when ' Hindu,' or at least originally Hindu, a large proportion belongs to the tribes known as 'Rajput.' Some of the higher families, however, now resent being so designated, and call themselves 'Kshatriya.'2 The latter name,- again, is usually understood to have reference to the military and ruling caste of ancient times, 1 Which I hope eventually to publish in continuation of my study of the Indian village communities and their tenures. 2 Or in the spoken form Chatri. This, in fact, is the equivalent of 'Kshatriya,' and not the word Khatri, which is also in use but indicates quite another caste. The latter has no real connection with the old military order, though sometimes attempts are made to assert such a connection. -
Rudradaman I (Reign 130 AD – 150 AD)
Origins Scythians (referred to as Sakas in Indian sources) were a group of Iranian nomadic pastoral tribes. In the second century BC, central Asian nomadic tribes and tribes from the Chinese region invaded the region of present-day Kazakhstan whose inhabitants were Scythians. This promoted the Scythians to move towards Bactria and Parthia. After defeating the Parthian king, they moved towards India. Scythians who migrated to India are known as Indo-Scythians. The Sakas had an Indian kingdom larger than the Indo-Greeks. Maues (Reign 80 BC – 65 BC) Maues, also known as Moga was the earliest Indo-Scythian king. He ruled over Gandhara (present Pakistan and Afghanistan). He invaded the Indo-Greek territories but unsuccessfully. His capital was at Sirkap (Punjab, Pakistan). Many coins issued by Maues have been found. They contain Buddhist and also Hindu symbols. The languages used in these coins were Greek and Kharoshti. His son Azes I acquired the remaining Indo-Greek territories by defeating Hippostratos. Chastana (Reign 78 AD – 130 AD) He was a Saka ruler of the Western Kshatrapas (Satraps) dynasty who ruled over Ujjain. The Saka Era is believed to have started at his ascension to power in 78 AD. Ptolemy mentions him as “Tiasthenes” or “Testenes”. He was the founder of one of the two major Saka Kshatrapa dynasties in northwest India, the Bhadramukhas. The other dynasty was called Kshaharatas and included the king Nahapana (who was defeated by Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni). Rudradaman I (Reign 130 AD – 150 AD) He is considered the greatest of the Saka rulers. He is from the Western Kshatrapa dynasty. -
History of Rajasthan Ancient & Medieval Period HISTORY of RAJASTHAN Free E-Book
History of Rajasthan Ancient & Medieval Period HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN Free e-book HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (Ancient & Medieval Period) Rajasthan is located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. It is bounded on the west and northwest by Pakistan, on the north and northeast by the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, on the east and southeast by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and on the southwest by the state of Gujarat. The Tropic of Cancer passes through its southern tip in the Banswara district. The state has an area of 342,239 square kilometres (largest in the country). The capital city is Jaipur. The history of the Indian state of Rajasthan is about 5000 years old. The history of Rajasthan can be classified into three parts owing to the different epochs- Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Ancient Period, up to 1200 AD Rajasthan has seen settlements of humans since the paleolithic age. Several important prehistoric sites are found in Rajasthan. These include Didwana,Jayal, Bundi, Bhilwara, Nimbahera, Bagor, Tilwara and Mandia and Khetri. Indus Valley Civilisation (3300 BCE to 1300 BCE) • Rajasthan was a part of the ancient Indus Valley civilization • Kalibangan in Hanumangarh district, was a provincial capital of Indus valley civilization • Other Indus Valley sites in Rajasthan include Karanpura in Hanumangarh, 4MSR in Anupgarh and Ahad in Udaipur. Vedic period (3300 BCE - 500 BCE) • At the time of the Vedic ancient period, Rajasthan had its own rivers named Saraswati and Drishadvati rivers which later dried up. There was mention of the Matsyas and the Salvas as located near river Sarawati in the Vedas. -
Mauryan Empire: Golden Period of Indian History
© 2021 JETIR August 2021, Volume 8, Issue 8 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) MAURYAN EMPIRE: GOLDEN PERIOD OF INDIAN HISTORY 1Uma Sharma, 2Dr. G.S. Gupta 1,2Dept. History, School of Humanities, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu-333515, Rajasthan, India Abstract The Mauryan Empire, an early South Asian state, was formerly thought to command the majority of the Indian subcontinent. A re-examination of antiquity and historical data offers a new understanding of Mauryan kingdom, one that is less concerned with geographical domination and more concerned with relational networks. This viewpoint allows for an examination of long-term patterns of interaction throughout the Early Historic period (ca. 600 B.C.E.–C.E. 600) of the Mauryan polity that extends beyond the political component. Furthermore, this model may be extended to incorporate parallel networks of contact that existed independently of governmental authority and would last long after various dynastic powers had declined. Under Mauryan Empire authority, a large portion of the Indian subcontinent was unified, and a secure central government was established, which resulted in the creation of the basic social structure and its caste systems. Keywords: Mauryan Empire, sovereignty, territoriality, Indian History, Dynastic powers. 1. Introduction The Mauryan Empire (322 BCE - 185 BCE) succeeded the previous Magadha Kingdom in gaining control of vast swaths of eastern and northern India. At its peak, the empire encompassed parts of modern-day Iran and virtually the whole Indian subcontinent. The Mauryan Empire, one of the most important in India's rich history, left its mark on the country's cultural development, leading to significant advancements in the country's culture, arts, and economics. -
A. the Mauryas the Earliest Dynasty to Claim Western India As a Part of Its Empire Was That of the Mauryaus
CHAPTER II Political Background Buddhism has had a history of over one thousand years in Maharashtra. During this long period of Buddhism, certain politi cal powers have played important role in the spread and prosperity of the religion in Western India. The political powers which are mentioned in the inscriptions will be dealt with one by one in a chronological order. A. The Mauryas The earliest dynasty to claim western India as a part of its empire was that of the Mauryaus. The first clear evidence of their rule over the Bombay and Konkan region comes only during the time of Asoka (c. 274-232) , the last ruler of the dynasty. A fragment of his eighth rock edict was found at sopara which may have been one of his district headquarters. Other than this, no Mauryan inscription has yet been found in the western Indian caves. But it is a well-known fact fro© his other edicts that Asoka was not only a royal patron but himself was a devout Buddhist, so, the religion found a very favourable condition for widening its terri tory. As a result, it got rapidly spread in Western India during Asoka's rule and continued to flourish in the same region for over a thousand years. B. The Satavahanas The Mauryan dynasty was succeeded by the satavahana dynasty in the Deccan. This dynasty is the first Known historical dynasty in Maharashtra. From the time the Satavahanas rose to power we begin to obtain political history, administrative system, the religious. 52 53 social and economic conditions of Maharshtra, its art and archi tecture, literature and coinage. -
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Departments of Archaeology and History (joint) By Paul Wilson Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2020 This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. 1 Abstract: The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads The Kushans were a major historical power on the ancient Silk Roads, although their influence has been greatly overshadowed by that of China, Rome and Parthia. That the Kushans are so little known raises many questions about the empire they built and the role they played in the political and cultural dynamics of the period, particularly the emerging Silk Roads network. Despite building an empire to rival any in the ancient world, conventional accounts have often portrayed the Kushans as outsiders, and judged them merely in the context of neighbouring ‘superior’ powers. By examining the materials from a uniquely Kushan perspective, new light will be cast on this key Central Asian society, the empire they constructed and the impact they had across the region. Previous studies have tended to focus, often in isolation, on either the archaeological evidence available or the historical literary sources, whereas this thesis will combine understanding and assessments from both fields to produce a fuller, more deeply considered, profile. -
July-Sept 2015 Pdf.Cdr
CHAPTER II HISTORY OF THE WESTERN KSHATRAPAS Political conditions in India after the close of the Mauryan period became diffuse, involving a variety of rulers, eras and people. Northern India found itself caught up in the turmoil of happenings in Central Asia. With the building of the Great Wall of China, the nomadic tribes whose pastures dried out could not make inroads into China (Thapar 1990: 96; Bagchi 1955:1). The tribes were forced to migrate south and west. Of the three main tribes the Yueh-chih were driven out from the best lands, and had to flee far across the continent. They split themselves into two hoards, the little Yueh-chih and the great Yueh-chih, and wandered further west of the shores of the Aral sea, where they stopped for a while, replacing the inhabitants of the region, the Scythians or Sakas as they were called in the Indian sources (Bagchi 1955:2; Konow 1969:xxvi-xxvii). So Sakas poured into Bactria and Parthia. A Chinese visitor records that in 128 B.C. the land surrounding the Aral sea had been cleared of Scythians, instead he found the Yueh-chih settled there. The Parthians failed to hold back the Sakas who did not pause there but using the Bolan pass (near Quetta), swept down into the Indus valley and settled in Western India. The first Saka king was Maues (c. 80 B.C.) who established Saka power in Gandhara (Thapar 1990: 97;Konow 1969:xxvi-xxix; Bagchi 1955: 123-124). However the Yueh-chih chief Kujula Khadiphises led 31 the united five tribes of the Yueh-chih and led them over the northern mountains into the Indian sxibcontinent.