Parcerias Público-Privadas Nos Estádios Da Copa Do Mundo De 2014

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Parcerias Público-Privadas Nos Estádios Da Copa Do Mundo De 2014 1 UNIVERSIDADE CÂNDIDO MENDES INSTITUTO A VEZ DO MESTRE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO LATO SENSU EM GESTÃO PÚBLICA Parcerias Público-Privadas nos Estádios da Copa do Mundo de 2014 VIVIAN TOSTES TOMÉ Prof. Orientador: Glória Jesus Prof. Orientador: Mario Luiz Rio de Janeiro 2014 UNIVERSIDADE CÂNDIDO MENDES INSTITUTO A VEZ DO MESTRE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO LATO SENSU EM GESTÃO PÚBLICA Parcerias Público-Privadas nos Estádios da Copa do Mundo de 2014 VIVIAN TOSTES TOMÉ Monografia apresentada ao Instituto A Vez do Mestre como requisito parcial para obtenção do título especialista em Gestão Pública Orientador: Glória Jesus Orientador: Mário Luiz Rio de Janeiro 2014 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todas as pessoas que incentivam meu crescimento, em especial à minha família, que está sempre ao meu lado, fornecendo apoio sincero e carinhoso. E agradeço ao meu marido pelos incontáveis momentos de felicidade e pela inspiração na constante busca pelo conhecimento. RESUMO A presente monografia possui o escopo de analisar o modelo das parcerias público-privadas (PPP) adotado no Brasil, com enfoque para as recentes contratações incentivadas pelos eventos esportivos sediados no país. Para tanto, foram analisados os contratos de PPP firmados para a construção, reforma e gestão dos estádios que abrigaram os jogos da Copa do Mundo da FIFA de 2014, quais são: Arena Fonte Nova, Mineirão, Arena Castelão, Arena Pernambuco e Arena das Dunas. O estudo evidenciou os pontos positivos e negativos de cada contratação, além de relatar as irregularidades apontadas pelos órgãos fiscalizadores. Ao final, foi possível observar as distorções nos modelos utilizados pelos governos estaduais, em especial quanto ao compartilhamento dos riscos, que podem ser úteis para o planejamento das futuras contratações. METODOLOGIA Esta monografia caracteriza-se por uma pesquisa exploratório-descritiva, com o escopo de avaliar se o modelo de parceria público-privada adotado por diversos governos estaduais revelou-se uma alternativa adequada para a contratação das obras e serviços necessários para a sede dos Jogos Mundiais. Para análise dos dados, serão considerados os documentos relativos às licitações, disponíveis no Portal de Acompanhamento dos Gastos para a Copa de 20141, em especial aqueles que tratam das PPPs firmadas para a construção ou reforma dos seguintes estádios: Castelão (Fortaleza/CE), Arena Fonte Nova (Salvador/BA), Arena Pernambuco (Recife/PE), Mineirão (Belo Horizonte/MG) e Arena das Dunas (Natal/RN). O exame dos documentos será balizado por uma minuciosa pesquisa bibliográfica, em especial de publicações de juristas renomados, como Alexandre Santos de Aragão, Carlos Ari Sundfeld, Marçal Justen Filho e Maria Sylvia Zanella Di Pietro, cujas obras são essenciais para a compreensão da Lei nº 11.079/2004. Em seguida, serão analisadas as irregularidades apuradas pelos órgãos fiscalizadores, como os Tribunais de Contas dos Estados e da União e os Ministérios Públicos Estaduais e Federal. 1 Disponível em <http://www.copatransparente.gov.br>. Acesso em 22/11/2014. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................... 6 CAPÍTULO I PARCERIAS PÚBLICO-PRIVADAS .............................................. 8 CAPÍTULO II COPA DO MUNDO DA FIFA ..................................................... 15 CAPÍTULO III ANÁLISE DAS PARECERIAS PÚBLICO-PRIVADAS NOS ESTÁDIOS DA COPA DO MUNDO ................................................................. 21 3.1 Arena Fonte Nova ............................................................................ 23 3.2 Mineirão ........................................................................................... 31 3.3 Arena Castelão ................................................................................ 35 3.4 Arena Pernambuco .......................................................................... 49 3.5 Arena das Dunas ............................................................................. 58 CONCLUSÃO .................................................................................................. 65 BIBLIOGRAFIA BÁSICA .................................................................................. 67 6 INTRODUÇÃO O presente estudo busca analisar o modelo das parcerias público- privadas (PPP) adotado no Brasil, com enfoque para as recentes contratações incentivadas pelos eventos esportivos sediados no país. Trata-se de uma alternativa às formas tradicionais de concessão, que surgiu, fundamentalmente, da necessidade de os Estados promoverem altos investimentos em infraestrutura e serviços públicos, sem que possuíssem recursos financeiros suficientes disponíveis, além de não conseguirem condições de financiamento satisfatórias, em virtude do elevado montante da dívida existente. Neste contexto, a Lei nº 11.079 de 30/12/2004, conhecida como Lei da PPP, trouxe inovações ao transferir ao parceiro privado o investimento inicial necessário e a exploração do serviço público pelo período estipulado, deixando para o Estado efetuar os pagamentos do custo da obra ou serviço predominantemente após a disponibilização do empreendimento. Com a implementação da parceria público-privada, há ainda a repartição dos riscos entre o setor público e o parceiro privado, além da complementação das receitas, na medida em que as tarifas pagas pelos usuários dos serviços não são suficientes para financiar todos os investimentos do concessionário. Como se trata de uma nova modalidade de concessões, ainda existem poucos contratos de PPP no Brasil, dos quais se destacam as obras necessárias para os grandes eventos esportivos a serem sediados no país, como a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olimpíadas de 2016. Nesta esteira, o objetivo do presente trabalho é examinar os contratos de PPP firmados entre os governos estaduais e os parceiros privados, particularmente aqueles referentes às obras de construção ou reforma dos estádios esportivos e avaliar se os benefícios econômico-financeiros foram positivos para os estados. A relevância do estudo pode ser destacada pelo fato de que muitas notícias veiculadas na mídia indicam que os recursos públicos investidos para a execução das obras foram muito elevados, assim como os lucros a serem obtidos pelo parceiro privado, o que iria de encontro aos objetivos da parceria público-privada. Esta monografia está estruturada em três capítulos. No capítulo I, será abordado o referencial teórico sobre as PPPs, iniciando-se com o contexto histórico do surgimento da Lei nº 11.079/204, passando a uma análise das particularidades do modelo adotado no Brasil, fundamentada na bibliografia especializada sobre o tema. No referido tópico, também será realizada uma breve explanação sobre os contratos firmados até o presente momento e os objetos mais recorrentes para esse tipo de concessão. O capítulo II se destina a examinar o impacto da escolha do Brasil como sede da Copa do Mundo de 2014, em especial sobre os custos para adaptação da infraestrutura, exigidas pela Federação Internacional de Futebol Associado (FIFA). No capítulo III será iniciado o estudo individualizado dos contratos de parceria público-privadas firmados para a construção e reforma dos estádios que receberão os jogos da Copa do Mundo. CAPÍTULO I PARCERIAS PÚBLICO-PRIVADAS No Brasil, o debate sobre a importância das parcerias público-privadas se intensificou na década de 90, quando o recente controle inflacionário forçou os estados a adotarem políticas fiscais mais austeras para o controle de suas dívidas, o que impossibilitou a realização dos investimentos em infraestrutura necessários para a retomada do crescimento. Em um primeiro momento, os governos viram as privatizações de empresas como uma oportunidade para reduzir suas dívidas, que se encontravam em níveis demasiadamente elevados, o que ameaçava sua credibilidade para a contratação de novos financiamentos. Assim, o processo de desestatização resolveu o problema temporariamente, mas o alívio fiscal esperado não ocorreu e os estados se viram novamente com suas capacidades de financiamento esgotadas, o que exigia outra solução para a realização dos investimentos necessários ao desenvolvimento econômico. Outro ponto relevante, observado por ARAGÃO (2005), é que as empresas que foram alvo de privatização possuíam tamanho potencial de lucratividade que, além de serem integralmente remuneradas pelas tarifas cobradas dos usuários, ainda teriam de pagar ao setor público o valor de outorga estabelecido no contrato de concessão ou permissão, durante o prazo de vigência estipulado. Em outros termos, muito embora os modelos tradicionais de concessão e permissão tivessem logrado resultados positivos para fornecimento de determinados serviços públicos, eles somente poderiam ser aplicados em objetos com algum potencial econômico. No entanto, muitos serviços essenciais à coletividade não geram receitas suficientes que os tornem atrativos para a iniciativa privada, e os estados não possuem condições econômicas de financiá-los sozinho. Foi neste contexto que surgiu o instituto das parcerias público-privadas, como uma forma de concessão que pudesse ser aplicada a serviços administrativos em geral, cujas tarifas sejam insuficientes ou inexistentes, de modo que o setor privado não tenha interesse em assumi-los sozinho e o setor público não possua condições financeiras de fazê-lo. Assim, a Lei nº 11.079 de 30/12/2004 trouxe inovações ao permitir a repartição dos riscos entre os governos e os parceiros privados, além de transferir ao particular a responsabilidade pelo aporte inicial de
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