RWTH Aachen Fachbereich 2 - Fakultät Für Architektur 2006 Promotion - „Sichtlinien Und Sicherheit“

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RWTH Aachen Fachbereich 2 - Fakultät Für Architektur 2006 Promotion - „Sichtlinien Und Sicherheit“ „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Dr.- Ing. Stefan Nixdorf (Architekt) Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. RWTH Aachen Fachbereich 2 - Fakultät für Architektur 2006 Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Dissertation „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Tribünenprofile moderner Sport- und Veranstaltungsstätten Ein methodischer Vergleich der Stadien für die FIFA Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 006™ zur gebäudetypologischen Ableitung zukünftiger Tribünenkonzepte Von der Fakultät für Architektur der Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technischen Hochschule RWTH Aachen genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften von Dr.- Ing. Stefan Nixdorf (Architekt) Osnabrück, Niedersachsen vorgelegt im April 006 Mündliche Prüfung am 18.Oktober 006 Erster Berichter: Univ.-Prof. Volkwin Marg Zweiter Berichter: Univ.-Prof. U. Coersmeier Einleitung Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ oben: 001. Sichtlinen-Konstruktion (Handskizze des Verfassers) Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Einleitung Exposé zur Dissertation Inhalt Aufgabenstellung Durch eine gebäudetypologische Untersu- In einem ersten Schritt wird der Bautypus in chung baulicher Strukturen und ihrer nutzungs- einen historischen, baugeschichtlichen Kontext spezifischer Organisation, werden planerisch gesetzt. Die Grundlagen des Sehens werden relevante Aspekte für die Entwicklung von erläutert, die Physiognomie des Auges und die Stadionkonzepten erläutert und deren Sachzu- zum Betrachten notwendigen Sehschärfekrite- sammenhänge nachgewiesen. rien formuliert. Damit wird eine inhaltliche Grundlage ge- Des Weiteren soll aus den Grundlagen der schaffen, die notwendig ist, um wesentliche Anthropometrie und der historischen Proporti- Eingangsparameter bei der Entwicklung eines onslehre, wie dem „Goldenen Schnitt“, in einer Sichtlinienprofils auf Tribünen moderner Sport- Überlagerung mit existierenden Vorschriften und Veranstaltungsstätten entscheiden zu kön- und statistischen Daten für Körpermaße, eine nen. „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ gehören dabei Musterperson als Modulor „EN“ entwickelt wer- untrennbar zusammen. den, die eine vertragsverbindliche Grundlage Mit Hilfe von Parameterstudien, empirischen zur Sichtlinienentwicklung darstellen kann. Untersuchungen gebauter Beispiele und einem Rückblick auf historische Bauvorgaben, werden Im nächsten Schritt wird ein objektives Kon- die sicherheitstechnischen Entscheidungskrite- struktionsverfahren zur Ermittlung von Sichtlini- rien aufgeklärt. Auf diese Weise entsteht ein enprofilen entwickelt, dass in praxisrelevanter Planungsinstrument zur Sichtlinienkonstrukti- Form in den bisherigen Rechtsvorschriften und on, welches den Sichtkomfort von Besucher- EN/DIN-Vorgaben noch nicht existiert und in plätzen qualifiziert. seiner möglichen Verbindlichkeit zu einem qua- litativen Vergleichsstandard führen wird. Mit Hilfe von Parameterstudien innerhalb der Ausgangssituation Berechnungsformel und empirischen Untersu- Die Anforderungen an den Typus Sportstadion chungen an den gebauten Beispielen der FIFA haben sich im Verlauf der vergangenen Jahr- Fußball WM-Stadien 006™ in Deutschland zehnte sehr stark verändert. Der Wunsch nach werden die entsprechenden Entscheidungskri- einem höheren Komfort für die Zuschauer und terien dargestellt. Diese basieren im Wesent- einer besseren Vermarktbarkeit sind klare Vor- lichen auf den vier Eingangsparametern: gaben für neue Stadion Entwürfe geworden. Durch den Wegfall vieler Leichtathletik-Lauf- 1. Entfernung der ersten Sitzreihe bahnen rücken die Tribünenkörper bei Neupla- . Höhe der ersten Sitzreihe nungen nahe an das Spielfeld heran. Dies führt . Breite der Sitzplatztiefe zwar zum gewünschten Effekt dichterer Atmo- . Qualität der Sichtlinien-Überhöhung „C“ sphäre, verändert aber die Sichtbedingungen für die Zuschauer. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die bau- Der Planungsparameter „Augpunkt- oder Sicht- rechtlichen Grundlagen und Vorgaben wich- linienüberhöhung“ wird zum entscheidenden tiger Sportverbände analysiert und miteinander Qualitätsstandard bei der Beurteilung einer in Beziehung gesetzt, um ihre Abhängigkeiten Tribünenanlage. Bei Leichtathletikanlagen aufzuklären und kritische Rückschlüsse auf die ist dieser so genannte „C-Wert“ in der Regel jeweiligen Vorschriften zu ermöglichen. nicht weiter entscheidend, da die Zuschauer in einem ausreichenden Abstand sitzen. Zielsetzung Durch die wachsende Komplexität multifunktio- Diese Dissertation dient als methodische Ent- naler Nutzungsstrukturen in Stadion und Arena scheidungsgrundlage zur Optimierung der Ent- werden die Einflussfaktoren auf die Entwick- wurfsplanung und vertragsrechtlichen Absiche- lung einer modernen Tribünenanlage, wie zum rung bei der Entwicklung von Sichtlinienprofilen Beispiel die Sicherheitsfragen in der „Ersten moderner Sport- und Veranstaltungsstätten. Reihe“, immer unübersichtlicher. Entscheidungen und Vorgaben aus verschie- denen Verantwortlichkeitsbereichen, beson- ders jedoch Fragen der Sicherheit, greifen bei der Aufrissgeometrie eines Sichtlinienprofils sehr stark und vielfach unbemerkt ineinander. Einleitung Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ „die kategorie des technischen ist das richtige, nicht das schöne, und die kategorie des schö- nen ist das ästhetische, nicht das richtige, die kategorie der information ist das wahre, nicht das schöne. und die kategorie des gebrauchs ist das nützliche, nicht das technische. gewiß, das produkt, das wir suchen, ist das sowohl technisch funktionierende als auch formal ansprechende als auch im gebrauch sich bewährende und in der funktion, in der bedeutung und herkunft ablesbare. aber alle diese qualitäten gehen nicht wie von selbst auseinander hervor, sie bedingen sich nicht gegenseitig, sie sind nicht kausal voneinander abhängig, nicht selten stehen sie in einer spannung und schaffen konflikte.“ von otl aicher Zitat aus „die welt als entwurf“ (1991) Seite 68, Otl Aicher über Hans Gugelot, NL 6 Promotion - „Sichtlinien und Sicherheit“ Einleitung Abstract - summary of thesis „Sightlines and Safety“ Contents Setting of tasks For the development of new stadium concepts In a first step the building type is set into a hi- relevant aspects of planning are described with storical context. The bases of seeing are de- proven actual relations, created by a typologi- scribed, the physics of the eye and the visual cal investigation of structures and use-specific acuity criteria necessary for regarding. organization. The moreover a sample person Modulor „EN“ is This is a basis, which is contentwise necessary, being developed from the bases of the anthro- in order to be able to decide substantial initial pometry. This way a contract-obligatory basis parameters of a line of sight profile on grand- for a line of sight design can be represented by stands. In that case at modern sports grounds the overlay of historical proportion teachings, or places of event ,Sightlines and Safety‘ are like the „golden section“, with existing regulati- inseparable ons and statistic data for body-measurements. In assistance of built examples and parameter studies, empirical investigations and a review In the next step an objective construction pro- on historical building defaults, the safety-rele- cedure for the sightline-determination is deve- vant appropriate decision criteria are cleared loped. Because of the past legislation C.E.N. up. In this way a planning instrument will be de- Technical Commitees (TC‘s) defaults do not velopped for sightline-construction, which qua- exist in a practice-relevant form to design a lifies the comfort of viewing accomodations. viewing accomodations and will not lead to its possible commitment of a qualitative compari- son standard. Starting situation In assistance by parameter studies within the The requirements and technical recommenda- calculation formula and empirical investigations tions to sports stadia changed in the process of on the examples built for the FIFA soccer World the past decades very strongly. The desire for Cup 006 in Germany, appropriate decision a higher comfort for the spectators and a better criteria are represented. These are essentially marketableness became clear defaults for new based on the four initial parameters: stadium designs. By the omission of many athletic careers the first Distance of the first seat row grandstand bodies move much closer to the nd Height of the first seat row pitch. This leads to the desired effect of closer rd Width of the seat depth atmosphere, but changes the viewing condi- th Quality of the line of sight tions for the spectators. increased height „C“ The planning parameter „point of eye“ or „C- In this connection the technical recommen- value“ become the quality standard with the dations and requirements of important sports evaluation of a grandstand. This is usually not federations are analyzed and set with one ano- further crucial in a Track and Field stadia, be- ther in relationship, in order to clear their de- cause of a sufficient distance of seating. pendence up and to make critical conclusions By the increasing complexity of multi-functional possible on the respective regulations. use structures in stadium and arena the factors of influence become ever obscurer on the la- test development of a modern grandstand, for Objective example the issues of safety in pitch perimeter This work is to inform as a methodical decision barriers of the „First row“. basis and to serve as an optimizing planning
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