The Dispossessed Victims of Development in Asia. Part 1
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Victims o-F Develop111ent in Asia editors Vinod Raina Adid Chowdhury Sun1it: Chowdhury ARENA Press The Dit§~Ct§t!ll&t§!M)e$: Viotimt§ ~ Devegopmem in At§i3! December 1997 Published by: Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives (ARENA) Press Flat B 1, 2/f Great George Bldg., 27 Paterson St., Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Printed by: AlphaGraphics, 1A, G/f Lippo Centre, 89 Queensway, Hong Kong Layout and Design: Titos Escueta Cover Artwork: Harry Reyes Special Book price: ISBN: 962-7156-12-1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ARENA wishes to acknowledge the contributions of its network members and associates who have unselfishly lent their valuable time and efforts to see this book project through. Spurred by Vinod Raina and Chantana Banpasirichote, the ARENA Executive Board conducted long discussions on conceptualising and implementing the project. Special thanks are due to Kinhide Mushakoji, Ed Tadem, Urvashi Butalia and Jung OkLee for their valuable comments on the ftrst draft of the book. Sincere thanks to all the writers and researchers who put the country reports together. Their patience in accommodating the many requests for revisions, rewrites, and updating is truly appreciated. Theirs was truly a labour of social commitment. The Kathmandu writers' workshop where all the country paper contributors came together offered an excellent opportunity for all the writers of the book to strengthen their collective bond as both writer-researchers and advocates who not only documented cases of environmental degradation or industrial malfunctioning in their respective countries, but also were passionately involved in the struggles for cleaner environments and adequate compensation for victims. Many thanks to the generous help from Arjun Kumar Karki and his team from Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN) who facilitated the workshop. The editorial skills of Sumit Chowdhury, Aditi Chowdhury, and Vinod Raina are gratefully acknowledged. An editorial meeting at the ARENA office in Hong Kong provided a rare opportunity to go over the manuscripts carefully and make the necessary changes and tie up loose ends. ARENA's long-time partners, EZE and ICCO and a one-time grant from Oxfam HK made this book project financially viable. It must however, be emphasized that the views and opinions expressed in this book are not necessarily shared by them. At the ARENA Secretariat, James Joseph Keezhangatte was the Programme Officer who saw through and coordinated the entire project. Credits for the artwork and layout go to Titos Escueta and Harry Reyes, the efficient administrative support of Law Wai King and Kathy Tung considerably eased the project's logistical problems, Jeannie Nacpil-Manipon, Neng Magno and Corie Concordia-Law also extended their much needed support. This present volume will not be the last effort of ARENA in undertaking its programme on 'victims of development.' Given the enthusiasm displayed by participants and organisers of this book project, we look forward to an even more fruitful and meaningful activityin the future. As with all ARENA endeavours, implicit is the hope that in a small humble way this volume will contribute to the people's struggles for an equitable, pluralistic, and ecologically sustainable society. CONTENTS Preface 2 Introduction 6 1. China Introduction 22 Glossary 28 Case Studies 37 Three Gorges Dam 37 Land Appropriation 44 Flood Devastation 48 Zhili Factory Fire 50 Chemical Poisoning in Shoe City 53 Toxic Waste Trade 54 Tables and Figures Economy 56 Drought and Their Effects 60 Industry 57 Floods 61 Area Under Cultivation 57 Industrial Accidents 62 Land Erosion 58 Factories and Mines 62 Soil Erosion in Yangtze Fire Accidents in Guangdong Province 62 River Valley 58 Natural Disasters 59 Endnotes 63 References 65 2. India Introduction 68 Glossary 78 Case Studies 128 Narmada Valley Project 128 Tehri Hydroelectric Project 137 Bhopal Gas Leak 140 Baliapal Missile Test Range 148 Chilka Shrimp Farm 152 West Coast Power Projects 155 Tables and Figures Per Capita Income 160 Poverty Line 163 Agriculture 160 Healthcare 1991 163 Industry 160 Elementary Education 164 Power 161 Sex Ratio 164 External Trade Account 161 Employment by Sector External Debt 161 and Gender 1991 164 Population 162 School Enrolment by Gender 165 Human Development 162 Flood Damage 165 Human Development Soil Loss 165 Index 1992 162 Soil Erosion 166 Infrastructure 1990 163 Land Degradation 166 Deforestation 166 Denudation in the Himalayas 166 Health Costs of Air Pollution Soil Loss for Himalayas in Cities 168 Road Building 166 Noise Pollution 168 Environmental Costs 167 Vehicle Population 169 Cost of Deforestation 167 Burden of Water Borne Disease 169 Displacement from Projects 167 Chemical Disasters After Bhopal 169 Air Pollution in Major Cities 168 Waste Import 170 References 171 3. Japan Introduction 181 Glossary 185 Case Studies 196 Minamata Tragedy 196 Narita Airport 200 Teshima Dumpsite 202 Immigrant workers 205 Tables and Figures Economic Boom 208 Land Expropriation by Government 210 GDPGrowth 208 Road Accidents 211 Per capita National Pollution related Health Damage 211 Income Growth 208 Food Poisoning 212 Growth of International Trade 209 Bullying Cases 212 Agriculture 209 Students Refusing to Attend School 212 Public Works in Economic Assistance 213 National Budget 209 Recipients of Bilateral ODA 213 Power Generation 210 Investment in Asia-Pacific 1951-1994 214 Grievances against Environmental Pollution 210 Endnotes 214 References 214 4. Malaysia Introduction 219 Glossary 225 Case Studies 234 Kerpan Prawn Farming 234 N enasi Acquaculture 236 Batang Ai Dam Resettlement 237 Logging in Sarawak 239 Highland Towers Collapse 242 Bright Sparklers' Explosion 245 Asian Rare Earth Radiation Hazard 247 Durian Dunggal Dam 250 Tables and Figures 251 Socio Economic Indicators 251 River Pollution 252 Environmental Degradation 252 Industrial Accidents 252 Endnotes 253 References 254 5. Nepal Introduction 257 Glossary 261 Case Studies 265 Godawari Marble Industry 265 Kulekhani Hydel Project 267 Naryani Lift Irrigation Systems 270 Water and Air Pollution in Kathmandu 271 Tables and Figures 274 Human Development 274 Vehicular Emission 1992-93 275 Road Traffic and Lead Industrial Emissions 1992-93 276 Discharge in Kathmandu 275 References 277 6. Pakistan Introduction 279 Glossary 285 Case Studies 289 Canal Irrigation System 289 Industrial Pollution 290 Lyari Dumping 292 Deforestation 293 Water Pollution 295 Chotiari Reservoir 296 Tables and Figures 299 Population and Labour 299 Floods1992 Impact 301 Unemployment 300 Floods1994 Impact 301 Forest Area by Vegetation Type 300 Floods1995 Impact 301 Deforestation Rate 300 Endnotes 302 References 303 7. Philippines Introduction 305 Glossary 313 Case Studies 321 The Calaca and Mt. Apo Projects 321 Marbon, Marcopper Colombia Experiences 329 The Bolinao Experience 339 Banana and Pineapple Plantations 343 Tables and Figures Population Growth 351 Forest and Agriculture 353 Population Trends 351 Land Identified for GNP Growth 351 Commercial Interest 353 Per Capita GNP Growth 352 Energy Consumption 354 Defence Share in Economy 352 Mine Production 354 Bio-diversity Number of Species352 Metro Manila Emission Sources 1990 354 Species Count 1990 353 Greenhouse Gas Emission 1990 355 River Pollution 1992 356 Endnotes 356 8. South Korea Introduction 365 Glossary 369 Case Studies 373 Onsan Disease 373 Nakdong Phenol Leaks 375 Seoul Smog 377 Shihwa Reclamation Project 379 Oil Spills from Tankers 380 Wonjin Poisoning 381 Sampoong Collapse 383 Nuclear Power Projects 384 Tables and Figures 386 Economic Growth 386 Industrial Accidents 388 Population 386 Solid Waste 388 Urbanisation 386 Waste Water and Sewage 389 Industry 387 Sector wise Emission 389 Agriculture 387 Pollutants 389 Occupational Disease 388 Endnotes 390 9. Sri Lanka Introduction 393 Glossary 396 Case Studies 402 Samanalawewa Dam 402 Mahaweli Development Project 404 Nilwala Flood Protection 408 The Agro-industry Boom 409 Property Development Enterprise 411 Prawn Farming 413 Tourism and Hotel Industry 414 Tables and Figures 416 Socio-economic Indicators 416 Access to Drinking Water 417 Labour Force 416 Access to Power 417 Budget 1995 417 References 418 10. Thailand Introduction 421 Glossary 425 Case Studies 437 Kaeng Sua Ten Dam 437 Pak:MoonDam 439 Mae Moh Power Plant 440 Evacuation from Conservation Forests 441 Community Forest Management 442 Kader Factory Fire 444 Khor-Jor-Kor Resettlement Project 445 Klong Taeo Chemical Fires 447 Tables and Figures 449 Land Divisions 449 Income Share of Population Land Holding and by Quintile Group 453 land use Patterns 1991 449 Income Gap Between Forests 450 Rich and Poor 453 Water Resources 450 Growth of Factories 454 Usable Water 1990 450 Number of Polluting Major Dams and Industries 1989 454 Reservoir Capacity 451 Hazardous Waste Indicators 452 from Industries 454 Percentage of People Hazardous Waste Below Poverty line 452 Discharge 455 Annual Household Income per capita 453 As % per Total Annual Income per capita 453 Endnotes 455 References 456 Conclusion 458 Contributors 466 To those whose will to resistance are formed in everydcry struggles for survival. Ed Tadem The Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives (ARENA), a regional network of scholar activists, progressive academics, and critical writer-researchers has been working on issues of development and underdevelopment since its formation during a regional consultation in 1980. Its primary purpose is to engage in a process of critical rethinking of Asian peoples' problems and issues with particular