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Coastal Tourism in Odisha and Its Impact on Beach Degradation

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Coastal Tourism in Odisha and Its Impact on Beach Degradation Article can be accessed online at http://www.publishingindia.com COASTAL TOURISM IN ODISHA AND ITS IMPACT ON BEACH DEGRADATION Soumendra Nath Biswas* Keywords: Abstract: Coastal resources throughout the Odisha Coast are the famous attraction for the tourists. At the same time mass tourism in this region is a major contributor to sewage and solid waste pollution, deforestation, coastal erosion and sedimentation from construction activities. Beach degradation from tourism depends on the number of tourists inflow, the rate of growth of the tourism industry, improper planning and lack of control. Tourism-related physical changes are also widespread for expanding tourism infrastructure projects. The present study is an effort to examine the role of Coastal tourism in Odisha, especially in Puri, Konark, Gopalpur and Chandipur which affect the socio-economic life of the local communities and environmental degradation of the quality of beaches. In the study area, development was based on a rapid growth of tourist demand and chaotic development of tourist facilities. Erosion is very common in Odisha coast. Solutions like sand re-nourishment have not stopped the erosion process. The rising number of tourists exerts a strong pressure on these beaches. Key objective of this paper is to find out how to maintain balance between positive and negative impacts of beach tourism to get optimum benefits and maintain sustainability by protecting it from the environmental catastrophe, manmade hazards followed by beach degradation. Keywords: Coastal Tourism, Recreation, Beach-Dune System, Ecotourism, Snorkeling, Environmental Degradation, Catastrophe, Sustainability, Erosion the successful development and well being of other activities INTRODUCTION and processes” (Butler, 1993, p. 29). Attempts have been made in this study to examine the Situated on the eastern coastline of the country, Odisha catalytic role of Coastal tourism for the development of beaches like Puri, Konark, Gopalpur and Chandipur have beaches in Odisha that affects the socio-economic life of wonderful wide white sand, fishing farms and superb resorts the local people, at the same time creates environmental making these attractive tourist destinations. Puri is also a degradation of the quality of beaches. This article begins part of the famous ‘Golden Triangle’ of tourism destinations with the meaning and importance of Coastal Tourism and in Odisha along with Bhubaneswar and Konark. its impact on the local societies and environment of the Coastal areas of Odisha State in the north-eastern part of the coastal zone of Odisha. Key issue of this paper is to find Indian peninsula are potentially vulnerable to accelerated out how to maintain balance between developments of erosion hazard. Along the 480-km coastline, most of the beach tourism and maintain sustainability by protecting it coastal areas, including tourist resorts, hotels, fishing from the environmental catastrophe and manmade hazards. villages, and towns, are already threatened by recurring “… merging tourism and conservation effectively is a tricky storm flood events and severe coastal erosion (Kumar et task, but one which may prove necessary for the survival al. 2010). The development of tourism in Coastal Odisha, of both” (Mariana Stockley, NEXUS, 1984, pp 1-7). Coastal especially in Puri, Konark, Gopalpur and Chandipur, has tourism and recreation are important parts of the most rapidly led to its economy being based on this sector. Here, mass growing activity in the international tourism. Tourism and tourism has great impact on the economy and environment. recreation-related development is one of the major factors Here the development was based on a rapid growth of shaping development patterns in the coastal zones. tourist demand and on a chaotic development of tourist Government at all levels must assume appropriate proactive facilities. This has had severe consequences for the coastal roles to shape and guide coastal tourism development region specially, insufficiently controlled urban planning, because Coastal tourism which is developed and maintained overcrowded beaches, and erosion of the beach-dune system in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and caused by massive construction on the coastal zone. Many at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period beaches have been transformed into urban beaches and their and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and coastline has retreated. Solutions like sand re-nourishment physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits have not stopped the erosion process. The increasing number * Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management (IITTM), Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, Bhu- baneswar, Odisha, India. E-mail: [email protected] Coastal Tourism in Odisha and Its Impact on Beach Degradation 49 of residents and visitors exerts a strong pressure on these swimming, recreational fishing, surfing, water-scootering, beaches. This indicates that tourism in Odisha beaches is para-sailing, snorkelling and scuba diving. Coastal area becoming unsustainable and coastal management policy is provides aesthetic and environmental value like beautiful urgently required if sustainability is to be achieved. natural scenery with golden sands, lush green vegetation and blue sky. Besides attractions Coastal tourism has led to In this study the main objective is to understand the overall development of tourism in many parts of the world. environmental and ecological aspects and issues which have It has become main source of income in many islands affected the Odisha coasts and beaches either by tourists or and coastal regions. Coastal tourism is becoming a highly which are faced by tourists. Crossing carrying capacity for competitive business as country actively seeks to draw tourists’ inflow especially at Puri beach and development increased numbers of visitors to their sea shores. of various urban setups has badly affected the ecology of Odisha Coast. There is a greater tendency for people to live in coastal areas than inland. The ratio of people living in coastal zones OBJECTIVES compared with available coastal lands further indicates the same. According to the United Nations Environment The main objectives of the Research paper include the Programme (UNEP) report, the average population density following: - in the coastal zone was 77 people/km2 in 1990 and 87 people/km2 in 2000, and 99 people/km2 in 2010 (Kumar et ∑ To understand the importance of Coastal Tourism in al. 2010). India especially in Odisha. ∑ To study the present scenario of Odisha coast and its Beach resort have to be developed as an integrated complex impact on tourist inflow in the state. to function as a self-contained community. To maintain its ecosystem, management should ensure the availability of ∑ To study, analyze and evaluate the effect of Coastal necessary infrastructure in the immediate hinterland to the Tourism on beach degradation. coastal region. Clean water, healthy coastal habitats, free of ∑ To find out some solution for maintaining sustainability currents and underwater rocks and a safe, secure, and enjoyable of Coastal tourism in Odisha. environment are essential for successful coastal tourism. Similarly, abundant of living marine resources are of critical METHODOLOGY importance to most recreational experiences. Security from risks associated with natural coastal hazards such as storms, To gain insights into the general structure and some of the cyclones, tsunamis, are requisite for coastal tourism to be issues of Coastal tourism, extended conversations were sustainable over the long term. Moreover, in today’s rapid held with the local people, service providers and tourists. pace of communications, the existence of poor water quality These types of experiences were chosen because they or degraded or eroding beaches is quickly communicated represent a diversity of issues and attractions. This study among networks of travel agents, tour operators and others was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. For in the tourism marketing business. Ecotourism in association collecting the data from the primary sources, two sets of with marine and estuarine protected areas, especially structured questionnaire made both for tourists and local the National Marine Sanctuary Program and National people including local service providers. Apart from that, Estuarine Research Reserve Program, has a great potential observation, schedules and interview methods were followed (Koss, 1995). for the above said purpose. In tourism, especially in the case of Coastal Tourism, the lack of attention by public agencies is problematic and COASTAL TOURİSM coordination between programs that promote and market tourism and those that manage coastal and marine areas Coastal Tourism is basically a leisure based activity and is not up to the mark. On the other hand, agencies dealing more popular among the people of temperate, warm with the promotion of tourism are not involved with the temperate and cold countries. The term ‘coastal tourism’ evaluation of its effects or with advance planning and means the full range of tourism, leisure, and recreationally management of the adverse impacts of tourism through oriented activities that take place in the coastal zone avoidance, mitigation, and compensation strategies (Cicin- and the offshore coastal waters. These include coastal Sain, 1993). tourism development (hotels, resorts, restaurants, food industry,
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