This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. aquarium strengthen stores retail study,In this weconduct ABSTRACT Environment, Fisheries and(Cefas), UK. AquacultureScience wassupportedThis contribution through internal investment fundsthe at forCentre Funding information Email, NR33Laboratory, PakefieldUK Road,Lowestoft,0HT, Suffolk, Centre forJohn K.Pinnegar, Environment, Fisheries Science, Lowestoft& Aquaculture Correspondence 2 UK Suffolk, Road, Lowestoft, 1 Understanding
Accepted ArticleSchool ofEnvironmental Sciences, UniversityUK of East Anglia,Norwich, forPakefield Centre Science,Environment, Fisheries &Aquaculture Lowestoft Laboratory,
pagination andproofreading process, which version undergone full peer review but has not This article hasbeen accepted for publication inthe Journal ofFishBiologyand
[email protected] retailers
the ,
and the Versionof Record. Please cite this as well as as as well aof review evidence
the
were visited JOHNK. PINNEGAR United Kingdom - base base ed
a in supportof unique unique . Atotalof
government survey survey of specieson sale marine aquariummarine
38 been through the copyediting, typesetting, future management initiatives. 1,2* of 0
| marine aquarium fish species
marine ornamental marine ornamental
trade JOANNA MURRAY M. may lead to differencesbetweenlead to this may statistics article as doi: 10.1111/jfb.
trade ,
with the with the
–
fishes a mysteryshopper aim
1 appearing inappearing
Fifty
to (4926
significantly significantly marine 13491 UK
study This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. aremarine taken aquaria from 90% ofwhich million$330 Accepted Uniteddestined forsale in the States inand Europe Over 20million marine fish 1 | a KEYWORDS animals thoughttohavebeencaptive are bythebeen designated IUCN but also Articleimports tothe UK. USA,Indonesia, Philippines andthe Maldives with a havedeclinedHowever, imports since 2008and amounted to UKin the documentedpoorly from Atlantic the fromoriginated Indo the Pomacanthidae, Gobi tobelonging families the individuals) quarium INTRODUCTION n economic
production of ,
grewmarkedly between1996 and2008 biodiversity , from (Wabnitz are nowfarmedare
Ocean value value of 4 The UK is an important exporter ofwildUK important exporter The isan . 8 Government
i families
dae tank ,
et
coral reef . However, -
Pacific Pomacentridae, al and - UK £ reared . es
2003
and CITES as being of conservation concern asbeing ofconservation and CITES
were recorded with Labridae are harvested each year the wild the (Evers (Evers
3 Ocean , trade statistics
; Tissot million import animals exact sourcesofexact species individual et
, with only a small number (9% of species) derived, withonlyasmall ofspecies) number(9% . and
al The majority of -
, Acanthuridae, Apogonidae,Acanthuridae, reared
et ( . . ornamental
, , c Several species Several
. in particular 2019 al US . as
2010 .
reveal
) $3.8) the mostthe countriesinterms important of
, the largestthe proportion of individuals with a with a the vastmajority ofthe animals a global a global ) . ,
. for theornamental aquarium trade, ed Unlike freshwater trade R , fishes
rapid ecent that the that the removed observed -
market caught caught
less thanless
acceleration in2003 trade data for sale for sale ornamental reef from
fishes worth for sale in UKthe have Labridae, 305,000 kgin2017 were (91% of species) coral reefs coral ornamental
( via more than 2017 , although , although unclear and
trans ) in identify -
fish tropical tropical -
– (King, shipment
2004. species, species, US all
t rade rade
these these
,
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. (Scorpinidae including the tangs potentialofculture the most Acceptedseveral from Philippinesranged the 30 aquarium fishin United retailers the States (Militz rejected aquarium fisherysuggested thatover montha six 24.2% fi period, ofthetotal unreported. by A studyofrejections before marine buyers export inthePapuaNewGuinea m 2005)(Bruckner trophic groups asherbivores andofbiodiversity such loss duetoremoval species ofrare fish catch degradation withassociated ArticleIUCN numbers between 2004 2001and in Sulawesi Pterapogon opposing sustainability (King, contributing anadditional 2010, 2014) bleaching, coral acidification, ocean tourism developmentstresses andother 2019 ortali ) .
Red List in2007( List Red As vulnerable ties O species
verharvesting andextirpationverharvesting ofkey species
the trade. (Rubec .
Collected organismsCollected orarerejected that die before of apoint oftengosale , (Vagelli (Vagelli kaud , Pteroinae hence hence are now et . Inaddition, fireef erni
et al
(Acanthuridae) Th wild collection ofwild collection fish
. al & 2019
ecosystems 2016). Koumans 1933 . e over
)
Erdmann Tissot 2002; 2001) successfully , Allen
had ). significant
fishing gear - A abundant
collection ofp ; few
t the otherof end t the chain, a supply changes in – & Donaldson, 2007& Donaldson, 60% within within 60% . ,
record In reefs coral , butterfly oftenexperienceshes highpost response cultured ( cultured
stressor for example,
species in
s and
es of reef indicated thatmortality of
opulations of the of Banggai cardinalfish opulations 3 raises anumber ofconservation concerns fishes captive the
are byare threatened pollution, destructive
, and questions raising about long
days ofarrival
et ecology toof due focussedspecific collection Moorhead Zeng & 2010 the species
use ofcyanideandother poisons al hobbyist‟s
). . a (Chaetodontidae)
2010)
rearing rearing species species Other concerns include:Other c
is a priority is apriority issue citedby , was as„Endangered‟ listed onthe
resulted in
marine success endemic
(Rubec
- aquaria found thatsomeaquaria study of 300 over
harvesting and transport
(Moorhead Zeng & and lion et
to fishes dramatic declinesin ),
al a
a analysing study the . remote archipelago
2001)
imported from (Hughes sh catch was fishes - oral term those .
Although to stunand - reef
fishing, , et
al .
,
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. import documents animals. forlive In 2009,151import withattachedspecies declarations remained assessment of Accepted ofthe inEurope,value trade imports to26% in2000 2011 other UK wasidentified reef the 2003) authors the (2003) States UK Articleinsight (Rhyne understanding ofthe explore Europe to the is countries often complex monitoring the volume for well alternative to wildcollection is somewayoff angelfish 2014)
US - (Murray (Murray fish EU countries .
although (Rhyne . s
This alone Limited
- Using et into areas specific oftheaquarium rangingfrom trade polychaetes ornamental the in
managed capture trade
(Pomacanthidae) impossible al
revealed revealed offish of1471a total species aretradedworldwide picture . . Leal . Leal
et 2012; potential potential ofconsequences trade fornatural the populations and ecosystems what has comewhat has beknownas to et in Europe revealing
al a study bya study legislation
al .
2012) as the largest importing country .
et was found tohave
has changed Cohen 2012)
.
aquarium
al Biondo (2017)investigated trade the scattered an , value anddiversityvalue , .
, species toa ( 2016 , fisheries
, Rhyne or impossible et building has been oversight
this studythis didnot al ) trade .
.
provided thefirst economic ornamental assessment ofthe
significantly yearswithin recent some of tangsand breeding 2013; Despite advanci Despite et d
a oftotal value
andmonitoring alongthe
piecemeal
upon the global overviewupon the Wabnitz provided by al achieved and
- and
. level analysis of increased increased in recent years
Leal Leal (2012) . This hasdriven initiatives inboththeUSAand to lack of
underpin of ornamental species collectedsource in et
. the marinethe global aquarium database for for
al data available data available in However estimated benearer to 1800 figure to this in find any .
ng our understanding ofthe and ng ourunderstanding keyplayers enforcement manymarine 2016 >
and dominanceits as atradeamong centre
€ effective 135 million 135 ) fish . species ,
These studieshaveprovided detailed r eliance ona in shipment records in the shipment inthe records whole
Switzerland Switzerland by within the industry the within policy policy andmanagement species - rising from 14%of total order level data over an period.11 year The supply chain
to quaculture asan , increasing improve our (Wabnitz ;
therefore analysing .
mean that the need et (GMAD) United , et
al an
al .
.
, This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. thesurveyduring and London Northamptonshire, Accepted covert marketA of survey 2 | et to collect information onthe successfully have been tried else enhance import re andexport undertook Article there is littleof oversight an must tradedbeing is asthere difficult toobtaindetailed is very primarily and ofthese were (28% re specimens forlists marine ornamental fishesfrom non
al authorised import METHODS METHODS .
submit list aspecies 2015 visits to Within UK the t )
our understanding over the period the over source
). a (11,167 from Indonesia Indonesia alone). The62% remaining(11,167 from ofthefishes inSwitzerland
, highly novelhighly
750 are 750 are - exported) retailers
stock Leicestershire, 50 cords, weinvestigate theof diversity er of er thought represent about
from marine aquarium shops
little areestimatedhere be to , marinecomprised species from 440 45families. in England eastern (Norfolk,Suffolk,
April April
assessment individual live live within within the AHH2 of
a smallnumberof obligation on importers tosupply
diversity ofcagebirds to sell to sell marine the marine the fish to where where
August species
Derbyshire, and in shellfish EnglandandWales, oncesubmitted but
consignments andquantities.
of UK retailers 7 % of the total number% ofthetotal
- 2011 ornamental level information reef onwhat - species form EU countries detailed .
Warwickshire was conducted through was conductedthrough major T c hese hese . (CEFAS, 2019)
200
(Macfadyen for sale
-
and fish importers 0 retail outlets0 retail forornamental 50 species
in combination with government shops were examined and coral trade inEurope.
in 1 , Essex, of retailers of retailers Lincolnshire, data arelacking,data forexample this this -
were reef fishesreef 54 Taiwanese pet shops pet 54 Taiwanese and et
as a requirementas a In the presentIn the paper we
al information. wholesalers. . each Hertfordshire
2005) unannounced and fishes
in UK the
visited visited Similar approaches Similar approaches traded in traded in the . Theseretailers Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, totalled
are Suppliers
Currently it only once
, to become . In each . Ineach actually Greater fishes
28,356
UK to ( Su
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. shop visits, an average price ( Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae, Pomacanthidae, Labridae etc.). dominance Acceptedtotal number Shannon ofindividuals,diversity the index retailer 2001 taxonomic harmed ofthe aresult as work. possible that privacy individual is out Researchers shoppingcarrying mystery far studies must caretoensureas as every take adhered to bestpractice andguidancecodes for was p impressions regardingthe ArticleAmphiprioninae) ofwhether taken animals listed were ascaptive fromranging Amoribund lively, Bfair,toD C dead (www.fishbase.org).Fishbase resulting usingconducted plastic ofknownstrips in length necessityand the fora rapid appraisal. refractionproblem ( ofglass (approximateindividual totallengthin cm). common for thespecies, price( namethe used case ,
) note art of a larger chain ofalarger art of
or Fishbase(
Following eachFollowing visit ( Supporting Information S1 Table data were also compared s
name using possible) (where w for eachshop ere
taken oftaken
and seahorses Froese Pauly,2018 & , as well as , aswell all all standard , i
retailers retailers species offered including number forsale, the ofindividuals, data . UK £ e
In addition
.,
, (Syngnathidae, (Syngnathidae, Hippocampinae)]
where objects where objects appear larger orcloser than would they inair) were transcribed were transcribed and species respected with ) was derived for each speci) wasderived of tanksandth
numbers or Validation trials to test wereinitially accuracy
the maximum length total an independe reef ) , ) . Summary statistics were calculated foreach
an assessment , including number the observed, of species the
Length Length - and that datasubjectsarenot fish
of and individuals species UK £ - mystery shoppingmystery studies bred
identification guides an experimental an experimental aquarium tank.The e type ofestablishmente type ) and ) and are are considered only indicative duetothe
or [ nt shop e . g dying
., of conditionof the individual, each a , n estimate of
clown and .
, In conducting this
Following completionFollowing of all was madewas es were Simpson‟s
(based on 2011prices and some general fish of species, the assigned es (Pomacentridae, (Lieske &
the size ofeach size the per fish family ( . Notes were also . Noteswere also
; disadvantaged (
e ESOMAR index of index . g
., to a particular ,
whether itwhether
study,
as givenin Myers , 20
we ;
e or 05 i . . g e ., ) ., . , ,
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. of centres The Accepted 3.1 | 3 | wholesalers, as aswell a retailoutlets.few independent logistics concerning named of importers they usually include andcomprisedcountries imports both and Articleto 2012 code 03011090 from 2012 to 03011090) downloaded were obtained from plus onindividual fishcollected sizes, the in order tocalculate total economicthe valueobserved. ofthestock periodwhenshopswerevisited the - town garden centres. town garden RESULTS 50 SD Market survey of surveyof aquarium s Market we ) Government statistics onGovernment statistics trade (imports the . aquarium ranged independent from shopsvisited retailers small re re transported.
offering ( Available data and Supporting Supporting Information S2 Table
from 2011 1996to specifically forspecifically commodity the air 2017
d - yielded period, after 03011900yielded no results this whereas prior yieldednoresults
freight companies, chainsofgarden centres and both the a fewmarine .
The commodityforaquarium codeused the
Information availablefrom wasalso HM Revenue &Customs
HM Revenue &Customs included quantities( The lowest The lowest number of mass and
fishes of the of the marine
„ ) Live
hops and
to majorto marine specialists average average fishes fishes this waswherethis animals applied had unlabelled, been ornamental
exports. ).
„ themselves ofthewithin that water and which kg Fish, ornamental live:fish Saltwater
into UK. the global Theseincluded various total length ) andvalue( fishes
database
It isIt important to note that citedquantities and exports -
fish observed was17
(exc. Freshwater) (cm) species per
(Gov. UK, 2018) UK £ fishes ) ofmarine aquarium
or ) of trade between individual between ) oftrade specialist aquatic specialist aquatic
was altered after 2011 so those associatedwith out
Using information the
(shop ( typically ‟ was calculated
. (code 03011900)(code
reference Statistics were ‟ in
(code town fishes
30)
, ,
- This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. particularly common the among ( although oftotal observed value inthe thestock nunus achilles septentrionalis magnifica fromindividuals 3species fromwere observed but ofa small species number pufferfish many ofgobspecies werethere 5 damselfishspecies, (Gobi tangs ( shops visited ( S1 Table from (shop 10 species number ofmarine fish while
Supporting Supporting Information S1 Table Accepted Articleincluding clown i (
different species, for examplebutterflyfishdifferent the highestthe number of dae (Hamilton 1822)(Hamilton 9.0 Fishes ra Fishes Three
Shaw ) this ranged fromthis ranged . es % ;
Fowler 1938 and
4.9
) 4 (Tetraodontidae) , -
cardinalfish hundred different species ofwrasse ies % 4926 1803
(Temminck Schlegel 1844) & nged from inprice )
fishes ( and 7.4 es
individual individual to as little as little to as
% (Pomacentridae) lessdominant were with4 small - reference species species and
; ). Some wererepresented by families fewrelatively individuals but or 44.2% es , UK £ UK £ - Nemateleotris eighty
Nemateleotris groupers ( fishes , 5.8%
37 individuals observed withinthe visitedwas shops fishes ) 283 (shop (shop 283
3.89 for a 30) to (shop 99species angelfish tangs and of individuals UK £
)
different ) . observed wasobserved 44 ,
UK £ Most Most wrasses (Labridae wrasses ). Species ). Species available
( Serranidae 1.95 50 s 250 fora 250
fishes helfrichi ( green green chromis shops visitedwas reference decora 14.2 species ofmarine for an individual for anindividual
from or , but large with numbers ofsurgeonfish %), 38species%), ofangelfish
on UK £200 es ;
Randall Randall ; 3.7
bluestripe
8 species.
Randall Randall sale weresale juveniles at at e 5 (shop 5 (shop
36) (Pomacanthidae (Pomacanthidae and Acanthuridae) . g % 61 ., ; ;
5.3% reference
to
fire were dominated by Figure 1 individuals from individuals Chromis
for an Achilles anAchilles for tang & UK £ & reference fishes ( estimated at estimated at
bumblebee goby angelfish ) In othercases, many individuals Allen 1973 Allen
fishes , Allen 1973,Allen angelfish 8621 (shop 8621 (shop 7 ).
25 viridis
species ( Microdesmidae In terms of
were observed inthe ; Supporting Information
39, this although ranged 34) . Chaetodontoplus
Juveniles were es .
. UK £ (Cuvier 1830)(Cuvier
The average 1 es
Nemateleotris ( 8 12. 5.2% reference P
( species; omacentridae 10 Brachygobius 106,656 Acanthurus numbers of 4 % % ) , gobies ), while ) and )
154
es 34) , . , –
28
The
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. Randall Moluccas 1880)(Günther AcceptedExamples with species of rangesincluded particularly restricted 1786) basins very and SupportingInformation S2 Table individuals (3% of areonlyfound species) inthe Red SeaorArabian Ocean,Pacific are 4%ofindividuals Indian only foundinthe of Ocean (8%) and1% 35% ofindividuals (34% of species) Atlantic the Indo the Articleshop. were visited ela one shop, respectively 1918) 44 individuals, S2 Table whereas % oftheshopsvisited) s mobranch) wide geographic area
] , . O [ P. Ninety The most specieswere observed commonly e
- 1958 adults of . , mean length Pacific
g thers are aparticular are endemic to thers locality( , kauderni for example
., P.
; Supporting Information Table . Ocean present in Diodon
Ninety
kauderni from - six per and the numberand the
from Ocean damselfish (Pomacentridae)
(mostly the and Hawaii
- holocanthus one Fiji, Fiji,
cent )
92 Chiloscyllium
, whereas from . Amphiprion
species were species represented by asingleanimal, single ina observed % oftheshopsvisited) . Neoglyphidodon
ubiquitousspeciesOther included . and of the
Banggai Islands, Indonesia Banggai Islands, some even Caribbean of
only L. individual novel
percula 1758
were punctatum ).
4 % Some
species continued species continued to grow asmoreestablishments ,
of individuals (9% wereof derivedfrom species) Sea occur occur Hi thought tobe
crossi
S2 fishes (Lac strio ). cosmopolitan cosmopolitan
) were oftenobserved . However, within However, within Indo the
Müller Müller in both Atlanticin both andIndo Many species and é
Allen 1991Allen pède 1802) histrio observed
e Amphiprion . C g ., .
& viridis the Redthe Sea and derived from sources
(L. 1758) Henle species areknow (91% ofspecies) (91% Labroides Chrysiptera
from (190, 141, 107
( (126) (126)
364 ocellaris
Meiacanthus 1838 ,
Sulawesi Sulawesi
( Melichthys individuals, present in
Supporting Information or Hawaiian Isl or Hawaiian were in observed (Persian)
(the only
phthirophagus
- Cuvier parasema - Pacific Pacific Pacific and the n to occur over a over n tooccur individuals individuals
originated from ou only
Gulf ( niger
al 1830
Ocean O anensis in the
cean (Fowler (Fowler ands
Figure 2 Figure (Bloch,
only ( 436 , ).
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. 199 between The total quantity ofmarine 3.2 | 0.15 4.31 (shop ( d Shannonoverall diversity ofthe in tanks and saltwater mollies 1767)(Pallas scat Monodactylus withassociated 7 1852 ascaptivelisted UK.the but most
Accepted Supporting Information S1 Table Article ominance was non reef
m ) Scatophagus Government statistics on statistics imports andexportsGovernment
Amphiprion and ost ( S A very diverse assemblageA verydiverse wasobservedacross offish 50shops. the species The majorityThe vast oftheobservedspecies from werederived coral tropical reef Some observed of thespecies were
upporting Information S1 Table together withtogether Several speciesSeveral concernof conservation other Hippocampus - associated specieswere observed for sale reference 6
(7) (7) greenthe puffer spotted
and 200 argenteus fishes - mangrov 0.02 bred
argus Bloch & Schneider 1801
( 25) , observed were
Poecilia e reef species. most 7 venness was 0.80)
(L. 1766) reidi ) rising from
e or brackish e or . (L. 1758)
A notably verage Simpson‟sverage fishes
Ginsburg
latipinna observed captiveobserved population ) (19),
imported UK into the year each and although P. 1 thought have to been 15 -
water systems.water kaud
Monodactylus 1933 B
) , (Le 876 . . . Theaverage diversityofindividual shops was
Tetraodon
nunus
explicitly erni species, S
, all of underCITES whichare listed this kg in199 ueur, 1821) d
ominance was and seahorses
(20), thearcherfish or ranged from
interest observ were some
nigroviridis ( labelled labelled as captive
81
These sebae 6
to individuals)
( p caught the in wild imported and 12), althoughthese wereoften held 468,524 kg seudochromids
species werespecies themono angels (Cuvier 1829) was 2.05 (shop 2.05 (shop Hippocampus 0.05
(Marion 1822) deProcé 4.73
more doubled than but ranged from Toxotes and , with a particularly, witha and Simpson‟s and Simpson‟s - ed inUKshops bred, in particular reference these these
and (21), (21), green the
jaculatrix kuda a were pogonids .
Bleeker 25)
0.01 typically
s
to . Only and
3.16
, to (2) (2)
to
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. different slightly within comparison impor the real terms kg volumes both EUcountriesincludingseveral SpainandFrance Portugal, to exporting UKthe forfirst time the this during period( Asia attributedcan be todramatically increased trade the between southUK in andcountries Tonga,Islands, Vanuatu UKthe S period the considerably over of thaninterms value of Imports have from Europeancountries also other beenimportant Indonesia,USA,have been imports ( doubled increase ( imported necessary focusonthought to mainly available the economic data. with such that the total quantity imported 2017was305,339kg in dramatic occurring increase 2003and2004. between
Accepted Articlec audi Arabia and Australia ArabiaandAustralia audi . US $4.08 million). US $4.08
by 2017 mass mass (most Indonesia andthe notably However,Philippines). several In terms of value, theorderIn termsvalue, ofimportance ofcountries of importing altogether . .
Taking into a fishes Reported exports 1996amountedReported in toonly9591 kg , a
data ( data and ,
meanwhile UK £ value) value)
has risen from i . e Figure 3 , 282,854 ., while
that statistics include both th over the in real termsin real ccount monetary inflation (the the , Thailand
mass other countriesother ).
increase increase accounting forRPIinflation
value of value increasedfromexports peaking and then Philippines Throughout 1 the ( Figure 3 . past decade UK £ T he ) over the the over . importance of certain supplying countries has change
822,536 Much of the surge in betweenimports Much ofthesurge 2003and2004 ) , Maldives, Fiji, with some countries suchwith some countries asBarbados, have
has coincided with adramatic increase inexport 22
( becoming important less 9 c grow
tance whenexpressed in year time period . million)US $1.23 years, the e fishes n
in importance S retail prices index ince 2007ince Kenya
e
and surrounding the water),was it most important countries supplying . g ) . ., UK £
A .
Vanuatu and butalso Japan,
Given the problemsGiven the associated
but this increasedbut this to and decline , which .
, althoughmore sointerms
however 403, The economic value ofthe
Sri Lanka in ( e
other . 199 085 to 085 , g
of imports equates to equates or haltingexports to ., ; kg
in RPI), Bahrain, SolomonBahrain, 6 , . Imports from
to the to the UK was imports declined countries began countries to UK £ ,
UK £ respectively
the valuethe of Singapore,
(in (in terms of a three 992,134 in 118,640 3, 141 - east - , d fold 777 .
, This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. for numerouswere responsible consignments. thethroughout year marine marine exporter othermay to beshipped also majorof a UKwholesalerthis T in country. Ireland Portugal ofexporter marine ornamental but of ornamental 28 to rose fishes The number UKoffromthe consignmentso countries receives whichmarine of transporting speciesorcostofthe the breeding and animals rearing incaptivity. including theof rarity beingtraded, species the costsofcollecting logistical and £ fishes ( Generally, value( overall when quantified by wereIndonesia stillthelargest at
Accepted Articlee 30.0 . g
have ., . Several of importers these were
Indonesia
kg has generallyincreased.1996 In imports were imported from developed nations( highly
fishes fishes 6
– to the USA. % 52 since 1 , Netherlands
by
the value % ( 7632
2007
in imported totheUK ( UK £ fishes declined 61,138 UK UK £ 2017
kg). . Others when importsof interms peaked 649,211 mass
kg continued to diversify Examination ofExamination official 7.7 , with
kg) The highvalue forPortugal is – to 1 UK £
kg ( in 2017
, 86,932 only
Germany 16%( were generalistshipping companies – 6 ) in ) in 1 southern EU countries. , Fiji of these as recorded importing 27.4 fishes 24 201
UK £ was for lowest kg). By contrast, imports from USA the represented revealed that revealed there were
countries in UK £ kg 7 , mainly European other countries to
– and wholesalers 1 ). 675,296 8.3 Values yet onlytermsyet 12%in of 19,357
up to2010with hese kg statistics statistics concerning Several – 2017
1 in e , Maldives
kg fishes fishes .
g
or 2017 kg), Netherland – ., 1 .
mass
Prior to2015the umbrella companies for Portugal Portugal derived will will reflect anumber of probably The UKishighlighted major asa
importers were individual retailers
also imported from or
and value and value 1 21 UK £ 9 supply fishes
fishes
from counties, only19 %, named
UK £ due to the the ofdue to presence abranch located at airports but 9.7
consignments of s derived from 34
the Spanishthe market but during every monthduring every ofthe mass
33.5
11% this compares kg ( companies Figure 3 UK the the – 1
kg ) ( ( ,
34,699 13,220 kg
and south was also amajorwas also in particular – 1
, Israel
chains of chains outlets factors factors ). The sources ). Thesources was highestfor
-
rnamental importing importing east Asia
kg). and with countries countries live ) andthe UK but 21 thus
31 this this % of % ,
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. were observed would more than havebeen often expected families including Microdesmidae inmaintainingdifficulties species these incaptivity orsuccessfully transporting Accepted inthewild. abundance among 4926 the wild.in the comparableare acrossglobalmarkets, from same the observed. countries Whilehave been importing 2017) developedother nations, most notably the industry The species and familiesmatched inUK observed shopsclosely biodiversity and scarcity of generalistpredator thatboth targets andspecies, apremium abundant rare with onboth Article thatstated by were represented allaroundoceans world. the representing than More 4 | importing which data were available. orveryfew onewith one consignments, inonly oftenoccurring DISCUSSION and HongKong (Wabnitz (Wabnitz , fishes
38 „ In thepresent study,c collectors for aquariumcollectors function the as trade a peculiarandunprecedented type
a highly diversea highly 0
marine aquarium , fishes
th
et is
only
al included alargechainof aquariapublic
(Chan & Sadovy,2000) (Chan & . observed inretailer observed tanks when compared with general their These parrotfish speciesincluded
2003) ,‟ one
and itseems Several This thatis anindustry trades on diversity.
coral individual ,
with taxonomic composition
fish species are forfish species available ertain
-
and reef multinational
these do these Malacanthidae, were overMalacanthidae, were that the same the that is assemblage diverse animal USA , where virtually the, wherevirtually same
not (Rhyne reef observed in observed entertainment necessarily - comprised of fish
true for trade in fortrade in true the UK. et
es families were poorlyfamilies were represented
al given prevalence their
(Scaridae), possiblybecause of . one also also
2012) as well hobbyist patterns in aquarium diversity reflect reflect coral
companies were month shop. those those - matching those animals fromanimals tropical represented in tradethe and , Switzerland Switzerland (Biondo,
Rhyne s reported for of the the of
Ninety to buy inthe zoological gardenszoological suite of suite - reef 17 et -
five
al them also biodiversity biodiversity years for observed in the wild. species, .
the global (2012) specie listed as listed . Other Other . UK ,
s in .
This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. import wild.distributions inthe guessesOne can make originsbylooking atthe some at educated to able ascribe the Accepted complexand highly chains supply (Leal specimens taskthat is achallenging commonly doomedfailure dueto to long, fragmented sustainabl clownfish, morphological appearances ( closely wild shipmentsall of suggested this and 2011 Article the storiessuccess soone that and wouldanticipate aquacultureshould the dominate source of noted These authors that under considered recently USEndangeredSpecies Act the for thancollectedrather from wild the reidi werespecies observedonsaleinthe collection from andexporters importers ofconservationSpecies accordingconcern to fishes -
caught animals inaccuracy (W').This is compounded bythemisidentification of and – - Tracing Tracing the geographical originand (wildsource caught Rhyne export volumesexport related specieson export invoices, among especially with species similar
P and e withinpractice the industry. imported theimported into US.In does . A
kauderni . ocellaris Thailand Thailand in 2013(both outside the geographic natural range of et wa not threaten survival wildin the
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This articleisprotected bycopyright.Allrightsreserved. animporter. Weymouth:CEFAS Authorise CEFAS (2019). Fish Health Inspectorate. AcceptedBruckner Biondo, M.V.(2017) T.J. Donaldson, G.R& Allen, Agnew, D.( ArticleREFERENCES contributed to manu this who muchvisited, provided advice regarding identification of They species. greatly particular knowledge of J ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS sustainable and morepractices destructive (Evers an offering wild and income to . K . P .
would like would like to thank N t_data/file/530276/aah2.pdf www. at Available Caribbean. 11 an estimation ofimportsfromUnion. European the July2018 21 on dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63572A12692964.en Threatened ,
, A
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Quantifying theQuantifying tradein marine ornamental fi script even though neverscript even they knew were The importanceornamental ofthemarine reeffish trade in the wider
de es,
. 2007:
Polunin Polunin Biología
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T 3, net doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2949 understanding ofthetrade inmarine aquarium animals. in Aviewfrompossible? standpoint the ofthemarine aquariumtrade. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035808 biodiversity theofinto fish imported (2012). 19 ofand sustainability the marine aquariumKenya. fisheryin e29543. aquarium revealing trade: datagaps the ornamental using polychaetes. doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.516035 ornamental a fish: review ONE aquarium aninitial trade: study concerncase raises for village , P A A
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