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SIGCHI Conference Paper Format Northumbria Research Link Citation: Feltwell, Tom, Wood, Gavin, Brooker, Phillip, Rowland, Scarlett, Baumer, Eric, Long, Kiel, Vines, John, Barnett, Julie and Lawson, Shaun (2020) Broadening Exposure to Socio-Political Opinions via a Pushy Smart Home Device. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’20): April 25–30, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, New York, NY. ISBN 9781450367080 Published by: Association for Computing Machinery, Inc URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376774 <https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376774> This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/41952/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher’s website (a subscription may be required.) Broadening Exposure to Socio-Political Opinions via a Pushy Smart Home Device Tom Feltwell1, Gavin Wood1, Phillip Brooker2, Scarlett Rowland1, Eric P. S. Baumer3, Kiel Long1, John Vines1, Julie Barnett4, Shaun Lawson1 1Northumbria University, 2University of Liverpool 3Lehigh University, 4University of Bath, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Liverpool, UK Bethlehem, PA, USA Bath, UK {first.last}@ phillip.brooker@ [email protected] [email protected] northumbria.ac.uk liverpool.ac.uk ABSTRACT less pronounced than in offline media [31]. Socio-political Motivated by the effects of the filter bubble and echo discussion online is nuanced, and is influenced by a variety chamber phenomena on social media, we developed a smart of sources, including non-news outlets [51, 66]. Around home device, Spkr, that unpredictably “pushes” socio- certain sensitive topics, an overwhelming negative opinion political discussion topics into the home. The device utilised can effectively drown out other, more diverse, viewpoints trending Twitter discussions, categorised by their socio- [13]. Such situations are commonly referred to as echo political alignment, to present people with a purposefully chambers [25, 33] or filter bubbles [57]. This narrowing of assorted range of viewpoints. We deployed Spkr in 10 homes exposure can be highly problematic, as many political for 28 days with a diverse range of participants and theorists argue that exposure to diverse opinions is necessary interviewed them about their experiences. Our results show for a thriving democracy [52]. that Spkr presents a novel means of combating selective exposure to socio-political issues, providing participants Prior work has explored ways to combat selective exposure. with identifiably diverse viewpoints. Moreover, Spkr acted Examples have included: intentionally injecting oppositional as a conversational prompt for discussion within the home, viewpoints into a user’s news feed [50]; supporting direct initiating collective processes and engaging those who would annotation of news articles [67]; explicitly showing users the not often be involved in political discussions. We biases in their own reading history [49]; redesigning the demonstrate how smart home assistants can be used as a experiences of political news reading [24]; and the catalyst for provocation by altering and pluralising political deployment of technologies to help structure debate and discussions within households. reflection about news topics [19, 34, 41]. While promising, many of these efforts incorporate a common yet simplistic Author Keywords operationalisation of political diversity; that is, they use a Filter bubble; Echo chamber; Selective exposure; Smart single-dimension to capture the breadth of political home technology; Socio-political discussion; Nolan chart; viewpoints. This is often represented as a continuum from CSS Concepts conservative to liberal, or in some cases from agree to • Human-centered computing~Human computer disagree (e.g. [27, 41]). However, some political interaction (HCI); orientations, such as libertarianism, are difficult to place on such a single-dimensional spectrum. Furthermore, some of INTRODUCTION these prior design interventions require users to make an Those who believed that the Internet would herald the advent active choice in terms of seeking out diverse political of a diverse digital public sphere have been somewhat opinions. While some work suggests that a minority of disappointed. Through a combination of individual reading citizens are opposed to hearing differing viewpoints, that choices, highly partisan media outlets, algorithmic curation, work also suggests that a minority of citizens will actually social homophily, and other factors, citizens are increasingly seek out viewpoints that conflict with their own [26, 50] likely to encounter political viewpoints with which they already agree [1, 5, 8, 27, 36], though online polarisation is This paper addresses both of these gaps. First, it operationalises diversity of exposure using a Nolan chart Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or [54]. This approach classifies political views according to a classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation two-dimensional space, thereby capturing more nuanced on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the distinctions among different opinions. Doing so offers a author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission richer alternative to the one-dimensional, conservative- and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. liberal approach taken in much prior work. Second, we reconfigure the mode of consumption for online news and CHI '20, April 25–30, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA © 2020 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. opinions by using a pushy smart home assistant - Spkr ACM 978-1-4503-6708-0/20/04…$15.00 (pronounced “speaker”) - to interject socio-political topics https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376774 into the home. Smart home assistants have a subservient role most rational and logical ideas do not rise to the top. It within the home, as they are currently designed to ‘speak becomes clear that information and opinions that are the only when spoken to’ and will not actively ‘push’ their most appealing, and therefore easily identifiable by an voices upon those in the house without being invoked. The algorithm as being ‘more likeable’, rise to the top, facilitated voice and audio orientation of these devices, and their place by the technological systems that support socio-political within the home, present an opportunity to insert diverse discourse. socio-political topics into discussion. Homophily, the tendency for likeminded people to coalesce In this paper we report on a study of Spkr, which ‘spoke’ (described by the proverb ‘birds of a feather flock together’ opinions and views from trending Twitter discussions, to [47]), and selective exposure, are two important factors which participants could respond to via the device. To ensure concerning engagement with opinions. Colleoni et al [15] exposure to a diversity of political opinions, we classified our provide an insightful analysis of political homophily on study participants, as well as tweets from these trending Twitter, highlighting how the social qualities of the platform topics, according to a Nolan chart. Analysis of interview and facilitate an echo chamber, but the news sharing qualities usage data demonstrated the effectiveness of Spkr in terms facilitate a public sphere. Garrett [25] analysed selective of enabling exposure to diverse political opinions and in exposure to opinions in news articles over a 6-week study encouraging engagement with oppositional viewpoints. The with 700 US participants, and found they were “more likely paper contributes new insights to areas of HCI research to look at information that reinforces their opinion” [p.279] tackling issues of digital democracy, highlighting the and have a small aversion to opinion-challenging applicability of push-based design strategies in broadening information. They note, however, that users are willing to exposure to political opinion. We further reflect on the engage with information that challenges their opinion. Sophr broader ethical concerns that come from this research, and [60] provides an analysis of the interplay between filter the associated challenges of implementing
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