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Nutmeg Oil Alleviates Chronic Inflammatory Pain Through Inhibition

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Nutmeg Oil Alleviates Chronic Inflammatory Pain Through Inhibition food & nutrition æ research ORIGINAL ARTICLE Nutmeg oil alleviates chronic inflammatory pain through inhibition of COX-2 expression and substance P release in vivo Wei Kevin Zhang1#, Shan-Shan Tao1#, Ting-Ting Li1, Yu-Sang Li1, Xiao-Jun Li1, He-Bin Tang1*, Ren-Huai Cong2, Fang-Li Ma2* and Chu-Jun Wan3 1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China; 2Functional Oil Laboratory Associated by Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, PR China; 3Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China Abstract Background: Chronic pain, or sometimes referred to as persistent pain, reduces the life quality of patients who are suffering from chronic diseases such as inflammatory diseases, cancer and diabetes. Hence, herbal medicines draw many attentions and have been shown effective in the treatment or relief of pain. Methods and Results: Here in this study, we used the CFA-injected rats as a sustainable pain model to test the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of nutmeg oil, a spice flavor additive to beverages and baked goods produced from the seed of Myristica fragrans tree. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that nutmeg oil could potentially alleviate the CFA-injection induced joint swelling, mechanical allodynia and heat hyperanalgesia of rats through inhibition of COX-2 expression and blood substance P level, which made it possible for nutmeg oil to be a potential chronic pain reliever. Keywords: nutmeg oil; chronic pain; allodynia; COX-2; substance P Received: 3 January 2016; Revised: 22 February 2016; Accepted: 27 February 2016; Published: 26 April 2016 t is always unfortunate to be suffering from different than 50 chemical components such as linalool, terpineol, chronic diseases such as inflammatory diseases, can- eugenol, myristicin, camphene, dipentene, and pinene (8). Icer, and diabetes. However, persistent pain (or chronic Although some concerns about the toxicity of its compo- pain) makes conditions of those patients even worse and nents have been published (9, 10), lots of research still significantly reduces their quality of life. Hence, in clinical focused on its excellent activities in radical removal, lipid investigation, a great challenge is to discover safer, more oxidation inhibition (11, 12), and most importantly its effective and better-tolerated analgesics (1, 2). However, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (8, 13Á15). side effects such as nausea, sedation, itching, liking, and Externally, nutmeg oil can also be used for rheumatic disliking of the drug and respiratory depression usually pain and, like clove oil, can be applied as an emergency come with commercially available analgesics (3, 4). Thus, treatment to dull toothache. extensive research and development efforts have been So far, no study has been carried out to evaluate the directed toward the discovery of novel analgesics in both combined effects of nutmeg oil on inflammation and pain. academia and industry. Therefore, an inflammatory pain model of rat has been Recently, many researchers have demonstrated that used in this study and three different evaluation methods the herbal medicines (phytomedicine) are effective in the have been introduced to test the anti-inflammatory treatment or relief of pain, such as Aleurites moluccana and analgesic effects of nutmeg oil. Moreover, the expres- (L.) Willd leaves extract (5), flower extract of Tanacetum sion levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key molecule parthenium (6), and extract of 25 more plant species induced as an early response to pro-inflammatory media- traditionally used for pain relieving (7). tors and stimuli such as endotoxins and cytokines Nutmeg is commonly served in powder form or (16), and blood level of substance P, a key neurotransmit- essential oil in the food industry worldwide. It has been ter and neuromodulator in pain perception (17, 18), reported that nutmeg oil, commercially obtained by steam have also been investigated in skin samples of the model distillation from kernels of nutmeg, usually contains more rats. #These authors have contributed equally to the work. Food & Nutrition Research 2016. # 2016 Wei Kevin Zhang et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// 1 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2016, 60: 30849 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.30849 (page number not for citation purpose) Wei Kevin Zhang et al. Materials and methods temperature-controlled laboratory (22Á258C) with a 12-h lightÁdark cycle. The care and use of animals for this Reagents study was performed according to the Guide for Animal The complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was purchased Experimentation, South-Central University for Nation- from Sigma (F5881, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Diclofenac alities and the Committee of Research Facilities for was purchased from Novartis, Beijing. The nutmeg oil and Laboratory Animal Sciences, South-Central University Gas chromatographyÁmass spectrometry (GCÁMS) re- for Nationalities, China. The protocols were approved sults of nutmeg oil were kindly provided by the Functional by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments Oil Laboratory Associated by Oil Crops Research of the South-Central University for Nationalities, China Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and (Permit Number: 2013-SCUEC-AEC-002). All efforts Infinite Co., LTD., Guangzhou 510000, China. 2% tween- were made to minimize suffering. 20 was used for emulsification of nutmeg oils and diluted before the application. All other reagents were purchased Inflammatory pain model from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Rats were randomly divided into control group (no CFA treatment) and CFA-induced inflammatory pain group Distilling of nutmeg oil (CFA treatment). The detailed sample sizes of different Nutmeg oil used in the study was distilled from groups are included in the Results section. Inflammatory dried seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtt (produced in pain was induced by a subcutaneous injection of 150 ml Guangdong, China). Briefly, dried seeds (purchased from CFA into the bottom of the left hind paws of rats. The Chinese medicine Yinpian factory, Guangzhou medicine control rats were injected with the same volume of saline. company, Guangzhou, China) were pulverized and mixed After the CFA injection, rats in control group were with water in a ratio of 1 g to 10 mL. Subsequently, the randomly divided into three groups (control) and sacri- nutmeg oil was obtained by distilling the mixture in steam ficed in the end of the first, second, or third week, distillation apparatus for 8 h until no oil drop was seen in respectively. The CFA group were randomly divided into distilled fraction. CFA-treated only (CFA), CFA-treated with continuous oral administration of diclofenac sodium (CFAdiclo, GCÁMS analysis of nutmeg oil 30 mg/kg/day, Novartis, Beijing) afterward, and CFA- Nutmeg oil (0.103 g) was placed in a 10-mL volumetric treated with continuous oral administration of high-dose flask with n-Hexane (chromatographically pure) as a nutmeg oil (CFANOhigh, 20 mg/kg/day) and low-dose solvent. The solution of nutmeg volatile oil (0.5 mL) was nutmeg oil (CFANOlow, 10 mg/kg/day). These rats inserted into the GC injector. GCÁMS analyses were were sacrificed in the end of the first, second, or third performed using an Agilent 7890 (II) GC coupled to an week as well. The detailed schedule was shown in Fig. 1A. Agilent 5975 series mass selective detector operating in the electron impact ionization mode at 70 eV with a mass Assessment of inflammation range of 50Á450 m/z. Volatile compounds were separated The extent of inflammation was assessed by paw swelling. using an HP-5MS capillary column (polydimethylsiloxane The paw volume was monitored with a water displace- 5% diphenyl, 30 m0.32 mm0.25 mm, Hewlett ment plethysmometer (PV-200; Chengdu Taimeng Soft- Packard). The temperature was programmed from 408C ware Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China), in triplicate. Then, the (1 min) to 2208Cat58C/min, with a final 1 min hold. paw swelling was expressed as the ratio of the volume of Helium was used as the carrier gas, with a volumetric flow the right paw for each rat to the volume of its left paw. rate of 1.0 mL/min. For the analyses of volatile oil of Data acquired in the end of the first, second, and third nutmeg, split mode was used with a ratio of 1:60 and an week after the CFA injection were presented in percen- injector temperature of 2408C. All samples were analyzed tage for the control group and treated groups. in triplicate. Retention indices (RI) were calculated using an n-alkane series. The components were identified by Pain score test the comparison of their RI relative to C4-C30 n-alkanes All behavioral assessments were performed under the (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) that were obtained ethical guidelines by the International Association for the from the HP-5MS column and compared to the data Study of Pain (IASP). All of the behavioral tests were provided by the NIST mass spectral libraries. Positive conducted blindly. All behavioral tests were performed at identification was assumed when a good match of the the following time points: 1, 2, or 3 weeks after the CFA mass spectrum and RI was achieved. injection. To eliminate diurnal rhythm, these tests were performed at the same time of the day. The pain score test Animals was performed as follows: both the hind paws of the rat Young male Wistar rats (190Á250 g) were acclimatized were uniformly marked with red ink. In a self-made semi- for 7 days under specific pathogen-free conditions before enclosed rat-walking trail, marked rats were allowed to the initiation of experiments.
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