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Upper Peace River an Analysis of Minimum Flows and Levels

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Upper Peace River an Analysis of Minimum Flows and Levels Upper Peace River An Analysis of Minimum Flows and Levels August 25, 2002 DRAFT Ecologic Evaluation Section Resource Conservation and Development Department Southwest Florida Water Management District Brooksville, Florida 34604-6899 Table of Contents Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Chapter One - Minimum Flows and Levels 1.1 Overview 1-1 1.1.1 Legislative Direction 1-1 1.2 Historical Perspective 1-2 1.2.1 The Flow Regime 1-3 1.3 Ecologic Integrity and Significant Harm 1-4 1.4 Components of an MFL 1-5 1.5 Summary of Approach 1-5 1.6 Flows and Levels 1-7 1.7 Content of Remaining Chapters 1-8 Chapter Two - Upper Peace River 2.1 Prologue 2-1 2.2 Basin Characteristics 2-1 2.2.1 Watershed Location 2-2 2.2.2 Climate and Rainfall 2-4 2.2.3 Physiography 2-6 2.2.4 River Channel and Floodplain Morphology 2-7 2.2.5 Hydrology/Hydrogeology 2-8 2.2.5.1 Surficial Aquifer 2-8 2.2.5.2 Intermediate Aquifer 2-10 2.2.5.3 Upper Floridan Aquifer 2-12 2.2.5.4 Relationship of Peace River to Aquifers 2-12 2.3 Chronology of Watershed Development 2-16 Chapter Three - Hydrologic Trends and Water Quality 3.1 Overview 3-1 3.1.1 Gage Sites and Period of Record 3-1 3.2 Documentation of Declining Flow Trends 3-3 Draft as of 8/27/02 i 3.2.1 Recent Trend Analyses at Long-Term Gages 3-3 3.2.2 Trends in Annaul Percent Exceedance Flows 3-8 3.2.3 Comparison of High and Low Flow Months 3-15 3.2.3.1 Flow Contributions from Upstream 3-16 3.2.4 Changes in Monthly Flows at Bartow Gage 3-20 3.2.5 Trends in Water Levels 3-23 3.3 Factors Affecting Flows in the Upper Peace River 3-26 3.3.1 Effects of Long-Term Changes in Rainfall 3-27 3.3.2 Effects of Ground-Water Withdrawals 3-30 3.3.3 Reduction or Elimination of Waste Water Discharges 3-34 3.3.4 Effects of Structural Alterations and Changes 3-35 3.3.4.1 Peace Creek 3-41 3.3.4.2 Saddle Creek 3-48 3.3.4.3 Peace River at Zolfo Springs 3-52 3.3.4.4 Payne Creek 3-55 3.3.4.5 Summary of Alterations and Changes 3-55 3.3.5 Relevance of All Impacts to Declining Flows and the Establishment of Minimum Flows 3-58 3.4 Water Quality 3-59 3.4.1 Macronutrients: Phosphorus and Nitrogen 3-60 3.4.1.1 Phosphorus 3-60 3.4.1.2 Nitrogen 3-66 3.4.2 Potassium 3-68 3.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen 3-71 3.4.4 Other Water Quality Studies 3-71 3.4.5 Water Quality Summary 3-72 Chapter Four - Ecological Resources of Concern 4.1 Resources and Area of Concern 4-1 4.2 Resource Management Goals and Key Habitat Indicators 4-1 4.2.1 Fish Passage 4-2 4.2.2 Wetted Perimeter Inflection Point 4-2 4.2.3 Instream Woody Habitat 4-3 4.2.4 Hydrologic Requirements of Floodplain 4-4 4.2.4.1 Wetland Plant Communities 4-5 4.2.4.2 Soils 4-5 4.2.4.3 Fish and Wildlife 4-6 Chapter Five - Technical Approach 5.1 Overview: Determining Hydrologic Requirements 5-1 5.2 HEC-RAS Modeling 5-1 5.3 Application of HEC-RAS to Fish Passage Depths 5-4 5.4 Application of HEC-RAS to Wetted Perimeter 5-7 Draft as of 8/27/02 ii 5.5 Establishment of Low Minimum Flows and Levels 5-7 5.6 Cross Sectional Surveys of Habitats 5-10 5.2.1 Transect Selection 5-10 5.2.2 Field Sampling: Floodplain Habitats 5-15 5.2.3 Soils Characterization 5-15 5.2.4 Instream Habitats 5-16 5.7 Inundation Characteristics of Habitats 5-18 5.7.1 Historical Inundation Analysis 5-18 5.7.2 Selection of Reference and Recent Periods 5-19 5.7.3 Sources of Uncertainty in Inundation Analysis 5-22 Chapter Six - Results 6.1 Overview 6-1 6.2 Fish Passage 6-1 6.2.1 Adequacy of the 0.6 Foot Criterion 6-1 6.2.2 Minimum Flows Needed for Fish Passage 6-4 6.3 Wetted Perimeter Inflection Points 6-7 6.4 Proposed Low Minimum Flows 6-9 6.5 Instream Habitats 6-11 6.5.1 Channel Characteristics 6-11 6.5.2 Instream Habitats - Lateral Distribution 6-14 6.5.3 Instream Habitats - Vertical Distributions 6-14 6.5.4 Flow Relationships with Woody Habitats 6-17 6.5.5 Woody Habitat Inundation - Bartow to Ft. Meade 6-20 6.5.6 Woody Habitat Inundation - Ft. Meade to Zolfo 6-23 6.5.7 Development of a Medium Flow Standard 6-24 6.6 Floodplain Wetlands 6-30 6.6.1 Wetland Distributions from NWI Maps 6-30 6.6.2 Vegetation Characterization from Field Studies 6-37 6.6.3 Soils 6-43 6.6.4 Wetted Perimeter and Floodplain Habitats 6-46 6.6.5 Inundation Characteristics of Floodplain 6-49 6.6.5.1 Statistical Comparison of Periods 6-53 6.6.5.2 Comparisons with Other Systems 6-63 6.6.5.3 Changes in Hydrologic Indicators 6-65 6.7 Wildlife Use of Floodplain Habitats 6-68 6.7.1 Amphibians 6-68 6.7.1.1 Inundation of Amphibian Habitats 6-71 6.7.1.2 Using Amphibians for Developing Minimum Flow Criteria 6-75 6.7.2 Fishes 6-80 6.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 6-82 References Cited References-1 Draft as of 8/27/02 iii Appendices FD - Fish Data FD-1 NWI - National Wetlands Inventory NWI-1 IH - Instream Habitats IH-1 QE - Flows/Exceedance QE-1 QM - Flows/Monthly QM-1 QX - Mean Annual Flows QX-1 RF - Rainfall RF-1 RH - Riparian Habitat RH-1 WP - Wetted Perimeter WP-1 WQ - Water Quality WQ-1 Draft as of 8/27/02 iv Acknowledgments Draft as of 8/27/02 v List of Figures Figure Caption Page Chapter Two Figure 2-1. Peace River watershed 2-3 Figure 2-2. Distribution of rainfall and flow by month at Bartow in the Upper Peace River 2-5 Figure 2-3. 5-year running averages of mean flows for three rivers 2-5 Figure 2-4. Change in river bed elevation between the Bartow gage and the Zolfo Springs gage 2-7 Figure 2-5. Generalized hydrogeologic cross section through the area of the SWFWMD 2-9 Figure 2-6. Generalized potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer along the Peace River 2-11 Figure 2-7. Karstic features located in the riverbed and floodplain of the Upper Peace River 2-14 Figure 2-8. Kissengen Spring 2-15 Chapter Three Figure 3-1. Peace River watershed showing location of USGS gage sites 3-2 Figure 3-2. Hydrographs of mean annual flows at four USGS streamflow gages on the Peace River 3-4 Figure 3-3a. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance flows at Bartow Gage 3-9 Figure 3-3b. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance flows at Ft. Meade Gage 3-10 Figure 3-3c. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance flows at Zolfo Springs Gage 3-11 Draft as of 8/27/02 vi Figure 3-3d. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance flows at Arcadia Gage 3-12 Figure 3-4. Comparison of mean annual flow with 30% exceedance and median flow at Bartow Gage 3-13 Figure 3-5. Mean monthly flows at Arcadia for the period of record 3-15 Figure 3-6. Zolfo Springs September and Bartow September flows as a percentage of September flow at Arcadia 3-18 Figure 3-7. Zolfo Springs May and Bartow May flows as a percentage of May flows at Arcadia 3-19 Figure 3-8. Contribution of mean monthly flows to the mean annual flow at the USGS Bartow Gage for the period of record 3-21 Figure 3-9. Contribution of mean monthly flows to the mean annual flow at the USGS Bartow Gage for the period 1985 to 2000 3-22 Figure 3-10. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance stage at the USGS Bartow Gage 3-24 Figure 3-11. Hydrographs of the minimum, 90%, 50% and 10% annual exceedance stage at the USGS Zolfo Springs Gage 3-25 Figure 3-12. Sinks and subsidence features along the Upper Peace River corridor 3-33 Figure 3-13. Map of Peace River basin showing ten major sub-basins 3-36 Figure 3-14. Comparison of 1999 landcover in the Peace River basin and the Upper Peace River basin 3-39 Figure 3-15. 1999 landcover in Peace Creek sub-basin 3-42 Figure 3-16. 1999 landcover in the Saddle Creek sub-basin 3-50 Figure 3-17. 1999 landcover in the Zolfo Springs sub-basin 3-53 Figure 3-18. 1999 landcover in the Payne Creek sub-basin 3-56 Figure 3-19. Phosphorus concentrations in water samples collected by USGS at four long-term gage sites on the Peace River 3-62 Draft as of 8/27/02 vii Figure 3-20.
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