KINGDOM

PLANTAE Section 1: Overview of Diversity To Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes & Adaptations

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Plant Evolution &

When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics. 1. Cell walls composed of cellulose. 2. Cell division that includes the formation of a cell plate. Algae at the Simple Plants do Algae in edges of Seas plants 3. used for . not exist oceans adapt to life appear on land 4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA. 5. stored as . 6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels.

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Criteria for Organisms in Plant Adaptations Kingdom Plantae

Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on Recall from our previous lessons on , land. members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria. • Cuticle: Waxy surface on to retain water. • Cell type: Eukaryotes. • Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases. • Cell structure: made of cellulose. • Vascular : Allows for the transport of water and • Cell number: Multicellular. nutrients throughout plant. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. • Reproduction: covering allows for sperm to reach egg • Some are parasitic or saprobes. without presence of water. • : Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout • Carry out photosynthesis using the green with conditions are favorable. pigments chlorophyll a and b.

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1 Plant Life Cycle Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations

 All plants have a life  Haploid (N) cycle with alternation • plant (N) of generations, in • Produces either sperm or eggs. which the haploid • (gametes = reproductive cells) gametophyte phase alternates with the MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION  Diploid (2N) diploid Haploid Diploid • The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant phase. (2N), which is diploid. • Egg and sperm join to create /seeds by meiosis.

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Evolutionary Cladogram Plant Survival

 Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.

 Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.

 Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular Non-Vascular Seedless Cone-bearing Flowering Plants Vascular Plants Plants Plants () () () (Angiosperms) respiration) must occur without losing excessive  , seeds amounts of water. enclosed in

 Seeds  Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth. Green Algae  Ancestor

Protection

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Overview of the Plant Non-Vascular Plants: Bryophytes Kingdom Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

 Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.  Water moves through by osmosis & diffusion.  Abundant in damp, shady areas because there is no vascular tissue.  Sphagnum moss alive is used in , and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel. The majority of plant life is ______.flowering plants

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2 What happened between Typical Moss plant divisions 1 & 2? Plant Stalk Sporophyte

Leaflike Structure Gametophyte

Stemlike Structure

Rhizoid Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

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Seedless Vascular Plants Typical Plant

 Divisions include: • Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta • Ferns & horsetails: Phylum Pterophyta  Strobilus is a compact structure of - bearing arrangements which can be carried by the wind.  Found in moist, shaded forest areas.  Leaves are called fronds.  Undergound stems called .  Fern spores on the underside of fronds are called and clusters for a sorus (sori=plural).

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Gymnosperms: Diversity of Seed Plants Cone Bearing Plants

 Means “naked seed”.  Vascular plants that produce seeds.  Includes conifers (pines & spruces)  Seeds have one or more cotyledons, structures that and palms (cycads & ginkgoes). either store food or absorb food for the tiny  Second evolutionary sporophyte. development:  The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called . • Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.

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3 Reproduction

is a period of time during which a plant  Transfer of from the male reproductive embryo is alive but not growing. structure to the female reproductive structure.  A cone is a structure that contains the male and female reproductive organs of gymnosperms.  Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water: • Reproduction in cones. • Movement of gametes by pollination. • Protection of embryo in a seed.

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Diagram of a Seed Adaptations of Gymnosperms

 Embryo • Growing part of seed  Needles  • Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.  Seed Coat • Protective outer covering of the seed.

 Winged Seeds

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Angiosperms: Lifespans Flowering Plants

 Dominate plant life.  Annuals • Complete life cycle in one year.  Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. • Has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds.  Biennials • Attracts animals which help with pollination. • Life cycle takes 2 years • Year one: germinate and grow , maybe leaves.  Can be classified into: • Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers. 1. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials. 2. Seeds: Monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous.  Perennials 3. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody. • Live through many years • May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses). • Most have woody stems (palms, , honeysuckle).

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4 Monocots vs. Eudicots Cotyledon = Seed Chamber

Section 2: Plant Cells & Tissues

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Plant Cells: Identification

 Typical has cell wall and large .  However, adaptations help plant carry out specific functions. • Parenchyma Cells: Most common; responsible for storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection. • Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells that provide structure and support. • Sclerenchyma Cells: Lack cytoplasm and other living components, but provide support for the plant.

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Plant Tissues: Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue

 A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.  Vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water, food and dissolved substances in the plant. • Xylem: moves water and nutrients throughout plant using a tracheid. • A tracheid is specialized cell that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. • Phloem: moves carbohydrates throughout the plant through sieve tubes.

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5 Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissue Plant Tissues

 A tissue is a group of cells that work  A tissue is a group of cells that work together to together to perform a specific function. perform a specific function. • • : Most of the plant; the Parenchyma, Meristematic Tissue: regions of rapidly dividing Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma Cells. cells. • Dermal Tissue (the ): The layer of cells that • Apical : Tips of roots and stems. makes up the outer covering of a plant. • Intercalary meristems: Produces new cells resulting in added stem or length. • Lateral meristems: Increase or stem diameter.

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Plant Anatomy & Physiology

 Transport • Roots, stems, leaves.  Energy Production • Leaves.  Reproduction • Flowers. Section 3: & Physiology

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Roots: Plant Transport System Roots: Plant Transport System Root Functions Root Structures

1. Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil. 2. Transports water & nutrients to stem.

3. Anchors plant to maintain stability. Endodermis Casparian 4. Stores food and water. Strip

Water & nutrient pathways Cortex Pericycle Xylem Phloem

Epidermis

Root Hair

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6 Roots: Plant Transport System Stems: Plant Transport System Root Structures Stem Structures

 Taproot: a large, central, and dominant root from  Herbaceous which other roots sprout laterally. • Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic (turgor) • Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is pressure. tapering in shape, and grows directly downward.. • Dandelions, zinnias, petunias. • ex. Dandelion, carrot, radish, beets  Woody  Fibrous: thin, moderately branching Taproot System • Thick cell walls that support the plant. roots growing from the stem. A • Trees, , and . fibrous root system is universal in monocot plants and ferns. • ex. Weeds, grasses, ferns

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Stems: Plant Transport System Stems: Plant Transport System Herbaceous Stems Function of Stems

 The xylem and phloem of stems are 1. Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves. grouped together in vascular bundles. 2. Supports/produces leaves, branches, /flowers. • Eudicot stems have one ring or concentric rings 3. Stores food. of vascular bundles. • : swollen which stores food. • The vascular bundles in a monocot stem are Example: potato. • Bulb (Crocus): shortened, compressed stem surrounded by scattered. fleshy leaves which store food. Example: . • (Runner): composed almost entirely of stem tissue, asexual; reproduction. Ex.: airplane plant. • : underground horizontal stem which may store food, . Eudicot Monocot Ex.: fern.

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Stems: Plant Transport System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Transport in Plants Photosynthesis

 Capillary action: the tendency of  Photosynthesis water to rise in a thin tube. • Process that plants use to produce their food.  The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another • 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 (cohesion) and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).  Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.

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7 Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaf Structure Leaf Structure

Cuticle Letter Structure Color Function

Epidermis A Cuticle Yellow Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.

B Epidermis Orange “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange. Palisade mesophyll C Vein (Xylem) Blue Pumps water up from soil through roots.

Vascular Moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the D Vein (Phloem) Red bundle plant.

Xylem E Mesophyll Green Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs. Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas Phloem F Stomata Pink and water exchange. Control stomata; trigger when water is scarce G Guard Cells Brown Lower epidermis causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.

Stomata Guard Cells Spongy mesophyll

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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Gas Exchange & Leaf Modifications

 Transpiration • Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.  Stomata function to open and close to allow diffusion of gases and water needed for photosynthesis. • Stomata open automatically when supplies of water are plentiful. • Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up. • Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid (limp) and pores close.

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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Flowers: System Leaf Modifications Structure

 Cactus: spines to reduce water loss and protect plant.  Succulents: leaves that store water.  Poinsettias: leaves that change color.  Pitcher plant: leaves that fill with water and trap insects.  Poison ivy/oak: toxic chemicals that cause skin irritation.

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8 Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flower Structure Male Plant Organs

• Highly colored part of the flower, may contain and/or glands.  • Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower .

contains: • Anther: produces pollen. Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu • Filament: upholds anther.

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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Female Plant Organs Pollination

 The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation.  Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female .  Pollen can’t move on its own, so insects and animals or the wind (and water in rare cases) move  Carpel/Pistil contains: the pollen for plants. • Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach. • Style: sperm travel to . • Ovary: fruit. • : eggs.

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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Development Fruit Development

Ovary  As the spore matures, cell walls form.  The outside layers harden to form a seed coat (or shell,

Four haploid husk).  As it develops into a seed, changes lead to the formation of a fruit. 1 haploid nucleus Other haploid nucleus  Fruits form primarily from the ovary wall.

Undergoes mitosis three dies dies dies times, producing 8 haploid nuclei.

6 of the nuclei develop membranes; one becomes the egg cell. The 2 remaining nuclei migrate to the center of the cell and are called polar nuclei.

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9 Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Plants: & Germination Responding to Environment

 Seeds are dispersed by:  Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a • Wind plant’s patterns of cell division, growth & • Water differentiation. • Animal/Insects • Made in one part of a plant and transported to another where they have effect.  The early growth stage of a plant embryo is  Receptor proteins: specific sites where plant called germination. hormones work.  Factors that affect seed germination:  Auxin: One of the first plant hormones to be • Temperature identified. • Moisture • A substance produced in the tip of the seeding. • Usually stimulates the lengthening, or elongation, of cells.

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Plants: Plants: Responding to Environment Responding to Environment

 Nastic response: response that causes movement  Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities that is not dependent on the direction of the such as flowering and growth. stimulus.  Herbicides: auxin-like compounds used in high • The movement can be due to changes in or concentrations that are toxic to plants, inhibiting changes in growth . growth and killing the plant.  Tropic response: response of a plant to an  Chemical defenses: many plants defend environmental stimulus. themselves against insect attack by manufacturing • Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity. compounds that have powerful effects on animals, • Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light. ex. poison oak. • Thigmotropism: response of plants response to stimulus of contact (twining plants and tendrils).

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