KINGDOM
PLANTAE Section 1: Overview of Plant Diversity To Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes Plant Evolution & Adaptations
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Plant Evolution Algae & Plants
When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics. 1. Cell walls composed of cellulose. 2. Cell division that includes the formation of a cell plate. Algae at the Simple Plants do Algae in edges of Seas plants 3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis. not exist oceans adapt to life appear on land 4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA. 5. Food stored as starch. 6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels.
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Criteria for Organisms in Plant Adaptations Kingdom Plantae
Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, land. members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria. • Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water. • Cell type: Eukaryotes. • Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases. • Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose. • Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and • Cell number: Multicellular. nutrients throughout plant. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. • Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg • Some are parasitic or saprobes. without presence of water. • Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout • Carry out photosynthesis using the green with conditions are favorable. pigments chlorophyll a and b.
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1 Plant Life Cycle Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations
All plants have a life Haploid (N) cycle with alternation • Gametophyte plant (N) of generations, in • Produces either sperm or eggs. which the haploid • (gametes = reproductive cells) gametophyte phase alternates with the MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Diploid (2N) diploid sporophyte Haploid Diploid • The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant phase. (2N), which is diploid. • Egg and sperm join to create spores/seeds by meiosis.
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Evolutionary Cladogram Plant Survival
Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.
Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.
Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular Non-Vascular Seedless Cone-bearing Flowering Plants Vascular Plants Plants Plants (Bryophytes) (Ferns) (Gymnosperms) (Angiosperms) respiration) must occur without losing excessive Flowers, seeds amounts of water. enclosed in fruit
Seeds Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth. Green Algae Vascular Tissue Ancestor
Embryo Protection
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Overview of the Plant Non-Vascular Plants: Bryophytes Kingdom Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Life cycles depend on water for reproduction. Water moves through by osmosis & diffusion. Abundant in damp, shady areas because there is no vascular tissue. Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel. The majority of plant life is ______.flowering plants
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2 What happened between Typical Capsule Moss plant divisions 1 & 2? Plant Stalk Sporophyte
Leaflike Structure Gametophyte
Stemlike Structure
Rhizoid Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Seedless Vascular Plants Typical Fern Plant
Divisions include: • Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta • Ferns & horsetails: Phylum Pterophyta Strobilus is a compact structure of spore- bearing arrangements which can be carried by the wind. Found in moist, shaded forest areas. Leaves are called fronds. Undergound stems called rhizomes . Fern spores on the underside of fronds are called sporangium and clusters for a sorus (sori=plural).
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Gymnosperms: Diversity of Seed Plants Cone Bearing Plants
Means “naked seed”. Vascular plants that produce seeds. Includes conifers (pines & spruces) Seeds have one or more cotyledons, structures that and palms (cycads & ginkgoes). either store food or absorb food for the tiny Second evolutionary sporophyte. development: The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination. • Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.
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3 Reproduction Pollination
Dormancy is a period of time during which a plant Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive embryo is alive but not growing. structure to the female reproductive structure. A cone is a structure that contains the male and female reproductive organs of gymnosperms. Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water: • Reproduction in cones. • Movement of gametes by pollination. • Protection of embryo in a seed.
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Diagram of a Seed Adaptations of Gymnosperms
Embryo • Growing part of seed Needles Endosperm • Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed. Seed Coat • Protective outer covering of the seed.
Winged Seeds
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Angiosperms: Lifespans Flowering Plants
Dominate plant life. Annuals • Complete life cycle in one year. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. • Has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds. Biennials • Attracts animals which help with pollination. • Life cycle takes 2 years • Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves. Can be classified into: • Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers. 1. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials. 2. Seeds: Monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous. Perennials 3. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody. • Live through many years • May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses). • Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).
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4 Monocots vs. Eudicots Cotyledon = Seed Chamber
Section 2: Plant Cells & Tissues
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Plant Cells: Identification
Typical plant cell has cell wall and large vacuole. However, adaptations help plant carry out specific functions. • Parenchyma Cells: Most common; responsible for storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection. • Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells that provide structure and support. • Sclerenchyma Cells: Lack cytoplasm and other living components, but provide support for the plant.
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Plant Tissues: Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water, food and dissolved substances in the plant. • Xylem: moves water and nutrients throughout plant using a tracheid. • A tracheid is specialized cell that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. • Phloem: moves carbohydrates throughout the plant through sieve tubes.
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5 Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissue Plant Tissues
A tissue is a group of cells that work A tissue is a group of cells that work together to together to perform a specific function. perform a specific function. • • Ground Tissue: Most of the plant; the Parenchyma, Meristematic Tissue: regions of rapidly dividing Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma Cells. cells. • Dermal Tissue (the Epidermis): The layer of cells that • Apical meristems: Tips of roots and stems. makes up the outer covering of a plant. • Intercalary meristems: Produces new cells resulting in added stem or leaf length. • Lateral meristems: Increase root or stem diameter.
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Plant Anatomy & Physiology
Transport • Roots, stems, leaves. Energy Production • Leaves. Reproduction • Flowers. Section 3: Plant Anatomy & Physiology
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Roots: Plant Transport System Roots: Plant Transport System Root Functions Root Structures
1. Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil. 2. Transports water & nutrients to stem.
3. Anchors plant to maintain stability. Endodermis Casparian 4. Stores food and water. Strip
Water & nutrient pathways Cortex Pericycle Xylem Phloem
Epidermis
Root Hair
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6 Roots: Plant Transport System Stems: Plant Transport System Root Structures Stem Structures
Taproot: a large, central, and dominant root from Herbaceous which other roots sprout laterally. • Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic (turgor) • Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is pressure. tapering in shape, and grows directly downward.. • Dandelions, zinnias, petunias. • ex. Dandelion, carrot, radish, beets Woody Fibrous: thin, moderately branching Taproot System • Thick cell walls that support the plant. roots growing from the stem. A • Trees, shrubs, and vines. fibrous root system is universal in monocot plants and ferns. • ex. Weeds, grasses, ferns
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Stems: Plant Transport System Stems: Plant Transport System Herbaceous Stems Function of Stems
The xylem and phloem of stems are 1. Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves. grouped together in vascular bundles. 2. Supports/produces leaves, branches, fruits/flowers. • Eudicot stems have one ring or concentric rings 3. Stores food. of vascular bundles. • Tuber: swollen underground stem which stores food. • The vascular bundles in a monocot stem are Example: potato. • Bulb (Crocus): shortened, compressed stem surrounded by scattered. fleshy leaves which store food. Example: tulip. • Corm (Runner): composed almost entirely of stem tissue, asexual; reproduction. Ex.: airplane plant. • Rhizome: underground horizontal stem which may store food, asexual reproduction. Eudicot Monocot Ex.: fern.
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Stems: Plant Transport System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Transport in Plants Photosynthesis
Capillary action: the tendency of Photosynthesis water to rise in a thin tube. • Process that plants use to produce their food. The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another • 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (cohesion) and to the walls of the tube (adhesion). Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.
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7 Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaf Structure Leaf Structure
Cuticle Letter Structure Color Function
Epidermis A Cuticle Yellow Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.
B Epidermis Orange “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange. Palisade mesophyll C Vein (Xylem) Blue Pumps water up from soil through roots.
Vascular Moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the D Vein (Phloem) Red bundle plant.
Xylem E Mesophyll Green Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs. Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas Phloem F Stomata Pink and water exchange. Control stomata; trigger when water is scarce G Guard Cells Brown Lower epidermis causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.
Stomata Guard Cells Spongy mesophyll
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Gas Exchange & Transpiration Leaf Modifications
Transpiration • Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide. Stomata function to open and close to allow diffusion of gases and water needed for photosynthesis. • Stomata open automatically when supplies of water are plentiful. • Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up. • Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid (limp) and pores close.
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Leaves: Plant Transport & Energy System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Leaf Modifications Flower Structure
Cactus: spines to reduce water loss and protect plant. Succulents: leaves that store water. Poinsettias: leaves that change color. Pitcher plant: leaves that fill with water and trap insects. Poison ivy/oak: toxic chemicals that cause skin irritation.
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8 Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flower Structure Male Plant Organs
Petals • Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands. Sepals • Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud.
Stamen contains: • Anther: produces pollen. Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu • Filament: upholds anther.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Female Plant Organs Pollination
The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. Pollen can’t move on its own, so insects and animals or the wind (and water in rare cases) move Carpel/Pistil contains: the pollen for plants. • Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach. • Style: sperm travel to ovary. • Ovary: fruit. • Ovules: eggs.
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Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Development Fruit Development
Ovary As the spore matures, cell walls form. Ovule The outside layers harden to form a seed coat (or shell,
Four haploid megaspores husk). As it develops into a seed, changes lead to the formation of a fruit. 1 haploid nucleus Other haploid nucleus Fruits form primarily from the ovary wall.
Undergoes mitosis three dies dies dies times, producing 8 haploid nuclei.
6 of the nuclei develop membranes; one becomes the egg cell. The 2 remaining nuclei migrate to the center of the cell and are called polar nuclei.
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9 Flowers: Plant Reproduction System Plants: Seed Dispersal & Germination Responding to Environment
Seeds are dispersed by: Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a • Wind plant’s patterns of cell division, growth & • Water differentiation. • Animal/Insects • Made in one part of a plant and transported to another where they have effect. The early growth stage of a plant embryo is Receptor proteins: specific sites where plant called germination. hormones work. Factors that affect seed germination: Auxin: One of the first plant hormones to be • Temperature identified. • Moisture • A substance produced in the tip of the seeding. • Usually stimulates the lengthening, or elongation, of cells.
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Plants: Plants: Responding to Environment Responding to Environment
Nastic response: response that causes movement Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities that is not dependent on the direction of the such as flowering and growth. stimulus. Herbicides: auxin-like compounds used in high • The movement can be due to changes in turgor pressure or concentrations that are toxic to plants, inhibiting changes in growth . growth and killing the plant. Tropic response: response of a plant to an Chemical defenses: many plants defend environmental stimulus. themselves against insect attack by manufacturing • Gravitropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity. compounds that have powerful effects on animals, • Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light. ex. poison oak. • Thigmotropism: response of plants response to stimulus of contact (twining plants and tendrils).
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