KINGDOM PLANTAE Section 1: Overview of Plant Diversity To Accompany the Kingdom Plantae Foldable Notes Plant Evolution & Adaptations Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Evolution Algae & Plants When compared to algae, plants share 6 common characteristics. 1. Cell walls composed of cellulose. 2. Cell division that includes the formation of a cell plate. Algae at the Simple Plants do Algae in edges of Seas plants 3. Chlorophyll used for photosynthesis. not exist oceans adapt to life appear on land 4. Similar genes used in ribosomal RNA. 5. Food stored as starch. 6. Same enzymes in cellular vessels. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Criteria for Organisms in Plant Adaptations Kingdom Plantae Over time, plants developed adaptations for living on Recall from our previous lessons on taxonomy, land. members of this kingdom must meet certain criteria. • Cuticle: Waxy surface on leaves to retain water. • Cell type: Eukaryotes. • Stomata: Allows for the exchange of gases. • Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose. • Vascular Tissue: Allows for the transport of water and • Cell number: Multicellular. nutrients throughout plant. • Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. • Reproduction: Seed covering allows for sperm to reach egg • Some are parasitic or saprobes. without presence of water. • Seeds: Enable survival in harsh environments and sprout • Carry out photosynthesis using the green with conditions are favorable. pigments chlorophyll a and b. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 1 Plant Life Cycle Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations All plants have a life Haploid (N) cycle with alternation • Gametophyte plant (N) of generations, in • Produces either sperm or eggs. which the haploid • (gametes = reproductive cells) gametophyte phase alternates with the MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Diploid (2N) diploid sporophyte Haploid Diploid • The sperm and egg join to create the sporophyte plant phase. (2N), which is diploid. • Egg and sperm join to create spores/seeds by meiosis. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Evolutionary Cladogram Plant Survival Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis. Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts. Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular Non-Vascular Seedless Cone-bearing Flowering Plants Vascular Plants Plants Plants (Bryophytes) (Ferns) (Gymnosperms) (Angiosperms) respiration) must occur without losing excessive Flowers, seeds amounts of water. enclosed in fruit Seeds Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth. Green Algae Vascular Tissue Ancestor Embryo Protection Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Overview of the Plant Non-Vascular Plants: Bryophytes Kingdom Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Life cycles depend on water for reproduction. Water moves through by osmosis & diffusion. Abundant in damp, shady areas because there is no vascular tissue. Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel. The majority of plant life is _________________.flowering plants Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 2 What happened between Typical Capsule Moss plant divisions 1 & 2? Plant Stalk Sporophyte Leaflike Structure Gametophyte Stemlike Structure Rhizoid Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Seedless Vascular Plants Typical Fern Plant Divisions include: • Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta • Ferns & horsetails: Phylum Pterophyta Strobilus is a compact structure of spore- bearing arrangements which can be carried by the wind. Found in moist, shaded forest areas. Leaves are called fronds. Undergound stems called rhizomes . Fern spores on the underside of fronds are called sporangium and clusters for a sorus (sori=plural). Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Gymnosperms: Diversity of Seed Plants Cone Bearing Plants Means “naked seed”. Vascular plants that produce seeds. Includes conifers (pines & spruces) Seeds have one or more cotyledons, structures that and palms (cycads & ginkgoes). either store food or absorb food for the tiny Second evolutionary sporophyte. development: The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called germination. • Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 3 Reproduction Pollination Dormancy is a period of time during which a plant Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive embryo is alive but not growing. structure to the female reproductive structure. A cone is a structure that contains the male and female reproductive organs of gymnosperms. Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water: • Reproduction in cones. • Movement of gametes by pollination. • Protection of embryo in a seed. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Diagram of a Seed Adaptations of Gymnosperms Embryo • Growing part of seed Needles Endosperm • Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed. Seed Coat • Protective outer covering of the seed. Winged Seeds Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Angiosperms: Lifespans Flowering Plants Dominate plant life. Annuals • Complete life cycle in one year. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. • Has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds. Biennials • Attracts animals which help with pollination. • Life cycle takes 2 years • Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves. Can be classified into: • Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers. 1. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials. 2. Seeds: Monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous. Perennials 3. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody. • Live through many years • May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses). • Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle). Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 4 Monocots vs. Eudicots Cotyledon = Seed Chamber Section 2: Plant Cells & Tissues Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Cells: Identification Typical plant cell has cell wall and large vacuole. However, adaptations help plant carry out specific functions. • Parenchyma Cells: Most common; responsible for storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection. • Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells that provide structure and support. • Sclerenchyma Cells: Lack cytoplasm and other living components, but provide support for the plant. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Tissues: Plant Tissues: Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water, food and dissolved substances in the plant. • Xylem: moves water and nutrients throughout plant using a tracheid. • A tracheid is specialized cell that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. • Phloem: moves carbohydrates throughout the plant through sieve tubes. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 5 Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissue Plant Tissues A tissue is a group of cells that work A tissue is a group of cells that work together to together to perform a specific function. perform a specific function. • • Ground Tissue: Most of the plant; the Parenchyma, Meristematic Tissue: regions of rapidly dividing Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma Cells. cells. • Dermal Tissue (the Epidermis): The layer of cells that • Apical meristems: Tips of roots and stems. makes up the outer covering of a plant. • Intercalary meristems: Produces new cells resulting in added stem or leaf length. • Lateral meristems: Increase root or stem diameter. Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Plant Anatomy & Physiology Transport • Roots, stems, leaves. Energy Production • Leaves. Reproduction • Flowers. Section 3: Plant Anatomy & Physiology Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 Roots: Plant Transport System Roots: Plant Transport System Root Functions Root Structures 1. Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil. 2. Transports water & nutrients to stem. 3. Anchors plant to maintain stability. Endodermis Casparian 4. Stores food and water. Strip Water & nutrient pathways Cortex Pericycle Xylem Phloem Epidermis Root Hair Turner College & Career High School 2018 Turner College & Career High School 2018 6 Roots: Plant Transport System Stems: Plant Transport System Root Structures Stem Structures Taproot: a large, central, and dominant root from Herbaceous which other roots sprout laterally. • Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic (turgor) • Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is pressure. tapering in shape, and grows directly downward.. • Dandelions, zinnias, petunias. • ex. Dandelion, carrot, radish, beets Woody Fibrous: thin, moderately branching Taproot System • Thick cell walls that