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Spawning and Development of Some Hawaiian Marine Gastropods! JENS MATHIAS OSTERGAARD 2

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Spawning and Development of Some Hawaiian Marine Gastropods! JENS MATHIAS OSTERGAARD 2 Spawning and Development of Some Hawaiian Marine Gastropods! JENS MATHIAS OSTERGAARD 2 MANY PERSONS, at various marine biological lead pencil by the author from observation stations situated throughout the world, hav« under low power of the . compound micro­ investigated the spawning habits and larval scope. A micrometer scale was used so that development of marine gastropods. Some of measurements in fractions of. millimeters the recorded observations date back to the could be made readily. middle part of the last century or earlier. All the species investigated were obtained Various methods have been employed to ob­ in water not over 3 meters in depth, and most tain the materials for study, but always the of the egg structures were deposited in the effort put forth has been well rewarded, for laboratory by isolated animals. · When the the field is exceedingly rich. -It is noteworthy spawns were obtained from the reefs, or else­ that the study of plankton alone has been where, careful checks had been made to as­ able to throw much light 011 the metamor­ certain their identity, which in most cases phosis of the larvae of many species. This is was later verified. No record of any species a field of investigation that has an economic whose generic .position was unknown has as well as an academic value, inasmuch as been included. Hence, discussion of a con­ these minute planktonic larvae make a con­ siderable number of additional species of the siderable contribution to the food supply of Nudibranchiata, whose systematic position larger organisms, which in turn may serve has not yet been fully determined, awaits as food for fishes that are of direct economic later publication. importance to man. No histological sections of embryos and The investigations recorded here are the larvae were made, all notes being from ex­ first to be published from this area of the ternal observations. It will be noted that the Pacific. All the studies were done at the ova of the various groups of gastropod mol­ Marine Biological Laboratory of the Univer­ lusks discussed here were of the telolecithal sity of Hawaii during the years 1920-1925, type with holoblastic Cleavage, of which the since which time nothing has been added. first two divisions were almost always equal, There are several reasons for this delay, the while the third division resulted in some main one being the difficulty of publication. blastomeres of minute size and with a small This required, among other things, much amount of yolk and other larger ones with painstaking labor by a skilled person to adapt much yolk. A trochophore stage of very short the many .illustrations for reproduction. duration has been observed in some species, Many illustrations were required to clarify while a long veliger stage seems to be present the text and to enable the reader to compare in all. In no case has a metamorphosis from the corresponding stages of species of the the veliger larva to the adult form been ob­ same genus. All the figures were drawn in served, nor even started, although a record was obtained of 21 days of free-swimming 'Contribution No.2, Hawaii Marine Labora­ existence. tory. Included in this publication are the results "Department of Zoology and Entomology, Uni­ versity of Hawaii. (Retired.) Manuscript received of the study of the development of 41 species May, 1949. which are placed in 28 genera belonging to [75 } 76 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. IV, April, 1950 25 families of 3 orders. A key is furnished pointed; adhering to one an­ to aid in the identification of the spawn. other in compact masses. Egg Material collected and in the author's pos­ mass covered by foot of ani­ session consists of egg structures preserved in mal during incubation. Color formaldehyde and balsam mounts of cleavage pale yellow.. Cypraea, p. 78. stages and veliger shells on slides. Capsules elongate, pointed; at­ Acknowledgments: The author feels in­ tached to substratum . .. '_ 1 '. .... .. Mitra, p. 86. debted to a number of persons for their aid 5 ( 2) Egg structure a cylindrical fila­ and encouragement in the present undertak­ ment . .. ... 6 ing. Thanks are due Dr. Charles H. Edmond­ Egg structure a ribbon or band. 15 son for his fine cooperation in securing spec­ 6 (5 ) Filament long, thin and tangled imens of mollusks from which spawn were 7 obtained. I also wish to thank Mr. Otto Filament short, thick and not Degener for having rendered much assistance tangled 10 in procuring living specimens of opistho­ 7 (6) Filament from 0.5 mm. to 1 branchiate mollusks. I greatly appreciate Dr mm. in diameter .. .. 8 Robert W. Hiatt's very helpful suggestions Filament about 0.25 mm. in di­ and aid in the preparation of the manuscript. ameter, thread-like, compris- Finally, I am greatly indebted to Florence ing many separate threads Lambeth for the painstaking skill with which forming a bundle spread over she adapted the drawings for reproduction. 4 square cm. Color pale yel­ low. Strombus maculatus, p. 95. KEY TO THE SPAWN OF SOME 8 ( 7) Filament of great .length, about HAWAIIAN MARINE GASTROPODS 1 mm. in diameter, adhering 1. Egg structure consisting of dis- in a compact mass, attached tinct, attached capsules with to unde rside of rocks and parchment-like wa lls or a spread over an area of 25 continuing filament . .. ~ square cm. Color pale yellow Egg structure otherwise, more ' when freshly laid, brown or less aberrant . .... .'. 23 when embryos are near hatch­ 2 (1 ) Egg structure capsular with ing. .. .. Tethys grandis compact parchment-like walls and T. bipes, pp. 98, 99. 3 Filament not of great length , Egg structure consisting of a occupying an area from 2 to continuing filament . 5 4 square em, Color pale yel- 3 (2) Capsules small, 1.5-4 rnm, in low.. ,.. .. .... .. 9 length, pale yellow . ... .. 4. 9 ( 8 ) Filament compactly tangled and Capsules large, 8 x 10 mm. to attached to substratum . .. 13x 15 mm., squarish, flat and . .. , . Clava obeliscus, p. 95. baggy, more or less corru­ Filament loosely looped or tan­ gated marginally; attached to gled and festooned on algae . rock at basal margin or to Tethys elongata, p. 100, and one another ( Conus omaria, Notarchus striatus, p. 101. p. 90); with elongate slit at 10 ( 6) Filament with ova transversely distal margin which is closed arranged in loops within, and during incubation. Color pale visible to the unaided eye . 11 yellow or pink. Conus, p. 89 Filament without transversely 4 (3) Capsules oblong, rounded or arranged ova . ... 12 Hawaiian Marine Gastropods-OSTERGAARD 77 11 ( 10) Filament large, forming an el­ folded, forming three or four liptical loop. Length 18 em., circularly wou n d volutions diameter 4 mm . Color white. which measure about 13 em. · .. Pleurobranchus sp., p. 107. across. Color pink. .... Filament small , forming a cir­ · Umbraculum sinicum, p. 105 -. cular loop. Length 3 em., di- . Ribbon small and with only ,­ ameter 1 mm .. Bulla sp., p. 103 slight folds or none .... 18 12 ( 10) Filament slender and tapering 18 (17) Ribbon rising vertically from to an acute point at the ex- margin of attachment .. 19 tremities 13 Ribbon sloping outward from Filament thick with obtuse or centrally placed margin of at­ . blunt extremities with or tachment .... ... .... 21 without spiral twists . 14 19 (1 8 ) Ribbon of one volution; ex­ 13 ( 12) .Filament forming onevolution tremely small white band, without loops. Length 19 about 4 mm . in length . ... mm ., diameter 1 mm . Color · . ... Glossodoris sp., p. 109. white . Ribbon of 2 to 3 volutions, 2to · .. Placobranchus sp., p. 107. 3 em. across the mass .... 20 Filament with a few irregular 20 (19) Ribbon bright scarlet or deep loops. Length 25 mm., diam­ orange, forming two volu­ eter 0.5 mm . Color white. tions, about 14 em. long and ·. ... Elysia sp., p. 108. 6 mm . wide . 14 ( 12) Filament with one or two turns, · .. Hexabranchus sp., p. 109. flatly arranged. Length from Ribbon bright yellow, forming 2.5 to 4 em. Color white. 3 volutions, about 11 em. · ... Moruladumosa, p. 96, long and 4 mm. wide . .. and Haminoea crocata, p. 104 · .. .. Cryptodoris sp., p. 109. Filament with thre e and a half 21 (18 ) Ribbon with one volution. Di­ spiral turns, with one end at­ ameter of entire structure tached to a gelatin ous base or about 1 em. Color bright to the substratum. Length 35 yellow.. Aeolidia sp., p. 110. mm. , diameter 3 mm. Color Ribbon. with several irregular white . volutions,7 mm. wide. Color · Bullina scabra solida, p. 103. white. Melibe pilosa, p. 111. 15. (5 ) Ribbon attached by one edge or 22 (15 ) Ribbon with num erous parallel by a basal support to substra- loops, not overlapping, 0.33 tum. ....... .. 16 mm. wide. Clear and color- Ribbon attached flatly to sub- less . · . Dolabriferaolivacea, p. 100. stratum 22 Ribbon not looped, forming a 16 ( 15) Ribbon a much -folded mass at­ half circle, about 3 em. long, tached by a basal support to 2 mm. wide. Colorless. substratum about 2.5 em. in ·. ... Siphonaria normalis height and 1.5 em. in width. amara, p. 111. Color white. 23 ( 1) Egg structure consists of groups Hydatina amplustre, p. 102, and, of unattached, minute cap­ H . physis, p. 102. sules, each containing 1 or 2 Ribbon attached by one edge to ova. The capsules about 0.2 substratum ..... ... 17 mm . in diameter.. '. .. 17 (16) Ribbon very large and intensely . Littorina pintado, p. 97. 78 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. IV, April, 1950 Egg structure not capsular ... 24 The individual egg capsule, or egg case, is 24 (23) Egg structure a gelatinous mass about 4 mm.
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