The Hawaiian Species of Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) 1

ALAN J. KOHN2

IN THECOURSE OF a comparative ecological currents are factors which could plausibly study of gastropod mollus ks of the genus effect the isolation necessary for geographic Conus in Hawaii (Ko hn, 1959), some 2,400 speciation . specimens of 25 species were examined. Un­ Of the 33 species of Conus considered in certainty ofthe correct names to be applied to this paper to be valid constituents of the some of these species prompted the taxo­ Hawaiian fauna, about 20 occur in shallow nomic study reported here. Many workers water on marine benches and coral reefs and have contributed to the systematics of the in bays. Of these, only one species, C. ab­ genus Conus; nevertheless, both nomencla­ breviatusReeve, is considered to be endemic to torial and biological questions have persisted the Hawaiian archipelago . Less is known of concerning the correct names of a number of the species more characteristic of deeper water species that occur in the Hawaiian archi­ habitats. Some, known at present only from pelago, here considered to extend from Kure dredging? about the Hawaiian Islands, may (Ocean) Island (28.25° N. , 178.26° W.) to the in the future prove to occur elsewhere as island of Hawaii (20.00° N. , 155.30° W.). well, when adequate sampling methods are extended to other parts of the Indo-West FAUNAL AFFINITY Pacific region. As is characteristic of the marine fauna of ECOLOGY the Hawaiian Islands, the affinities of Conus are with the Indo-Pacific center of distribu­ Since the ecology of Conus has been dis­ tion . The Hawaiian Islands mark the north­ cussed in detail elsewhere (Kohn, 1959), eastern limit ofmost of the species that occur ecological data are restricted to notes in this there. Eastern Pacific species of Conus are en­ report. tirely absent from the Hawaiian fauna. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the con­ Most of the species present in Hawaii range stant stimulation and willing assistance of widely throughout the central and western Karl W. Greene, director, Children 's Museum Pacific Ocean , Indian Ocean , and Red Sea. of Honolulu, and Edwin H . Bryan, Jr. , cu­ The chief mode of distribution is the pelagic rator of collections, Bernice P. Bishop Mu­ veliger larval stage. Drifting while attached seum, Honolulu. The collections and libraries to floating material may be a secondary of the following institutions were also visited, mechanism. Despite the extensive distribu­ and gratitude is expressed to the persons in tion of most of the species occurring in charge: U. S. National Museum (H . A. Hawaii, the geographic position of the archi­ Rehder, J. P. E.Morrison), Academy of Nat­ pelago and the prevailing westerly surface ural Sciences of Philadelphia (R. T. Abbott), Museum of Compa rative Zoology, Harvard 1 Contribution No. 1I 7, H awaii Marine l aborator y. M anuscript received July 30, 1957. University (W. J. Clench, R. D . Turner), and 2 Osborn Zoological l aboratory,Yale University, Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Y. Kondo). In and Hawaii Marine Laboratory, Un iversity of Hawaii. Present address: De partm ent of Biological Sciences, addition, specimens were loaned to the writer Florida Stare University, Tallahassee, Florida. for study by C. A. Allen, Mrs . Jean Bromley,

368 Hawaiian Conus-KOHN 369

Mrs . A. M . Harrison, W. C. Ross, and C. S. writers (Blainville, 1818; Reeve, 1843-1844; Weaver. Valuable assistance rendered by Adams and Adams, 1858; Weinkauff, 1874; Charles E. Cutress in preparation of the color Smith, 1879; Tryon, 1884; Fischer, 1887; von photographs is gratefully acknowledged. Martens and Thiele, 1903; Tinker, 1952; and Most of the work was carried out at the Os­ Morris, 1952) have cited the names as they born Zoological Laboratory , Yale University, appear in Bruguiere (1792). A third group of during tenure of a fellowship from the Na­ writers (Dautzenberg, 1937; Clench, 1942; tional Science Foundation. Mermod, 1947; and Dodge, 1953) has cited such names as, e.g., " Conus catus Hwass in BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Bruguiere.', An excellent bibliographical account and Application of the Regles of the Interna­ collation of the major works in which species tional Commission on Zoological Nomen­ of Conus were described 'is given by Hanna clature (ICZN), and later provisions and and Strong (1949) . Except where otherwise clarifications of the Regles, does not lead to noted, the collations cited therein are fol­ an unequivocal solution to this problem. In lowed in the present paper. the decisions of the ICZN meeting in Paris Catalogue of the Portland Museum. 1786. in 1948, it was recommended (Bull. Zool. This catalogue was published anonymously, Nomencl. 4: 565-566, 1950) that "where in a but its authorship is usually attributed to book or paper written by one author (say George Humphrey (Dall, 1921). The names author 'A') it is clearly stated that the descrip­ of new species are attributed to Daniel tion ofone or more specified taxonomic units Solander in the volume, and the same usage there named has been prepared exclusively by is followed in the present paper. A valuable some other author (say author 'C), the name discussion of this catalogue is given by Wil­ or names in question are to be attributed to kins (1955), who also presents cogent reasons author 'C, not to author 'A'. The name of for attributing the names to Humphrey. the taxonomic unit so described and named J.G. Bruguiere, Encyclopedie Mhhodique. His­ is to be cited by later authors as having been toire Naturelle des Verso 1792. Many previously published by 'C in A'." undescribed species of Conus were named and It is apparent from the remarks ofBruguiere carefully described in this work . However, (1792: 598; see also Clench, 1942: 3) that the the authorship to be attributed to these descriptions of the species were not prepared names has been a matter of dispute almost exclusively by Hwass, although the names since the volume appeared. In the volume, and brief Latin diagnoses were. It is, how­ Bruguiere attributes the names and Latin diag­ ever, the present author's opinion that Hwass's noses of species to C. H. Hwass (p. 598). contribution is sufficient to justify attributing Bruguiere states that he himself wrote the authorship of the names to him. This view is descriptions and the "additional" synonymy strengthened by the more recent further clari­ (see Clench, 1942: 3). New specific names fication ofArticle 21 (Copenhagen Decisions, are published in the volume as, e.g. "Conus 1953: 58-59), which states that "the rule set catus Hwass." out on pages 565-566 of vol. 4 of the However, many subsequent writers (La­ BULLETIN should be qualified in such a marck, 1810; Dillwyn, 1817; Kiener, 1845­ way as to make it clear that it applies only 1850; Wood, 1856; Sowerby, 1857-1858; where the book or paper concerned contains Schaufuss, 1869; Iredale, 1929; Tomlin, 1937; a clear indication that not only the name in Cotton, 1945; Hanna and Strong, 1949; Hi­ question was proposed by some author other rase, 1954; and Kira, 1955) have cited such than that by whom the book or paper was species as, e.g. "Conus catus Bruguiere." Other written but also that the indication, defini- 370 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

tion, or description on which, under Article 218) which gives 1846 as the year of publica­ 25, the availability of that name depends was tion of the plates. This date, however, is written not by the author of the book or erroneous, being presumably a typographical paper concerned but by the author to whom error. The correct date is 1845 as given in the the name is there attributed. " body of the paper (Sherborn and Woodward, For these reasons, the species of Conus re­ 1901: 217). Therefore, the names in Kiener's ferred to as, e.g. " Conus catus Hwass" in work should date from 1845 rather than from Bruguiere (1792) are herein cited as, e.g. the dates on which they appeared in the text." " Conus catus Hwass in Bruguiere." Toml in (1937) has given the most com­ Museum Calonnianum. 1797. The names in­ plete catalogue of the genus Conus. Some troduced in this publication were rejected in 2,700 names are listed, including both extant Opinion 51 of the ICZN (Smithsonian Pub!. and fossil species. Earlier catalogues of Re­ 2060, 1912: 116), but this decision has not cent species are given by Reeve (1843-1849), been universally accepted. Ofthe names listed Kiener (1845- 1850), Sowerby (1857- 1858), in the Museum Calonnianum, only three, all and Tryon (1884) . of which are synonyms, are pertinent to this Earlier published lists of the species of paper. For the sake of completeness, they are Conus in Hawaii are those of Garrett (1878), listed in brackets in the synonymies. Author­ Edmondson (1933, 1946), Tinker (1952, ship of the Museum Calonnianum is attrib­ 1958), and Greene (1953).Extensive unpub­ uted to George Humphrey, follow ing general lished lists compiled by W. A. Bryan in 1919, acceptance. The problem is discussed in de­ and by E. H . Bryan, J r. in 1956, have been tail by Iredale (1937). made available to the writer by E. H . Bryan,Jr. Museum Boltenianum. 1798. The names in this volume were accepted as nomenclatori­ SYNONYMY ally available in Opinion 96 of the ICZN The synonymies consist of the first known (Smithsonian Misc. Coli., 73(4): 16-18, 1926), publication of all known different names, au­ and their authorship was attributed to P. F. thors, and combinations which have been R6ding in Direction 48 of the ICZN (O pin­ appl ied to the species, listed chronologicall y. ions and Declarations Rendered by the ICZN, Subsequent references to the same name are 1: 255-264, 1956). not given, with the exception of errors and L. W . Dillwyn. ADescriptive Catalogue of emendations , in order to conserve space. It is Recent Shells. 1817. A number of species of perhaps unfortunate that some of the refer­ Conus described by Chemnitz (1788, 1795) ences are to distributional lists and museum are listed in Dillwyn's catalogue. Since the catalogues, which in many cases lack taxo­ specific names in Chemnitz (1788, 1795) have nomic information. These are included pri­ been rejected by Opinion 184 of the ICZN marily because specific names first published (Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the in some of the museum catalogues have been ICZN, 3: 27-35), these names became no­ recogni zed as available by the ICZN. Further­ menclatorially available upon publication by more, in add ition to their historical impor­ Dillwyn (1817). (See also Bul!. Zoo!' No­ tance, such lists and catalogues are in some mencl., 4: 259-260, 1950.) cases the source of errors which have been L. C. Kiener. Species General et Iconographie perpetuated in the subsequent literature. des Coquilles Vivantes. 1845-1850. The names Many specific names of Conus were intro­ of species described in this work appear both duced by authors who did not consistently on the plates and in the text. Hanna and use the binorninal system. These names are Strong (1949) reproduce the summary of the 3 The autho r is grateful to Dr. Harald A. Reh der for collation of Sherborn and Woodward (1901: having po inted out th is discrepancy. Hawaiian Conus-KOHN 371 thus invalid (see Opinions and Declarations the base, impressed and widely spaced else­ Rendered by the ICZN, 3: 27-35 ; 5: 265-279) where. Aperture fairly narrow, Raring some­ and have not been included in the synony­ what towards the anterio r, or basal end. Base mies. Among the post-Linnean authors re­ attenuated. Shoulder coronate; spire de­ sponsible for ·such names are Martini (1773), pressed, coronate, striate.Color bluish gray, Chemnitz (1788, 1795), Meuschen (1778, with pale flesh-colored transverse bands in 1787), and Martyn (1784-1792). the middle of the body whorl and at the In cases of generic changes by subsequent shoulder; with rows of rather distantly spaced authors, the name of the author of the species small brown dots encircling the body whor!. has been placed in parentheses throughout, Aperture purplish brown within, with a light whether or not this was done by the author median band. Periostracum thin, yellow, of the generic change. translucent. In life, foot pale brown; siphon Described varieties of listed valid species pale brown, tinged with pink. are not included in synonymies . However, if LENGTH : To 60 mm ., but usually smaller. the listed valid species itself has been de­ TYPE LOCALITY: Oahu. scribed as a variety of another species, that REMARKS : It is believed that this species is entry is included in the synonymy. endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. It is In cases of published erroneous identifica­ known from Midway Island and all of the tion of specimens, the notation " (error)" main islands, where it is usually rather com­ follows the entry. mon on marine benches . Larger specimens Genus CONUS Linne are found on sandy substrata of coral reef platforms. Shell obconical, turbinate ; whorls enrolled Conus miliaris Hwass and C. co ronatus upon themselves, attenuated anteriorly. Spire Gmelin, neither of which occurs in Hawaii, usually short, smoo th or coronate. Aperture are the most closely related species. C. ab­ elongate, narrow, effuse at the base, without breviatus may be distinguished from both by teeth; outer lip smooth, sharp, with a su­ the regular arrangement and small size of the tural sinus. brown dots , by the characteristic bluish-gray ground color, and by the absence of irregular Conus abbreviatus Reeve longitudinal white flecks (as in C. miliaris) or Fig. 33 in Plate 2 brown blotches (as in C. coronatus). Pleistocene fossils of C. abbreviatus are Conus abbreviatus Reeve, 1843, Conch. Icon., known from Oahu (Ostergaard, 1928), Maui , 1: p!. 16, sp. 86. and Molokai (Ostergaard, 1939). Conus abbreviatus Sowerby, 1857, Thes . Conchy!., 3: 10 (as "c. abbreviatus Nuttall MS., Reeve c.1." on p!. 4, fig. 84). Conus acuta ngulus Lamarck Conus coronatus Dillwyn var. abbreviatus. Fig. 37 in Plate 2 Weinkauff, 1874, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak . Ges., 1: 250. Conus acutangulus Lamarck, 1810, Ann. Mus . Conus miliaris Hwass var. abbreviatus. Try- Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 286. on, 1884, Man. Conch., 1: 22, p!. 5, fig. 89. Leptoconus acutangulus. Adams and Adams, Stepbanoconus abbreviatus (Reeve). Kaicher , 1853, Gen . Rec. Mol!., 1: 251. 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, p!. 2, Conus acutangulatus Sowerby, 1857, Thes . fig. 4. Conchy!., 3: 11. DESCRIPTION : Shell small but sturdy. Body (?) Conus crebrisulcus Sowerby, 1857, Thes . whorl striate, the striae as raised ridges near Conchy!., 3: 21, p!. 14, fig. 321. 372 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. xm, October, 1959

Conus turricula tus Sowerby, 1866, Thes. ing at least one third of the total shell length; Conchyl., 3: 328, pl. 27, figs. 643, 644. apex sharp. Early whorls smooth, succeeding Conus gemmtllattls Sowerby, 1870, Proc. Zool. whorls with slender protracting curved axial Soc. Lond., 1870: 257, pl. 22, fig. 8. riblets which fuse to form strong nodules at Conus aetltangtlltls Bruguiere, Paetel, 1883, the shoulder, the nodules becoming less con­ Caral, Conch.-Samml. Paetel , p. 50. spicuous on the latest whorls. Color of bo dy Conus amtangtlltls Hwass. Tryon, 1884, whorl white to pale buff, marked with inter­ Man. Conch., 6: 76. rupted broad brown spiral bands either side Conus acutanculus Friedberg, 1911, Rozprawyi of the center. Rows of brown dots between Wiadomosci Muzeum Imienia Dzieduszyc­ the striae mark the light area between the kich (M oll. Mioc. Poloniae), 14: 47. brown bands. Spire marked by distantly Conus eugremmaius Bartsch and Rehder, 1943, spaced rather regular broad brown spots. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56: 85. Periostracum grayish white, bearing lamellae Conasprell«aetltangtlltls (Lamarck). Cotton, on the fine riblets of the spire . 1945, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 272. LENGTH: 30 mm. Conus etlgrammattls D all, Bartsch and Rehder. TYPE LOCALITY : "Mers des grandes Indes." Greene, 1953, Ann. Rept. Amer. Malacol. REMARKS: Specimens of C. aCtltangtlltls have Union, Bull. 20: 28. been collected in Hawaii by dredging in com­ Asprell« amtangtlltls (Lamarck) . Kuroda, parative shallow water and to a depth of 1956, Venus: Jap. Jour. Mal., 19: 88. 200 fathoms. DESCRIPTION: Shell small, rather thin. Body whorl elongate, bearing rather distantly and Conus bullatus Linne irregularly spaced incised spiral lines marked Fig . 1 by small punctures. Aperture narrow, outer lip protracted. Shoulder angular, ridged ; spire Conus bullatus Linne, 1758, Syst, Nat., ed. 10, elevated, turreted, concave, striate, compris- p. 717.

PLATE 1 Reference s are given ro the shells figure d. The dimensions given are shell length X maximum diameter. FIG. 1. Conus distans Hwass in Bruguiere. 75 X 43 mm . Off Rabbit (Manana) Island , off Oahu . USNM coIl., No. 484738. FIG. 2. Conus textile Linne. 80 X 44 mm . Waikiki , Oahu. C. E. Cutre ss coIl. FIG. 3. Con us pennaceus Born. 64 X 35 mm . Keaukaha, Hilo, Hawaii. USNM coIl., No . 338584. FIG. 4. Conus quercinus Solander. 80 X 49 mm . Honolulu Harb or Channel, Oahu. USNM coIl., No. 338584. FIG. 5. Conus striates Linne. 107 X 53 mm . Waikiki, Oahu. C. E. Cutres s coIl. FIG. 6. Conus miles Linne. 67 X 39 mm . Waikiki, Oahu. C. E. Cutres s coIl. FIG. 7. Conus imperialis Linne. 69 X 36 mm . Lahaina , Mau i. USNM coIl., No. 484735. FIG. 8. Conus spiceri Bartsch & Rehder. 113 X 62 mm . Midway Island. USNM coIl., No. 523700. FIG. 9. Conus marmoreus Linne . 96 X 54 mm . H onolulu Harbo r enrrance, Oahu, 5-8 fathoms. USNM colI.. No. 338163. FIG. 10. Co nus leopardus (Re ding). 143 X 86 mm . Waimea Bay, Oahu . C. E. Cutress coIl. FIG. 11. Co nus vexillum Gmelin. 88 X 54 mm . Kahala, Oahu. USNM coIl., No. 338510. FIG. 12. Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguiere. 48 X 27 mm . Honolulu, Oahu . USNM coIl., No. 338195. FIG. 13. Conus smirna Bartsch & Rehder. Holotype. 61 X 23 mm . off Lanai, 257-3 12 fathoms. USNM coIl., No. 173226. FIG. 14. Conus vitulinus Hwass in Brugu iere, 56 X 31 mm . Ke okea, Hawaii. USNM coIl., No. 338549. FIG. 15. Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguiere, 41 X 19 mm. Hon olulu Harbor enrrance, Oahu, 5-8 fathoms. USNM coll., No. 338538. FIG. 16. Conus moreleti Crosse. 46 X 23 mm . Kailua, Oahu, 12- 15 feet. USNM coIl., No. 484249. FIG. 17. Conus lioidus Hwass in Bruguiere, 39 X 23 mm . Hon okowai, Maui. USNM coll., No. 338531. FIG. 18. Conusf/avidus Lamarck. 42 X 25 mm . Hon okowai, Maui. USNM coIl.,No. 338522. FIG. 19. Conus nussatella Linn e. 53 X 17 mm. Kuhio Bay, Hilo, H awaii. USNM coIl., No. 338577. The H awaiian Species of Conus-KoHN PLATE 1 The Hawaiian Spe cies of Conus-KoHN PLATE 2 Hawaiian Conus - KaHN 373

Conus nabecula Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nat., ed. markings. Spire marked irregularly with or­ 13, p. 3396. ange brown and pink or pinkish white. In­ Cucullus nubecula (Gmelin). R6ding, 1798, terior of aperture pink ish orange. Perios­ Mus. Boltenianum, p. 46. tracum thin. CuCttllus parvus R6ding, 1798, Mus . Bolteni­ LEN GTH: The most recently collected speci­ anum, p. 46. men from Hawaii (see below) measures 62 X Cueullus laganum R6ding, 1798, Mus. Bolte­ 29 mm. nianum , p. 5 l. T YPE LOCALITY: None. Conus bullatus Lamarck. Sowerby, 1833, REMARKS: Very few specimens of Conus Conch. Illus., p. 2, pt. 29, fig. 23. bullatusare b lown from the Hawaiian Islands. Textilia bullatus. Swainson, 1840, Treat. A single shell in excellent condition was Mal. , p. 312. dredged off Nanakuli, Oahu, but whether or L eptoconus bullatus (Linne). Adams and not it was alive is not kno wn (D. Thaanum, Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1: 253. in litt.). In November, 1957, a living specimen Textilia bullata (Linne). Cotton, 1945, (Fig. 1) was collected half-buried in sand at Rec. South Austral. Mu s., 8: 26l. a depth of 100 feet off Diamond Head, Oahu DESCRIPTI ON: Shell rather thick but not (c. S. Weaver, in litt. ). At least two other heavy, ovate-oblong, the maximum diameter specimens are believed to have been collected not at the shoulder but about one third of in Hawaii, but it has not been possible to the distance from shoulder to base. Body verify the reports. In addition, a number of whorl glossy, with impressed, rather widely dead shells have been collected (K . W. Greene , spaced transverse striae basally. Shoulder in litt.; 1. Brand, verbal communication). rounded, smooth; spire obsoletely striate, canaliculate. Ground color white or pale pink, Conus capitaneus Linne clouded with orange brown subtrigonal mark­ Fig. 2 ings often fused to form three broad, rather poorly defined transverse bands, separated by Conus eapitaneus Linne, 1758, Syst. Nat ., ed. areas of sparser, irregularly placed similar 10, p. 713.

PL AT E 2 References are given ro the shells figured . The dime nsions given are shell leng th X maximum diameter. FI G. 20. Conus ebraeus Linne . 39 X 23 mm . Hilo. Hawaii. USNM coIl., No . 338209. FIG . 21. Conus cbaldaeus (Reding). 29 X 18 mm. Hil o, Hawaii. USNM coIl., No . 338477. FIG. 22. Conus tessulatus Born . 42 X 25 mm. "Sandwich Is." USN M coIl., No. 5038. A faded specimen. FI G. 23. Conus quercinus Solander. 33 X 16 mm .Off Kaanapali, Maui, 4-12 fath oms. USN M coIl., No . 338187. J uvenile specimen, showing the characteristic high spire. FI GS. 24-28 . Conus suturatus Reeve, showing chang es in color pattern with increase in size. FIG. 24. 23 X 11 mm. O ff Laun iupoko Camp, Maui, 4-12 fath oms. USNM coIl., N o. 338546. FI G. 25. 25 X 13 mm . O ff Mt. Lihau, Maui, 4-12 fatho ms. USNM coIl., No. 338547. FI G. 26. 32 X 17 mm. USNM coIl., No. 338546., FIG . 27. 37 X 21 mm . H onolul u H arbor entra nce, Oahu, 5-8 fathoms. USNM coIl., No. 338541. FIG . 28. 48 X 27 mm. No rth Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef. Mrs.]. Bromley coIl., No. 3363. FIG . 29. Conus catus Hwass in Brugu iere, 29 X 18 mm . H onokowai, Maui. USNM coIl., No. 338561. FIG . 30. Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguiere. 30 X 17 mm. H onolulu, Oahu . USN M coIl., No. 338516. FIG. 31. Conus pertusus Hwass in B r u g u iere , 30 X 15 mm . Locality unknow n. USNM coIl., No. 18522. FIG. 32. Conus retifer Menke. Midway Island. USNM coIl., No . 524591. A faded specim en. FIG . 33. Conus abbreviatus Reeve. 26 X 17 mm. H onokowai, Maui. USNM coil., No . 338488. FIG . 34. Conus circumaais Iredale. 22 X 11 mm. O ff Lanai, 179-25 3 fathoms. (H olotype of Conus hammatus Bartsch and Rehder). USNM coil., No. 173225. J uvenile. FIG. 35. Conus circumactis Iredale. 17 X 9 mm. USNM coli. J uvenile. FIG. 36. Conus obscurus Sowerby, 23 X 9 mm. O ff Waikiki, O ahu , 20 feet. USNM coIl., No. 484740. FIG. 37. Conus acatangul«: Lamarck. 24 X 10 mm . Honolulu Harbor entrance, Oahu , 6-8 fath oms. USNM colI., No. 338564. FI GS. 38-39. Conassponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, Kauai. USNM coIl. FI G. 38. 15 X 9 mm. FI G. 39. 18 X 11 mrn. 374 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

FIG. 1. Conusbullatus Linne, 62 X 29 mm. Collected off D iamond Head, Oahu, 17 fathoms. Shell in collection of C. S. Weaver. Photographs by the author. .

Conus classiarius Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Conus chemnitzi Dillwyn. Dautzenberg, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 705, pI. 335, fig. 7. 1937, Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., [Conus venator Humphrey, 1797, Mus. Calon­ 2(18): 171. nianum, p. 11.] Lithoconus capitaneus (Linne). Kaicher, [Conus agasus Humphrey, 1797, Mus . Calon­ 1956, Ind o-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pI. nianum , p. 11.] 4, fig. 9. Cucullus capitaneus (Gmelin). R6ding, DESCRIPTI ON: Shell of moderate thickness; 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 43. body whorl encircled by finely punctate striae Conus classiarius Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, on the basal half, the striae more distinct and Ann. Mu s. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 267. separated by low ridges basally; aperture Conus chemnitzii Dillwyn, 1817, Descr. Cat. rather narrow, the sides parallel. Shoulder Ree. Shells, 1: 363. angular, smooth ; spire rather low, obtuse, Conus capitaneus Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, striate; apex pointed. Color of body whorl Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 172. variable, yellow or olive yellow to orange Leptoconus capitaneus (Linne). Adams and brown or olive brown , encircled by several Adams, 1853, Gen . Ree. Moll., 1: 252. dark brown dotted lines and two broad white Conus ceciliae Crosse, 1858, Jour. Conch yl., bands , interrupted by dark brown blotches , 7: 381, pI. 14, fig. 5. at the shoulder and centrally on the body Rhizoconus capitaneus (Linne). Frauenfeld, whorl. The white bands may also be crossed 1869, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 19: 863. by closely spaced longitudinal wavy brown Hawaiian Conus -KOHN 375 lines . Young individuals may lack the two DESCRIPTION: Shell stout, solid , bulbous. white bands. Spire tesselated with alternate Body whorl striate, the striae raised, rounded, brown and white blotches, continuing to usually obsolete near the shoulder, and gran­ form band on body whorl at shoulder. Outer ular near the base. Aperture rather broad, the lip thin; aperture violet within. Periostracum sides almost parallel. Shoulder rounded, rather thin but opaque, encircled by raised smooth; spire obtuse, deeply striate. Apex transverse ridges . sharp, rose-colored, but often eroded. Color LENGTH: The only two specimens known of body whorl and spire brown with irregular from the Hawaiian Islands (Fig. 2) measure white flecks or splotches. Aperture white with 31 X 21 mm. and 19.5 X 11.5 mm . brown margin . Periostracum thin, yellow, translucent. In life, foot mottled brown on TYPE LOCALITY: Asia. buff. "Pale cinereous , varied with delicate REMARKS: This species was not known to brown mottlings, which are most conspicu­ occur in the Hawaiian area until the collection ous on the muzzle" (Garrett , 1878). of a living specime n (Fig. 2, right) by Mrs . A. M. Harrison at a depth of 15-20 feet off LENGTH: To 40 mm . Nanakuli, Oahu, in April, 1958. A second, TYPE LOCALITY : Several localities are given smaller specimen (Fig . 2, left) was collected with the original description, the first two of by Mr. A. M . Harrison at a depth of 35 feet which, "Saint-Domingue " and Martinique, near Kaena Pr., Oahu, on 31 August 1958. are almost certainly in error. The species described as Conus catus is restricted to the Indo-West Pacific region although it resem­ Conus catus Hwass in Bruguiere bles Conus ranunculus Hwass in Bruguiere, a Fig. 29 in Plate 2 western"Atlantic species. REMARKS : Conus catus is less variable with Conus catus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. respect to shell characteristics in Hawaii than Meth. Vers, 1: 707, pl. 332, figs. 3, 4, 7. in other parts of the Pacific and Indian Conus leoninus var. 0 Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nat., oceans. It occurs intertidally on benches and ed. 13, p. 3387. rocky shores and subtidally as well. Pleisto ­ Cucullus nubilus R6ding, 1798, Mus. Bolteni­ cene fossils are known from Oahu (Oster­ anum, p. 46. gaard , 1928). Conus nubilas (Bolten). Link, 1807, Besch- reib. Nat-Samml. Univ . Rostock, Abt. 3, Conus chaldaeus (R6ding) p.105. Conus catusBruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, Ann . Fig. 21 in Plate 2 Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 285. Conus discrepans Sowerby, 1833, Conch. Illus ., Conusprinceps Linne. Born, 1778, Ind. Rer. p. 2, pt. 29, fig. 28. Nat. Mus.Caes. Vind ., p. 134. (error). Conus catus Lamarck. D ufo, 1840, Ann. Conus princeps var. (3 . Gmelin, 1791, Syst, Sci. Nat. , Ser. 2, 14: 173. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3378. L eptoconus catus (H wass) . Adams and Conus ebraeus Linne var. E. Hwass in Adams, 1853, Gen. Ree. MolL, 1: 253. Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 619, (?) Conus paras Pease, 1862, Proe. Zool. Soe. pi. 321, figs. 1, 7, 8. Lond ., p. 279. Cucullus chaldaeus R6ding, 1798, Mus. Bolte­ Chelyconus catus (Bruguiere). Cotton, 1945, nianum, p. 42. Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 241. Conus chaldaeus (Bo lten) . Link , 1807, Cbelyconus catus (Hwass). Kaicher, 1956, "Beschreib. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 6, fig. 10. Abt. 3, p. 106. 376 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

FIG. 2. Conus capitaneusLinne. left, 19.5 X 11.5 mm . Specimen collected by A. M. Harrison neat Kaena Pr., Oahu, 6 fathoms. Right, 31 X 21 mm . Specimen collected by Mrs. A. M . Harrison neat Nanakuli , Oahu , 3 fath oms. Photographs by the author.

Conus vermiculatus Lamarck, 1810, Ann. Mus. Conus chaldens (Reding) . Dietrich and Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 34. Morris, 1953, Nautilus, 67: 17, pI. 4, fig. 19. Conusebraeus Linne var. C. Dillwyn, 1817, Virroconus cbaldeus (Roding). Kira, 1955, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, p. 399. Coloured Illus. Shells Japan, p . 72. Conus ebraeus Linne var. D. Dillwyn, 1817, Stephanoconus cbaldeus (Roding). Kaicher, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, p. 399. 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pI. 2, CO!lUS hebraeus Linne var. fl. Reeve, 1843, fig. 10. Conchol. Icon., 1: pI. 19, fig. 104a. Conus ebraeus chaldaeus Reding. Hertlein Conus hebraeus Linne var. vermiculatus Lamarck. and Emerson, 1957, Amer. Mus. Novit., Kiener, 1846, Spec. Gen. Icon. Coq . Viv., No. 1859: 3. 2: 46, pI. 8, fig. 3. DESCRIPTION: Shell rather small but ex­ Conus ebraeus Linne var. vermiculatus Hwass . tremely thick and sturdy. Body whorl trans­ versely striate, the striae obsoletely tuberculate Weinkauff, 1874, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak. near the base, becoming strongly so near the Ges ., 1: 249. shoulder; aperture narrow. Shoulder coro­ Conus ebraeus Linne var. vermiculatus Lamarck; nate; spire moderately elevated , tuberculate, Crosse and Marie, 1874, Jour. Conchyl., striate ; apex often eroded. Color mostly 22: 340. black, with narrow, irregular, usually inter­ Conus bebraeus Linne var. uermicalatus Hwass. rupted white bands at the shoulder and cen­ Kobelt, 1878, Illus. Conchyl., p . 92. trally on the body whorl , the black areas also Conus vermiculatusBruguiere. Fischer, 1891, interrupted by intermittent vertical white Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 4: 132. streaks. Aperture bluish white, the external Conus ebraeus Linne var. uermiculata Lamarck. color pattern visible at the outer lip. Perios­ Couturier, 1907, Jour. Conchyl., 55: 126. tracum rather 'thin , yellow, translucent. In Cllcttll;s chaldaeus Bolten. Iredale, 1929, life, foot black, with a broad central longi­ Mem. Queensl. Mus., 9: 282. tudinal tan stripe on the sole. Siphon and Virroconus cbaldaeus (Bolten). Corron, rostrum black , tipped with red. 1945, Rec. Austral. Mus., 8: 236. LENGTH: Usually less than 40 mm. A speci­ Conus cbaldeus (Reding). Tinker, 1952, men collected by the author at Waikiki, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 44. Oahu, measures 44 mm . Hawaiian Conus-KaHN 377

TYP E LOCALITY : None. Conus pulchellus Swainson, 1822, Zool. Illus ., REMARKS : This species is closely related to ser. 1, 2: pl. 114. (non pulchellus Red ing, Conus ebraeus and is regarded as a variety of 1798.) that species by some recent workers (e.g. Rbizoconus pulchelltlS (Swainson). Adams Dodge, 1953). It differs from C. ebraeus in and Adams, 1853, Gen . Rec. Moll., 1: 252. being generally smaller, having a tuberculate (?) Conus connectens A. Adams, 1854, Proc. surface, and having the black flammules con­ Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854: 136. fluent so as to cover most of the shell. The Conus circumactis Iredale, 1929, Mem. Queensl. two species are sympatric over a wide range. Mus., 9: 281. Hawaiian specimens are easily distinguish­ Conus hammatus Bartsch and Rehder , 1943, able. In other areas, the two species tend to Proc. BioI. Soc. Wash., 56: 86. approach each other more closely morpho­ Dauciconus circumactis (Iredale). Cotton, logically but do not intergrade. Lamarck's 1945, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 246. (1810) statement that the two species are Conus hammattlS Dall, Bartsch and Rehder. constantly distinct is correct. Greene, 1953, Ann. Rept. Amer. Malacol. C. chaldaeus occurs most commonly near Union, Bull. 20: 28. the outer edge of marine benches . Pleisrocene Leptoconus circumactis (Iredale). Kuroda, fossils are known from Oahu (Ostergaard, 1956, Venus: Jap. Jour. Mal., 19: 73. 1928). DES CRIPTION: Shell rather thin; body whorl slightly concave near the base on the left side, Conus circumactis Iredale spirally striate with the striae obsolete and Figs. 34 and 35 in Plate 2; Fig. 3 impressed toward the shoulder but stron ger and with widely spaced low knobs basally. Conus cinctus Swainson, 1822, Zool. Illus ., ser. Aperture narrow, widening slightly basally; 1, 2: pl. 110. (non cinctus Bosc, 1801.) outer lip thin . Shoulder angular, smoo th or

FIG. 3. Conus circumactis Iredale. Specimens dredged by C. A. Allen off so uthern shore of Oahu , 8- 60 fath oms Left, 21 X 12 mm .; center, 25 X 13 mm .; right, 34 X 18 mm. Photographs by M . Miyamoto. 378 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 extremely obsoletely coronate. Spire low ; Stephanoconus distans (H wass). Kaicher, apex nipplelike, especially in young speci­ 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells,Sect. 5, pl. 2, mens ; whorls finely striate, separated by a fig. 16. deeply impressed suture. Color of body whorl DESCRIPTION : Shell large, elon gate, slightly pale yellow or yellowish brown, with large concave in profile. Body whorl smooth or en­ white blotches forming a band at the shoulder circled with obsolete imp ressed lines ; aperture and another at the middle ; body who rl also narrow, the sides parallel. Shoulder coronate; encircled by narrow brown lines, which are spire short , coro nated with obtuse rounded usually interrupted to form dots and dashes ; tubercles. Color of body whorl yellowish tan, base violet or pink; interior of aperture bluish obsoletely banded with white or pale bluish or pinkish white. Spire white or pinkish white, white at the center and near the shoulder. sparsely maculated with brown. Periostracum Tubercles of the spire white , depressed areas rather thick, yellowish brown and opaque in between them dark brown . A purplish brown young specimens, yellow and somewhat stain usually present near the base. Interior of translucent in older individuals. aperture light violet with a lighter central LENGTH: 35 mm . band, darker violet at the base. The violet of TYPE LOCALITY: Amboina. the interior is deeper in juvenile specimens, REMARKS: All specimens of C. circumactis which are generally more colorful. Perios­ known from the Hawaiian Islands have been tracum thick, olive green, with transverse collected by dredging. The holotype of C. rows of tufted ridges on body whorl. In life, hammatus Bartsch and Rehder, here consid­ foot brown; siphon light tan , mottled with ered the juvenile of C.circumactis, was dredged brown ; rostrum dark brown, tipped with yel­ off Kauai in about 200 fathoms. C. A. Allen low; tentacles light brown ; penis orange. collected thirteen specimens from depths of LENGTH: 120 mm. 8- 60 fathoms off the southern shore of Oahu . TYPE LOC ALITY: New Zealand. In error Of the other species of Conus in Hawaii, (see Wilkins , 1955 : 106). C. uitalinns is most closely related to C. cir­ REMARK S: C. distans occurs chiefly at the cumactis. The latter can be distinguished by outer areas of reef platform s and in depths of its pale ground color, pink or violet base, and one or more fathoms. yellowish brown periostracum. C. circumactis can be distinguished from C.litoglyphus by the Conus ebraeus Linne narrow interrupted transverse brown lines and Fig. 20 in Plate 2 the pink or violet base in the former. Conus ebraeus Linne, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Conus distans Hwa ss in Bruguiere p.715. Conus hebraeus Linne. Born , 1778, Ind . Fig. 1 in Plate 1 Rer. Nat. Mus. Caes. Vind ., p. 142. Conus distans Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. Cucullus ebraeus (Gmelin).Reding, 1798, Meth. Vers, 1: 634, pl. 321, fig. 11. Mus. Boltenianum, p. 42. Conus distans Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, Conus quadratus Perry, 1811, Conchology, pl. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 38. 24, fig. 5. (non quadratus Re ding, 1798.) Virroconus distans (Brugui ere) .Cotton, Conus hebraeus Hwass. Blainville, 1818, 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 254. Diet. Sci. Nat., 10: 249. Rbizoconus distans (Bruguiere). Kira, 1955, Conus hebraeus Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, Ann. Coloured Illus. Shells Ja pan, p. 75. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 170. V irgiconus distans (Bruguiere) . Kuro da , Conus hebreus. Montrouzier, 1856, Ann. 1955, Venus : Jap. Jour. Mal., 18: 291. Soe. Imp. Agr. Lyon , 8: 416. Hawaiian Conus- KaHN 379

Coronaxis bebraeus (Linne). Frauenfeld, Conusflavidus Bruguiere . Issel, 1869, Mala­ 1869, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien , 19: 863. cologia del Mar Rosso, p. 143. Virroconus ebraeus (Linne). Iredale, 1930, L ithoeonus f/avidus (Lamarck) . Brazier, Mem. Queensl. Mus., 10: 80. 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Stephanoeonus ebraeus (Linne) . Kaicher, 1: 288. 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 2, Lithoeonus peasei Brazier, 1877, Proc. Linn . fig. 9. Soc. New South Wales, 1: 288. DESCRIPTION: Shell solid ; body whorl Conus /ividus Hwass var. flavidus Lamarck . smooth, becoming encircled with obsolete Smith , 1879, Phil. Trans . Roy. Soc. Lond., raised ridges toward the base; outer lip of 168 (extra volume) : 477. aperture Baring slightly basally. Shoulder cor­ Virgieonus flavidus (Lamarck) . Cotton, 1945, onate, often obsoletely so; spire of moderate Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 254. height, often som ewhat eroded, indistinctly DESCRIPTION: Shell thick and heavy. Body coronate. Color white with usually three rows whorl transversely striate, the striae more of large angular rhomboidal black flammules, pronounced and raised toward the base; aper­ with another row encircling the shoulder. ture narrow . Shoulder rather square, smooth; Aperture with clouded bands corresponding spire low, striate. Color of body whorl usually with the exterior markings . Periostracum thin, olivaceous or yellowish brown banded with yellow, translucent. In life, foot black, with white and/ or bluish white at the shoulder and a broad longitudinal central buff stripe on the below the middle. Base stained dark violet. sole. Siphon and rostrum black , tipped with Aperture violet , with a light central band and a narrow red margin. yellow margin . Periostracum gray, trans­ LENGTH: This species attains greater length versely ridged in young specimens, smooth in the Hawaiian Islands than in other parts of in older individuals. In life, upper surface of its extensive range. Specimens exceeding 50 foot reddi sh brown , mottled with brown; re­ mm. are often found. A specimen collected by mainder of foot and rostrum light yellowish the author at Diamond Head, Oahu, meas­ brown mottled with darker brown; tip of ures 56 mm. in length. siphon yellow, followed proximally by black TYP E LOCALITY: 'India. and yellow bands; remainder ofsiphon yellow REMARKS: One of the most abundant spe­ mottled with black. Tentacles white to yellow. cies of Conus in the Hawaiian Islands, C. LENGTH: 50 mm. ebraeus is the domi nant species on intertidal TYPE LOCALITY: None. benches and occurs also on reef platforms. REMARKS: C.flavidusis one of the common­ Pleistocene fossils are known from Oahu est species of Conus on Hawaiian coral reefs. (Ostergaard, 1928). Pleisto cene fossils have been collected on Oahu by Ostergaard (1928) and the writer Conus flavidus Lamarck and on Molokai by Ostergaard (1939). Fig. 18 in Plate 1 Conusflavidus Lamarck, 1810, Ann . Mus. Hist. Conus imperialis Linne Nat. Paris, 15: 265. Fig. 7 in Plate 1 Conus virgo Linne var. Dillwyn, 1817, Oeser. Cat. Rec. Shells, I: 362. Conus imperia/is Linne, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. Dendroconusflavidus (Lamarck). Adams and 10, p. 712. Adams , 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1: 250. Conusfuseatus Born, 1778, Ind. Rer. Na t. Mus. Conus neglectus Pease, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. Caes. Vind ., p. 126. Lond ., pt. 28: 398. (non neg/eetus A. Adams, Cueullus imperialis (Gmelin). R6ding, 1798, 1853.) Mus. Boltenianum, p. 37. 380 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

Cucullus corona-ducalis Reding, 1798, Mus. .Ind. Rer. Nat. Mus . Caes. Vind., p. 128. Bolrenianum, p. 38. .., ·· Conus litk fatusLinne va{./lBbrn; 1780, Test. Cucullus regius Reding, 1798, Mus. Bolteni -· Mus . Caes, Vi~ d: , p. 149. anum, p. 38. (non regius Gmelin, 1791.) Conus litteratus Linne var. D Hwass in Bru- Conus viridulus Lamarck, 1810, Ann . Mus. guiere, 1792, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 638, pI. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 31. 324, fig. 4. Conus imperialis Lamarck. Sowerby, 1839, Conus litteratus Linne var. G Hwass in Bru- Conch. Illus., p. 4, pt. 157-158, figs. 128, guiere, 1792, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 638, pl. 129. 324, fig. 3. Conus f uscatus Lamarck. Sowerby, 1839, Conus litteratus Linne var. I Hwass in Bru- Conch. Illus ., p. 4, pt. 157-158, figs. 130, guiere, 1792, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 638, pI. 131. 323, fig. 5. Conus viridulus Linne. Adams and Adams, Cucullus leopardus Reding, 1798, Mus . Bolte- ,1853, Gen . Ree. Moll., 1: 247. nianum, p. 41. Conus queketti Smith, 1906, Ann. Natal Govt. Conus literatus var. B. Dillwyn, 1817, Mus ., 1: 22, pI. 7, fig. 1. Descr. Cat. Ree. Shells, 1: 357. Cucullus imperialis (Linne). Kira, 1955, Col- Conus millepunctatus Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. oured Illus. Shells Japan, p. 72. Anim . sans Vert., 7: 461. (non millepunctatus Rhombus imperialis (Linne). Kuroda, 1955, Reding, 1798.) Venus: Jap. Jour. Mal. , 18: 289. Conus litteratus Linne var. millepunctatus La- DESCRIPTION: Shell large and sturdy, body marck. Anton, 1839,Verzeichniss, p. 105. whorl elongate, striate basally; outer lip thin . Conus millepunctatus Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, Shoulder coronate; spire low, strongly coro- Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 167. nate. Ground color of shell white, with nu- Conus millepunctatus Linne. Morch, 1852, merous interrupted light and dark brown Catal. Conchyl. Yoldi, p. 66. bands on the spire as well as on the body Dendroconus millepun ctatus (Lam arck) . whorl. Two broad yellowish brown bands Adams and Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec, Moll., encircle the body whorl. The band nearer the 1: 250. shoulder is broader. Both bands contain sev- (?) Leptoconusleopardus. Adams and Adams, eral narrow revolving dark brown lines inter- 1853, Gen . Ree. Moll. , 1: 252. rupted by white.Color of base pale blue, Conus millepunctatus Bruguiere. Sowerby, often as narrow interrupted revolving lines. 1857, Thes . Conchyl., 3: 23, pl. 7, fig. 151. Base of aperture stained with a dark purple Conus millipunctarus Lamarck. Theobald, marginal band. Periostracum thin, yellow, 1860, Catal, Rec. Sh. Mus. Asiat. Soe. translucent, but often obscured by epizooic Bengal, p. 23. coralline algae in nature. In life, exposed soft Conus literatus Linne var. millepunctatus La- parts red, speckled with black. marck. Tryon , 1884; Man. Conch. , 6: LENGTH: 90 mm. 10, pl. 2, fig. 19. . TYPE LOCALITY: None. Conus millepunctattlS Hwass. . Von Martens REMARKS: C. imperialis occurs on reef plat- and Thiele, 1903, Beschr. Gastrop.Deutsche forms and ro a depth of at least 30 fathoms. Tiefsee Exp., p. 136. Pleistocene fossils are known from Oahu CuculluspardusBolten . Iredale, 1929, Mem . (Ostergaard, 1928). Queensl. Mus ., 9: 282. (error. pardus Reding, 1798=litteratus Linne, 1758.) Conus leop ardus (Reding) Conus litteratus Linne var. millepunctata La- Fig. 10 in Plate 1 marck .Dautzenberg and Bouge , 1933, (?) Conus litteratus Linne var. {3 Born, 1778, Jour. Conchyl., 77: 78. Hawaiian Conus - KoHN 381

Conus millepunctatus Lamarck var. aldrovandi bears a black smudge at the base of the aper­ D aut zenberg , 1937, M em. Mus. Roy. Hi st. ture. The spots are more nearly similar in size Nat. Belg., 2(18) : 171. (non aldrovandi and more squ are, and the shell typically bears Risso, 1826.) two broad yellow ban ds. Conus litteratus pardus (Bolten) . Suvatti, C. leopardus is occasionally found on reef 1938, M olluscs of Siam, p. 39. platforms but occurs more commonly in Conus litteratus pardus (Re ding). Ki ra, depths of one fathom or more in bays and 1955, Coloured lUus. Shells j apan, p. 72. offshore. It is known to occur to a depth of Lithoeonus leopardus (Reding) . Kaicher 12 fathoms. Pleistocene fossils of C. leopardus 1956. Indo-Pacific Sea Shells,Sect. 5, pl. 5, are known from Oahu (Ostergaard, 1928). fig. 13. Conus litoglyphus H wass in Bruguiere DESCRIPTI ON: Shell massive, conical. Body whorl with very obscure striae; base truncate; Conus eapitaneusvar. o. Gmelin, 1791, Syst. aperture rather narrow, the sides parallel. N at., ed. 13, p. 3377. Shoulder smooth; spire depressed, spirally Conus eapitaneus var. r. Gmelin, 1791, Syst. canaliculate and striate. Color of bod y whorl Nat., ed. 13, p. 3377. cream white, with many encircling rows of Conus litoglyphus H wass in Brugui ere, 1792, oblong bluish brown to black spots . One or Enc. Meth. Vers, 1: 692, pl. 338, fig. 8. two rows of small spots often altern ate with Cueul/us cinamomeus Roding, 1798, Mus. one or two rows of large ones. The spots are _Boltenianum, p. 43. more pronounced in smaller individuals. The Cueul/us orleanusRe ding, 1798, Mus. Bolteni­ bod y whorl of juvenile specimens is dark anum, p. 44 . cream with-narrow transverse white bands on Conus subeapitaneus Link, 1807, Beschr. Nat.­ which the dark spots are superimposed. The Samml. Univ. Restock, Abt. 3, p. 103. latter are more squ are than in adult speci­ Conus lithoglyphtlS Bru guiere. Lamarck, mens . Specimens 15 em . or more in length 1810, Ann . Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 280. may be almost completely unmarked . Color Conus lithoglyphus Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, of aperture white or pale orange, sometimes Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 175. yellow at the base. Periostracum olive brown, Conus lacinulatus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. very thic k, opaque. In life, exposed soft parts Icon. Coq .iViv., 2: pl. 108, fig. 2, p. 312. yellowish white, mottled with brown. Conus carpenteri Crosse, 1865, j our. Conchyl., LEN GTH: Ordinarily 150-200 mm . This 13: 302, pl. 9, fig. 1. species is the largest representative of the (?) ConusseycbellensisNevill, 1874,j our. Asiatic genus in Hawaii. A specimen in the collection Soc. Bengal, 43( 2) : 22. _ of Mr. C. s. Weaver of H onolulu measures Conus lithoglyphus Reeve. Tomlin, 1937, 221 X 124 mm. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 22: 268. TYPE LOCALITY: None. Daueiconus ermineus (Born).Cotton , 1945, REMARKS: Conus leopardus may be distin­ Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 246. g uished from C. litteratus Linne, its closest Conuslithographus. Platt, 1949, Na tl. Ge og. relative, by the following characteristics : C. M ag., 96 : 53, fig. 2. litteratus, which does not occur in Hawaii, Conus inermis Born. Tinker, 1952, Pacific attains a ,length of onl y about 5 inches . It Sea Shells, p. 40. generally reaches its maximum width anterior Litboconus ermineus (Born) . Kaicher, 1956, of the shoulder, rather than at the shoulder, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 4, fig. 10. as in C. leopardus. The base of C. litteratus is DESC RIPTION: Shell elon gate; body whorl po inted rather than truncate, and it typically faintly and distantly striate toward the base , 382 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 the striae obsolutely tuberculate. Aperture ConuslividusLamarck. Quoy and Gaimard, very narrow, the sides parallel. Color of body 1834, Voy. Astrolabe Zool., 3: 98, pI. 53, whorl dull yellow, reddi sh brown, or chest­ figs . 19-21. nut, often darker at the base , banded at the Conussanguinolentus Quoy and Gaimard, 1834, center and shoulder with rows of white Voy. Astrolabe Zool., 3: 99, pl. 53, fig . 18. blotches . Spire with alternate brown and white Conus lividus Linne. K rauss, 1848, Die maculations on each whorl. Interior of aper­ Siidafrikanischen Molluscen , p. 130. ture white. Conus rustieus Linn e. March, 1857, Catal. LENGTH: 50 mm. Suenson, p. 32. (error ). TYPE LOCALITY: "M ersdes grandes Indes." Conus eitrinus Gmelin. Sowerby, 1857, REMARKS : This species has often been Thes. Conchyl., 3: 4, pl. 4, fig. 70. (error) . referred to as Conus ermineus Born (D autzen­ (?) Conus boeki Sowerby, 1881, Proc. Zool. berg, 1937). Although Born did not pro vide Soc. Lond., 1881: 636, pI. 56, fig. 7. a figure of C. and his brief description ermineus (?) Conus prytanis Sowerby, 1882, Proc. Zool. has been held by some (Burch, 1955) to be Soc. Lond., p. 117, pI. 5, fig. 1. inadequate , the first figure reference given Conus plebeius Link. Tomlin, 1937, Proc. by Born (Valentyn, 1773: pl. 5, fig. 47) is a Malac. Soc. Lond., 22 : 293. fairly go od representation ofthe species under V irgiconus lividus (Bru guiere). Cotton, discus sion. However, as was first pointed out 1945, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 254. by Brauer (1878), the two specimens on which Born's original description was based Rhizoeonus lividus (Bruguiere). Kira, 1955, (Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Nos. Coloured Illus . Shells J apan, p. 75. 4051 and 4052) are not conspecific with C. Stephanoeonus lividus (H wass) . Kaicher, litoglyphus Hwass. Born's specimens are of the 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 2, species later described by Lamarck (1810: 281) fig. 13. as C.narcissus. DESCRIPTION: Shell solid , with widely Conus litoglyphus occurs rarely on Hawaiian spaced transverse slightly elevated striae on reefs. It has been collected at a depth of 30 the body whorl, the striae obs olete near the fathoms. shoulder but strongly granulated basally . Aperture narrow, the sides parallel. Shoulder Conus lividus Hwass in Brugu iere coronate; spire obtuse, coronated with large tubercles, striate , often eroded. Color olivace­ Fig . 17 in Plate 1 ous or orange brown, with tubercles of the Conus rustieus var. (3 Gmelin, 1791, Syst, Nat., spire and a transverse band below the shoul­ ed . 13, p. 3383. (non rustieus Linn e, 1758.) der white or bluish white. A central band on Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Enc. the body whorl light yellow, white, or bluish Meth, Vers, 1: 630, pl. 321, fig . 5. white. Color of aperture violet with a pale Conus rusticus Linne (Gmelin) . Schreibers, central transverse band; margin of outer lip 1793, Conchylienkenntniss, 1: 26. yellow. Periostracum greenish brown, thick, Cueullus monaehos Reding, 1798, Mus. Bolte­ opaque. In life, foot, rostrum and siphon nianum, p. 39. black , finely mottled with more or less red, Conusplebejus Link, 1807, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. appearing reddish black . Univ. Rosrock, Abt. 3, p. 106. LENGTH: Usually to 60 mm . A specimen 76 Conus lividus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, mm. in length, collected near Nanakuli, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 36. Oahu, is in the collection of Mr. A. M. (?) Conus balteatus Sowerby , 1833, Conch. Harrison of Honolulu. Illus ., p. 3, pt . 37, fig. 58. TYPE LOCALITY : "Antilles," "Isle-de-Prance Hawaiian Conus - K a HN 383

& aux Indes orientales." Th e first locality is Coronaxis bandanus (Lamarck) . Swains on, undoubtedly in error. lIe de France was an 1840, Treatise on Malacol. , p. 311. eighteenth.century French nam e for Mauri­ Conus proarchithalassus (Bolten).M orch , tius, which was probably the source of 1852, Caral. Conchyl. Yoldi, p. 64. H wass's specimens. Conus deburghiae Sower by, 185 7, Thes. REMARKS : C. lividus is one of the two most Conchyl., 3: 2, pI. 1, figs. 6, 7. abundant species of Conus on H awaiian coral Conus nigrescens Sowerby, 1859, Proe. Zool. reef platforms, the other being C. flavidus. Soe. Lond., pt . 27: 429, pl. 49, fig. 2. Conuscrosseanus Bernardi, 1861,Jour. Conchyl., Conus m armoreus Linne 9: 168, pI. 6, figs . 5, 6. Conus pseudomarmoreus Crosse, 1875, Jour. Fig . 9 in Plate 1 Conchyl., 23: 223, pl. 9, fig . 4. Conus marmoreus Linn e, 1758, Syst. Nat ., ed. Conus marmoreus bandanus Hwass. de Bur- 10, p. 712. ros e Cunha, 1933, Mem. Estud. Mus. Conus nocturnus Solander, 1786, Cat. Portland Zool. Univ. Coimbra, Ser. 1, N o. 71: 10. Mus., p. 156, no. 3411. Coronaxis bandanus (Bruguiere) , Cotton , Conus marmoratus Linn e. Herbst, 1788, 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 235. Hist. Verm ., p. 176, pl. 43, fig. 1. (Not Cueullus marmoreus (Linne). Ki ra, 1955, seen.) Coloured Illus. Shells J apan, p. n . Conus bandanus H wass in Bruguiere, 1792, Cucullus bandanus (Bruguiere). K ira, 1955, Ene. M eth. Vers, 1: 611, pl. 318, fig. 5. Coloured Illus . Shells J apan, p. 'n. Conus nocturnus H wass in Bruguiere, 1792, Conus marmoreus bandanus Lamarck. K ai- Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 611, pl. 318, fig. 1. cher, 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, [Conus tigrinusHumph rey, 1797, Mus. Calon­ pl. 3, fig. 6. nianum, p. 13.] DESCRIPTION: Shell large ; body whorl ob­ [Conus nigritus Humphrey, 1797, Mus. Calon­ soletely striate, its maximum diameter slightly nianum, p. 13.] anterior of the shoulder; aperture rather nar­ Cucullus marmoreus (G melin). R e ding , row , with almost parallel margins . Sho ulder 1798, Mus. Boltenianurn , p. 38. stron gly coro nate; spire depressed, coronate, Cucullus proarchithalassus Roding , 1798, Mus. striate. Large triangul ar pale flesh-colored Boltenianum, p. 38. markin gs separated by dark brown and Conus proarchithalassius (Bolten) . Lin k , crowded in two areas form broad irregular 1807, Beschr. Na t.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, bands on the body whorl in specimens from Abt. 3, p. 105. the Hawaiian Islands, the anterior band being Conus marmoreus Brugu iere, Lamarck, 1810, narrower. Apertu re white or pale pink. Peri­ Ann. Mus. H ist. Nat . Paris, 15: 29. ostracum thin, yellow, translucent. In life, Conus bandanus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, foot tan, siphon banded pro ximally from the Ann. Mus. Hist . Nat. Paris, 15: 29. tip with red, white, and black ban ds. Conus nocturnus Bruguiere, Lamarck , 1810, LEN GTH: Usually to 100 mm. A specimen Ann. Mus. H ist. Nat. Paris, 15: 30. from Oahu in the B. P. Bishop Museum Conus maculatus Perry, 1811, Conchology, pl. measures 139 rnrn. 24, fig. 4. T YPE LOCALITY: Asia. Conus bandanus Lamarck. Sowerby, 1839, REMARKS : Hawaiian representatives differ Conch. Illus ., p. 4, pt. 155-156, fig. 121. from typical C. marmoreus, in which the white Conus nocturnus Lamarck. Sowerby, 1839, markings are larger and less crowded and do Conch. Illu s., p. 4, pt . 155-15 6, figs. 122, not form ban ds. In some localities, such as 123. New Caledonia (Crosse and Marie, 1874), 384 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

Bikini, the Philippines, both forms occur to­ which are continuous on the spire; the lines gether, with intergrades. To the writer 's becoming more closely spaced in older indi­ knowledge, none of the typical forms of C. viduals. The broad brown bands, alternatin g marmoreus have ever been collected in the Ha­ with whit e, are visible within the aperture. waiian Islands. The form found in Hawaii Periostracum greenish brown, with trans verse (and elsewhere) was described as C. bandanus rows of tufted ridges on the body whorl. In Hwass in Bruguiere. Most authorities regard life, exposed soft parts greenish black. the latter as a variety of C. marmoreus, which LEN GTH: 80 mm . is probably valid in areas where both, as well TYPE LOCALITY : Indi a. as intergrades, occur. However, it is probably REMARK S: C. miles is rare on Hawaiian coral legitimate to consider the Hawaiian popula­ reefs and marine benches but occurs more tions as belonging to the subspecies Conus commonly at depths of one to several fath­ marmoreus bandanus Hwass in Bruguiere. It oms. It has been collected at a depth of occurs uncommonly on Hawaiian reefs and 26 fathoms. has been collected at a depth of eight fathoms. Conus moreleti Crosse Fig. 16 in Plate 1 Conus miles Linne Conus elongatus Reeve, 1843, Conch. Icon ., 1: Fig. 6 in Plate 1 pl. 27, fig. 157. (non elongatus Borson, Conus miles Linne, 1758, Syst. Nar., ed. 10, 1820.) p.713. Conus oblitus Reeve, 1849, Conch. Icon., Cucul/us miles (Gmelin). Reding, 1798, I (Emendns.) : 1. (non oblitus M ichelotti, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 43. 1847.) Conus miles Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, Ann. Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858, Rev. M ag. Zo o1., Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 171. Ser. 2, 10 : 122. L eptoconus miles (Lin ne). Adams an d Conus lividus Hwass var. elongates Reeve. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1: 252. Weinkauff, 1874, J ahrb. Deutsch. Malak. Rbizoconus miles (Linne). Frauenfeld, 1869, Ges. , 1: 262. Verh. k.k. Zool. -Bot . Ges . Wien , 19: 863. Conus lividus Bruguiere var. moreleti Crosse. Litboconus miles (Linne). Kaicher, 1956, Paetel , 1887, Catal , Conch.-Samm1. Paerel , Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 5, fig. 3. 1: 299. DESCRIPTION: Shell solid, with a mo derately Stephanoconus moreleti (Crosse). Kaicher, elevated spire. Body whorl smooth except for 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 2, raised granular transverse ridges near the base. fig. 14. Aperture narrow, the sides parallel; outer lip DESCRIPTION: Shell elongate, bod y who rl thin. Shoulder obsoletely coronate; spire ob­ with raised, obsoletely knobbed striae basally, soletely tuberculate or plicate, rather faintly otherwise smooth; aperture very narrow, the striate, con cave in young individuals to sides parallel; outer lip thin. Shoulder coro ­ straight or convex in larger ones . Color of nate; spire low, convex, coronate, striate. bod y whorl yellowish white, with a broad, Color of body whorl yellowish brown or olive, transverse blackish brown band above the darker at the base, with lighter transverse center of the body whorl, and another at the bands at the shoulder and at the middle. In ­ base. The bands may be divided transversely terior of aperture deep violet, outer lip yellow. into lighter and darker portions. Above and Perio stracum yellowish brown, rather thin, below the upper band , shell marked by nar­ translucent, forming tufts on the tubercles. row threadlike longitudinal dark brown lines, LENGTH: 50 mm. Hawaiian Conus- KOHN 385

REMARKS: C. moreleti may be distinguished spire . Periostracum thin, yellow, trans lucent. from C. liuidus, its closest relative, by its LENGTH: 60 mm. elongate shape and small and closely spaced TYPE LOCALITY: "Nussatello I nsul am tub ercles on the shoulder. It is rare on Ha­ Asiae." waiian reefs but occurs more commonly at REMARKS : C. nussatella is a rare species in depths ofa few fathoms. the Hawaiian Island s. Pleistocene fossils have been collected on Oahu by Ostergaard (1928) Conus nussat ell a Linne and the writer. Fig. 19 in Plate 1 Co nus o bscurus Sowerby Conus nussatella Linne, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. Fig. 36 in Plate 2 10, p. 716. Conus mussatellana Linne. Schroter, 1782, Conus obscures Sowerby, 1833, Conch. Illus., b Mus. Gottwald., p. 23, pl. 13, figs. 96", 96 , p. 2, pt. 29, fig. 26. c a 96 ; pl. 43, fig. 52 . Conus obscurus Humphreys M SS. Reeve, [Conus punctulatus major H umphrey, 1797, 1843, Conch. Icon., 1: pl. 16, fig. 82. Mus. Calonnianum, p. 15.] Conus obscurus Reeve . Kiener, 1845, Spec. Cucullus nussatella (Gmelin). Reding , 1798, Gen. Icon. Coq. Viv., 2: pl. 68, fig. 2, p. Mus. Boltenianum, p. 50. 347. Hermes nussatellus (Linne). Montfort, 1810, Nubecula obscura (H umphreys). Adams Conchyl. Syst., 2: 399. and Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. MolL , 1: 249. Coni nussatellae Linne. Muller, 1836, Syn- Conus tulipa Linne, juv. Pease, 1868, Am. opsis Nov. Gen. Spec. Var. Testaceorum J our. Conch., 4: 126. (error). Viventum, p. 122. Conus obscurus (Hwass) Reeve. Dautzen- Conus nussateliaLamarck. D ufo, 1840, Ann. berg, 1937, M em . Mus. Roy . His t. Nat. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 178. Belg., 2: 193, pl. 3, fig. 9. Hermes nussatula (Linne). Adams and Ad- Conus halitropus Bartsch and Rehder, 1943, ams, 1853, Gen. Rec. MolL , 1: 256. Proc. BioI. Soc. Wash ., 56: 88. Conus nusatella Linne. M arch, 1854, Catal. Conus halitropus D all, Bartsch and Rehder. Hencks, p. 21. Greene, 1953, Ann . Repr. Amer. Malacol. Conus nusatella Linne. Weinkauff, 1873, Union, Bull. 20: 28. Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, 4: 151. Tuliparia obscura (Reeve). Kuroda, 1955, Hermes nussatella Linne. Schmeltz, 1874, Venus: Jap. Jour. MaL, 18: 291. Catal. M us. Godeffroy, 5: 136. Gastridium obscurum (Sowerby). K uroda, Hermes nusatellata (Linne). Brazier, 1877, 1956, Venus : Jap. Jour. M al., 19: 80. Proc. Linn . Soc. New South Wales, 1: 291. DESCRIPTION: Shell elongate-ovate, very Conus nussatellata Linne. Brazier, 1879, thin. Body whorl smooth except for very fine Jour. Conchol., 2: 192. transverse grooves basally. Aperture rather DESCRIPTION: Shell cylind rical, rather thin. broad, Raring basally . Shoulder smooth; spire . Body whorl closely striate, the striae minutely moderately elevated , striate; apex pointed. granular. Aperture narrow, Raring slightly Shell marked by irregularly shaped and dis­ basally. Shoulder rounded; spire high, con ­ tributed blotches and dots of light brown; vex; apex sharp. Color yellowish white, the lighter areas separating them are violet. clouded irregularly with orange brown or Periostracum very thin, translucent. light purplish brown longitudinal splotches; LENGTH: 30 mm. with transverse rows of numerous small dark TY PE LOCALITY: Arabia. orange brown spo ts on the body whorl and REMARKS : C. obscurus occurs rarely in shal- 386 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 low water in Hawaii and is apparently more Darioeonuspennaeeus (Born). Cotton , 1945, common at depths of several fathoms. Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 257. Conus auratus Hwass. Morris, 1952, Field Conus pennaceus Born Guide to Shells Pac. Coast & Hawaii, p. Fig. 3 in Plate 1 202, col. pl. 7, fig. 3. (error). Conuspennaeeus Born, 1780, Test. Mus. Caes. Cylinder pennaceus (Born). Kaicher, 1956, Vind., p. 167, pl. 7, fig. 14. Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 7, fig. 13. Conus aulieus var. a Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nar., D ESCRIPTION : Shell ventricose, robust, ed. 13, p. 3394. broad at the shoulder; maximum diameter Conus aulietls var. {3 Gmel in, 1791, Syst. Nar., equal to or greater than one half the shell ed. 13, p. 3394. length. Body whorl obsoletely striate, the Conus aulieus var. 'Y Gmel in, 1791, Syst. Nar., striae more pronounced basally. Aperture ed. 13, p. 3394. rather broad, flaring slightly basally. Shoulder Conus aulieus var. f Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nar., smooth, usually somewhat rounded, but vari­ ed. 13, p. 3394. able. Spire variable, depressed to moderately (?) Conus omaria Hwass in Bruguiere , 1792, elevated, concave to slightly convex, obso­ Enc. Meth . Vers, 1: 743, pl. 34{ fig. 3. letely striate ; protoconch nipplelike, rose Conus rubiginosus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, colored . Ground color reddish brown (yellow Enc. Meth. Vers, 1: 746, pI. 344, figs. 1, 2. specimens are occasionally found), with nar­ (?) Conus praelatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, row transverse closely spaced lines, finely Enc. Meth. Vers, 1: 746, pI. 345, fig. 4. dotted with white. These areas are interrupted (?) Conus episcopus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, by large white subtrigonal blotches, grouped Enc. Meth. Vers, 1: 748, pl. 345, figs. 2, 6. together like scales, usually forming a central (In part.) band and sometimes additional bands at the (?) Conus eroeatus Lamarck, 1810, Ann . Mus. shoulder and base. Color pattern of the body Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 424. whorl usually continued on the spire. Interior (?) Conus eolubrinusLamarck, 1810, Ann. Mus. of aperture white or bluish white. In life, foot Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 433. pale brown mottled with darker brown ; tip of Conuspennaeeus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, siphon vermillion, followed proximally by Ann . Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 434. white and black bands. Conus omaria Hwass var. {3 . Reeve, 1843, LENGTH: Usually to 65 mm . A specimen in Conch. Icon ., 1: pl. 32, sp. 177, figs. 177a, the U. S. National Museum, collected at 177b. Hilo, Hawaii, measures 82 mm . in length. Conus pennaeeus Lamarck. Reeve, 1843, TYP E LOCALITY : China . Conch. Icon., 1: pl. 32, sp. 177. REMARKS: Most specimens found in Hawaii (?) Conus elisae Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen . Icon. agree fairly well with the original description Coq. Viv., 2: pl. 64, figs . 1, Ia, p. 341. and figure, although there is considerable (?) Conus stellatus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. morphological variation. Icon. Coq . Viv., 2: pl. 99, fig. 3, p. 225. C. pennaceus is extremely similar to C. Conus madagaseariensis Sowerby, 1858, Thes . omaria Hwass in Brugu iere, Tryon (1884) and Conchyl., 3: 43, pI. 24, fig. 582. some other authors have synonymized the Conus raeemosus Sowerby, 1873, Proc. Zool. two . Kiener (1849- 1850: 340) listed character­ Soc. Lond ., 1873: 721, pI. 59, fig. 11. istics by which the two species may be dis­ Conus auratus Hwass . Ostergaard, 1928, tinguished, stating under C.pennaeeus, " C'est Bull. Bishop Mus., 51: 4, 29. (error). avec Ie Conus omariaque certe espece a le plus Darioeonus racemosus (Sowerby). Cotton, d'analogie; le systerne de coloration de ces 1945, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 257. deux coquilles est a peu pres semblable; Hawaiian Conus-KaHN 387 seulement, dans l'espece ici decrite, les gran­ DESCRIPTION: Shell conical; bod y whorl des zones sont plutot longitudinales que encircled by distantly spaced punctate striae ; transverses, et Ie reseau qui les constitue n'est aperture rather narrow, sides parallel. Shoul­ pas aussi nettement limite. La form d'ailleurs der smooth; spire low, convex , rather obtuse. est egalement differente; elle est toujours Color rose , flaked with yellow or white, plu raccourcies et plue ventrue." The present banded with two interrupted transverse rows writer has found that these distinctions gen­ of white or light pink blotches below the erally hold, but it would be difficult to classify shoulder and centrally on the body whorl. a small percentage of specimens collected in LENGTH: 40 mm . Hawaii using these criteria. If the two species TYPE LOCALITY: "Grandes Indes." eventually prove to be synonymous, the name REMARKS : Conus pertusus is uncommon in C.pennaceus has priority over C. omaria. Hawaii. It is known to occur subtidally to a C. pennaceus is one of the most common depth of 25 fathoms. species on Hawaiian coral reef platforms. Fossils are known from Pleistocene deposits Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguiere on Molokai (Ostergaard, 1939, as C. omaria). Fig. 12 in Plate 1 C. elisae Kiener, here listed questionably as a synonym, is possibly a valid species. For an Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, account of it, see page 396. Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 622, pI. 320, fig. 2. Conus [ustigatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguiere Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 623, pI. 320, fig. 1. Cucullus punctulatus Reding, 1798, Mus. Bol­ Fig. 31 in Plate 2 tenianum, p. 40. Conus nobilis Linne. Schroter, 1783, EinI. Conus pulicarius Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, Conchyl., 1: 36, pI. 1, fig. 4. (error). Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 34. Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. Conus [ustigatus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, Meth. Vers, 1: 686, pI. 336, fig. 2. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 35. Conus pertusus Bruguiere. Lamarck , 1810, Conus pulicarius Lamarck . Dufo, 1840, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 278. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 174. Conus amabilis Lamarck , 1810, Ann . Mus. Conus vautieri Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. Icon. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 425. Coq. Viv., 2: pI. 100, fig. 3, p. 350. Conus festivus Dillwyn, 1817, Descr. Cat. Ree. Conus [ustigatus Lamarck . Reeve, 1849, Shells, 1: 413. Conch. Icon. Temp. Index (Critical Analy­ (?) Conus inquinatus Reeve, 1849, Conch. Icon. sis), unpaginated. Suppl., pI. 5, sp. 251. Puncticulis pulicarius (Hwass). Frauenfeld, Hermes pertusus (Hwass ). Adams and Ad- 1869, Verh. k.k. Zool.-Bot. Ges . Wien, ams, 1853, Gen. Ree. Moll., 1: 256. 19: 863. Conus pertusus Lamarck . Sowerby , 1858, Puncticulis pulicarius (Bruguiere). Kuroda, Thes. Conchyl., 3: 23, pI. 13, fig. 273. 1955, Venus : Jap. Jour. MaL, 18: 289. Leptoconus pertusus. Schmeltz, 1874, Catal. DESCRIPTION: Shell thick and solid ; body Mus. Godeffroy, 5: 136. whorl with impressed transverse striae basally ; Pionoconus pertusus (Bruguiere). Cotton, aperture rather narrow, sides parallel. Shoul­ 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 249. der coronate; spire moderately elevated, stri­ Rbizoconus pertusus (Bruguiere). Kuroda, ate, coronate. Color white with dark brown to 1955, Venus : Jap. Jour. MaL, 18: 290. black spots, the spots often crowded into two Litboconuspertusus (H wass). Kaicher, 1956, transverse bands, one on each side of the Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pI. 5, fig. 4. center. Spire white, marked sparingly with 388 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII , October, 1959

brown dots. Periostracum yellow, very thin aperture rather wide, sides parallel. Shoulder and translucent in young individuals, thicker smooth, rounded. Spire depressed, concave, and brown in larger specimens. In life, foot striate; apex raised. Color of body whorl yel­ and rostrum pale tan mottled with yellowish low, encircled with numerous closely spaced to reddish brown; tip of siphon reddish tran sverse threadlike bro wn lines ; spire usu­ orange, followed pro ximally by pale buff and ally paler yellow; interior of aperture white. black bands. Periostracum thick, bro wn , opaque. In life, LENGTH : Usually to 60 mm. A specimen foot and siphon bro wnish gray, heavily collected by W. H . Christensen at Ala Moana speckled with black. Reef, Oahu, measures 74 X 42 mm. A speci ­ LENGTH: Usually to 100 mm. A specimen men collected by C. S. Wea ver measures from Oahu in the B. P. Bishop Museum 73 X 44 mm. measures 134 mm. TYPE LOCALITY : Pacific Ocean . TYPE LOCALITY: N one. REMARKS: C. pulicarius occurs in patches of REMARKS: C. quercinus is found in large sand on reef platforms and in bays . It has sandy areas in bays and to depths of more been collected at depths exceeding 40 fathoms. than 40 fathoms.

Conus q uercinus Solander Conus rattus H wass in Bruguiere Fig . 4 in Plate 1; Fig. 23 in Plate 2 Fig. 30 in Plate 2 Conus quercinus Solander in Cat. Portland Mus., 1786, p. 67, no. 150l. Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. Conus cingulum Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nar., ed . Meth. Vers, 1: 700, pI. 338, fig . 7. 13, p. 3378. Conus taitensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. Conus quercinus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Meth. Vers, 1: 713, pI. 336, fig . 9. Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 681, pI. 332, figs. 5,6. Conus capitaneus var. C. Lamarck, 1810, Conus quercinus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 266. Ann. Mus. H ist . Nat. Paris, 15: 276. Conus rattus Bruguiere, Lamarck, 1810, Conus guercinus Hwass. Blainville, 1818, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris , 15: 408. Diet.Sci. Nat., 10: 249. Conus taitensis Bruguiere, Lamarck, 1810, ConusquercinusLamarck. D ufo, 1840, Ann. Ann. Mus. Hist. N at . Paris, 15: 424. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 172. Conus capitaneus var. B. Kuster, 1837- Dendroconus quercinus (H wass). Adam s and 1840, Syst. Conch. Cab ., ed. 2, 4: 8, pI. 14, Adams, 1853, Gen. Ree. Moll., 1: 250. figs. 13, 14. Conus ponderosus Sowerby, 1858, Thes; Conus taheitensis Hwass. Reeve, 1843, Conchyl., 3: 54. Conch. Icon., 1: pI. 15, sp. 78. Litboconus quercinus (Brug uiere). Frauen- Conus rattusLamarck. Reeve, 1843, Conch. feld, 1869, Verh . k.k. Zool.-Bot. Ges . Icon., 1: sp . 78. Wien, 19: 863. Conus taheitensis H wass var. rattus Lamarck. Cleobula quercina (Solander). Cotton, 1945, Catlow and Reeve, 1845, Conchol. No­ Ree. South Aus tral. Mus., 8: 260. mencl., p . 322. Litboconus quercinus (Hwass). K aicher, Leptoconus rattus (Lamarck) . Adams and 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pI. 5, Adams, 1853, Gen. Ree. M olL, 1: 252. fig . 9. Leptoconus tabeitensis (H wass). Adams and DESCRIPTION: Shell large and solid , variable Adams, 1853, Gen. Ree. Moll., 1: 252. in obesity. Body whorl obsoletely striate, the Conus taheitensis Bruguiere. Sowerby, 1857, striae becoming mo re pronounced basally; Thes. Conchyl., 3: 5, pI. 2, fig. 26. Hawaiian Conus- KOHN 389

Conus viridis Sowerby, 1857, Thes . Conchyl., reef platforms. Pleistocene fossils are known 3: 20, pl. 5, fig. 102. from Oahu (Ostergaard, 1928) and Maui Conustahitiensis Bruguiere. Schmeltz , 1865, (Ostergaard, 1939). Catal. II Godeffroy, p. 20. Conus rattus Solander . Schaufuss, 1869, Conus retifer M enke Molluscorum Syst. Cat. Paetel, p. 45. Fig. 32 in Plate 2 Conus tahitensis Bruguiere. Schaufuss,1869, Conus retiferM enke, 1829, Verz. Ans. Conch.­ Molluscorum Syst. Cat. Paetel, p. 45. Samml. Malsburg, p. 68. Conus ratus var. tahitensis. Ostergaard, 1928, Conus solidus Sowerby, 1834, Conch. Illus ., B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 51: 29. p. 3, pt. 56, fig. 76. (non solidus Gmelin, Conus tahitiensis Hwass (emend .). Daut zen- 1791.) berg and Bouge, 1933, J our. Conchyl., Cylinder solidus (Sowerby). Adams and 77: 89. Adams, 1853, Gen . Rec. MolL, 1: 255. Rhizoconus rattus (Bru guiere). Cotton. Darioconus retifer (Menke). Cotton, 1945, 1945, Rec. South Austral. M us., vol. 8, Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 258. p. 252. Cylinder retifer (Menke). Kaicher, 1956, Conus tahitensis Hwass. Mermod, 1947, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 7, fig. 10. Rev. Suisse Zool., 54: 208. DESCRIPTION: Shell very thick and solid, L ithoconus rattus (Hwass). Kaicher, 1956, pear-shaped. Body whorl striate; aperture Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 5, fig. 1. with almost parallel sides. Shoulder rounded, DESCRIPTION: Shell of moderate thickness; smooth . Spire elevated, acuminated, striate. body whorl obsoletely striate near the shoul­ Color reticulated orange brown with large der, but distinctly so near the base, the striae and small white triangular markings, arranged closely spaced; aperture rather narrow, sides as scales, and longitudinal chocolate and or­ nearly parallel. Shoulder ang ular, smooth; ange markings mostly interrup ted to form spire rather low, ob tuse, striate . Color ofbod y two transverse bands. Color pattern of body whorl yellowish or violet brown , with large whorl continued on spire; apex pink. Interior bluish white spots and maculations forming of aperture white or pale pink. Periostracum an interrupted central band and another at the very thin, pale yellow, very translucent. In shoulder. Shell below central band densely life, foot mottled brown. Tip of siphon ver­ flecked with white, abo ve band sparsely million, followed proximally by white and flecked with white. Spire with alternate brown black bands . and white blotches, continuing to form band LENGTH: 50 mm. on body whorl at shoulder. Aperture violet TYPE LOCALITY : None. within. Periostracum thin, yellow, translu­ REMARKS: C.retiferis uncommon in Hawaii. cent, smooth or with raised ridges near growing edge . In life, foot , rostrum and Co nu s spiceri Bartsch and Rehder siphon dark olive green, mottled with black. LENGTH: Usually to 40 mm . A specimen Fig. 8 in Plate 1 collected by T. H . Richert on windward Conusspiceri Bartsch and Rehder, 1943, Proc. Oahu, and presently in the collection of the BioI. Soc. Wash ., 56: 87. Children' s Museum of Honolulu, measures Conus spiceri Dall, Bartsch and Rehder. 60mm. Greene, 1953, Ann. Rept. Amer. Malacol. TYP E LOCALITY : "Mers d'Amerique," un­ Union, Bull. 20: 28. do ubtedly in error. DESCRIPTION: Shell large and thick; bo dy REMARKS: C. rattusoccurs not uncommonly whorl marked by fine incremental lines and both on intertidal benches and on subtidal closely spaced spiral threads , becoming heav- 390 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 ier and more distantly spaced basally. Aper­ Conus nana Broderip. Paetel, 1887, Caral, ture fairly broad, widening somewhat basally. Conch .-Samml. Paetel, 1: 302. Shoulder broad , smooth, angular. Spire low, Conus ceylanensis Hwass var. pttsilttts. Mant, concave, singly striate. Color pale yellow, 1922, Nautilus, 35: 84. somewhat darker basally, with obscure white Conus ceylonensis Hwass. Ostergaard, 1935, transverse bands. Interior of aperture bluish B. P. Bishop Mus. BulL, 131: 21. white. Periostracum ,thick, yellowish brown. Virroconus sponsalis ,(Bruguiere). Cotton, LENGTH: 110 mm . 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus ., 8: 237. TYP E LOCALITY : Midway Island . Stepbanoconas sponsalis (Hwass). Kaicher, REMARKS: This species, which is rather 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 2, rare, is distinguished from C. quercinusin that fig. 5. it lacks the brown spiral lines, has a flatter D ESCRIPTION: Shell small but thick and spire, and is only singly striate on the summit. solid, extremely variable with respect to sev­ It is distinguished from C. distans by lacking eral characteristics. Body whorl usually ob ­ the brown bands and tuberculate shoulder. soletely striate, the striae somewhat more Its closest relative is C. virgo Linne, which pronounced basally; aperture narrow, the does not occur in Hawaii. C. virgo is easily sides parallel. Shoulder coronated with small distinguished from C. spicer! by the pro­ tubercles which may be obsolete in large nounced violet color ofthe base in the former. specimens. Spire usually moderately elevated, To the author's knowledge, no specimens inner whorls coronated, but often eroded; of C. spiceri have been collected outs ide the 0- 3 striae per whorl. Ground color of basal Hawaiian Islands. two thirds of body whorl typically pale blue ; remaining area near the shoulder white; base Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere tipped with brownish purple . In many speci­ Figs. 38 and 39 in Plate 2 mens, no other coloration is present. Some in­ Conus sponsalisHwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. dividuals, chiefly younger specimens, marked Meth. Vers, 1: 635, pl. 322, fig. 1. with reddish or orange brown on body whorl ; (?) Conus ceylanensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, these markings generally of two arrangements, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 636, pl. 322, fig. 10. one or both of which may be present on the Conus sponsatis Bruguiere, Lamarck, 1810, same shell: (1) encircling narrow bands of Ann . Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 38. rather distantly separated dots or dashes sep­ Conus nanus Sowerby, 1833, Conch . Illus., p. arated by white dashes (Fig. 39); (2) inter­ 1, pt. 24, fig. 6. rupted longitudinal blotches of color (Fig. Conus nanus Broderip, 1833, Proe. Zool. Soe. 38). Tubercles white, areas between them Lond ., 1833: 53. sometimes orange brown. Interior of aperture Coronaxis nanus (Broderip). Adams and dark violet to brown, with white bands near Adams, 1853, Gen . Ree. MolL, 1: 248. the shoulder and centrally; outer lip white. Coronaxis sponsalis. Adams and Adams, Periostracum thin, translucent, sometimes be­ 1853, Gen. Ree. Moll., 1: 248. coming thicker and opaque at the growing Conus sponsalis Solander. Von Martens and edge, or in larger specimens. In life, foot pale Langkavel, 1871, Donum Bismarckianum . pink , mottled with white, darker pink at ex­ Samml. Siidsee-Conchyl., p. 31. tremities. Siphon and rostrum pale pink or Conus ceylonensisHwass var. sponsalis. Tryon, white, tipped with darker pink; tent acles 1884, Man. Conch ., 6: 23, pl. 6, fig. 99. white. Conus ceylonensis Hwass var. nanus Broderip . LENGTH: To 30 mm. Most specimens Tryon, 1884, Man. Conch., 6: 24, pl. 6, smaller. fig. 100. TYPE LOC ALITY: "lIe Saint-George." Hawaiian Conus- KOHN 391

REMARKS: Specimens from Hawaiian popu­ with C. sponsalis. In this case, the name lation s agree with the original figure and sponsalis has page priority, and there seems no Broderip's (1833) description of Conus nanus, reason why it should not take precedence which has not generally been considered a over ceylanensis. It is hoped that collections in distinct species. A number of workers (Pease, Ceylon and other Indian Ocean areas, to be 1868; Tryon, 1884; Ostergaard, 1935; Tom­ made by the writer in the near future, will lin, 1937; Tinker, 1952) have considered C. contribute towards a more definitive solution nanus to be not specifically distinc t from to this question. C. ceylanensis. C. sponsalis is one of the most abundant C. ceylanensis does not seem to be a well­ species of Conus on intertidal benches in Ha ­ known species. Specimens from many Indo­ waii. Pleistocene fossils are known from Oahu West Pacific localities in the U. S. National (Ostergaard, 1928) and Molokai (Ostergaard, Museum and Museum of Comparative Zo ­ 1939). ology collections are indistinguishable from representatives of the Hawaiian populations Conus striatus Linne under consideration. Examination of specimens from many Indo­ Fig. 5 in Plate 1 West Pacific island groups in the U . S. Na­ Conus striatus Linne, 1758, Syst. Nar., ed. 10, tional Museum, Museum of Comparative p.716. Zoology, and Academy of Natural Sciences Cucullus striatus (Gmelin). R6ding, 1798, of Philadelphia, and personal observations of Mus. Boltenianum, p. 50. the writer in the Marshall Islands led to the Conus striatus Lamarck. Quoy and Gai- conclusions that the widespread C. sponsalis mard, 1834, Voy. Astrolabe Zool., 3: 89, 1 is also extremely variable and that there is pl. 52, figs. 10, 10 • sufficient morphological overlap with the Ha ­ Leptoconus striatus (Linne). Adams and Ad- waiian forms for the latter to be considered ams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1: 254. conspecific with C. sponsalis. However, since Tuliparia striata. Gray, 1857, Guide Moll. most Hawaiian specimens are morphologi­ Brit. Mus., 1: 5. cally distinguishable from most specimens Conus floridus Sowerby, 1858, Thes . Conchyl., from other parts of the central and western 3: 47, frontispiece, fig. 558. Pacific, the Hawaiian populations may validly Chelyconus striatus (Linne) . Frauenfeld, be accorded subspecific rank and termed C. 1869, Verh. k.k .Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, sponsalis nanus Sowerby. 19: 863. Tryon (1884: 24), who was also uncertain Conus tulipa Linne var. floridus Sowerby. of the distinction between C. sponsalis and C. Weinkauff, 1874, J ahrb. Deutsch. Malak. ceylanensis, considered C. nanusa variety of the Ges., 1: 284. latter in his arrangement but considered the Phasmoconus striatus (Linne). Cotton, 1945, possibility that both were varieties of C. Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 260. sponsalis. Ostergaard (1935) also listed "Conus Dendroconus striatus (Linne). Kuroda, 1955, ceylonensis sponsalis," under which he stated, Venus : Jap. Jour. Mal. , 18: 292. "I believe that this shell intergrades with C. DESCRIPTION: Shell large, rather thin , ceylonensis Hwass and should therefore be elongate-ovate, the maximum diameter not termed a variety of that species, as Tryon at the shoulder but about one fifth of the places it." distance from shoulder to base. Body whorl Although the identi ty of C. ceylanensis re­ with fine, closely spaced transverse striae; mains problematical, the present writer is in­ aperture broad, flaring gradually toward the clined to agree that it is probably conspecific base. Shoulder angular, smooth. Spire striate, ,92 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 canaliculate, usually concave, often extremely smooth; spire elevated in younger specimens , so and depressed below the shoulder, a pe­ less so in larger ones, deeply striate, char­ culiarity not typically found in specimens acterized by a ridge on each whorl at the from other areas. Ground color pinkish white, junction of the preceding whorl. Ground irregularly clouded with blotches of brown or color white, with broad transverse bands of purplish brown composed of closely spaced orange brown (in smaller specimens) or or­ transverse lines. Spire tesselated with brown ange pink (in larger specimens) on the body and white. Interior of aperture white . Peri­ whorl. Base stained with pale orange brown ostracum thin , yellow, translucent. In life, or pale rose. Interior of aperture white. In foot , siphon and rostrum tan mottled with smaller specimens , narrow bands of orange brown. brown rectangles encircle the body whorl. LENGTH: Usually to 110 mm . A specimen Spire maculated with orange brown and measuring 120 X 53 mm . is in the collection white. Periostracum smooth, dark brown , of C. S. Weaver. opaque. TYPE LOCALITY: "Hitoe." Most specimens from Hawaii are charac­ REMARKS : Specimens from the Hawaiian terized by having the spire more elevated than Islands are characterized by having the spire those of the shells described and figured depressed often to such an extent that the by Reeve. apex does not extend beyond the shoulder of LENGTH: To 50 mm . the body whorl. In juvenile specimens, the TYPE LOCALITY: Port Essington, Australia. spire is elevated and the sides of the aperture REMARKS : C. suturatus is very closely re- almost parallel. lated to C. tessulatus. In the latter, the rows of C.striatusoccurs uncommonly on Hawaiian square or quadrangular blotches persist in reefs. It is typically found associated with a adult specimens and vary from orange brown sand' substratum. Pleistocene fossils of C. to, more usually, pink . In C. suturatus, this striatus have been collected by the author on pattern is present in young specimens but is Oahu. gradually superseded by the broad solid or­ ange pink transverse bands mentioned in the Conus suturatus Reeve description, and the transverse rows of rec­ tangles are usually lost, as the shell grows Figs. 24-28 in Plate 2 larger. Some specimens of the two species Conus suturatus Reeve, 1844, Conch , Icon. , 1: may be virtually indistinguishable. In young pl. 45, sp. 250; suppl. pI. 3, fig. 250b. C. suturatus, the broad transverse bands typi­ Dendroconus suturatus (Reeve). Adams and cally underly the juvenile pattern, the entire Adams, 1853, Gen . Rec. Moll. , 1: 250. body whorl is usually striate, and the basal Conus turbinatus Sowerby, 1858, Thes. striae are accompanied by an adjacent ridge . Conchyl., 3: 25, pl. 10, fig. 227. In young C. tessulatus all areas between the Lithoconus hawaiensis Bartsch and Rehde r. rectangular blotches are typically white, im­ Kaicher, 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. pressed spiral striae occur only basally, and 5, pI. 5, fig. 6. the areas between the striae are typically flat. D ESCRIPTION: Shell solid; body whorl ob­ The upper portion of the shell is smooth. soletely striate toward the shoulder, the striae Older, larger specimens of these two species more pronounced, impressed but with an are usually distinguishable by differences in adjacent ridge, widely spaced toward the base. color pattern cited in the accompanying In young specimens, the striae are more pro­ descriptions. nounced over the entire body whorl. Aper­ C. suturatus is not common in shallow wa­ ture narrow, sides parallel. Shoulder angular, ter in Hawaii, but many specimens have been Hawaiian Conus-KOHN 393

dredged in 4-50 fathoms offthe major islands. Body whorl smooth near the shoulder, bear­ C.ambigttusReeve (1844 , Conch. Icon., 1: ing rather widely spaced impressed striae pl. 44, sp. 244) appears to be extremely simi­ basally ; base grooved; aperture narrow, the lar and possibly identical. Some specimens sides parallel; outer lip thin. Shoulder smooth, collected in Hawaii have been labeled C. am­ angular; spire concave, deeply striate, char­ biguus. A definitive statement concerning C. acterized by a ridge on each whorl at the ambiguus will not be made here, pending junction ofthe preceding whorl; apex pointed. study of type material. Ground color white, body whorl encircled by rows of quadrangular pinkish orange spots, Conus tessulatus Born usually crowded to form two transverse Fig. 22 in Plate 2 bands. Base characteristically stained with Conus tessulatus Born, 1778, Ind. Rer. Nat. violet. Spire tesselated with pink and white. Mus. Caes. Vind ., p. 13I. Interior of aperture white, violet at the base. Conus virgo var. 'Y Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nat., In life, "yellowish white, foot mottled with ed. 13, p. 3376. brownish buff, anteriorly spotted with black; Conus tessellatus Born. Bruguiere, 1792, creeping disk buff yellow with darker veins ; Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 64I. siphon creamy yellow tinged with brown, Cucul/us pavimentum Reding, 1798, Mus. Bol­ edged with yellow, with a transverse black tenianum, p. 4I. spot at the anterior end " (Garrett, 1878). Conus tessel/atus Lamarck . Menke, 1828, LENGTH: 35-40 mm. Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, p. 45. TYPE LOCALITY : Africa. Conus tesselatus Lamarck . Dufo, 1840, Ann . REMARKS : This species is extremely rare in Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 173. shallow water in the Hawaiian Islands al­ Con us desselatus Lamarck. Reichenbach, though it is widely distributed throughout 1842, Land.-, Siissw.- u. See-Conch., p. 51, the Indo-West Pacific region and reaches the pI. 17, figs. 376, 377. west coast of Mexico (Hanna and Strong, Conus tessel/atus Bruguiere, Kiener, 1845, 1949). Only one specimen collected alive in Spec. Gen. Icon. Coq. Viv., 2: pI. 17, fig. 1, the Hawaiian Islands is known with certainty p.68. to the writer. It was collected by S. Saro in Dendroconus tessel/atus (Born). Adams and Haleiwa Bay, Oahu, depth 25 feet, and is in Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1: 250. the Children's Museum ofHonolulu, on loan Conus tessalatus Born. Theobald, 1860, from Mrs. Jean Bromley. Catal. Rec. Sh. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, C. tessulatus was recorded from Hawaii by p.24. Garrett (1878). Dautzenberg (1937 : 244) Conus tesselatus Born. Weinkauff, 1874, states that it was also recorded from Hawaii Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak. Ges ., 1: 245. bv P. Fischer, but no further reference is Conus tesselatus Bruguiere. G. R. Batalha, given . Three specimens in the U. S. National 1878, Catal. ColI. F. R. Batalha, p. 25. Museum, collected by the U. S. Exploring Conus tessellatus Hwass . Dautzenberg, 1893, Expedition, are labeled "Sandwich Is." (and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 18: 80. are shown in Plate 2, Fig . 22), but this locality Conus edaphus Dall, 1910, Proc. U. S. Natl. datum is not to be considered reliable (J. P. Mus., 38: 223. E. Morrison, verbal communication). Conus tessul/atus Born. Hirase, 1954, Illus. Conus textile Linne Handbk. Shells, p. 88, pI. 113, fig. 17. Lithoconus tessulatus (Born). Kaicher, 1956, Fig. 2 in Plate 1 Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 5, fig. II. Conus textile Linne; 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, DESCRIPTION: Shell fairly thick and stout. p.717. 394 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

Conus undulatus Solander in Cat. Portland Darioconus textilis (Linne). Kuroda, 1955, Mus., 1786, p. 180, no . 3866. Venus : Jap. Jour. MaL, 18: 29l. Conus archiepiscopus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, DESCRIPTION: Shell large, ventricose, rather Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 747, pl. 345, fig. 5; thin, subcylindrical-ovate. Ma ximum diame­ pl. 346, figs. 1, 7. ter of about one half shell length is reached Cucullus auriger Reding, 1798, Mus. Bolreni­ about one fifth of the distance from shoulder anum, p. 49. to base. Body whorl transversely striate, the Cucullus gloria-maris Reding, 1798, Mus. striae fine and closely spaced; aperture broad, Boltenianum, p. 49. (non Conus glo ria-maris flaring basally. Shoulder smooth; spire ele­ Chemnitz, 1777.) vated , concave, acuminate, striate. Ground Cucullus textile (Gmelin). Reding, 1798, color white, with undulating longitudinal Mus. Boltenianum, p. 50. brown lines, interrupted by white triangles Conus panniculus Lamarck, 1810, Ann . Mus. arranged as scales, and broad orange brown Hisr. Nat. Paris, 15: 435. maculations disposed to form two or three Cylinder textile (Linne). Montfort, 1810, interrupted transverse bands on the body Conchyliogie Systematique, 2: 39l. whorl ; the maculations streaked longitudi­ (?) Conus pyramidalis Lamarck, 1810, Ann. nally with waved darker brown lines. Spire Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 438. similarly marked. Interior of aperture white. Conus gloria-maris Perry, 1811, Conchology, Periostracum thin, yellow , translucent. In life, pl. 25, no. 5. (non gloria-maris Chemnitz, foot mottled brown on white. Tip of siphon 1777.) reddish orange, followed proximally by bands Conus rete-aureum Perry, 1811, Conchology, of white and black; remainder of siphon pl. 25, no. 5. white with closely spaced narrow brown Conus textiles Lamarck . D ufo, 1840, Ann. bands. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 177. LENGTH: To 100 mm. Conus textilis. Gray, 1842, Fig. Moll. Anim ., TYP E LOCALITY: Banda Islands. pl. 10, fig. l. REMARKS : C. textile is rare in Hawaiian wa­ Conus victoriae Reeve, 1843, Conch. Icon. , 1: ters. It is found occasionally on reef platforms pl. 37, figs. 202a, 202b. and to depths of at least 12 fathoms. Conus uerriculum Reeve, 1843, Conch. Icon., Conus vexillurn Gmelin 1: pl. 38, figs. 208a, 208b. Conus concatenatus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. Fig. 11 in Plate 1 Icon. Cog . Viv., 2: pl. 110, fig. 1, p. 362. Conus oexillum Gmelin, 1791, Syst. Nar ., ed. Conus telatus Reeve, 1848, Conch. Icon., 1: 13, p. 3397. suppl. pl. 1, fig. 270. (?) Conus sumatrensis Hwass in Bruguiere, Conus scriptus Sowerby, 1858, Thes . Conchyl., 1792, Ene. Meth. Vers, 1: 655, pl. 327, 3: 41, pl. 23, fig. 563. fig. 8. Conus tigrinus Sowerby, 1858, Thes .Conchyl., Cucullas canonicus Reding, 1798, Mus. Bolteni­ 3: 41, pl. 23, fig. 569. anum, p. 43. (non Conus canonicus Hwass in (?) Conus condensus Sowerby, 1866, Thes. Bruguiere, 1792.) Conchyl., 3: 326, pl. 26, fig. 622. Conus oexillum Linne . De Fremery, 1802, Conus paniculus Lamarck. Paetel, 1873, Mus. Meyer., p. 82. (Not seen.) Caral. Conch.-Samml. Paetel , p. 5l. Conus oexillum Bruguiere, Lamarck, 1810, Cylindrus textile (Linne). Morelet, 1889, Ann . Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 268. Jour. Conchyl., 37: 133. (?) Conus leopardus Dillwyn, 1817, Descr. Cat. Darioconus textile (Linne). Cotton, 1945, Ree. Shells, 1: 364. (non leopardus Ro din g, Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 257. 1798.) Hawaiian Conus-KOHN 395

Conus sulphuratus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen . distinct species. The figures given in Reeve Icon . Coq. Viv., 2: pl. 66, fig. 3; pl. 78, (1843: pls, 1 and 3) show extreme variants, fig. 4; p. 130. while the specimens figured by Sowerby Leptoconus vexi/lum . Adams and Adams, (1857: pl. 7) are hardly distinguishable. 1853, Gen. Ree. MolL, 1: 252. C. vexillum is a relatively uncommon spe­ Conus planorbis Born. Oostingh, 1928, cies on Hawaiian reefs. It is known to occur Mise. Zool. Sumatrana, no. 28: 4. (error. to a depth of 25 fathoms. Pleistocene fossils Fide Mise. Zool. Sum., no. 49: 6.) are known from Molokai (Ostergaard, 1939, Rhizoconus vexillum (Gmelin). Cotton, as C. sumatrensis). 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus., 8: 25l. DESCRIPTION: Shell large, rather thin. Body Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguiere whorl obsoletely striate; aperture rather broad, Fig. 14 in Plate 1 sides parallel. Shoulder broad, angular, smooth. Spire moderately elevated, obtuse, Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, Ene. somewhat canaliculate, striate. Color of body Meth. Vers, 1: 648, pl. 326, fig. 3. whorl white, broadly banded with yellowish Conus vitulinus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 1810, brown, stained with darker brown at the base, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 265. with irregular chocolate longitudinal waved Conus vulpinus Schubert and Wagner, 1829, lines which often branch and are partially Syst. Conch . Cab., 12: 56, pl. 222, fig. 3073. interrupted to form a white band at the mid­ (non vulpinus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792.) dle and another at the shoulder. Spire white Conus vulpinus Wagner var. A. Kuster, with yellow apex and broad radiating choco­ 1837-1840, Syst. Conch . Cab., ed. 2,4: 29, late bands, some of which are continuous on pl. 3, fig. 7. (non vulpinus Hwass in the body whorl. Interior of aperture white. Bruguiere, 1792.) Periostracum dark green, thick, opaque; Conusplanorbis var. vitulinus Hwass. March, ridged. In life, foot and siphon greenish black. 1852, Catal. Conchyl. Yoldi, p. 69. LENGTH: To 135 mm. Dauciconus vitulinus (Bruguiere). Cotton, TYPE LOCALITY: None. 1945, Ree. South Austral. Mus ., 8: 246. REMARKS: Although this species was first Leptoconusvitulinus (Bruguiere) . Kira, 1955, reported from Hawaii as C. vexillum (Garrett, Coloured Illus. Shells Japan, p. 36. 1878), it has generally been known in Hawaii Litboconus vitulinus (H wass). Kaicher, as C. sumatrensis. Examination ofspecimens in 1956, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pl. 2, the U. S. National Museum and in collections no.7a. made by the author in Micronesia as well as DESCRIPTION: Shell thick and solid. Body Hawaii revealed morphological overlap and whorl obscurely striate near the shoulder, the intergrades between typical specimens of striae becoming more pronounced and granu­ both species. Further confusion is found in lar basally. Aperture narrow, the sides parallel. the literature . Kiener (1847: 81) stated under Shoulder angular, smooth; spire depressed, C. sumatrensis, "Coquille qui par sa forme se slightly canaliculate, striate. Color of body rapproche de la precedente [c. vexillum]; elle whorl usually deep reddish or purplish brown, est reconnaisable surtout par ses lignes longi­ darker at the base, with white bands mottled tudinales ramifees." Tryon (1884: 39) stated, with ground color at the shoulder and below on the other hand, under C. vexillum, "Spire the center; the bands contain one to several often variegated with white and , chestnut rows of brown dots . In large specimens, the broad flames, the latter often overlaying also reddish brown areas often interrupted by the lighter chestnut of the body whorl." longitudinal white blotches. Spire arcuately Most authorities have considered the two as tesselated with brown and white. Perios- 396 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959 tracum gray, thick, opaque, closely striate transversely. In life, visible portions of foot and siphon bright lemon yellow. LENGTH: 70 mm . TYPE LOCALITY : Indian Ocean. REMARKS : Small specimens of this species closely resemble C. litoglyphus. C. vitulinusmay be distinguished by having striae abo ve the central band, rows of brown dots on the white bands, and absence of a pointed apex. C. vitulinus is a relatively uncommon spe­ cies on Hawaiian reefs. It is known to occur to a depth of 30 fathoms. Pleistocene fossils are known from Molokai (Ostergaard, 1939). A single specimen labeled Conus planorbis Born in the collection of the B. P. Bishop Museum (No. 68990) was dredged in Hono­ lulu Harbor. The Museum of Comparative Zoology contains another specimen (No. 146332) collected at Midway Island by FIG. 4. "Conus e/isae Kiener," 35 X 19 mm . Speci­ J. men collected by C. E. Cucress on Rabbit Island, off Chalean, apparently alive when collected. Oahu . Photograph by C. E. Cucress. These specimens are extremely similar to, and may be synonymous with , C. vitulinus, as has C. pennaceus; two broad transverse bands been suggested by some workers (p. 395). either side of the center appear to be super­ imposed on this pattern. These bands are POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL VALID SPECIES more solidly colored and are similar to the IN HAWAII reddish brown areas of C. pennaceus in that they bear narrow transverse closely spaced Conus elisae Kiener lines finely dotted with white. Color pattern ofthe spire similar to that of the bands on the Fig. 4 body who rl. Interior of aperture bluish white. Conus elisae Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen . Icon. LENGTH: Specimens in the U. S. National Coq. Viv., 2: pl. 64, figs. 1, la, p. 34l. Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences of (?) Conus stellatus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. Philadelphia range from 15.5 mm. to 27 mm . Icon. Coq. Viv., 2: pl. 99, fig. 3, p. 225. in shell length. The specimen illustrated in DESCRIPTION: Shell subc ylindrical ; maxi­ Figure 3 measures 35 X 19 mm . mum diameter slightly more than one half T YPE LOCALITY: None. the length. Body whorl obsoletely striate, the REMARK S: Conus elisae was first reported striae slightly more pronounced and as raised from Hawaii by Wein kauff (1874). Recently, ridges toward the base. Aperture rather broad, a number of specimens agreeing with the flaring slightly basally. Shoulder smooth, description and figure of this species have rounded. Spire moderately elevated , obtuse, been collected on the islands of Kauai and straight or slightly convex, obsoletely striate. Niihau. Sowerby (1858: 43) considered this Color dark reddish brown , as man y closely species to be synonymous with C. pennaceus, spaced and intersecting longitudinal lines a conclusion with which the present writer separated by small white spots; occasionally has been inclined to agree. However, no with larger white subtrigonal blotches as in specimens intermediate in character between Hawaiian Conus-KOHN 397

Kiener's C. elisae and typical C. pennaceus have Specimens now considered to be narrow­ been found, despite an increasing number of shelled variants of C.pennaceus because of the specimens collected during the past year. abundance of intergrades were listed as C. M oreover, the microhabitat of the H awaiian auratus by Edmondson (1933). Edmondson specimens referred to seems to differ from (1946) cited both C. auratus and C. omaria. that of typical C. pennaceus. The former are The same figure of a rather typical shell of typically found buried as deep as six inches C. pennaceus was labelled C. auratus by Ed­ under sand (A. H . Cornelison, verbal com­ mondson (1933) and " Conus omaria (?)" in munication ) while the latter are typically the 1946 edition. found on or partly buried in sand under rocks Specimens of C. aulicus were collected by (Kohn, 1959). It seems reasonable at the the Tanager Expedition at Kure (Ocean) present time to consider C. elisae as apossibly Island and Pearl and Hermes Reef and are in valid species. The problem requires further the collection of the B. P. Bishop Museum investigation. (Nos. 66438, 66439, 66205). A shell from Midway Island which is quite fresh in appear­ UN IQU E RECORD FROM HAWAII ance but was empty when collected is in the collection of C. A. Allen . Conus smirna Bartsch and Rehder Fig . 13 in Plate 1 Conus aureus Hwass in Bruguiere This species is known only from a single A number of well-preserved shells of this specimen, the type, described by Bartsch and species have been collected on beaches along Rehder (1943). It was dredged near Lanai the windward coast of Oahu. ("Ranai") in 257-3 12 fathoms by the U. S. Conus auricom us Hwass in Bruguiere Fisheries steamer "Albatross." Th is species has been known erroneously SPECIES KNOWN IN HAWAII ONLY FROM as Linn e (see D odge, 1953). Several COLLECTION OF DEAD SPECIMENS C. clavus specimens have been collected from dred ged To the author's knowledge, there are no material at Honolulu, Oahu, and at Midway records of living specimens of the following Island. C. magnijicus Reeve, recorded by Ga r­ species from the H awaiian archipelago. rett (1878) from the H awaiian Islands, is probably synonymous. A label , "Conus mag­ Conus aulicus Linne nijicus Reeve. Hawaiian Ids.," is present in the Garrett collection in the B. P. Bishop C. auratus is probably a synonym of C. M useum, but no shell is present. aulicus. Ostergaard (1928) listed C. auratus as oc­ Conus cylindraceus Broderip and Sowerby curring in the fossil state on Oahu. The pres­ ent writer is quite convinced that the species Several shells have been collected from referred to was C. pennaceus, since Ostergaard dredged material at Midway Island. No speci­ (1928) also mentions the normal habitat of mens are known from the main Hawaiian living specimens. However, at least one fossil Islands (Thaanum, in litt.). specimen of C. aulicus is known from Oahu. Co nus fab ula Sowerby It was collected about five feet above high ( = Conus scabriusculus D illwyn?) tide mark near Nanakuli by E. C. Jones in March, 1954. It is at present in the collection The only known specimen, probably a of the Children's Museum of Honolulu sub fossil, was collected at Makua, Oahu, by (No. 2747). W . C. Ross . 398 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, October, 1959

Conus tenuistriatus Sowerby Conus atramentosus Reeve Some authors have considered this species This is the type species of the genus synonymous with (Tryon, 1884) or a variety Lovellona of Iredale (1917) . Thiele (1931) of (Couturier, 1907; Daurzenberg, 1933) considers Lovellona a section of the genus Conus glans Hwass in Bruguiere. Several dead Mitromorpha A. Adams (1865) and places it specimens have been dredged and a few have in the subfamily Cytharinae of the family been collected on beaches in the Hawaiian Conidae. Other authorities place Mitromorpha Islands. in the family Pleurotornidae (Simroth, 1896­ 1907). Conus tulipa Linne Ostergaard (1928) reported collection of Conus cancellatus Hwass in Bruguiere several fossil specimens, one of which is fig­ The type locality of this species is given in ured , of Conus tttlipa. The identification of a Bruguiere (1792: 713) as "l'isle d'Owhyhee fossil specimen, presumably collected by dans l'ocean pacifique ." This is presumably Ostergaard , in the Hawai i Marine Laboratory an error, since no specimens from the Ha­ reference collection, has been verified by the waiian Islands are known to the writer, al­ writer as C. tttlipa. Ostergaard (1928) referred though there is some resemblance to C. to a "live immature specimen" of C. talip« actttangttitis. C. cancellatus is found in J apan. collected in Hawaii by C. H . Edmondson. . It is possible that the specimen referred to Conus emaciatus Reeve was a C. obscurus, as several older specimens This species, considered by Tomlin (1937) of that species were labeled C. tulipa. How­ and others as a juvenile of C. virgo Linne, was ever, a single juvenile specimen of C. tulip« reported from the Hawaiian Islands by Sower­ (N o. 20), collected at Waiki ki Reef, Oahu, is by (1858: pl. 12, sp. 191). This reference may in the Hawaii Marine Laboratory reference be in error, since no specimens from Hawaii collection. It is not known whether or not are known to the writer or D . Thaanum this specimen was alive when collected, but (in litt.). it is in fresh condition. A number of shell fragments of C.tttlipa have also been collected Conus fusiformis Pease on Hawaiian beaches . Pease (1860) described this species from UNVERIFIED AND INACCURATE RECORDS the Hawaiian Islands. It belongs to the genus FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Mit romorpha. (See under C. atramentosus.) Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguiere Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguiere A single beach specimen, labeled "Hawaii. A specimen in the U . S. National Museum coll , W. H . Pease," is in the U. S. National (No. 338481) now labeled "Conus miliaris Museum (No. 5038). No other specimens Hwass" was collected by D. Thaanum at are known from the Hawaiian Islands, and Keaukaha, near Hilo, Hawaii. Three live the record may be in error as to locality. specimens were found in a sand pocket in the reef and apparently none have been collected Conus aristophanes Sowerby since (Thaanum, in litt.). The specimens were This species, considered by Tomlin (1937) first labeled by W. H. Dall as a variety of and others as synonymous with C. coronatus C. abbreuiatus. The single discovery of three Gmelin, was described by Sowerby (1858) individuals in a small area suggests a small, from the Philippine and Hawaiian islands . isolated, aberrant population with possible The latter locality is almost certainly in error. fixation of atypical morphological character- Hawaiian Conus-KaHN 399 istics by genetic drift. The circums tances of REFERENCES collection thus lend support to D all's con­ ADAMS, A. 1865. On some new genera of clusion that the specimens represent a variant M ollusca from the seas of Japan. A nn. of C. abbreviatus. H owever, the specimens Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, 15: 322-324. agree quite completely on morphological grounds with typical C. miliaris, which is ADAMS, H ., and A. ADAMS. 1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. 484 pp . van Voorst, otherwise not known to occur in the Ha ­ London. waiian Islands. It is possible that the speci­ mens under consideration may have hatched BARTSCH, P., and H. A. REHDER. 1943. New elsewhere and have been carried ashore on cones from the Hawaiian Islands . Proc. Hawaii by currents during the pelagic larval Bioi. Soc. Wash. 56: 85-88. stage. In either event, the population has BLAINVILLE, H . M . D. DE. 1818. Cone. IN apparently not become established in Hawaii. Dictionaire des sciences naturelles 10: 244-264. The Museum National d 'Histoire Natu­ Le Normant, Paris. relle, Paris, contains two additional specimens BORN, I. 1778. Index rerum naturalium MtlSei labeled "Kauai (Sandwich) Rem y 1857." Caesari Vindobo nensis. Pars prima, Testacea. Vienna.(According to D odge (1953) this Conus parvus Pease volume was actually published in 1780.) --- 1780. Testacea Musei Caesari Vindo­ Pease (1868) having discovered that C. bonensis. 442 pp . Kraus, Vienna. fusiformis was preoccupied, renamed that spe­ BRAUER, F. 1878. Bemerkungen iiber die im cies C. parvus. See under C. fusiformis. kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufge­ funden Original-Exemplare zu Ign. v. Conus virgo Linne Born's Testaceis Musei Caesari Vindobon­ Although Garrett (1878) reported this ensis. Sitzber. K. A kad. der Wiss. 77: 1- 76. species from the Hawaiian Islands, there is BRODERIP, W. J. 1833. Characters of new no specimen in the Garrett collection in the species of Mollusca and Conchifera, col­ B. P. Bishop M useum, and no other records lected by Mr. Cuming. Proc. Zool. Soc. are known to the writer. Demond (1957) Lond. 1833 (pt. 1): 52-54. also lists this species from H awaii. BiwGUIERE, J. G . 1792. Cone. IN Encyclo­ pedie methodique. Histoire naturelle des vers 1: SUMMARY 586-787. Panckoucke, Paris. BUR CH, J. Q. 1955. Conus ermineus Born vs. The gastropod genus Conus is represented Conus lithoglyphus Reeve . Min. Conch. CI. by 33 species in the H awaiian archipelago. S. Calif 152: 1-2. (M imeo.) Th is number comprises only species of which CHEMNITZ, J. H. 1778. N eues systematisches more than one individual has been collected conchylien-cabinet. Vol. 10. 376 + 124 pp. alive in the area between Kure (Ocean) Island Raspe, Niimberg. and the island of Hawai i. Synonymies, de­ - -- 1795. Neues systematisches conchylien­ scriptions, type localities, and notes are given cabinet. Vol. 11. 310 pp . Raspe, Niirnberg. for each of these species. CLENCH, W. J. 1942. The genus Conus in the One possibly additional valid species, a western Atlantic. J ohnsonia 1(6) . 40 pp . unique record of one species, seven specie s H EMMING, F., ed. 1953. Copenhagen Decisions known in Hawaii only from the collection 0 f on Zoological N omenclature. 135 pp . Inter­ dead specimens, and unverified and inaccu­ national Trust for Zoological Nomencla­ rate records ofnine species from the Hawaiian ture, London. Islands, are cited . COTTON, B. C. 1945. A catalogue of the cone 400 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII , October, 1959

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