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Punainen Eskatologia PUNAINEN ESKATOLOGIA Jumalan valtakunta ja työväenliike Sigfrid Sireniuksen teologis-aatteellisessa ajattelussa ja kristillis- yhteiskunnallisessa toiminnassa vuoteen 1924 asti Martti Ajo VÄITÖSKIRJA Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston teologisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston päärakennuksen auditoriumissa XV lauantaina 30. syyskuuta 2017 klo 10. Helsinki 2017 ISBN 978-951-51-3555-1 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-51-3556-8 (PDF) Kannen kuva: Sigfrid Sirenius puhuu Helsingin Johanneksen kirkon kallioilla vallankumouskeväänä 1917. Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 SISÄLLYS Abstract .......................................................................................................................VI Saatteeksi ................................................................................................................. VIII I Johdanto ...............................................................................................................1 1. Tutkimustehtävä ja rajaukset .............................................................................. 1 2. Sireniuksen Jumalan valtakunta -ajattelun sytykkeet .......................................8 a. Kiliasmi pietismin eskatologiassa ..................................................................8 b. Kiliasmi württembergiläisessä pietismissä ...................................................11 c. Anglosaksinen millenarismi ......................................................................... 13 3. Tuhatvuotisen valtakunnan rakennustyömaalla .............................................. 15 a. Työväenliike telineillä ................................................................................... 15 b. Sirenius telineillä ...........................................................................................19 II Jumalan valtakunta -aate sekularisaation ja modernisaation puristuksessa (1877–1912) ........................................................................... 23 1. Häivähdyksiä Jumalan valtakunnasta ..............................................................23 a. Varhaiset uskonnolliset ja sosiaaliset vaikutteet .........................................23 b. Teologian opintoja Rosenqvistin johdolla ...................................................32 c. Kiliasmin ja utopistisen sosialismin siemeniä.............................................35 d. Tienviittaajia totuuden etsinnän tiellä .........................................................42 2. Bergrothin vanavedessä .................................................................................... 48 a. Suometarlaista politiikkaa ........................................................................... 48 b. Kansankirkkoaate Jumalan valtakunnan ilmentäjänä ...............................52 c. Tutustuminen työväenliikkeeseen ...............................................................57 d. Jumalan valtakunnan siimeksessä ...............................................................61 3. Kristillinen sosialismi sillanrakentajana ...........................................................66 a. Työväenliike kasvavan kiinnostuksen kohteena .........................................66 b. Liberalismin ja labourismin virrassa ........................................................... 71 c. Anglosaksisen sosiaalisen kristillisyyden kipinä .........................................81 4. Matkalla Steadin agitaattorikurssille ................................................................87 a. Kristillistä utopistista sosialismia ................................................................87 b. Uskonto työväenliikkeen voimana ...............................................................93 c. Jumalan valtakunnan siltainsinöörit ...........................................................95 III Yritys voittaa sosialidemokraattinen työväenliike Jumalan valtakunta -aatteelle (1913–1916) ........................................................... 102 1. Kristillisen sosialismin kylvöä..........................................................................102 a. Sosialidemokraattisen työväenliikkeen labouristaminen ........................102 b. Jumalan valtakunnan siemeniä sosialistiseen maaperään ......................106 c. Lupaava pelinavaus ..................................................................................... 116 d. Kristillinen vai sosialidemokraattinen työväenliike? ................................ 118 2. Sosialidemokraattisen työväenliikkeen agitoiminen .....................................124 a. Työväenliikkeen evankelista .......................................................................124 b. Revisionismi marxilaisuuden vastavoimaksi ............................................ 131 c. Sosialistipappi virittää valkean läpi Suomen tehtaitten ...........................133 d. Tapaus Viljo Mömmö ..................................................................................139 IV Jumalan valtakunta yhteiskunnallisen kuilun partaalla (1917–1918) .......................................................................................................149 1. Modernin yhteiskunnan reunalla ....................................................................149 a. Rauschenbusch pääideologina ...................................................................149 b. Missiosuunnitelmia vallankumouksen varjossa .......................................152 c. Politiikka yhteiskuntaelämän kristillistämisessä ...................................... 161 d. Jumalan valtakunta anarkian puristuksessa ............................................. 167 2. Sisällissodan tulessa ......................................................................................... 172 a. Viimeinen kädenojennusyritys ................................................................... 172 b. Muut’ kaikki hukkuu, Jumalan valtakunta ei ............................................180 c. Onko syytä haudata sosialismi ainiaaksi? .................................................188 d. Punaisten ja valkoisten pappi .....................................................................193 IV V Jumalan valtakunta -aate yhteiskunnallisen kuilun täyttäjänä (1919–1924) ...............................................................................204 1. Työväenliikkeen savuavilla raunioilla ............................................................ 204 a. Ylös juoksuhaudoista! ................................................................................ 204 b. Reikä umpisokkelin seinään! ......................................................................216 c. Punamultayhteistyötä Lapin perukoilla ....................................................225 2. Barchemin löytö ................................................................................................231 a. Ragazin kaukoputki .....................................................................................231 b. Württembergiläisen pietismin perillinen ................................................ 234 c. Kiliastinen sosialidemokraatti ................................................................... 236 d. Suuri synteesi .............................................................................................. 238 VI Punainen eskatologia ................................................................................. 242 Lyhenteet ................................................................................................................. 250 Lähteet ......................................................................................................................252 Henkilöhakemisto .................................................................................................. 283 V ABSTRACT Red eschatology. God’s kingdom and the labour movement in Sigfrid Sirenius’ theologic-ideological thinking and Christian values based civic activity until 1924 Martti Ajo, University of Helsinki, Finland Sigfrid Sirenius (1877–1961), Doctor of Theology, is considered as one the most significant Finnish theologians. For almost five decades he was an influential person within the Church and in the society. He was a pioneer of the modern social Christian ideas and the founder of the Finnish Settlement movement. The link between God’s kingdom and the labour movement was essential both in Sirenius’ theologic-ideological thinking and in his Christian values based civic activity. The goal of this study is to analyze the background, content, development and bearing of his thinking concerning God’s kingdom and the labour movement until 1924. The subject is studied mainly from the viewpoint of history of ideologies but there is also biographical element included. Sirenius’ God’s kingdom ideology was a result of a multiphase process. It grew from the soil of both German Württembergian chiliastic Pietism and Anglo-Saxon millenarian Pietism. The aiming point of Sirenius’ ideology was to strengthen the connection between the Church and the labour movement and to repress secularism. He also wanted to change the attitude towards religion to more positive direction within social democratic labour movement, to similar direction they had in the British labour movement. As a result of the ideological and societal revolution of the latter half of the 1900th century Sirenius became interested in chiliastic God’s kingdom ideology – ideology tinged with development optimism and formulated by Viktor Rydberg and Pontus Wikner. In the middle of the political and societal turmoil of the First Era of Repression (1899–1905) vicar Elis Bergroth
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