La Migración Siria, Libanesa Y Palestina Desde Una Mirada Latinoamericana Por Jorge Araneda Tapia | Universidad De Chile | [email protected]

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La Migración Siria, Libanesa Y Palestina Desde Una Mirada Latinoamericana Por Jorge Araneda Tapia | Universidad De Chile | Jorge.Aranedat@Gmail.Com DEBATES: LATIN AMERICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Nuevas agendas para una antigua migración: La migración siria, libanesa y palestina desde una mirada Latinoamericana por JORGE ARANEDA TAPIA | Universidad de Chile | [email protected] La conectividad global existente en muchas 2012) (Hyndman-Rizk 2011) (Nabti 1992) respetabilidad que llevó a expresiones de comunidades del Bilad as-Sham que y (González 1992). lealtad hacia sus comunidades receptoras y actualmente constituyen los países del actos de civismo público como medio de Líbano, Siria y Palestina son el resultado de Este tipo de comunidades que comparte lograr la aceptación de las comunidades una larga historia de emigraciones, que lazos globales ha sido analizada en variadas locales. comenzaron a mediados del siglo XIX y publicaciones sobre la migración árabe en que no han dado señal de detenerse. Es el caso de América Latina (Hourani and Igualmente de importante fue en países más, dichos procesos migratorios Shedadi 1992; Klich and Lesser 1998); como México, Brasil o Chile, por ejemplo, estuvieron marcados por la constante para el caso Norteamericano (Naff 1993); que algunos miembros de las comunidades búsqueda de nuevos horizontes en América para Australia (Hage 2002); en África árabes levantinas fuesen capaces de del Norte y del Sur, para después virar occidental (Peleikis 2003); y tanto como reclamar una posición de élite en el hacia África, Australia, y más tarde hacia para diversos países europeos (Ghadban extranjero, que junto con sus conexiones los países vecinos productores de petróleo 2000; Abdulkarim 1996). La amplia familiares, recursos económicos, alto nivel y, por último, a Europa siempre en la gama de investigaciones sobre el campo educacional y participación en el aparato búsqueda de nuevas y mejores horizontes de la migración árabe levantina podría estatal, pudieran consolidar un estatus de oportunidades (Hourani 1992, 5; ser vista como la ilustración de diferentes elevado en sus países de llegada. Sin Labaki 1992, 605; Tabar, Noble y Poynting dimensiones de un mismo tema: la embargo, este grupo de élite fue siempre 2010). construcción, la negociación y la recreación pequeño en comparación con la clase de las identidades por los inmigrantes árabe obrera y no “exitosa” mucho mayor de Asimismo, a lo largo del siglo XX nuevas en el contexto de local, nacional y inmigrantes en estas sociedades. estructuras transnacionales y una continua transnacional. participación desde la lejanía en las Paralelamente, los inmigrantes árabes de diversas realidades ahora locales en Es por lo anterior, que la emigración árabe primera generación y los descendientes de Latinoamérica, fueron dando como en todo el mundo ofrece una gran variedad aquella tuvieron que volcar sus tradiciones resultado un intercambio constante de de contextos nacionales y locales dentro de y expresiones culturales hacia la familia o realidades y relatos inmigratorios en las la cual continuamente se construyen, hacia las colectividades árabes a lo largo diversas sociedades receptoras. Dichas negocian y recrean nuevas identidades, del siglo XX. Sumado, que al ser redes globales que se unen a las distintas mientras que a la par, estos sujetos han Latinoamérica un espacio alejado comunidades estuvieron en constante trataron de mantener una identidad geográficamente del Bilal as-Sham sólo vinculación con nuevas conexiones basadas original, definiéndose como libaneses, conocían sus antiguas comunidades de en la confluencia de posiciones políticas, palestinos o sirios en la diáspora negociado origen por fotografía o relatos de viajeros económicas y culturales. sus identidades dentro diferentes relatos infrecuentes siendo sus únicas fuentes de nacional en disputa. mantener el contacto. Sin embargo, durante Las recientes investigaciones han la últimas tres décadas, la identidad de los documentado dichos intercambios cruzados descendientes árabes ha sido enormemente por intereses sociales mantenidos a lo largo Nuevos desafíos teóricos investigativos influenciada por su acceso a los contextos del tiempo por vínculos institucionales, transnacionales de más fácil y más rápida familiares e historias personales (Batrouney A lo largo de Latinoamérica, el peyorativo conectividad, sumado, a viajes más baratos, et al. 2014). Asimismo, la construcción de “Turco” fue el término que se utilizó para así como su uso generalizado de televisión comunidades árabes migrantes en capitales definir a los migrantes palestinos, sirios y por cable o Internet. nacionales no árabes se configuraron como libanesas, seguido por el término “sirio”. centros neurálgicos de una vastas redes de En diferentes espacios latinoamericanos, los Estas múltiples y dinámicas complejidades comunicación, globalmente conectadas con inmigrantes levantinos fueron sometidos a se han manifestado en los nuevos las comunidades desarrolladas un camino de perfomatividad identitaria investigadores latinoamericanos del principalmente en los países de la zona nacional. Incluso, en algunos casos los fenómeno de la migración árabe a levantina y otras cercanas (Escher 2004, inmigrantes intentaron volver a recrear sus Latinoamérica, mucho más ligados a los identidades y enfatizar su “blancura” y estudios antropológicos que a los históricos 15 lasaforum winter 2016 : volume xlvii : issue 1 o económicos, y que han puesto en duda en Brasil-Argentina y no en menor forma las inmigraciones de población árabe las mitológicas o relatos hegemónicos que en el resto de los países latinoamericanos. levantina a lo largo del período estudiado y en mayor o menor medida habían sido Sólo por mencionar algunos de estos determinar cuáles fueron los puntos transmitidas por las primeras exponentes es posible de señalar los centrales que intervenían en la vida investigaciones relacionadas al área. trabajos en Argentina (Montenegro 2015a, cotidiana de estas sociedades dentro de la 2015b; Giménez y Montenegro 2010; esfera del Imperio otomano. Tales como: es posible medir el peso Baeza 2015a, 2015b, 2014); en Brasil las demográfico específico de la migración investigaciones de larga data (Logroño, El espacio de disputa y donde se centró la levantina a Latinoamérica; la migración Pinto y Karam 2015; Dupret et al. 2013; investigación serán los múltiples periódicos levantina es sólo posible de estudiar bajo el Pinto 2010a, 2010b; Chagas 2013a, 2013b, editados en Santiago por la colectividad binomio migración/diáspora; como 2012, 2011; Schiocchet 2015; Hamid 2015, árabe, no sólo como respuesta a los desvelar las narrativas migrantes 2010, 2009; Jardim 2015, 2012, 2008) y en prejuicios y a la turcofobia, sino como dominadas por una intelectualidad Perú (Cuche 2010a, 2010b) entre otros parte constitutiva de cómo era la cristiana ortodoxa o católica; seria investigadores e investigadoras organización en sus sociedades de origen. fructífero realizar estudios de género frente latinoamericanas. Vale decir, tanto la prensa como las a los relatos de las comunidades árabes instituciones son reflejo en respuesta hacia dominadas por grandes hombres exitosos; la sociedad de llegada y de la activación de como dar cuenta de las comunidades o Traspasando lo particular; construcción de una cotidianidad reconstruida que proviene relatos quedaron fuera de las narrativas tópicos identitarios de las sociedades de origen. Es por esto, migratorias; como comprender las que tiene suma importancia la múltiples afinidades con las narrativas Es por lo anterior, que se presentaron en caracterización y el estudio de los posteriores a la Nakba y la diáspora de esa línea algunas conclusiones finales en la periódicos de origen árabe, considerando 1967; o, finalmente, el reencuentro con su investigación desarrollada en Chile su número, tipo, duración y fundación, y su etnicidad perdida gracias a las nueva (Araneda Tapia 2015, 2014). La que vinculación con las organizaciones de la conectividad en las redes sociales, entre pretendieron dar cuenta de un esfuerzo por colectividad árabe. otras varias. indagar en la creación de una identidad modelo, dentro de la esfera de los En resumen, los periódicos levantinos, Lo anterior, ayudado por todo un nuevo periódicos árabes levantinos entre 1912 a editados en Santiago de Chile, crearon un repertorio de conceptos teóricos posible a 1948 en la capital de Chile. La cual, dio sentido comunitario común que sobrepasó describir y analizar las experiencias árabe como resultado que el estudio identitario lo regional otomano (as-Sham) hacia lo levantina en el mundo, han vuelto a poner de los árabes levantinos en los periódicos regional levantino (arabidad) y que colindó en relieve las disputas sobre cómo volver a editados confirmara que éste proceso fue con lo local nacionalista, apostando conceptualizar la diáspora (Tabar 2005), multivariable visiblemente negociado entre siempre a una identidad árabe compartida las comunidades y espacios étnicos (Boos las líneas editoriales y los lectores, sumado con sus lectores. 2013), los campos e identidades étnicas a que no se restringió sólo al devenir en las (Tabar, Noble y Poynting 2010), el habitus sociedades de llegada. Es más, si no se La primera estrategia que resulta evidente étnico (Noble and Tabar 2014) o las despliegan las circunstancias históricas, en dicho análisis es el hecho del uso transculturalidades, comunidades étnicas y económicas y políticas que desencadenan constante de formas lingüísticas de la redes étnicas (Escher 2006). los procesos migratorios en las sociedades lengua árabe. Los periódicos levantinos de origen, no sería posible
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