REGIONALISM + BRUTALISM AROUND LATE REYNER BANHAM THE NEW BRUTALISM 1966 It was, in the beginning, a term of communist abuse, and it was intended to signify the normal vocabulary of Modern Architecture - at roofs, glass, exposed structure - considered as morally reprehensible deviations from “e New Humanism,” a phrase which means something dierent in Marxist hands...

REYNER BANHAM THE NEW BRUTALISM 1966 e term had no sooner got into public circulation than its meaning began to narrow. Among the non-Marxist grouping there was no particular unity of programme or intention, but there was a certain community of interests, a tendency to look toward Le Corbusier, and to be aware of something called Le Beton Brut...

REYNER BANHAM THE NEW BRUTALISM 1966 Whatever has been said about honest use of materials, most modern buildings appear to be made of whitewash or patent glazing, even when they are made of concrete or steel. Hunstanton appears to be made of glass, brick, steel and concrete, and is in fact made of glass, brick, steel and concrete.

REYNER BANHAM THE NEW BRUTALISM 1966 Le Corbusier’s Late Works LE CORBUSIER PETITE MAISON DE WEEKEND | PARIS, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER PETITE MAISON DE WEEKEND | PARIS, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER PETITE MAISON DE WEEKEND | PARIS, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER HOUSE AT MATHES (VILLA SEXTANT) | LES MATHES, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER HOUSE AT MATHES (VILLA SEXTANT) | LES MATHES, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER HOUSE AT MATHES (VILLA SEXTANT) | LES MATHES, FRANCE 1935 LE CORBUSIER MAISONS JAOUL | PARIS, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER MAISONS JAOUL | PARIS, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER MAISONS JAOUL | PARIS, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER MAISONS JAOUL | PARIS, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER VILLA SHODHAN | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER VILLA SHODHAN | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER VILLA SHODHAN | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER VILLA SHODHAN | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER VILLA SHODHAN | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DU-HAUT | RONCHAMP, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DU-HAUT | RONCHAMP, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DU-HAUT | RONCHAMP, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DU-HAUT | RONCHAMP, FRANCE 1954 LE CORBUSIER (LEFT, 1920) VS. SURREALISM (RIGHT, 1930S?) LE CORBUSIER PAINTING IN HIS STUDIO (IN THE NUDE) 1939 LE CORBUSIER DOMINICAN MONASTERY OF LA TOURETTE | LYONS, FRANCE 1957 LE CORBUSIER DOMINICAN MONASTERY OF LA TOURETTE | LYONS, FRANCE 1957 LE CORBUSIER DOMINICAN MONASTERY OF LA TOURETTE | LYONS, FRANCE 1957 LE CORBUSIER DOMINICAN MONASTERY OF LA TOURETTE | LYONS, FRANCE 1957 LE CORBUSIER DOMINICAN MONASTERY OF LA TOURETTE | LYONS, FRANCE 1957 LE CORBUSIER MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION BUILDING | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION BUILDING | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION BUILDING | AHMEDABAD, INDIA 1954 LE CORBUSIER PALACE OF ASSEMBLY (CITY OF CHANDIGARH) | INDIA 1963 LE CORBUSIER PALACE OF ASSEMBLY (CITY OF CHANDIGARH) | INDIA 1963 LE CORBUSIER HIGH COURT (CITY OF CHANDIGARH) | INDIA 1955 LE CORBUSIER HIGH COURT (CITY OF CHANDIGARH) | INDIA 1955 LE CORBUSIER CAPITOL OF CHANDIGARH | INDIA 1955 LE CORBUSIER SECRETARIAT (CITY OF CHANDIGARH) | INDIA 1953 LE CORBUSIER CHANDIGARH MASTERPLAN | INDIA 1951 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER UNITE D’HABITATION | MARSEILLES, FRANCE 1953 LE CORBUSIER CARPENTER CENTER FOR THE VISUAL ARTS | CAMBRIDGE, MASS, USA 1963 LE CORBUSIER CARPENTER CENTER FOR THE VISUAL ARTS | CAMBRIDGE, MASS, USA 1963 LE CORBUSIER CARPENTER CENTER FOR THE VISUAL ARTS | CAMBRIDGE, MASS, USA 1963 LE CORBUSIER VENICE HOSPITAL | VENICE, ITALY 1965 LE CORBUSIER VENICE HOSPITAL | VENICE, ITALY 1965 Regionalism + Brutalism ALISON + PETER SMITHSON HUNSTANTON SCHOOL | NORWICH, NORFOLK, ENGLAND 1954 ALISON + PETER SMITHSON HUNSTANTON SCHOOL (BOTTOM) + CROWN HALL (TOP) 1954 MIES VAN DER ROHE CROWN HALL, IIT | CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA 1956 MIES VAN DER ROHE ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECH. | CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA 1940 MIES VAN DER ROHE NEUE NATIONALGALERIE | , GERMANY 1968 Whatever has been said about honest use of materials, most modern buildings appear to be made of whitewash or patent glazing, even when they are made of concrete or steel. Hunstanton appears to be made of glass, brick, steel and concrete, and is in fact made of glass, brick, steel and concrete.

REYNER BANHAM THE NEW BRUTALISM 1966 ALISON + PETER SMITHSON ROBIN HOOD GARDENS | , ENGLAND 1972 ALISON + PETER SMITHSON ECONOMIST BUILDING | LONDON, ENGLAND 1964 DENYS LASDUN KEELING HOUSE, CLUSTER HOUSING | BENTHAL GREEN, ENGLAND 1957 DENYS LASDUN KEELING HOUSE, CLUSTER HOUSING | BENTHAL GREEN, ENGLAND 1957 DENYS LASDUN ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS | LONDON, ENGLAND 1961 DENYS LASDUN ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS | LONDON, ENGLAND 1961 DENYS LASDUN ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS | LONDON, ENGLAND 1961 JAMES STIRLING LEICESTER UNIV. ENGINEERING BUILDING | LEICESTER, ENGLAND 1963 JAMES STIRLING HISTORY FACULTY BLDN, CAMBRIDGE UNIV | CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND 1966 JAMES STIRLING FLOREY BUILDING, OXFORD UNIVERSITY | OXFORD, ENGLAND 1971 PAUL RUDOLPH YALE ART + ARCHITECTURE BLDN | NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, USA 1963 GERHARD KALLMANN CITY HALL | BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, USA 1968