Memorial Tributes: Volume 21

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Memorial Tributes

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Memorial Tributes

Volume 21

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON, DC 2017

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45928-0

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45928-1

Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24773

Additional copies of this publication are available from:

The National Academies Press 500 Fifth Street NW, Keck 360 Washington, DC 20001

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Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS

FOREWORD, xiii

HAROLD M. AGNEW, 3 by Ricardo B. Schwarz

HARL P. ALDRICH, JR., 9 by Harl P. Aldrich III

WM. HOWARD ARNOLD, 15 by Howard Bruschi

DAVID ATLAS, 23 by Robert J. Serafin and Richard E. Carbone

HOWARD K. BIRNBAUM, 31 by Ian M. Robertson Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

JOHN A. BLUME, 37 by Anne Kiremidjian, James Gere, Helmut Krawinkler, and Haresh Shah Reprinted with the permission of the John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University

vi CONTENTS

STUART W. CHURCHILL, 43 by Warren D. Seider Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

WESLEY A. CLARK, 49 by Ivan E. Sutherland, Mary Allen Wilkes, Severo M. Ornstein, and Jerome R. Cox

WILLIAM A. CLEVENGER, 57 by Rudolph Bonaparte

THOMAS B. COOK, JR., 61 by John C. Crawford Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

J. BARRY COOKE, 69 by Nelson L. de S. Pinto

ALAN COTTRELL, 75 by Peter B. Hirsch

JOHN P. CRAVEN, 85 by Nicholas Johnson Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

CHARLES CRUSSARD, 91 by Jean Philibert Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

ROBERT G. DEAN, 95 by Robert A. Dalrymple

THOMAS F. DONOHUE, 101 by Jan Schilling

BRIAN L. EYRE, 105 by Colin Windsor and Ron Bullough

CONTENTS vii

JAMES L. FLANAGAN, 109 by Bishnu S. Atal and Lawrence R. Rabiner

ROBERT L. FLEISCHER, 119 by James D. Livingston and Elizabeth L. Fleischer

RENATO FUCHS, 127 by Stephen W. Drew

JOHN H. (JACK) GIBBONS, 133 by Sam Baldwin, Rosina Bierbaum, John Holdren, and Maxine Savitz

ANDREW S. GROVE, 141 by Eugene S. Meieran

GEORGE H. HEILMEIER, 149 by Nim Cheung and Jack Howell

DAVID G. HOAG, 157 by Norman Sears Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

JOHN H. HORLOCK, 163 by Daniel Weinbren Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

RIK HUISKES, 169 by Van C. Mow and Bert van Rietbergen

JAMES D. IDOL, JR., 173 by Floyd T. Neth Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

DONALD G. ISELIN, 179 by the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Staff Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

viii CONTENTS

J. DONOVAN JACOBS, 183 by William W. Edgerton Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

MUJID S. KAZIMI, 189 by Michael Corradini and Neil Todreas

DORIS KUHLMANN-WILSDORF, 193 by Bhatka B. Rath and Edgar A. Starke, Jr.

WALTER B. LaBERGE, 197 by Malcolm Ross O’Neill

WILLIAM J. LeMESSURIER, 205 by Richard A. Henige, Jr. Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

THOMAS M. LEPS, 211 by Nelson L. de S. Pinto

JOHN L. LUMLEY, 217 by Sidney Leibovich

DOUGLAS C. MacMILLAN, 223 by Allen Chin Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

CHARLES E. MASSONNET, 227 by Steven J. Fenves

HUDSON MATLOCK, 233 by David K. Matlock and Richard L. Tucker

WALTER G. MAY, 239 by Richard Alkire

JAMES W. MAYER, 245 by Thomas E. Everhart

CONTENTS ix

BRAMLETTE McCLELLAND, 249 by Alan G.Young Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

EDWARD J. McCLUSKEY, 255 by Jeffrey D. Ullman

DOUGLAS C. MOORHOUSE, 259 by Rudolph Bonaparte

JOHN W. MORRIS, 265 by Henry Hatch and Hans Van Winkle

GEORGE E. MUELLER, 271 by Robert L. Crippen

HAYDN H. MURRAY, 277 by Jessica Elzea Kogel Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

GERALD NADLER, 283 by Stan Settles

F. ROBERT NAKA, 287 by Curt H. Davis Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

GERALD T. ORLOB, 293 by Daniel P. Loucks and William W-G. Yeh

YIH-HSING PAO, 299 by Francis C. Moon, Kolumban Hutter, and Wolfgang Sachse

EUGENE J. PELTIER, 305 by the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Staff Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

x CONTENTS

COURTLAND D. PERKINS, 311 by Irvin Glassman, Sau-Hai (Harvey) Lam, Robert G. Jahn, and Robert M. White

EGOR P. POPOV, 317 by Robin K. McGuire

WILLIAM N. POUNDSTONE, 325 by Stan Suboleski

SIMON RAMO, 331 by Ronald D. Sugar

NORMAN C. RASMUSSEN, 337 by Kent F. Hansen This tribute is slightly adapted from a memoir that originally appeared in Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences V. 86 (2005) and is reprinted with permission.

EUGENE M. RASMUSSON, 349 Submitted by Margaret A. Lemone, Sumant Nigam, and John M. Wallace

DENIS ROOKE, 357 by David Wallace Submitted by the NAE Home Secretary

STEVEN B. SAMPLE, 365 by C. L. Max Nikias

ROGER A. SCHMITZ, 371 by Joan F. Brennecke

OLEG D. SHERBY, 375 by Jeffrey Wadsworth and William D. Nix

JOEL S. SPIRA, 383 by Stephen Director and Joel Moses

CONTENTS xi

JIN WU, 387 by Marshall P. Tulin

APPENDIX, 391

FOREWORD

THIS IS THE TWENTY-FIRST VOLUME in the Memorial Tributes series compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign members. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Through its members and foreign members, the Academy carries out the responsibilities for which it was established in 1964. Under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering was formed as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Members are elected by their peers on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory, practice, and literature or for exceptional accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine share a responsibility to advise the federal government on matters of science and technology. The expertise and credibility that the National Academy of Engineering brings to that task stem directly from the abilities, interests, and achievements of our members and foreign members—our colleagues and friends—whose special gifts we remember in these pages.

Julia M. Phillips Home Secretary

xiii

Memorial Tributes NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

HAROLD M. AGNEW 1921–2013 Elected in 1976

“Pioneering contributions in weapons engineering and combining science and engineering into effective technology.”

BY RICARDO B. SCHWARZ

HAROLD MELVIN AGNEW, a scientist who worked on the Manhattan Project that gave the United States its first atomic bomb and who later became the third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, died September 29, 2013, at his home in Solana Beach, California. He was 92. He was born March 28, 1921, in Denver, the only child of a stonecutter father and homemaker mother. He attended South Denver High School and the University of Denver, where he majored in chemistry. After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, Agnew and his girlfriend, Beverly Jackson, attempted to join the US Army Air Corps together. But Joyce Stearns, head of the Physics Department at the University of Denver, persuaded them to instead join him at the University of Chicago, where Stearns became deputy head of the Metallurgical Laboratory. In Chicago, Harold worked with Enrico Fermi and others on the construction of Chicago Pile-1, the first graphite- moderated nuclear reactor. Initially, he worked on instrumentation, calibrating Geiger counters, and then on stacking the graphite bricks that formed the reactor’s neutron moderator. On December 2, 1942, he witnessed the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction when Pile-1 went critical.

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After these successful tests, he and Beverly, now married, followed Fermi and others to Los Alamos to participate in the Manhattan Project for the development of a nuclear bomb. Toward the completion of the project, scientists were faced with the problem of measuring the yield of the device they had just built. With Luis Alvarez and Lawrence Johnson, Agnew devised a remarkable method to measure the yield of the nuclear blast by dropping pressure gauges on parachutes from airplanes just before the explosion and telemetering the readings back to the plane. During the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, Agnew, Alvarez, and Johnson flew as scientific observers on a second plane and measured the yield of the explosion. Agnew also took, on his own initiative, a hand- held 16-millimeter movie camera and filmed the only existing movies of the Hiroshima event as seen from the air. When the war ended, Agnew received a National Research Council Fellowship that allowed him to attend the University of Chicago and complete his graduate studies under Fermi. After earning his PhD in 1949, he returned to Los Alamos, where he led several weapons-related projects and in 1964 became head of the Weapons Engineering Division. While working at Los Alamos, Agnew held a number of military advisory positions: scientific advisor to the NATO Supreme Allied Commanders (1961–1964) and member of the Defense Science Board (1966–1970), the Army’s Scientific Advisory Panel (1966–1974), and the Army Science Board (1978–1984). He also chaired the General Advisory Committee of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1974–1978) and served on NASA’s Aerospace Advisory Panel (1968–1974). In 1970 he became the third director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (then called Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory), which he headed for nearly a decade during times of great change. He left his imprint in many areas. Under his leadership, the laboratory developed an underground test containment program, completed the Meson Physics Facility, acquired its first Cray supercomputer, and trained the first class of International Atomic Energy Agency weapons inspectors. Los Alamos was commissioned with developing the W76 device,

HAROLD M. AGNEW 5

used by Trident I and Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and the W78 device, used by Minuteman II intercontinental ballistic missiles. He was particularly proud of advances made at the laboratory in the configuration of these devices and in developing new insensitive high explosives that enhance safety in the handling and storage of nuclear weapons. In addition, he supervised the development of optimum weaponry to support the international deterrent posture assumed in the 1960s. He also recognized the importance of introducing technical diversity into the laboratory. Until he became director, virtually every program was tied, directly or indirectly, to weapons work. The multidisciplinary laboratory of today, initiated by Agnew in the 1970s, devotes a large percentage of its budget to nonweapons scientific research, including topics in basic sciences and biomedicine. After retiring in 1979 Agnew became president and CEO of General Atomics in San Diego. In that position, which he held until 1985, he pushed for the development of safe reactor technologies and was a vocal advocate of the civilian use of nuclear power. In recognition of his work he received two prestigious Department of Energy awards: the E.O. Lawrence Award (1966) and the Enrico Fermi Award (1978). Along with Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe, he was the first to receive the Los Alamos National Laboratory Medal (2001). In addition to the NAE, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (1979). And in 1982–1989 he served as a White House science councillor, advising President Reagan. In 1991 he participated in the first post–Cold War meeting between American bomb makers and their Russian counterparts, seeking ways to reduce nuclear arsenals. One year later he urged the United States to buy bomb-grade uranium from scrapped Soviet nuclear warheads, which would bolster the Russian economy and reduce the risk of an accident or the theft of nuclear materials. In August of that year the White House announced a plan to buy at least 500 metric tons of the material in a deal worth several billion dollars. The Russian

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bomb-grade uranium was diluted into fuel for domestic nuclear reactors that generate electricity, transforming a huge potential danger into a peaceful bonanza. Agnew was a plain-spoken person, never afraid to share his opinions about controversial issues. In a 1992 interview (with Theresa Strottman, Los Alamos Historical Society), he was asked whether he would do it all again. He replied, “I have no regrets. [Los Alamos National Laboratory] was a great place, still is a great place. I just hope they don’t get bureaucratized by the Washington environment. People there seem to forget what the real objective of a national lab is and want to control things more and more…. I don’t think that’s very good in the long run. Maybe it will turn around.” In a 2005 BBC interview he said, “About three quarters of the US nuclear arsenal was designed under my tutelage at Los Alamos. That is my legacy.” Harold Agnew had an impressive life that paralleled the development of nuclear energy: He participated in the first controlled nuclear chain reaction; assisted in the development of the first atomic bomb; witnessed the first (and only) use of that weapon in war; and was instrumental in enhancing the safety and reliability of the nuclear arsenal. Ironically, his final project, with the goal of augmenting the use of nuclear energy for electrical power generation in the United States, did not flourish as he desired because of society’s concerns about the safety of nuclear energy.

HARL P. ALDRICH, JR. 1923–2014 Elected in 1984

“For fundamental contributions to understanding of freezing problems and preloading techniques, also leadership in development of geotechnical engineering practice.”

BY HARL P. ALDRICH III

HARL PRESLAR ALDRICH, JR., cofounder of the Boston- based consulting engineering firm of Haley & Aldrich Inc., died November 24, 2014. He was 91. He was born in Spokane on June 21, 1923, son of Harl and Lucy (Cooley) Aldrich. From an early age, he wanted to become a civil engineer. After attending the University of Idaho for two years, he enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received his BS and ScD degrees in the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering in 1947 and 1951. He served on the MIT faculty for six years and was a visiting lecturer on soil mechanics at Harvard University in 1955–1956. He was proud to be a civil engineer and, among young engineers in particular, promoted the importance of active participation in professional organizations. He was a leader in professional societies in Boston, serving as president of the Massachusetts Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1964 and president of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers in 1968–1969. He was an honorary member

Adapted from the Concord Journal, November 29–December 6, 2014 (online at www.legacy.com/obituaries/wickedlocal-concord/obituary. aspx?pid=173312846).

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of the Boston Society Section of ASCE, a national distinguished member of ASCE, and a life fellow of the American Council of Engineering Companies. He authored numerous technical papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings related primarily to soil mechanics and foundations, groundwater, frost penetration, and dam safety. He received several awards for papers published in the Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. In 1957 Dr. Aldrich and James F. Haley founded Haley & Aldrich, a firm of geotechnical engineers, geologists, hydro- geologists, and environmental scientists, originally based in Cambridge. During his 35-year career with the firm, Aldrich served as principal on numerous major projects and as president and chairman. His dedication to teaching was one of the hallmarks of his leadership style, creating a mentoring and learning culture at the company that continues to this day. The Boston-based firm now has many employees located in 27 offices throughout the United States. In 1969 Haley & Aldrich was one of 10 founding firms of ASFE, the Geoprofessional Business Association (at the time known as the Associated Soil and Foundation Engineers). Dr. Aldrich had been active from the outset, one of several members who served on the board of directors and led the development of ASFE’s highly successful peer review program. In addition, he was president of Terra Insurance Ltd. and a member of the board of the Design Professionals Financial Corporation, both professional liability insurance companies. After the failure of Teton Dam in southeastern Idaho in 1976, Dr. Aldrich chaired the National Research Council Committee on the Safety of Dams, which reviewed US Bureau of Reclamation practices and procedures for ensuring the safety of water storage dams for which the bureau was responsible. Among his many honors, Dr. Aldrich was elected to the NAE in 1984, and in 2004 he was selected for ASCE’s OPAL Award for Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Management. He was also a member of the honorary societies Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, and Chi Epsilon.

HARL P. ALDRICH, JR. 11

He was active in creating The Engineering Center (TEC) in Boston, having chaired the fundraising committee for TEC Education Trust (TECET) and serving as TECET founding trustee in 1989. The Trust purchased One Walnut Street, the Phillips-Winthrop House on Beacon Hill, for the TEC home. In recognition of his leadership, the TEC Aldrich Conference Center was dedicated in 1998, when he and Charles H. Spaulding received the first TEC Leadership Awards. Throughout his career, Dr. Aldrich was a devoted alumnus of MIT. He was president of the Alumni Association in 1980– 1981 and served on the MIT Corporation in 1980–1986; for three of those years he was on the executive committee. He was a member of the Corporation Development Committee and received its Marshall B. Dalton ’15 Award in 1996. He chaired gift committees for his Class of 1947 reunions and held the Bronze Beaver, the highest award the Association of MIT Alumni and Alumnae bestows on its volunteers. A resident of Concord, Massachusetts, for 62 years, Aldrich was active at the Trinitarian Congregational Church, where he served in many roles, from chair of the building committee for a church school wing in 1955 to moderator, deacon, and chair of the Stewardship, Property, and other committees. For the town of Concord, he was a member and chair of the Public Works Commission. After his retirement from Haley & Aldrich in 1992, he became interested in the genealogy of his family and authored two books published by Penobscot Press, A Branch of the Aldrich Family in America (1996) and George Lathrop Cooley and Clara Elizabeth Hall: Their Ancestors and Descendants in America (2001). At one time, he played tennis and was an avid gardener. He and his wife were frequent travelers. Aldrich was a veteran of World War II, having served in the Navy V-5 Flight Training Program in 1944 and 1945. During his training at the University of Iowa in 1944 he met his wife, the former Lois A. Grissell of Cedar Rapids, where they married on February 23, 1946. In addition to his wife of 68 years he is survived by daughters Katheryn Aldrich of Talent, OR, Barbara Robb of Calais,

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ME, and Jean Barrett Somerville of Alpharetta, GA; sons Harl Aldrich III of Kalispell, MT, and Kent Aldrich of Tigard, OR; eight grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren.

WM. HOWARD ARNOLD 1931–2015 Elected in 1974

“Contributions to design of commercial pressurized water reactors for nuclear systems and to systems engineering of light water nuclear power plants.”

BY HOWARD BRUSCHI

WILLIAM HOWARD ARNOLD JR. was a pioneer in the design of early commercial pressurized water reactors and an energetic leader of the commercial nuclear industry. He passed away July 16, 2015, at the age of 84. Howard, as he was known, was born May 13, 1931, in Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, a few miles south of St. Louis. His mother was Lib Arnold and his father was Lieutenant General William Howard (“Duke”) Arnold, commander of the 5th US Army and a division commander under General Douglas MacArthur. Howard was an Army brat, accustomed to relocating where his father’s army career took the family. His father advised him to become an engineer, which he felt better suited Howard’s temperament than the military. A bright high school student, Howard won a four-year Pepsi-Cola Scholarship to Cornell University at age 16. He studied chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry and graduated in 1951 with an AB in a double major of physics and chemistry. While there he rowed crew, not only enjoying it as a break from studying but also undoubtedly (and perhaps unconsciously) absorbing the importance of “pulling together” as a team. He went on to study physics at Princeton University, where he was inspired by the faculty, one of whom arranged for his

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students to sit with Albert Einstein in his kitchen—reminisc- ing about his own student days. Howard received his master’s in 1953 and PhD in 1955, both in physics. It was at Princeton that Howard met his future wife, Josephine Inman Routheau, known to all as Jodie, to whom he was married for 63 years. She is the daughter of Colonel Edward and Josephine Routheau; Colonel Routheau was in charge of ROTC at Princeton. After completing his degrees Howard accepted an offer to work in Princeton for Westinghouse Electric Corporation on fusion energy. But the company’s endeavor in this area did not last long and decades later brought to Howard’s mind a statement he had heard about fusion: “It’s the energy of the future and always will be.” In the fall of 1955 Howard joined Westinghouse’s newly formed commercial atomic power activity. From then until 1961, as a senior engineer and section manager, he was responsible for the reactor physics design of the first series of Westinghouse commercial reactors in the United States, Belgium, France, and Italy. It was during this time that he made major contributions to the nuclear industry. He developed models and analytical techniques to determine such factors as control rod “worth” available for managing reactivity in a nuclear core, accounting for neutron capture in the resonance range of neutron energy, and a value for the temperature coefficient of reactivity. His work became the basis for much of the computer software for nuclear reactor core design developed over the decades that followed. From 1961 to 1968 Howard held positions as deputy engineering manager, operations manager, and program manager for the Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications Project at the Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory. The goal of the project was to design a nuclear rocket engine to take humans to Mars. Howard was responsible for all the analytical phases of the design and testing. Years of engineering and testing demonstrated not only the proof of principle but also the viability of an engine concept. The program was eventually halted by the government as interest was lost for a mission to Mars.

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Howard’s next assignment took him from space to “under- water” as he became manager (1968–1970) of the Underseas Weapons Department, Westinghouse Defense Center, responsible for completing development of the Mark 48 torpedo. This project was highly successful and Westinghouse got a contract to produce 10 prototypes for operational testing. The Mark 48 basic design remains the primary underseas weapon of the US submarine fleet. In 1970 Howard returned to the commercial nuclear energy business at Westinghouse. He was appointed engineering manager for the Pressurized Water Reactor Systems Division (PWRSD), a position he held for two years, followed by his appointment as general manager until 1979. The division was responsible for engineering, procurement, and project management for the Westinghouse systems incorporated in US and international utility nuclear generating stations. PWRSD was a large, multidisciplinary, diverse organization with a mix of engineers and scientists from both the Navy’s nuclear program and the commercial world. Howard skillfully led this organization, maintaining principles of standardization, to successfully deliver approximately 60 pressurized water reactors to utility customers around the world. His experience in approaching engineering from a systems perspective was an important element of this success. Once asked, as a member of the Cornell crew team, what part of his body ached the most after a race, he replied, “If we all did it right, every part of our bodies ached!” Organizations pulling together and working in a team-like manner were obviously important. When tensions arose with regard to the respective roles of centralized engineering (keepers of standardization) and project managers (responsible for on-time quality delivery and customer satisfaction), Howard penned a letter to all employees defining roles, with a simile for the project manager as the conductor of a symphony. He introduced a program of organizational development (one of the first at the time) to develop and promote more team- work through better, open communication that was 2-way— not only from manager to employee but also managers listening

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to employee issues and suggestions. Adjusting the culture was challenging as many in the organization were accustomed to a top-down directive approach. While the program had mixed results, it certainly energized people to contribute their best by removing obstacles to performance. The financial success of PWRSD spoke for itself. From 1981 to 1986 Howard was general manager of the Westinghouse Advanced Energy Systems Division. He was responsible for the final stages of the Clinch River Breeder program and pursued numerous new business opportunities for the business unit, including the development of a small passive pressurized water reactor (10MWe), funded by the US Department of Energy, that became the seminal design innovation for the AP600 and AP1000 nuclear plant designs. Four AP1000s are being constructed in China and four in the United States—the first new nuclear power plants to be built in this country in 32 years. Another successful business opportunity was the Hanford nuclear site operations contract. Howard was appointed vice president of the Westinghouse Hanford Company responsible for engineering, development, and projects management, a position he held from 1986 to 1989, when he retired from Westinghouse. He then became president of Louisiana Energy Services, a partnership of Urenco, Duke Power, Fluor Daniel, Northern States Power, and Louisiana Power and Light whose goal was to build the first privately owned uranium enrichment facility in the United States. After his retirement from this position in 1996, he was a consultant to the nuclear industry until 2004. On September 10, 2004, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to the US Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, an independent federal agency called out in the congressional Nuclear Waste Policy Act statutes. Members are presidential appointees chosen from a list provided to the White House by the National Academy of Engineering. Howard was elected to the NAE in 1974. This was an honor he took seriously and he demonstrated such by his active involvement in the NAE and its sister institution, the National Research Council, for 40+ years. He chaired the NAE

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peer committee for Section 6: Electric Power/Energy Systems Engineering. He also served on the Committee on Magnetic Fusion in Energy Policy, Panel on Cooperation with the USSR on Reactor Safety (after Chernobyl), and Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low- Activity Radioactive Waste, and he chaired the Committee on Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing Nuclear Materials and Spent Fuel through the Environmental Management Science Program. In addition to the NAE, Howard was a member of the American Physical Society; fellow of the American Nuclear Society (ANS), where he chaired the Aerospace Division and served on the board of directors; and fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received an ANS Silver Certificate in 1983 for 25 years of continuous membership and valuable contributions, and the ANS Reactor Technology Award in 2010. He authored 18 articles and 27 papers on physics, nuclear engineering, and related subjects. He held two patents in nuclear engineering design and was a registered Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania. Even as Howard’s career involved multiple positions, geographic locations, and business trips, he was a devoted husband, father, and grandfather who cherished family reunions every summer. He had spent the summers of his youth in Michigan near the water; he won several sailing trophies on Lake Macatawa, and many years later, in 1964, he and Jodie purchased a lot on the shore of Lake Michigan. He designed and built a cottage on the lot in 1965, expanded it in 1984, and it subsequently became their permanent home, the site of enduring extended family summer reunions. Jodie still resides in the area. He and Jodie had married while he was a graduate student at Princeton and she was a junior at Smith College. He enjoyed telling the following story: “Jodie went to the dean at Princeton to see if she could enroll there. He said to her, ‘Jodie, you can sit in any class you want, but over my dead body will a woman ever graduate from Princeton.’ The dean

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had already rolled over in his grave a number of times before our daughter Frances graduated in 1979.” Howard was especially proud that he and Frances are the only father-daughter pair elected to the NAE (Frances was elected in 2000). Howard and Jodie also have four sons—William Howard III, Edward, David, and Thomas—and 10 grandchildren. Howard’s life was replete with great accomplishments, a closeknit family, and many good friends. His obituary includes a poignant snippet that gives further insight into the nature of the man he was: “Howard was extremely active to the end, riding his bicycle around town, playing bridge, and giving lectures at Hope College on nuclear energy. Howard loved and had many good dogs, and one excellent cat.”

DAVID ATLAS 1924–2015 Elected in 1986

“For contributions, inventions, leadership, and public service in the application of radar and electromagnetic engineering to meteorology.”

BY ROBERT J. SERAFIN AND RICHARD E. CARBONE

For more than 50 years DAVID ATLAS was among the most influential people in the field of meteorology and a leading figure in the subdiscipline of radar meteorology. Researcher, inventor, laboratory leader, and educator, his contributions were both broad and deep. He passed away November 10, 2015, at age 91. A member of Tom Brokaw’s Greatest Generation (Random House, 2001), Dave was born May 25, 1924, the third child of Isadore and Rose Jaffee Atlas, immigrants from Poland and Russia, respectively. His family was of less than modest means, though there was always food on the table. The extended family was a closeknit clan centered mostly in the East New York section of Brooklyn. Dave did well in public school, revered his teachers, and was highly motivated by them. He edited the Spanish magazine, presided over the Pan American Club, and graduated at age 16. His attempts to play the accordion led to the realization that he had no natural talent for it. He went on to marry Lucille Rosen, and they raised two children, Robert and Joan.

Adapted and reprinted with the permission of the American Meteo rological Society.

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He planned to be an electrical engineer when he entered the City College of New York, where his special joy was fresh- man physics. While a student, he held a job at Western Electric where he worked on a production line for the munificent salary of $35 per week, nearly as much as his father made. The events of December 7, 1941, changed his plans, as they did for millions of people around the world. He accelerated his education with a heavy courseload and summer school, expecting to join the military in some capacity. Soon thereafter he applied to premeteorology training in the Army Air Corps, despite not knowing exactly what meteorology entailed— prior to this he apparently had little if any interest in it. He was rejected, but reapplied—giving the same information— and was accepted. He reported for active duty at New York University, where Louis Battan became his roommate, best man, and lifetime friend and colleague. Dave finished first in class and was commissioned second lieutenant in 1944. The Weather Instrument Training School then introduced him to basic electronics as preparation for Harvard/MIT Radar School. A major factor that set the stage for his career was the GI Bill, whose financial assistance enabled him to earn his DSc in 1955 from MIT. At the time he was also working as chief of the Weather Radar Branch at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (AFCRL). A mere two years later he received the Meisinger Award, his reputation having grown by leaps and bounds in what was now broadly recognized as an exciting new branch of meteorology. Among his early and very significant accomplishments was his invention of the isoecho contour mapping concept in 1947, while he was a member of the All Weather Flying Division at Clinton Air Force Base in Wilmington, Ohio. A patent was granted in 1953. The isoecho contour method was the first to quantize and thus quantify weather radar reflectivity information on cathode ray tubes. This relatively simple concept was in widespread use for decades both on commercial aircraft and ground-based operational weather radars and by the research community. It was not until the advent of color displays in the

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early 1970s that isoecho displays began to be replaced. Indeed, many airline pilots objected strongly to the loss of the traditional CRT displays when color technology became available. Dave recruited Roger Lhermitte from France to AFCRL. Their early collaborations with Doppler radar led to outstanding discoveries. On the occasion of the first Doppler velocity- azimuth display measurements, Lhermitte attached an audio speaker to the Doppler output. Dave said, “To our astonish- ment and exquisite pleasure on 2 Dec 1957, we heard and tape recorded the Doppler shift as it varied in pitch from near zero frequency when it was pointed crosswind, to high frequencies when it was pointing either up- or downwind.” This set the stage for several decades of Doppler radar research and development and ultimately operational applications. Somewhat to Dave’s dismay, the United States was unable to install a national Doppler radar network until the 1990s, but this was followed by the deployment of airport terminal Doppler radars. These two operational radar systems have dramatically improved short-term weather warnings and saved thousands of lives and billions of dollars’ worth of damage. In 1972 he joined the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). There he was the founding director of the Atmospheric Technology Division (ATD), which provided a broad range of observational and computational facilities for research community use. He brought a vision to NCAR that included a state-of-the-art array of next-generation observ- ing facilities. There would be Doppler radars, automated surface stations, next-generation sounding systems, lidars, acoustic sounders, and new airborne instruments, including an airborne Doppler radar. Dave’s major contributions were to get the ball rolling by articulating his vision and hiring staff, including the authors of this tribute. Within two years there were two transportable C-band Doppler radars that became a mainstay of university research for about two decades. The Portable Automated Mesonetwork (PAM) was the first fully automated mesonet reporting its data via radio telemetry and later via satellite. The new radars and PAM helped to transform the way field experiments were

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conducted because the real-time data displays greatly facilitated knowledge of “present weather.” This improved understanding of the initiation, growth, and decay of convective storms, extratropical cyclones, tropical rainfall, and other phenomena. Detection of hazardous windshear and microbursts using these radars led to agency deployment of Doppler radars for aviation safety in the United States and internationally, undoubtedly saving countless lives. After two years at the helm of ATD Dave was asked to assume leadership of the National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE), a weather modification program aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness of hail suppression, initially motivated by claims of success in the Soviet Union. After several years of field experimentation it appeared to Atlas that no positive effect on the suppression of hail would be detectable, if only because of the great natural variability of hailstorms. To the dissatisfaction of the weather modification community, Dave felt strongly that experimental evidence was sufficient to temporarily cease cloud seeding to analyze existing data and reexamine the basic hypotheses for hail suppression. Faced with federal program manager resistance, however, Dave resigned from the NHRE directorship as a matter of principle. He was later vindicated by major NHRE successes, gained from new understanding of deep moist convection more generally, but statistically failing to suppress hail. During his tenure at NCAR Dave was elected president of the American Meteorological Society (AMS). His term was marked by a focus on atmospheric science and public policy. As president-elect in 1974 he, and Lucille, were part of the first post–Cultural Revolution scientific delegation to the People’s Republic of China. This historic visit was the forerunner of decades of scientific collaboration between the two countries. In 1977 he left NCAR for the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), where he was given carte blanche to build the new Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) and established a new vision for atmospheric research programs. He placed scientific excellence at the top of his priorities, attracting 35 new scientists to GLAS, among them Michael

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King, Joanne Simpson, Louis Uccellini, Antonio Busalacchi, and many others who became prominent in their fields. Dave’s interests quickly broadened to encompass the full spectrum of active and passive remote sensing of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth’s surface. He played an important role in defining the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), working closely with Simpson and colleagues from Japan to implement the first meteorological radar in space. TRMM has provided unprecedented detail on the structure and distribution of rainfall and improved estimation of cumulative rainfall over tropical oceans—information essential for understanding the Earth’s energy budget and water cycle. Among Dave’s principal written legacies is Radar in Meteorology (AMS, 1990), which he produced and edited from proceedings of the Louis Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference. The conference format was designed by Dave, working closely with the AMS Committee on Radar Meteorology. Tutorial papers were written and delivered by the foremost experts in the field. Thanks to Dave’s dogged determination (and prodding of authors), the book is the most comprehensive collection of contributions in this field ever produced under one cover. It is informative to examine Atlas’ extensive publication record from the viewpoint of peer interest in his work. Among more than 230 papers, his most highly cited works span 40 years, 1953–1993. They originated in similar proportion at each of his principal affiliations: AFCRL, the University of Chicago, NCAR, and GSFC. His most frequently cited publication overall is the 160-page Advances in Radar Meteorology (1964), the first textbook type of publication that reviewed Doppler signal theory in depth. It was a treasure trove of empirical relationships among reflectivity factor, attenuation, water content, and rainfall rate and presented some novel interpretations of the radar equation, complications of Mie scattering, and multiple wavelength responses to hydrometeors. The Atlas papers can be topically grouped in four broad categories:

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• microwave scattering and attenuation properties of hydrometeors • techniques for reduction of bias and uncertainty in radar rainfall estimation • studies related to atmospheric turbulence and mesoscale air flow • studies related to radar echoes in optically clear air.

Dave retired from NASA in 1984, but his enthusiasm for science and discovery never waned. After retirement he contributed substantially to the understanding of tropical rainfall processes through his many collaborative papers on TRMM- related topics. He became interested in microburst and windshear detection for aviation safety and invented and patented a technique through which low-level windshear could be detected with fan-beam air traffic control radars at airports. He was an AMS fellow and honorary member, and, in addition to the Meisinger Award, received the society’s Cleveland Abbe Award for Distinguished Service to Atmospheric Science (1983), Carl-Gustav Rossby Research Medal (1996), and honorary membership for the totality of his contributions. In 1991 he was selected as AMS Remote Sensing Lecturer, which was renamed the Remote Sensing Prize in 2008 and again renamed the David and Lucille Atlas Remote Sensing Prize beginning in 2017. In 2011 he received the NAE’s prestigious Founders Award. Dave’s achievements were the result of his many qualities— persistence, intellect, creativity, enthusiasm, and love for science. As a taskmaster, there is little doubt he elevated the accomplishments of others to levels they might not otherwise have achieved. Another factor that shaped his career is perhaps best described as “serendipity,” a term he often used. In his memoir, Reflections (AMS, 2001), he wrote that he “began to realize that one had to be opportunistic and flexible to exploit events when they occurred.” Dave set out to become an electronics engineer but was drawn into meteorology by his assignment to service in war. It turned out that his multidisciplinary education and training

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had prepared him ideally for the emerging field of radar meteorology. He used his innate talents and a lot of hard work to accomplish the rest. Dave loved his wife, children, and grandchildren. He skied (water and snow) and played tennis. His curiosity extended to spirituality and religion. This man who set very high professional standards was also a man with great compassion for others, who would do almost anything to help a friend. He touched the lives of hundreds, perhaps thousands of people worldwide. There are many of us who can claim to have been a friend and colleague of Dave Atlas, a privilege and honor that we cherish greatly.

HOWARD K. BIRNBAUM 1932–2005 Elected in 1988

“For exceptional work on the effect of hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement on properties of metals.”

BY IAN M. ROBERTSON SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

HOWARD KENT BIRNBAUM, 73, emeritus professor of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and emeritus director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois, died January 23, 2005, in Champaign. He was known throughout the world for his pioneering contributions to the fundamental mechanisms controlling the mechanical properties of metals and in particular for the discovery and development of the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanism of hydrogen-induced degradation of materials. His work on hydrogen in metals included the discovery of quantum tunneling to account for the low-temperature diffusion of hydrogen, hydrogen trapping, ordering, phase trans- formations, and embrittlement. Through the novel use of a transmission electron microscope he demonstrated that the introduction of hydrogen to a metal accelerated the production and enhanced the mobility of dislocations. He explained this effect by developing the hydrogen shielding mechanism, now known as the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) mechanism, accepted as a viable mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement. Howard was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 18, 1932, to Ida and Jack Birnbaum, who were Polish immigrants.

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His passion and talent for engineering started early and he applied and was admitted to the prestigious Brooklyn Technical High School (1946–1950). He earned his BS (1953) and MS (1955) in metallurgy from Columbia University. He followed his advisor Thomas A. Read from Columbia University to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and received his PhD in 1958. This was a major decision for Howard as the trip to Illinois was his first west of the Hudson River; it marked the beginning of his career in the Midwest. After his PhD he moved to the University of Chicago, first as an instructor and then as an assistant professor in the Institute for the Study of Metals. His time there was brief and he returned to the University of Illinois in 1961. Nevertheless, his tenure at the institute and his mentorship by Charles Barrett impacted his career as he learned the importance and value of interdisciplinary research. Throughout his career, Howard was a champion of interdisciplinary research. This was exemplified in his leadership of the broad materials science and engineering community at Illinois as director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, a position he held from 1987 until he retired from the University of Illinois in 1999. After that, his natural intu- ition and his mastery across multiple disciplines allowed him to continue his research, teaching, and mentorship of faculty and students despite his failing eyesight. Howard’s contributions and achievements were recognized by membership in the National Academy of Engineering (1988) and fellowship status in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996), Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (1995), American Physical Society (APS; 1971), American Society of Metals (ASM; 1988), and American Association for the Advancement of Science (1992). Among his numerous awards were a Guggenheim Fellowship (1967), the Department of Energy Prize for Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and Ceramics (1984 and 1988), the Robert F. Mehl Gold Medal from the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (1986), and the Von Hippel Award from the Materials Research Society (MRS; 2002).

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He was an articulate and persuasive spokesperson for the needs and future of materials science and engineering and served on numerous committees and panels for federal funding agencies, the national laboratories, professional societies, and journals. For example, he was a member of the board of governors for Argonne National Laboratory and Acta Metallurgica, he served on advisory committees for the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University, as well as on the APS, MRS, and ASM councils. Through these and many other activities Howard helped to shape the field of materials science and engineering both nationally and internationally. I was recruited to the University of Illinois as a postdoctoral fellow in 1982 to work in Howard’s group on the transmission electron microscope experiments related to hydrogen embrittlement. Over the next few years, Howard and I spent countless hours working side by side on the experiments that showed hydrogen enhancing the velocity of dislocations. I found it remarkable that someone of his stature would want to be directly connected to the experiments, but I quickly learned the pleasure he derived from actually doing the research. He enjoyed designing and building equipments to probe new areas of research; he assumed everything was possible if we put our minds to it. Those days in the microscope room with Howard were an incredible experience and the collaboration and learning continued for another 20 years. Although he was known as demanding and a fierce debater and defender of the HELP mechanism, he was best known for his loyalty and friendship, which were brought home to me after my first conference presentation on the HELP mechanism. The questioning was tough and I remember feeling somewhat discouraged after the talk. Howard just smiled and commented that it went better than he expected. He then introduced me to the members of the “opposition” and we arranged to meet for further discussion. The debate was again fierce, as it often was with Howard, but it was between friends. I was reminded of the extent of Howard’s friendships as we gathered in 2006 to celebrate his achievements and

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accomplishments. Friends from around the world paid tribute to their sometime adversary but always friend. Listening to the personal recollections at that meeting, I was reminded of his sense of humor and what fun it was to spend time in his company. My tenure at Illinois, over 30 years, was made easier and more enjoyable and fruitful by Howard and his wife Freda who helped me and my family in countless ways. As I think back to the events that brought me in contact with Howard and his family, I feel very fortunate to have had the privilege of having had such a mentor and friend. Petros Sofronis, who was mentored by Howard during his graduate days and throughout his career, recalled that “every meeting I had with him turned into an instructive and exciting tutorial session spanning the disciplines of materials science and solid mechanics. Howard had no patience for the worn- out path in scientific research and he encouraged me to push the boundaries of the field.” This observation was echoed by the many who were guided and mentored by Howard. He cherished all of his students and postdocs and enjoyed mentoring them both professionally and personally. Howard and Freda Silber married on December 25, 1954, in Brooklyn. Howard was a perfectionist and expected much from his family, students, and colleagues, but he was always fair, even when he disagreed. And although he had a tough demeanor, he was known by his friends and family to have a good sense of humor. He loved travelling with his family and collecting glass, which started as a hobby and was ostensibly for his children. This interest became a passion that continued throughout his life and he and Freda built an impressive collection of art glass. Freda now lives in Dallas. Their eldest daughter, Dr. Elisa Birnbaum, lives in St. Louis; their son Scott Birnbaum is in Indianapolis; and their daughter Dr. Shari Birnbaum is in Dallas. There are six grandchildren: Aaron, Sam, Zach, and Hannah Zuckerman, and Holly and Alice DeVane. Howard is also survived by his sister Sybil Licht who lives in Atlantic Beach, NY.

JOHN A. BLUME 1909–2002 Elected in 1969

“Pioneering work in the development and application of new design concepts and analysis of buildings and structures in response to earthquakes.”

BY ANNE KIREMIDJIAN, JAMES GERE, HELMUT KRAWINKLER, AND HARESH SHAH

JOHN AUGUSTUS BLUME, an early pioneer in earthquake engineering and a consulting professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University, died at his home in Hillsborough on March 1, 2002, at the age of 92. His wife Jene was at his bedside. John Blume was born April 8, 1909, in Gonzales, California. He grew up hearing stories from both sets of grandparents about how they survived the great 1906 earthquake and fire. His father, Charles A. Blume, was a builder who participated in the reconstruction of the Palace Hotel and other buildings in San Francisco after the disaster. As a young man, Blume worked for his father as a steel erec- tor and rigger. In 1925 he witnessed the destruction of Santa Barbara by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake that killed 13 people and severely damaged the majority of commercial buildings. This experience was the impetus for his career in earthquake engineering. Four years after the Santa Barbara earthquake, Blume enrolled at Stanford to study engineering and created a unique study plan—a mix of courses in geology, architecture, and

Reprinted with the permission of the John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University.

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mathematics. He was awarded a BA degree with distinction in 1933 in civil engineering and an engineering degree in 1934. While at Stanford, he developed a close rapport with Lydik Jacobson, who introduced him to the study of structural vibra- tions and dynamics, which he later applied to the understanding of structural response to earthquake ground motion. He began his career in engineering with the US Coast and Geodetic Survey and then joined Chevron Corporation and Brunnier Engineers of San Francisco. He participated in the design of oil refineries, buildings, and waterfront and other structures in the United States and around the world. In 1945 he started his own company, which grew to become John A. Blume and Associates. Projects in which he was involved include buildings and waterfront structures for ARAMCO in Saudi Arabia, laboratory facilities for Chevron Research in California, the Stanford Linear Accelerator, the restoration of the California State Capitol, the Embarcadero Center Complex including the Hyatt Regency Hotel, the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, and the Commercial Port for the government of Guam. In addition to the design of the Diablo Canyon plant, the firm provided earthquake engineering services to over 70 nuclear power plants in the United States, Japan, and Europe. Blume also served as a consultant to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and his firm monitored structural response to the underground nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site. In 1971 the company was acquired by URS Corporation, which operated under the name URS/John Blume and Associates. In 1964, at the age of 55, Blume returned to Stanford to pursue his doctorate. He studied with Donovan Young and received his PhD degree on January 6, 1967, 33 years to the day after receiving his bachelor’s degree. His engineering practice continued to thrive while he was a full-time doctoral student. John Blume was a strong proponent of earthquake engineering and is considered by many in the profession the “father of earthquake engineering.” He authored more than 150 papers, articles, and books, and was active in professional

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organizations, helping establish many of them. He was a founding member and elected fellow of the Earthquake Engineers Research Institute (EERI) and served as president of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California (SEAONC), Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), EERI, and the Consulting Engineers Association of California (CEAC). He led numerous committees in these organizations and was instrumental in crafting some of the early earthquake-resistant design guidelines that evolved into building code regulations. In recognition of his contributions, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), SEAOC, and the New York Academy of Sciences made him an honorary member. In addition, he received many awards and honors, including ASCE’s Leon S. Moisseiff Award (1953, 1961, and 1969) and Ernest E. Howard Award (1962), and the Harry Fielding Reid Medal of the Seismological Society of America (1985). In 1969 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and named “Man of the Year” by the Building Industry Conference Board. He was also an elected fellow of the American Concrete Institute and the International Association of Earthquake Engineering. John Blume demonstrated boundless generosity, and his love for learning is best described in his own words: “I sin- cerely believe that the most important thing you have learned beyond the basic laws of nature, mechanics, and materials is to teach yourself.” In the mid-1970s, troubled that Stanford, which once was the leader in structural dynamics research, did not have an earthquake engineering laboratory—while Berkeley, Caltech, and Illinois, among others, had major laboratories in this field—he helped establish and endowed the earthquake engineering center that bears his name. He also established a graduate fellowship and a chaired professorship in earthquake engineering. Through the years, he took a keen interest in the progress and growth of the Blume Center, and worked closely with the faculty and students pursuing his research interest until Parkinson’s disease prevented him from being fully active.

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Dr. Blume will be remembered for his pioneering research, remarkable books, and lectures; for establishing a leading structural engineering design firm; for his generosity to Stanford; and, to those who were privileged to have known him, for his warm and charming personality. He is survived by his wife Jene, sister Beverly, nephew and nieces, a stepson, and two stepgranddaughters.

STUART W. CHURCHILL 1920–2016 Elected in 1974

“Contributions to chemical engineering, specifically heat transfer and combustion.”

BY WARREN D. SEIDER SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

STUART WINSTON CHURCHILL, professor emeritus in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, passed away March 24, 2016, at age 95. He was born June 13, 1920, in Imlay City, Michigan, the son of Howard and Faye Churchill. Dr. Churchill was a force in the fields of combustion, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics for over 60 years. He conceived and developed a thermally stabilized burner that resulted in much quieter and cleaner combustion, greatly reducing the size of heaters and furnaces. He also invented a heat exchanger/ catalytic reactor that incinerates cigarette smoke, toxic compounds, and microorganisms in living and working spaces. He was a pioneer in the use of digital computers to solve engineering problems and in the development of improved models for representing engineering data during conditions of turbulent flow and convection. In the mid-1950s, he carried out light scattering calculations, using one of the first major programs on the world’s first digital computer, the ENIAC, which was designed and built at Penn. In addition, he contributed to nuclear safety, the safe handling of liquefied natural gas, the space program, and national defense. He received bachelor’s degrees in both chemical engineering and mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1942

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and went to work at Shell Oil Company. There he helped design, operate, and analyze new processes such as fluidized- bed catalytic cracking for the production of aviation gasoline during World War II. At the end of the war he joined a small startup company, Frontier Chemical, where he helped create a new process for the manufacture of the important industrial chemicals hydrochloric acid and caustic soda. He returned to the University of Michigan in 1947 and became a member of the faculty after receiving his PhD in 1952. He began teaching as an instructor in 1950 while doing his doctoral research, was promoted to full professor in 1957, and chaired the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering from 1962 to 1967. He was noted for his mathematical approach to teaching transport phenomena, actively involving his students with instantaneous derivations at the blackboard. In parallel, he served as director, vice president, and president of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). He was credited as having reversed the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development (ECPD) Goals Report recommendations to create the first professional engineering degree as a five-year master’s degree and to change from specific cur- ricular accreditation to accreditation of the overall engineering college. He also served on the Senate Advisory Committee on University Affairs, and was vice chair (1964–1967) of the Board of Control of Intercollegiate Athletics at the University of Michigan. In 1967 he accepted the Carl V.S. Patterson Scholarly Chair at the University of Pennsylvania, which permitted him to focus almost entirely on research and teaching. In 1993 he earned one of Penn’s first Medals for Distinguished Service. He also served as a visiting professor at Iowa State University, the University of Utah, Pennsylvania State University, and Okayama University in Japan, and was on the advisory committees of many other institutions. In addition to his 25 doctoral students at the University of Michigan, he advised 20 doctoral students at the University of Pennsylvania. With heavy emphasis on mathematics, often

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involving digital computers in their early stages of development, every doctoral thesis involved a significant experimental component. To augment his teaching and research, he authored several textbooks: Interpretation and Use of Rate Data: The Rate Concept (McGraw-Hill, 1974; revised printing, Hemispheres Publishing, 1979), The Practical Use of Theory in Fluid Flow: Inertial Flows (Etaner Press, 1980), and Viscous Flows: The Practical Use of Theory (Butterworths, 1988). In recognition of his contributions and achievements, Dr. Churchill was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1974 and in 2002 he won the NAE Founders Award for “outstanding leadership in research, education, and professional service, and for continuing contributions in combustion, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics for over a half century.” Among his other awards were AIChE’s Professional Progress Award (1964), William H. Walker Award (1969), and Warren K. Lewis Award (1978), and the ASME/AIChE Max Jakob Memorial Award in Heat Transfer (1979). In 1985 the Center for the History of Chemistry (now the Chemical Heritage Foundation) prepared an oral history on his career. He formally retired in 1990 but remained active in teaching, research, and scholarly work. During his professional career, he authored 215 papers and six books. After retirement he added more than 110 papers. Dr. Churchill was honored with a Festschrift on the occasion of his 90th birthday in the August 2011 issue (vol. 50, no. 15) of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, a leading archi- val journal in chemical engineering. The Festschrift noted,

Stuart’s breadth extends far beyond that of most engineering science researchers. His enthusiasm for design, research and teaching has increasingly suggested interactions for us in recent years. Also, for the last 30 years, even in retirement, Stuart enthusiastically continues to advise one of our senior design groups. He understands the importance of teaching students how to translate engineering science principles into process and product designs that satisfy consumer needs

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and to seek designs that optimize profitability in the face of uncertainty.

A gifted teacher and mentor, Dr. Churchill often mused that one of the greatest rewards of an academic career was the opportunity to work and learn with graduate students who were attracted by the opportunity to work on problems of obvious importance to society, and who were willing to share the risks of exploratory research and accept the burden of carrying out both numerical and experimental work. He received the S. Reid Warren Jr. Award for Distinguished Teaching in 1978. Through decades of scholarly mentorship of colleagues and students, Dr. Churchill brought distinction to the University of Pennsylvania and its Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and to the University of Michigan and its Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. In 2008 the AIChE designated him one of the 100 most distinguished chemical engineers of the modern era. His accomplishments have been far reaching and have changed the way average Americans live. In addition to his great love of science and technology, all encounters with Dr. Churchill exposed his comparable love of music, art, literature, nature, gardening, long walks (and runs), travel, fine food and wine, health, fitness, tennis, skiing, and intercollegiate athletics—as well as political discourse. Dr. Churchill is survived by his wife of 41 years, Renate; his brother James Paul Churchill; children Stuart Lewis Churchill, Diana Zajic, Catherine Fraser, and Emily Sanders; grandchildren Lara Zajic Barron and Stefan Zajic, Madeline and Sylvia Fraser, Elizabeth and Zachary Sanders; and great- grandchildren Tomas and Halina Zajic.

WESLEY A. CLARK 1927–2016 Elected in 1999

“For the design of early computers.”

BY IVAN E. SUTHERLAND, MARY ALLEN WILKES, SEVERO M. ORNSTEIN, AND JEROME R. COX

WESLEY ALLISON CLARK passed away at his home in Brooklyn, New York, on February 22, 2016, at age 88. He was a pioneering architect of several revolutionary computers in the 1950s and 1960s, all motivated by his early, and at the time heretical, conviction that computers should be designed to enhance the productivity of the user, not the efficiency of the machine. Long before the word “ergonomic” came into popular use, Clark’s computers were outstandingly well human-engineered and thus highly interactive. They include the first computer with a ferrite-core memory (the Memory Test Computer), the first all-transistorized computer (the TX-0), the first computer with a million-bit memory (the TX-2), and the LINC (laboratory instrument computer), widely recognized as the world’s first personal computer, the great-granddaddy of all the personal devices in use today. The revolutionary nature of Clark’s work is best understood by recalling the computing environment of the 1950s. Computers were then so massive and expensive that maxi- mizing their efficiency was the paramount goal. The ortho- dox view therefore was that a computer had to be shared by multiple individuals. Initially this took the form of sequential sharing through batch processing via decks of punched cards,

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but by the late 1950s people were exploring time-sharing that promised multiple users “simultaneous” interactive access. However, interactivity was limited both by the access mechanism (typically teletype-like terminals) and by the fact that the increasing number of users quickly swamped the capacity of even the most powerful machines. Defying the time-sharing orthodoxy, and influenced by his early 1950s experience with MIT’s Whirlwind computer (where single users were given long periods of complete access to and control over the computer), Clark became convinced that complete individual “ownership” was vital. He also recognized the power of graphical interaction with the computer. Thus, in the mid-1950s he designed the TX-2 at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory with a light pen and large display— and, although it was the most powerful computer in the world at the time, he insisted that it be dedicated to individual users. He resisted attempts to time-share it, ruffling some feathers at MIT in the process, and instead, despite the cost, made sure that an individual could take complete control of the computer for extended periods. His philosophy permitted Ivan Sutherland, for example, to develop Sketchpad, thereby laying the foundation for today’s computer graphics. Years later Clark told Sutherland, “You know, I designed the TX-2 just for you. I just didn’t know who you were at the time.” By the early 1960s Clark recognized that hardware size and costs were about to shrink dramatically, further facilitating individual ownership. He foresaw, at least a decade before anyone else, that computers would become personal devices with which one would interact through graphical means. He had also spent some time in the early 1950s working with Belmont Farley on the use of computers to simulate neural activity of the brain. By the early 1960s he had developed a deep appreciation for how a real-time, interactive computer in the hands of a single researcher could advance biomedical research. In 1961 he addressed the first symposium of the Brain Research Institute with these words:

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Ideally the researcher would have the general-purpose computer in his laboratory for use “on-line,” enabling him to observe and act on the basis of the calculated results while the experiment is in progress.

By 1962 this vision had become the LINC. Before the LINC, for medical researchers to use the analytical power of a computer, they first had to reduce experimental data to a stack of punched cards that were transported to the computer center for processing behind closed doors by a “computer operator.” It took hours, even days, to get results. It was not possible to interact with an experiment in real time or watch it in process on a display. With the LINC, the computer moved into the laboratory as an instrument that could be integrated directly with an ongoing experiment. It was developed under Clark’s leadership at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory and first used in a research experiment in April 1962 to analyze a cat’s real-time neural responses at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Maryland. It created a sensation. Robert Livingston, scientific director of the NIMH, said later, “It was such a triumph that we danced a jig right there around the equipment. No human being had ever been able to see what we had just witnessed. It was as if we had an opportunity to ski down a virgin snow field of a previously undiscovered mountain.” The National Institutes of Health (NIH) quickly embraced this development by funding the LINC Evaluation Program, which placed LINCs in a dozen selected biomedical research laboratories around the country in the summer of 1963. Within two years the LINC had revolutionized biomedical research. Faculty at the University of Wisconsin, where one of the LINCs was placed, said in 2003, “Not only did it speed up data analysis by more than two orders of magnitude, but it also provided rapid, ‘on-line’ feedback of processed output that enabled hitherto impossible experiments to be carried out.” The recipient of that LINC, neurophysiologist Joe Hind, went on to establish in 1965 a Laboratory Computer Facility at the university, making laboratory computers available to all in

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the Medical School. In so doing, he contradicted the university’s policy that the university’s main computer could handle all of the campus’s computing chores even though it required carrying punch-card programs and specially processed data tapes to the Computing Center. The LINC demonstrated that a small computer could exist with sufficient harmony and integrity to be a productive tool in the hands of a single person. It was the first of what came to be known as “minicomputers” (at that time the term “personal computer” was not much used), and it heavily influenced the design of subsequent DEC machines, including the PDP-4 and PDP-5, the direct forerunner of DEC’s highly successful PDP-8. Of course, the LINC was huge by today’s personal computer standards: the electronics alone, all transistor logic, occupied a refrigerator-sized cabinet. Clark was fond of pointing out, swiping his hand like a paintbrush in the direction of the LINC, that “someday you’ll be able to just paint all this on any handy flat surface.” He believed that computers should be fun to use, and his were. He was a great admirer of the Honeywell- Emett Forget-Me-Not Computer, an engaging monument to invention and whimsy. Clark’s courage in bucking the centralized computing and time-sharing orthodoxy of the day was risky. It put him at odds with MIT’s governing policies on more than one occasion and led to his parting ways with the institute. Although he had obtained a $30 million commitment from NIH, the largest grant it had ever awarded, to establish an interuniversity Center for Computer Research in the Biomedical Sciences, he and MIT disagreed over how the center was to be run and in 1964 Clark declined the grant and left MIT. He would often say in later years that he had had the distinction of being the only person in the world to have been fired from MIT for insubor- dination three times. Clark and his team found a welcome home at Washington University in St. Louis, where he was appointed Research Professor of Computer Science and, with new funding from NIH, founded the Computer Systems Laboratory and

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continued the LINC Evaluation Program. He led the design of “macromodules,” computer building blocks that spurred interest in asynchronous logic. He made a crucial contribution to the design of the Arpanet, forerunner of the Internet. Interconnecting different models of computers in a network was a formidable problem. Clark suggested that a “small computer” be installed at each site that wanted access to the Net, with the small computers all interconnected and each site then needing to cope with just the one interface to its own small computer. This “small computer,” now called a router, became, and remains, a central part of the design of the Internet. The fact that Clark was able to make such a significant move to a different state, and have the core of his team join him, was remarkable and attests to people’s dedication to him and his vision. He was an enabler and quiet mentor to all who worked with him. He was witty and engaging, humble, char- ismatic, and compassionate, and everyone who worked with him became a lifelong and loyal friend. One of his colleagues at Washington University, Warren Littlefield, captured the experience:

Wesley opened a door for me to adventure and discovery. By inviting me into his magical kingdom I enjoyed the great good fortune of playing a small but exhilarating part in the evolution of computing. . . . Every day in the Computer Systems Lab was an exciting day. . . . You quickly became convinced that the center of the computing universe lay, at least while [Wesley] was there, in St. Louis, Mo.

He was active outside the laboratory too. He was a national lecturer for the ACM (1966) and a lecturer in the IEEE Distinguished Visitor Program. Three of his engaging presentations are available on YouTube. In 1972 he was one of six computer scientists invited to visit and lecture in China for 18 days as guests of the Chinese government. They were the first American scientists to visit China in nearly 20 years. He authored or coauthored over 25 publications.

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For his extraordinary contributions, he received the ACM- IEEE Computer Society Eckert-Mauchly Award for Computer Architecture in 1981, and in the same year was a charter recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award for the “First Personal Computer.” He was awarded an honorary DSc by Washington University in 1984 and elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1999. In 1977–1978 he was the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology. He served on the National Academy of Sciences’ Computer Science and Engineering Board (1968–1971) and its Committee on the Use of Computers in the Life Sciences (1961–1973) as well as the NAS Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People’s Republic of China (1974–1976). Clark was born in New Haven on April 10, 1927. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he received a degree in physics in 1947 and pursued graduate studies, which included two years with the Nuclear Reactor Dynamics Group at Hanford, Washington. In his spare time he taught himself Chinese, built a working Turing machine (which he dubbed “The Only Working Turing Machine There Ever Was, Probably,” or “TOWTMTEWP”), and designed and built lovely things such as an elegant aviary that harbored several pairs of finches and graced his home in St. Louis for many years. He is survived by his wife, Maxine L. Rockoff; sons Douglas, Brian, and Peter and daughter Alison Eleanor Clark; a sister, Joan Murphy; and five grandchildren.

WILLIAM A. CLEVENGER 1919–2009 Elected in 1990

“For exceptional contributions in geotechnical engineering, management, and service to the profession.”

BY RUDOLPH BONAPARTE

WILLIAM ALBERT CLEVENGER, an eminent geotechnical engineer and expert on the design of earth and rockfill embankment dams, died July 9, 2009, at the age of 89 in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Bill was born in Wheatland, Wyoming, on September 12, 1919, the eldest of three children. He received his BS degree in civil engineering from the University of Wyoming in 1943 and joined the US Army Corps of Engineers as a supervisor in its Soil Mechanics School. He saw active duty during World War II and rose to the rank of lieutenant. While in the service, he met and married Janet (Jan) Tucker of Spokane, Washington. From 1946 to 1956 he worked first as a materials engineer (soil mechanics) and then as head of the Soil Properties Section for the US Bureau of Reclamation in Denver. During his tenure at the bureau, he undertook advanced studies in irrigation engineering in 1947–1948 at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. He also gained substantial experience in the geotechnical engineering aspects of the design of dams, reservoirs, and related water management structures. He joined the geotechnical engineering firm Woodward- Clyde Consultants (WCC) in 1956 and immediately became the principal in charge of its Denver office. He stayed with WCC for 28 years, and from 1973 to 1980 chaired the WCC

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board. After his semiretirement in 1984 he continued to take on occasional assignments as an independent consultant on dam projects. His professional practice at both the Bureau of Reclamation and WCC centered on the investigation, design, and construction of earth and rockfill dams. Based on his experience and expertise he coauthored (with James L. Sherard, Richard J. Woodward, and Stanley F. Gizienski) the 1963 landmark book on the topic, Earth and Earth-Rock Dams: Engineering Problems of Design and Construction (John Wiley and Sons), as well as nearly 20 technical papers. He also served on the National Research Council Committee on the Safety of Dams, which authored the 1977 report A Review of the Programs of the US Bureau of Reclamation for the Safety of Existing Dams. During his career Bill consulted on some 500 dam pr ojects in the United States and more than 20 other countries. These projects include, to name just a few, the Teton Dam (Idaho); Grayrocks Dam (Wyoming); Martin Dam (Florida); Merrill Creek Dam (New Jersey); Oroville and San Luis Dams (California); Tarbela Dam (Pakistan); Narrows, Dillon, and Valmont Dams (Colorado); and Wolf Creek Dam (Tennessee). He was a keenly insightful and intuitive engineer, always bringing smart ideas and sound judgment to the table. He was highly sought after as a consultant, by public and private dam owners, architect/engineer firms involved in dam design, and contractors involved in dam construction. He served on numerous dam safety review teams and boards, and was involved in a number of root cause investigations of dam failures. In addition to dams, Bill’s consulting practice extended to fossil and nuclear power plants, industrial facilities, highways and airfields, and irrigation facilities. Representative of his international experience were projects in Argentina, Canada, China, Greece, Iceland, Peru, Spain, Thailand, and Venezuela. His long history of exemplary service to the profession included numerous national offices and many technical and professional committees. He was president of the Consulting Engineers Council of Colorado; vice president, senior vice

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president, and president of the American Consulting Engineers Council (ACEC) and chair of its Public Relations and Business Development Committees; and president of the Colorado Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Other committee memberships included the ACEC Civil Works Committee and ASCE Committee on Embankment Dams and Slopes. He was a director for the US Committee on Large Dams and a member of the US National Committee of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. As ACEC president, he served on the Interprofessional Council on Environmental Design (ICED), the Legislative Advisory Committee, and the National Council of Professional Service Firms. He was a registered professional engineer in California, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington, and Wyoming. He was recognized for his achievements and contributions with a Distinguished Service Award from the Consulting Engineers Council of California and a Superior Service Award from the US Bureau of Reclamation. He was named the Woodward Lecturer by WCC and a member of the University of Wyoming Alumni Hall of Fame. In addition to his election to the NAE, he was inducted into the Sigma Tau engineering honor society (which subsequently merged into Tau Beta Pi). After retiring from WCC, Bill and Jan moved to Sequim, Washington, on the Olympic Peninsula, where they enjoyed golf and Bill loved to fish. He delighted in visits from old friends and colleagues and the chance to share time fishing with his guests. He and Jan also stayed active in the lives of their four grown children and their families. Jan passed away on March 11, 2012, in Coeur d’Alene, at the age of 92. They are survived by sons William, Thomas, and Patrick, daughter Martha, 11 grandchildren, and 14 great-grandchildren.

THOMAS B. COOK, JR. 1926–2013 Elected in 1981

“Outstanding contributions to the understanding of nuclear weapons effects and to the design of weapons to penetrate nuclear defenses.”

BY JOHN C. CRAWFORD SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

THOMAS B. COOK, JR. passed away at his home in Pleasanton, California, December 27, 2013, at the age of 87. Tom was born August 28, 1926, in Rich Pond, Kentucky, the son of Willie Ethel and Thomas B. Cook, Sr. He graduated from Bowling Green High School in 1943, from Western Kentucky State University in 1947 with a bachelor of science in physics and mathematics, and from Vanderbilt University in 1951 with a master’s and PhD in physics. In 1944–1946 he also served in the Navy. He was hired by Sandia National Laboratories in 1951 as a member of the technical staff (MTS). He spent his entire career with Sandia, yet the impact of his leadership and expertise was felt well beyond Sandia in the broad areas of science and national security. In 1951 Sandia was entering a transition period as its focus changed from nuclear weapon production to the engineering and development of nuclear weapons. Sandia recognized that, to be a competent engineering laboratory, it must develop a sound research base from which to work. Tom was among the first PhDs—and at age 24 the youngest—at Sandia, and thus was at the forefront of this major transition of the laboratory’s focus from production to science and engineering.

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His technical expertise and management skills were clearly recognized as he quickly assumed increasing responsibilities. He was promoted from MTS to section supervisor in 1955, division supervisor in 1956, and manager of the Nuclear Burst Physics Department in 1959. He was appointed director of physics and mathematics in 1962, and vice president of research in 1967. A year later he was asked to move to California to assume the leadership of Sandia’s Livermore Laboratory, a position he held for the next 14 years. He returned to Sandia’s Albuquerque location in 1982 as executive vice president and retired in 1986. Tom’s early work focused on understanding the atmospheric environments created during a nuclear explosion. He and collaborator Carter Broyles analyzed atmospheric nuclear burst effects up to altitudes of 100,000 feet, which was quite extra ordinary since in those days (the 1950s) 30,000 feet was considered high altitude. (Of course, the Space Age changed that perception dramatically.) The results were documented in a classified report that defined nuclear burst effects from ground level to 100,000 feet. It was widely used and became known by those in the field as the “Cook Book.” The work became increasingly important as Sandia took on the design and manufacture of micro electronics that were tolerant of these nuclear environments, a unique area of expertise that continues to this day at Sandia. Given his expertise in nuclear explosion effects, Tom subsequently chaired an Air Force Scientific Advisory Task Group that first delineated the problem of gamma-ray transients and their effect on military electronics systems. This concern led to the recognition that the nation needed experimental facilities to simulate the effects of nuclear explosions, so that military systems could be designed for survivability in a nuclear environment. Simulation facilities were built by several technical organizations, including Sandia, and some of them still operate and provide data for nuclear survivability. Recognition of the transient radiation problem also accelerated the nation’s (and Sandia’s) interest in developing microelectronics tolerant of radiation effects.

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In the late 1960s Tom was deeply involved with the US Navy program to develop a new option for deploying nuclear weapons on a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The original Polaris SLBM carried a single nuclear warhead on each missile, but with miniaturization and integration of components it was deemed possible to sufficiently reduce the size and weight that multiple warheads might be carried on a single missile, hence the original code name “Pebbles.” Sandia’s job was to miniaturize all the arming, firing, and fuzing components and to integrate them with the Lawrence Livermore–designed nuclear package into a small, Navy- supplied reentry body. This required an unprecedented degree of component and system integration. As vice president for research, and subsequently as vice president of Sandia Livermore, Tom was instrumental in applying all of Sandia’s new technologies in a tightly focused development program that was tremendously successful. The Poseidon SLBM was deployed in 1972, each missile carrying 10 nuclear warheads. The SLBM program was (and still is) under the direction of the Navy’s Strategic Systems Program Office (SSPO). RADM Robert H. Wertheim was the technical director and subsequently director of the SSPO during this time of intense development of the multiple warhead capability. He recalls his interactions with Sandia and with Tom:

As a key scientist and manager at Sandia, Tom Cook played an invaluable leadership role during the early development and subsequent evolution of the US Navy’s submarine-launched Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) system. Our Navy program office design strategy called for minimizing the payload weight for the new small missile by integrating the DOE nuclear warhead and the DoD reentry vehicle structures. This called for unprecedented organizational interfaces and cooperation among the program participants, and was notably provided by Tom and his Sandia teammates. In later more advanced missile models the Navy SP has chosen to extend the integration concept further, and contracts directly with Sandia for development and support of the fuzing subsystems. Tom was named a member of the Strategic Programs Steering Task Group serving the

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SSPO director. He was not only a valued colleague but also a close personal friend.

Tom’s influence and contributions extended well beyond the area of national security. In the early 1970s he challenged his people at Sandia Livermore for bold new ways that Sandia could provide technologies that would help solve some of the nation’s growing energy problems. Out of these discussions emerged the highly successful Combustion Research Facility (CRF) located on the Sandia Livermore campus. Dan L. Hartley, first director of the CRF, recalls Tom’s leadership in establishing the program:

Tom Cook had come to Sandia Livermore to raise the level of scientific capability and research contributions from the site. I was a great recipient of that effort. As one of the first PhDs in the new wave of his hires there, it was clear from Tom Cook’s messages that we were to be bolder in our thinking about what we were doing. As the energy crisis hit, and all the AEC/ ERDA/DOE labs were asked to come up with ideas to help, Tom challenged us to come up with big ideas. My research was relatively novel (measuring gas flow concentrations in milli- seconds with Raman spectroscopy—a new technique) and Tom had funded my projects handsomely. I proposed to use that technique to measure combustion processes, a key technology in nearly every energy process. I’ll never forget pre- senting my 10-person proposal to him to try my methods in the energy sector, when he responded “Dan, I want you to go for the whole enchilada!” Back to the drawing boards, emerging with a proposal for the National Center for Combustion Research (the name changed many times). I was new to the Washington scene, and our proposal required me to deal with several parts of ERDA and Tom opened the doors for me. He never stole the show, but let me grow in that role.

Throughout his career, Tom was a leader in establishing a world-class research team at Sandia. He clearly recognized the strength of engineering with a solid scientific research base. As vice president for research and then as vice president of Sandia Livermore he was at the forefront of Sandia’s efforts to recruit

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and develop the appropriate staff. He had a talent for attracting and developing outstanding scientists and engineers, and this was particularly apparent with his move to California. People respected Tom for the example he set and the dedication to national service he displayed on a daily basis. Miriam E. (Mim) John was one of those who began her career under his guidance and support. Her career at Sandia had many dimensions, but she advanced to follow in Tom’s footsteps (after a few years) as vice president of Sandia’s California Lab. She had this recollection of Tom and his impact:

Tom represented everything that has always been the best of what Sandia stands for. He lived the lab’s motto of “exceptional service in the national interest.” His technical accomplishments were instrumental in establishing the nation’s defense strategy, so much so that his peers recognized him with election to the National Academy of Engineering, one of the highest honors in the nation’s science and technology community. He was a pioneer in diversity, hiring and nurturing technical women and minorities at Sandia in the 60s and 70s well before other organizations. He also recognized in the 70s the need for Sandia/California to expand its portfolio of programs. A very visible and enduring testament to his foresight is the internationally respected Combustion Research Facility, which he effectively defended in its startup phase from both internal and external challengers while the technical team got it off the ground.

Tom was selected in 1971 to receive the prestigious E.O. Lawrence Award, given by the Atomic Energy Commission to recognize meritorious contributions in the field of atomic energy. His citation read as follows: “For his significant contributions to the study of nuclear weapon effects, for his original work in the translation of this knowledge into advanced technology for peaceful and military uses of atomic energy, and for his outstanding contributions to the nation through his service as an advisor to the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Defense on the effects of nuclear detonations.” In 1981 Tom was elected to the National Academy of

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Engineering and in 1986 he received the DOE Distinguished Associate Award in recognition of “his outstanding contributions to the Department of Energy’s national security and energy missions. As Executive Vice President of Sandia Corporation, his management skills, initiative, and dedication have resulted in significant benefits to the nation’s defense and energy well-being.” In 1996 he was recognized by Western Kentucky University with its Distinguished Alumni Award. In addition to these awards, Tom served on many boards and advisory groups; among them were the Defense Science Board Task Force on Vulnerability (chair), Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, Scientific Advisory Group of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, DoD Scientific Advisory Group on Effects, Steering Task Group for the US Navy Strategic Projects Office, and Air Force Penetration Program Panel. Throughout his long and productive career as a scientist and engineer, Tom Cook retained his focus on service to the nation. He had the foresight to anticipate problems, he had a talent for attracting outstanding people and nurturing their careers to help solve these problems, and he was extraordinarily successful at collaborative efforts across major organizational interfaces. He was an outstanding scientist in his own right, but his impact was even greater because of his unique ability to work with and through other individuals and organizations to achieve major shared goals. He was a true leader. He is survived by his wife of 66 years, Virginia Preston Cook, and their two children, Dr. Thomas B. Cook III of Princeton, and Shelley I. Cook of Pleasanton.

J. BARRY COOKE 1915–2005 Elected in 1979

“Contributions to the design and construction of rockfill dams and related hydro projects.”

BY NELSON L. DE S. PINTO

JAMES BARRY COOKE was born in London on April 28, 1915. His early education was in English schools until, when he was 10 years old, the Cooke family emigrated to the United States in 1926 and settled in the Los Angeles area. He completed high school there in 1935 and, after a year at Pasadena Junior College, enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, in September 1936. He graduated in June 1939 with a bachelor’s degree in engineering and immediately obtained employment as a junior engineer in the Engineering Department of Pacific Gas and Electric Company in San Francisco. His employment was interrupted in 1942–1946 for service in World War II as an engineer officer in the Corps of Engineers, where he attained the rank of major. He served two years on invasion planning and 1½ years in France and Germany on military bridges in connection with the Rhine River Crossing and the Remagen Bridge episode. For these he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. In 1947 he resumed employment with Pacific Gas and Electric and became involved in the engineering of 18 new hydro developments and the operating problems of 70 existing projects. He served concurrently as an associated consultant, with his supervisor, I.C. Steele (vice president and chief

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engineer), on plans and specifications for some 15 American and foreign hydro projects. In his activities with PG&E, which involved work on 110 dam projects and more than 200 km of tunnels, Barry developed an increasing interest in the design, construction, and performance of dams, with special attention to concrete face rockfill dams (CFRD). His contribution to the 1958 ASCE Symposium on Rockfill Dams, in Portland, Oregon, as chair of the committee, illus- trates his early commitment to this type of dam. He was influential in inducing ASCE to print the conference proceedings as Part II of the Transactions of ASCE, vol. 125 (1960) that became a state-of-the-art reference on rockfill dams at the time. Publishing on technical issues and spreading his experience amply among friends and clients became one of his trademarks. Inspired by his many technical activities and achievements, Barry took early retirement from PG&E in 1961 to begin an independent consulting practice at the age of 46. He worked uninterruptedly until 2004, when his then frail health demanded a halt. He remained interested in news on CFRDs to the end. During his lengthy career Barry was involved in 100 dam projects in more than 20 countries. His national and international assignments on major projects required extensive long-distance air travel—several hundred thousand miles annually—which he did without complaint. On the contrary, he exhibited an ever present professional enthusiasm. His intense consulting activity was instrumental in the development of CFRD design and its worldwide acceptance as a valid and competitive type of dam. China in particular was the country where CFRDs enjoyed the greatest acceptance. Not by coincidence, the J. Barry Cooke Volume: Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (Chinese Committee on Large Dams, 2000), organized by a group of Brazilian engineers, was published for distribution at the International Symposium on Concrete Face Rockfill Dams and 20th

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International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Congress in Beijing.1 I first met Barry, then chief engineer of PG&E, in November 1959 when, as a fresh MS in hydraulics from the University of Iowa, I came looking for some dam projects to visit. The Wishon and Courtright CFRDs had just been finished and he personally authorized the visit, without missing the opportunity to highlight for his junior visitor the advantageous properties of that type of dam. Neither of us could have imagined how much and how closely we would cooperate in the future on several CFRD projects. We first worked together on the board of consultants for the 160-meter-high Foz do Areia CFRD in Brazil (1975–1980), a benchmark in the development of that type of dam, as the highest and largest in the world at the time. Most importantly, it was also the first of this type of dam to hold a permanent reservoir. Its excellent performance was decisive to the acceptance of the CFRD as a first-class dam type for consideration in projects all over the world. Barry’s enthusiasm about the favorable characteristics of “his” dam—“CFRD dams are inherently safe…” was one of his favorite sentences—induced him to sponsor the Proceedings of the ASCE Symposium on Concrete Face Rockfill Dams: Design, Construction, and Performance in 1985, a publication that became known among dam engineers as “The Green Book.” A second symposium followed under his leadership in Florianópolis in Brazil, in 1999, to register the evolution of the design and construction practice. In 2007 the Brazilian engineers organized a third symposium, again in Florianópolis, this one in Barry’s honor, to update the evolution of CFRDs and in “recognition of his unique role as the main developer of CFRDs throughout the world, and as an homage for his positive contribution to dam engineering in Brazil.”

1 The introduction to the book, by Thomas M. Leps, a close friend of Barry, was my main reference for this memoir.

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Among other professional honors were the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award from the University of California, Berkeley (1993) and his selection as Karl Terzaghi Lecturer for the 1982 ASCE annual meeting. Barry was a special class of American engineer who, having experienced the pressure of war engineering at the start of his career, brought to his professional life the no-nonsense approach and honesty required for good engineering of large hydro projects. In addition, by his character, he left an example of competent and ethical behavior that continues to inspire the engineering community in many countries worldwide. He died April 21, 2005, at the age of 89.

His daughter Bonnie remembers

My father, besides being a brilliant engineer, was a kind, loving, and generous man to family and friends throughout the world. His generosity was unbounded. When he found out that his secretary’s daughter had been accepted to a university but did not have the funds to attend, he sponsored her until she got her degree. The care and comfort he gave to his brother, suffer- ing through the rigors of Alzheimer’s, was also characteristic of his compassionate side. Such empathy was second nature to him. He stayed as fit physically as he did mentally by a daily regime (when possible) of lap swimming and frequent tennis matches with his wife (she never let him win but he never quit trying!). In his college days and again in his later years he enjoyed sailing on the San Francisco Bay. He also loved to hike, and whoever was lucky enough to join him learned a lot about the soil composition they were standing on and the rocks they saw. But it was the love of all things dam related—from his starving student days at Cal to literally his last days—that was the driving force of his life. There was hardly ever a dinner conversation that he didn’t finagle a way to discuss his latest project. And somehow he made these descriptions interesting to all nonengineering guests present.

He will be missed as much for the man he was as for his towering engineering accomplishments.

ALAN COTTRELL 1919–2012 Elected in 1976

“Contributions to science and technology of materials in engineering structures and applications of engineering science to major societal problems.”

BY PETER B. HIRSCH

ALAN HOWARD COTTRELL died February 15, 2012, at the age of 92. Over a period of some 70 years the impacts of his work on the basic understanding of materials and its application to engineering structures, his academic leadership, his role as scientific advisor to the British government, and his contributions to safe nuclear energy were all immense. Sir Alan was born in Birmingham (UK) on July 17, 1919, the elder son of Albert and Elizabeth Cottrell. He attended Moseley Grammar School and then read metallurgy at Birmingham University, graduating in 1939. He was put on war work and introduced to the serious problem of the cracking of tanks’ armor plating at electric arc welds, which he solved. This early experience no doubt influenced his lifelong interest in fracture and structural integrity. He was made lecturer at Birmingham in 1943 and in 1944 married Jean Elizabeth Harber, a marriage that lasted happily for 55 years. They had one son, Geoffrey, in 1951, and much later adopted a daughter, Ioana. It is said that one of Alan’s classic books, Dislocations and Plastic Flow in Metals, published

More details can be found in the Royal Society’s Biographical Memoirs (vol. 59, 2013) and in a 2013 special issue of the Philosophical Magazine (93:3695–3938) in honor of Sir Alan Cottrell.

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in 1953 (Clarendon Press), was written during sleepless nights with baby Geoffrey. Toward the end of the war Alan prepared a new lecture course, “Theoretical Structural Metallurgy” (which formed the basis of another classic book he wrote at this time), in which he discussed the structure and properties of metals in terms of the behavior of constituent atoms and electrons. The course was very influential and ahead of its time. It contributed greatly to transforming a hitherto rather qualitative subject into a quantitative discipline and was an important step in achieving his ambition to transform metallurgy into materials science. He was a brilliant lecturer, conveying complex phenomena in simple terms. After the war Alan started research on the plastic properties of metals, with a view to establishing the role of crystal line defects, called dislocations, in determining mechanical properties. The yield point of structural steel was of major interest, and he explained it in terms of the interaction of interstitial carbon and nitrogen atoms with the dislocations (Cottrell locking). There followed explanations of the yield drop, strain aging, the role of grain boundaries, blue brittleness of iron, the temperature dependence of the yield stress in steels, and pin- ning effects in face-centered cubic crystals. There were also seminal contributions in other areas. In a series of elegant temperature cycling experiments, with Robert Stokes on aluminum and M.A. Adams on copper, he showed that the relatively small temperature-dependent part of the flow stress is proportional to the main temperature-independent part (the Cottrell-Stokes Law), which was explained in terms of dislocations cutting through other dislocations. This led to the “forest” model of flow stress. This is without doubt one of the most important contributions to understanding of work hardening and stimulated much further research. In addition, he explained Robert Cahn’s experiments on the recovery of bent crystals of zinc by the process of “polygonization” and introduced a new mechanism, the Lomer-Cottrell lock, whereby a dislocation formed by the interaction of two dislocations at the intersection of two slip planes in face-centered

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cubic crystals would transform into a strong barrier to further slip. He was also interested in the interaction of point defects with dislocations, and, with Robert Maddin, carried out seminal experiments on quench hardening of aluminum. These and other investigations were all pioneering studies carried out over a period of just ten years. They are an impressive achievement and remarkable for their physical insight and lasting impact, and for showing the way critical experiments should be carried out. Alan’s contributions in this field are second to none. His work contributed much to making the Birmingham Department famous as a leading center for the science of metals. He was given a personal professorship in 1949 at the age of 30, and in 1955 was elected to the Royal Society at the early age of 35. That year he also accepted the post of deputy head of the Metallurgy Division at the UK Atomic Energy Establishment at Harwell, because he expected to find problems there of national importance that were in his field. His aim was to advance the understanding of radiation damage relevant to the development of nuclear power reactors. Radiation damage in uranium rods, in the graphite core in Magnox civil nuclear reactors in the United Kingdom, was of particular concern. Swelling and growth of uranium were studied and in a brilliantly designed experiment Cottrell, with A.C. Roberts, showed that creep under neutron irradiation would produce a large buckle in the fuel rod within a few weeks. This led to a redesign of the fuel rods in the reactors. Another area studied was the radiation embrittlement of structural steels, resulting in a rise of the brittle-ductile transition temperature. This work has a direct bearing on the integrity of pressure vessels in pressurized water reactors of current design as well as in the older Magnox reactors in the United Kingdom. In addition, Cottrell wrote a review article in 1956 on the effects of neutron irradiation on metals and alloys, which was very influential at the time. These studies led him to consider the problem of brittle cleavage of steels. Experimental evidence showed that

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cleavage cracks were nucleated by plastic deformation. In a famous paper in 1958 he described an ingenious mechanism for reducing elastic energy by the coalescence of dislocations on intersecting slip planes for the nucleation of cleavage cracks on cube planes in the body-centered cubic lattice. The difficult step in brittle fracture was therefore the propagation of the crack nuclei across the grains. This led to the identification of refinement of grain size as the important factor in increasing not only yield strength (as recognized by Norman J. Petch) but also toughness. This fact plays an important role in the development of modern steels. On October 10, 1957, a reactor at Windscale caught fire during a gentle heating to anneal damage due to displaced carbon atoms in the graphite core—the Wigner energy released in this process heated up the graphite so much that it caught fire. For this national emergency Cottrell set up a laboratory in a few weeks and, with his team, unravelled the problem and was able to give assurance that the UK Magnox reactors would be immune to this self-heating effect. In 1958 Alan accepted an invitation to become head of the Department of Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge. He modernized the department by bringing in new people and new equipment and by teaching the subject from the atomic point of view. Since 1965 the subject has included both metallurgy and materials science. The new structure has stood the test of time. Alan also started two new research projects, on field-ion microscopy and on superconducting alloys, which he predicted correctly to become an important growth area in materials science. His research focused on (1) brittle fracture of structural steel at freezing temperatures, responsible for many tragic accidents to ships and bridges, and (2), with Anthony Kelly, the physics of fibrous composites, which although made from brittle materials could be very strong and resistant to fracture. These studies led to the development of new materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber. Much later Alan advised then Prime Minister Edward Heath to use carbon fiber for the spars of his boat. All these teaching and research activities

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transformed the Cambridge department into a world-class institution. Alan’s work on fracture included the development, with Bruce A. Bilby and K.H. Swinden, of the theory of elastic- plastic cracks and the elucidation of the basic processes of failure at the tip of a sharp notch. A toughness parameter (critical crack opening displacement) was identified for a metal con- taining a crack, when extensive plastic yielding occurred at the high stresses at the crack tip, which was characteristic of the material, and which, when measured in a test piece, could be used to predict behavior in a large structure. This represented an important advance in understanding and ensuring structural integrity and had an enormous impact in this field. Alan was also interested in studying fracture on the atomic scale. With W.R. Tyson and Tony Kelly he considered factors determining whether a material with a sharp crack would fail in a brittle or ductile manner, enabling materials to be classified as inherently brittle or ductile. Their classic 1967 study, “Ductile and Brittle Crystals” (Philosophical Magazine, 15(135):567–586), stimulated much further research, particularly on nucleation of dislocation loops at crack tips. In 1964 Alan moved to become Sir Solly Zuckerman’s deputy in the UK Ministry of Defense. Although most reluc- tant to leave the department and the university, he had become concerned with the need to invigorate British manufacturing industry with scientific technology, and felt that Whitehall was the place to do this. Working on the defense review by UK Secretary of State for Defense Denis Healey, Alan led studies by the Army, Navy, and Air Force on problems such as the excessive cost of a military presence in the near and far East. This led to the cancellation of the UK government’s East of Suez Policy. In 1966 he followed Zuckerman to the Cabinet Office as deputy chief scientific advisor. There he tackled various problems with scientific aspects, including environment and pollution, the Advanced Passenger Train, and the Torrey Canyon disaster. In 1971 Alan was knighted and became chief scientific advisor. His position became complicated with the arrival of Victor

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Rothschild and his Central Policy Review staff, proposing to make the work of the UK Research Councils (responsible for government-funded research in the universities) more related to national needs. Alan’s crucial suggestion that the Research Councils should remain independent was accepted and led to a compromise “customer-contractor” policy. But Alan became increasingly uncomfortable with the mach- inations of Whitehall politics. He played it straight and used his powerful intellect to make his case, however unpopular . He was clear about one thing: Knowledge is power in Whitehall. In 1973, in a minute to the UK Nuclear Power Advisory Board, and in 1974, in evidence to the Parliamentary Select Committee on Science and Technology, Alan expressed his concern about the integrity of the steel reactor pressure vessel, which is critical to the safety of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) promoted by Walter Marshall at that time for the UK Civil Nuclear Program. This caused quite a stir. In response Marshall set up a High-Level Pressure Vessel Committee in 1973 that examined the issue in great detail. In the early 1980s, after publication of the second Marshall Report, Alan felt satisfied that a robust safety case could be established provided the report’s recommendations were implemented. The report and Alan’s endorsement had a major impact on the enquiry about building a PWR at Sizewell and on getting UK Nuclear Installation Inspectorate approval, and led more generally to major advances in the requirements for ensuring the integrity of pressure vessels and other large safety-critical structures. Alan believed that nuclear energy is an important source of power and that the public should be able to form a rational view. To this end he set out the facts in simple terms in his 1981 book How Safe Is Nuclear Energy? (published by Heinemann Educational). In 1974 Alan accepted an invitation to become master of Jesus College, Cambridge. He was glad to return full time to his family and to academic life. He had to supervise a major revision of the college statutes and prepare for the admission of women. This proved a great success.

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In 1977 he became vice chancellor for two years, during which he introduced the new chancellor, Prince Philip, to the intricacies of the operation of the university. On returning full time to college, his main activity was preparing for the arrival of Prince Edward, the Queen’s youngest son, who became an undergraduate in the college. In 1986 Alan returned to the Metallurgy Department, where he researched a new topic: the application of modern electron theory of metals to metallurgical problems, such as embrittlement of metals by certain impurities. He mastered the quite difficult theory and published in 1988 an excellent book, Introduction to the Modern Theory of Metals (published by the Institute of Metals), followed by an impressive set of papers on applications to important metallurgical problems and a book on Chemical Bonding in Transition Metal Carbides (Maney Publishing, 1995). During the last few years he published again on the plasticity of metals, particularly on creep. His accomplishments were recognized with numerous honors and awards—the Royal Society Hughes (1961) and Rumford (1974) Medals, the Platinum Medal of the UK Institute of Metals (1965), the Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal (1977), the Harvey Prize of the Technion (Israel) (1974), the Gold Medal of the American Society for Metals (1980), the Kelvin Gold Medal of the UK Institution of Civil Engineers (1986), and the Von Hippel Award of the Materials Research Society (1996). In 1996 he also received the Royal Society’s highest award, the Copley Medal; he was the first physical metallurgist to receive the medal since it was instituted in 1731. He also received 16 honorary degrees, including two from Cambridge University (ScD in 1976, LLD in 1996). He was a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960), foreign fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1970), and foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1970) and US National Academy of Engineering (1976). He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1955 (vice president in 1964, 1976, and 1977) and in 1979 was elected to the Fellowship of Engineering.

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Alan Cottrell was the most outstanding and influential physical metallurgist of the 20th century. His concepts, techniques, and analysis form the basis of modern fracture mechanics applications to many materials systems. Through his pioneering research and as an educator, he influenced countless students, scientists, and engineers over the years and will continue to do so. His papers and books are remarkable for their clarity. In his studies he always knew what important questions to ask and how to answer them. He had a brilliant intellect which he retained to the end. He was also a kind, gentle, and sensitive person with a sense of humor, and he was very supportive. He was very eminent, but did not realize it and was very modest. He loved his family and was proud of Geoffrey working on nuclear fusion, which Alan considered to be an important future energy source. From 1996 he cared full time for his wife Jean, who suffered from Parkinson’s disease. Sadly, she died in 1999. Her loss affected him greatly. His lifetime achievement and impact have been immense, of which his family can be justly proud, and for which the rest of us are grateful. He is greatly missed by his loving family and by all of us who knew him and whose lives he touched. He will be remembered with great affection and admiration.

JOHN P. CRAVEN 1924–2015 Elected in 1970

“Contributions to the development of sea-based deterrence, deep-submergence vessels, and ocean technology.”

BY NICHOLAS JOHNSON1 SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

JOHN PIÑA CRAVEN, a national leader in the innovation, development, design, construction, and operational deployment of major oceanic systems, died February 12, 2015, at the age of 90, in Honolulu. John, or “Craven” as he answered the phone, was born October 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, a musi- cian and stock analyst, represented a family naval tradition; on his mother’s side were Barbary pirates—which he said contributed his “black blood.” He began his studies of ocean technology at the Brooklyn Technical High School and went on to earn a BA from Cornell University (1946), MS from the California Institute of Technology (1947), and in 1951 a PhD in hydraulics and mechanics from the University of Iowa. (He was inducted into the UI College of Engineering’s Distinguished Engineering Alumni Academy in 2002.) Most remarkable, and as evidence of his wide-ranging curiosity and abilities, he decided later in life to undertake, and succeeded in acquiring, a law degree from George Washington University! Much of his professional life and accomplishments involved the Navy, beginning with World War II service aboard the USS

1 Nicholas Johnson was US maritime administrator (1964–1966).

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New Mexico that led to his rank of ensign. He helped design hulls for nuclear submarines at the David Taylor Model Basin outside Washington (at the Naval Surface Warfare Center at Carderock, Maryland). He later worked as project manager and ultimately chief scientist (1959–1969) for the Navy’s Polaris submarine program and Special Projects Office (Deep Submergence Systems Project; SEALAB). The Defense Department and US Navy each awarded him their highest civilian award, the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. He is best known in some scientific circles for his work developing the Bayesian search theory for locating objects lost at sea. This was used on one occasion to find a lost hydrogen bomb, and later in locating a missing submarine. After his Navy service, he taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a year, before being wooed away by the University of Hawaii. He and his wife, Dorothy Drakesmith Craven, whom he had met at the University of Iowa, moved to Honolulu in 1970. She was a noted speech pathology professor at the University of Hawaii. He served as the university’s dean of Marine Programs, and later as director of its law school’s Law of the Sea Institute. He was also appointed by the gover- nor as Hawaii’s Marine Affairs Coordinator. President Carter appointed him to the Weather Modification Commission that developed a model for reducing the impact of hurricanes. And his scientific accomplishments supported his acceptance to the prestigious Cosmos Club in Washington, DC. For all his extraordinary and innovative professional contributions to engineering and his country, he was even more remarkable for the breadth and diversity of his activities, talents, curiosity, and inquiring mind. He was an early innovator with multimedia presentations, combining music, video, and stories of the sea. And perhaps inspired by having earned his law degree, he entered politics as a candidate for Congress. He could design underocean cities (or water-based municipal transportation systems) and play the piano; build innovative submarines, write their history (The Silent War: The Cold War

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Battle Beneath the Sea; Simon & Schuster, 2001), and find them when they went missing; and sing both opera and Pete Seeger songs (he earlier sang in the choir at Trinity Episcopal Church in Iowa City). He would start his days with 50 pushups and an ocean swim, and often end them with a cigar and a winning poker game. He constructed innovative project management tools (the project evaluation and review technique, PERT) and wrote haiku. He mastered both engineering and law while maintaining a body that successfully competed in marathons and rough-water swims with athletes half his age. He could theorize, and then create, a major agricultural innovation of global consequence while writing his own set of Psalms. Indeed, one of the most striking examples of the breadth of his creativity was as founder of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii, the sustainable development experiment he called “a pipe, a pump, and a pond.” On formerly unproductive Hawaiian land he created in 1974 a multifaceted laboratory that used deep cold water, and its temperature differential with the surface, to create electricity. The condensate from the cold water pipes, plus the soil’s temperature differential between the pipes’ chill at the plants’ roots and the soil’s surface, enabled the growth of succulent vegetables and fruits. (The pond was used to raise fish for protein.) Given the number of the world’s people living near oceans, he envisioned the contribution this might make globally. When John Craven died, the world’s media considered his death, and life, worthy of fulsome note. Obituaries appeared in The Times of London (“racked up many of the undersea world’s technological firsts”), The New York Times (“Dr. Craven described an energy project in terms that echoed his own life. ‘It seemed,’ he said, ‘like perpetual motion.’”), The Economist (“To outside observers his world came straight from Ian Fleming”), The Washington Post (“a top scientist for the Navy during the Cold War, who oversaw many undersea weaponry and research programs, including efforts to retrieve a missing hydrogen bomb and to spy on the Soviet Union”), and elsewhere.

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There are far too many exciting stories from his life to repeat them all here. More are available in the newspaper stories and other material posted online under “John Piña Craven, Ameri- can Treasure” (at http://fromdc2iowa.blogspot.com/2015/02/ john-pina-craven-american-treasure.html). On April 12, 2015, the United States Navy held the “Dr. John P. Craven Committal to Sea” from the deck of the USS Hawaii (SSN 776) at the Submarine Piers, Joint Base Pearl Harbor- Hickam, in Honolulu. On that day his ashes were returned, with a 21-gun salute, to the ocean that he loved. John Craven is survived by his wife of 64 years, Dorothy, daughter Sarah (a women’s rights advocate; director, Washington Office, United Nations Population Fund), son David (a Chicago lawyer), and five grandchildren.

CHARLES CRUSSARD 1916–2008 Elected in 1976

“Contributions to metallurgical science and technology and its applications.”

BY JEAN PHILIBERT SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

CHARLES CRUSSARD, who died January 14, 2008, at age 91, devoted his career to research in metallurgy. He was born June 24, 1916, the son and grandson of mining engineers—one of his grandfathers was the famous crystallog- rapher Georges Friedel. He graduated first in his class from the École Polytechnique and completed his studies at the École des Mines in Paris. He then spent a few months at the Royal School of Mines in London, but his training there was interrupted by the war. In 1942 he established a laboratory dedicated to metallurgical research at the École des Mines. With just a few collaborators he initiated research on plasticity, creep, and recrystallization of aluminum. Shortly after the end of World War II he managed to make a study trip to the United States to learn about new developments in metallurgical research, steel, powder metallurgy, and other areas. He completed his education at a summer school in Bristol (UK) organized by Sir Nevill Francis Mott. He then spent a year in India, helping to organize the new National Metallurgical Laboratory in Jamshedpur, a laboratory officially unveiled in 1950 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Back in France, he joined the French Steel Research Institute (IRSID) as head of the physics department and, later, research director.

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At both the École des Mines and IRSID, he was active in several fields that he personally initiated. He ledstudies on plastic deformation of aluminum and its alloys, single crystals and polycrystalline specimens, and the structure and properties of grain boundaries—a topic to which he introduced Jacques Friedel (a cousin), who went on to become famous in solid state physics. Crussard discovered several new phenomena related to what came to be called polygonization, namely in situ recrystal lization, polygonization during creep, and grain boundary migration. He developed the measurement of thermoelectric power as a tool to study the structural evolution of light alloys and steels—a method that was unfortunately forgotten and “rediscovered” 30 years later by younger scientists! He maintained a strong interest in the martensitic transformation of steel, a phenomenon to which he introduced the author of this tribute. He launched with his collaborators several new fields of research, most notably the micromechanisms of fracture—a spectacular development known as “micro fractography” thanks to a new tool, the electron microscope— and the study of crystallographic textures in steels, mainly used for the control of deep drawing of metallic sheets. In parallel to those studies, he conducted personal work in the theoretical description of thermal activation as a nucleation process, the atomic structure of dislocations, the rheology of creep, properties of point defects, and the yield point (elastic limit) of steels. This brief listing shows the very broad array of interests, basic and applied, in which he revealed his remarkable abilities. Yet despite his very successful research management at IRSID, in 1963 Charles Crussard chose to follow a different career: he was appointed scientific director of Pechiney, the French aluminum company. With his new responsibilities, he devoted a lot of effort to the coordination of research in a large group in several places with different traditions. This is the reason he decided to create a central research laboratory with important equipment (the so-called CRV, situated in Voreppe, near Grenoble), a laboratory that grew rapidly and

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became famous among metallurgists all over the world. He made important contributions to aluminum extractive metallurgy, powder metallurgy, recrystallization and the formation of aluminum alloys, and metallic surfaces, to name a few. He was also active in many national and international institutions. Of particular note, he was one of the first members of the International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG; president, 1960–1964) and the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA). These and his other international responsibilities were made easier thanks to his associations with scientists all over the world. After he retired in 1983 he gradually decreased his involvement in French and international committees. He was the author or coauthor of 180 papers. His wealth of activities as a research scientist and manager justifies the many distinctions with which he was honored in France and abroad: several French medals and awards, fellowship in the American Society for Metals, and election as a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. Charles Crussard made a strong and lasting impact on metal lurgical research, in fundamental fields as well as applied and industrial domains. Such richness and breadth of initiatives and results were certainly due to his bright intellect, his deep knowledge of physics, and his creativity, as well as his many contacts and associations with foreign scientists and engineers, especially in Great Britain and the United States. He was a gentleman, scientist, and engineer.

Reference Crussard C, Friedel J, Philibert J, Plateau J, Pomey G. 2009. L’œuvre scientifique de Charles Crussard, 1916–2008. Paris: Presses des Mines.

ROBERT G. DEAN 1930–2015 Elected in 1980

“Contributions to field, laboratory, and analytical researches clarifying wave, erosion, and coastal processes developing relevant analytical procedures.”

BY ROBERT A. DALRYMPLE

ROBERT GEORGE DEAN, a world-renowned coastal engineering scientist and engineer, died at age 84 on February 28, 2015, in Gainesville, Florida. He was an emeritus graduate research professor at the University of Florida at the time, having spent 30 years of his career teaching coastal engineering there. Bob was born November 1, 1930, to George Horton Dean and Harriet Blevins Dean in Laramie, Wyoming. He began college at Long Beach City College, intending to do refrigerator repair, but after receiving an associate of arts degree in 1952, he transferred to the University of California, Berkeley for his BS in civil engineering in 1954. In April that year he married Phyllis Thomas, beginning a 60-year-long partnership. He then attended Texas A&M University for his master’s degree (1956) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his DSc, which he received in 1959. After a year at MIT as an assistant professor of civil engineering, he took a job with Chevron Research Corporation in La Habra, California, working on the design of offshore oil platforms. It was during this time that he developed the stream function wave theory, a computationally efficient numerical method to compute the properties of nonlinear water waves. He worked in the oil industry for five years and then moved to the University of Washington for a year, until he was

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offered the chairmanship of the Coastal and Oceanographical Engineering Department at the University of Florida, the first coastal engineering program in the country. With the excep- tion of a seven-year hiatus at the University of Delaware as Unidel Professsor of Civil Engineering, he was a Gator. One aspect that characterized Bob’s research career was his amazing ability to recognize the correct physics applicable to a problem, write down the appropriate equations, and then simplify the approach to make the solution look easy and intuitive, much as a gifted athlete makes a sport look easy. Throughout his professional life, Bob was intrigued by coastal processes, such as tidal inlets, beach morphology, sand transport, and of course waves. Early in his career at the University of Florida, he invited Morrough P. O’Brien, former dean at UC Berkeley, to spend part of his retirement at the university, where they worked on the stability of tidal inlets. Bob provided the hydrodynamics needed to explain why inlets opened or closed during storms. At Delaware (1975–1982), he provided a theoretical background to Bruun’s idea of an equilibrium profile—that is, that there is a concave upward shape to a beach and that it could be described by a simple algebraic formula, relating depth to distance offshore. Using this equilibrium profile, he tackled a number of vexing problems, such as providing a comprehensive approach to the design of beach nourishment. Also during this time, he and I wrote the textbook Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists (Prentice-Hall, 1984), which has been in print for 30-plus years as an introductory text for coastal engineering. Recruited back to the University of Florida as a graduate research professor, he continued working on the technology of beach fills, leading toBeach Nourishment: Theory and Practice (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003), followed shortly by the textbook Coastal Processes with Engineering Implications (Cambridge University Press, 2004). Bob’s immense contributions to the fundamentals of coastal engineering in so many areas were recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers, which awarded him the International

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Coastal Engineer Award in 1983 and the John G. Moffatt–Frank E. Nichol Harbor and Coastal Engineering Award in 1987. He was made a distinguished member of ASCE in 2010. Bob also provided considerable service to the US Army Corps of Engineers, serving for 17 years as a member of the Coastal Engineering Research Board, which provides coastal engineering research advice to the chief of engineers and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (formerly the Coastal Engineering Research Center) in Vicksburg, Mississippi (1968–1980; 1993–1998). He also participated, postretirement, in a forensic study of the flooding of New Orleans (Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force), for which he received his second Outstanding Civilian Service Award from the Army in 2008. Bob was active in the work of the National Research Council, serving on six committees and chairing two very influential ones that produced the reports Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications (1984–1986) and Drawing Louisiana’s New Map: Addressing Land Loss in Coastal Louisiana (2002–2006). He also served on the Committee on Natural Disasters (1982–1986), which provided FEMA with guidance for wave and surge calculations during hurricanes, and the Marine Board (1981–1986). The ASCE Coastal Engineering Research Council is the custodian of the most important international conference on coastal engineering. As chair for 12 years (1992–2004) Bob kept it focused on serving the profession by saying “We do one thing and we do it well.” His contributions to the profession and to the state of Florida (as a professor and as director of the Division of Beaches and Shores in the Department of Natural Resources, 1985–1987) were recognized by several awards from the Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association: the Jim Purpura Award (1979), the Gold Medal (1987), and the Bill Carlton Award (1996). The national American Shore and Beach Preservation Association awarded him the Morrough P. O’Brien Award in 2001. After he retired in 2003, Bob said to me, “You know, coastal engineering is also my hobby.” And with that, he went right

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on working on coastal engineering problems, consulting on Hurricane Katrina and advising students, even going into the office regularly. Bob is survived by Phyllis, daughter Julie Dean Rosati (a coastal engineer with the US Army Corps of Engineers), son Tim, and five grandchildren.

THOMAS F. DONOHUE 1930–2014 Elected in 1994

“For contributions to aerothermodynamic design of advanced aerospace propulsion systems.”

BY JAN SCHILLING

THOMAS FRANCIS DONOHUE devoted his career to advances in aviation, predominantly in propulsion systems. He died October 25, 2014, in Jupiter, Florida, at the age of 84. Tom was born August 24, 1930, in New York City. He received his bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1952 and then joined the US Army Corps of Engineers, followed by employment at Sikorsky Aircraft and the Allison Division of General Motors. In 1961 he began work in preliminary engine design at General Electric Aircraft Engine Division in Evendale, Ohio. He supported the GE1 high-bypass ratio fan demonstra- tor that led to the Air Force’s awarding the contract for the first high-bypass engine, the TF39 for the propulsion system on Lockheed’s C5 transport aircraft. He played a major role in defining basic engine configuration and cycle design of the F101 low-bypass turbofan engine in support of the USAF B-1 bomber. This was followed in the 1970s by work on the YJ101 power plant that led to the F404 engine, which powers the Navy F18 aircraft. Also during this period, Tom led the CF6-6/-50 Systems Engineering team, during which the CF6-50C2A/E2A models were certified and the high-pressure compressor (HPC) titanium fire problems were resolved.

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From 1981 until his retirement in 1995 Tom led GE Aircraft Engine’s Advanced Engineering Department, where he made important changes. In the early 1980s he managed the cycle definition studies on the F101X that became the F110 advanced fighter engine, powering both F16 and F15 aircraft. He later made contributions to variable cycle engine technology leading to the YF120 power plant intended to power the advanced fighter aircraft. In the 1980s when personal computers were recognized as powerful tools Tom initiated the charge to bring PCs to every engineer’s desk. In the mid-1980s Tom was the GE technical leader for the single-stage-to-orbit National Aerospace Plane (NASP) program, including design of a subscale hypersonic flight test vehicle and sponsorship of supersonic combustion tests at Ohio State University. As a result of the NASP association with Aerojet, Tom undertook leadership of proposals for the Space Shuttle main engine turbopump turbine improvements and air turboramjet studies. In the late 1980s and early 1990s he supported President Reagan’s Star Wars initiative with involvement in the Turbomachinery in Space proposals, which included a full- scale demonstration of a 67 MW turbine powered by super- heated hydrogen driving a cryogenically cooled generator. Most significantly, he established the cycle and architecture for the GE90 high-bypass engine, which supports Boeing’s 777 aircraft, as well as technology development for the high- speed civil transport propulsion system. He drove many state-of-the-art concepts in fan and turbine aerodynamic design while supporting technology advances in materials development. He was a member of a number of groups associated with aerospace and aeronautics: the program committee of the International Council of Aeronautical Sciences, NASA’s Congressional Aeronautics Advisory Council and Industry Advisory Board, the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) Aerospace Technical Committee, and the SAE Aerospace Council. He also was a member of the College of Engineering Industry Advisory Council at the University of Cincinnati.

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In addition to his election to the NAE, Tom was honored in 1993 with General Electric Corporation’s highest technical award, the Charles R. Steinmetz Award, for his imaginative technical contributions in the design of advanced systems leading to marketable engine products. Upon his retirement in 1995, he was inducted into GE’s Aviation Propulsion Hall of Fame. He continued to consult on aircraft engine cycles and architecture. He had a unique blend of engineering talents that included detailed engine aerodynamics and mechanical design expertise plus an excellent working knowledge of aircraft-engine matching requirements. His leadership in pushing the technology boundaries enhanced both the commercial and military propulsion systems, thus creating a foundation that is still used today. Tom married Barbara, his lifelong partner, in 1953. They raised three children—James, Richard, and Colleen—and enjoyed travel, history, and the arts. Throughout his life Tom did oil painting when he had time away from his passion— engineering. As he got into the full mode of retirement he took pleasure in golf and watching football. He never lost his creative side, building an N-scale railroad city. He was a strong supporter of the Arthritis Foundation.

BRIAN L. EYRE 1933–2014 Elected in 2009

“For understanding of neutron irradiation-induced damage in materials, and for developing technologies and policies for the UK nuclear industry.”

BY COLIN WINDSOR AND RON BULLOUGH

BRIAN LEONARD EYRE, an outstanding metallurgist who rose to be chief executive of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, died July 28, 2014, at the age of 80. Brian was born November 29, 1933, the first child of Mabel and Leonard Eyre, in a small terraced house in East London. He did not shine at school but at 15 had the good fortune to get a job with Fairy Aviation as a technical trainee working in the materials laboratory. After seven years of evening study and day release at Wandsworth Technical College, in 1957 he gained a higher national certificate. He had also published two papers relating to the microstructure of tin alloys and was encouraged to study for the newly introduced diploma in technology at Battersea Polytechnic Institute. In 1959, at age 25, he gained a 1st class honors diploma in technology. He was recruited to the new Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories of the UK Central Electricity Generating Board and soon developed an interest in the metallurgical properties of irradiated metals, which was to be his life’s work. In 1962 he moved to Harwell, the UK Atomic Energy Research Laboratory, which was then in its golden years as a fountainhead of nuclear research and technology. He soon had his own group in the Metallurgy Division, doing electron transmission microscopy on irradiated metals such as iron and

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molybdenum in careful studies of the nature, geometry, and distribution of damage clusters. His expertise in understanding metallurgy from first principles and his interactions with theoretical metallurgists in Harwell’s Theoretical Physics Division led to important joint publications. Experimental electron microscopy measurements of the shape, size, and orientation of interstitial loops could be explained by analytical calculations of their elastic energy. A later example was in the important practical problem of void swelling, where stainless steel cladding in the Dounreay Fast Reactor was observed to distort because of voids formed by the amalgamation of excess vacancies caused by irradiation. For this problem the experimental data could be fitted by a series of coupled rate equations governing the growth of interstitial loops from the radiation-induced vacancies and their transformation into voids. These rate equations were solved by main- frame computers in those days, and now trivially on a PC. In 1979 Brian was head-hunted to be the chair of Materials Science at Liverpool University. But his academic career was not to last! In 1984 he was head-hunted once again to come back to the Atomic Energy Authority in a higher management role as director of Fuel and Engineering. The optimistic future envisaged then for nuclear power generation was exploded in 1986 by Chernobyl. At almost the same time a collapse in world oil prices and a torrent of gas from the North Sea meant that Britain had an alternative “dash for gas” path to electricity generation. Again at almost the same time it became clear that decommissioning Britain’s old nuclear plants would be expensive— indeed, comparable with the income from their future generation capacity. Brian became heavily involved in fighting the government to have a continuing role for nuclear power. In the end the new Pressurized Water Reactor Sizewell B went ahead, generating in 1995, but Britain was to have no new nuclear stations in the 20 years thereafter. The alternative was to turn the Atomic Energy Authority from nuclear research to contract research on whatever subject could be funded commercially. Brian became chief executive

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officer of the authority in 1990 and, following a report by consultants, it was turned into several “businesses,” some nonnuclear. With Brian’s energy and powers of persuasion, this process happened remarkably quickly. It was the era of “privatization” and was supported by the government. The commercial part of the operation became AEA Technology and its shares were successfully sold in 1995 with Brian as deputy chair. It was initially a great success and its shares had tripled in value when Brian retired in 1997. Its success was not to last, though; in 2012 it went into administration. Brian was elected a fellow of the UK Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992, a Commander of the British Empire in 1993, a fellow of the UK Royal Society in 2001, and a foreign member of the NAE in 2009. In retirement Brian remained as active as ever from his office at the Oxford University’s Materials Department. But he made time for his love of sailing with his wife Carol, who sadly developed multiple sclerosis. As this advanced Brian turned into a devoted carer. He also became an expert cook, so that dinner with the Eyres remained a very enjoyable gastronomic experience. He is survived by Carol and their two sons, Peter and Steven.

JAMES L. FLANAGAN 1925–2015 Elected in 1978

“Contributions to the acoustic theory of speech and hearing processes and engineering applications of this knowledge to voice communication.”

BY BISHNU S. ATAL AND LAWRENCE R. RABINER

JAMES LOTON FLANAGAN, an internationally recognized pioneer and a guiding force in digital voice processing, died August 25, 2015, just 4 hours short of his 90th birthday. He spent 33 years in research at AT&T Bell Laboratories, retiring as director of information principles research in 1990. He then served 15 years at Rutgers University in dual roles as a research center director and as university vice president for research.

Early Years Jim was born August 26, 1925, to Hanks and Wilhelmina (née Barnes) Flanagan in Greenwood, Mississippi. He grew up with his younger brother, Marion, on a cotton farm owned by their father, in sparse country seven miles east of Greenwood. He rode the yellow bus to school over unpaved rural roads, and did his homework by kerosene lamp until government acts in the mid-1930s brought electrification and telephone communication to rural areas of the United States. Encouraged by dedicated teachers, he was attracted to math and science. He believed the necessity of improvisation and alternate solutions in farm life amplified his interest in experimentation. He played on the football team and was first chair trumpet in the school band. He graduated from high school

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in 1943 with moderately good grades and as president of his class of about 70 students. By entering college (Mississippi State University) immediately in the summer term and taking an accelerated program in preengineering, he completed the first year of undergraduate education before joining the US Army at age 18. He returned home about three years later, picked up his studies with the help and support of the GI Bill, and graduated with good grades and a BS degree in electrical engineering. His department head, Harry Simrall, urged him to continue his education and helped him apply to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a graduate assistantship. He was delighted when MIT offered a graduate assistant position in the Acoustics Laboratory under Richard Bolt and Leo Beranek (two of the founders of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, BBN). This opportunity initiated a lifelong career in communications engineering, acoustics, and speech signal processing.

The MIT Years Completing the SM degree had depleted Jim’s financial resources, but Professor Simrall again stepped in and not only offered him a position as instructor but also helped him successfully apply for a Rockefeller scholarship for doctoral study. When the time came to commence his doctoral thesis research at MIT in 1952, it was natural for Jim to turn again to the Acoustics Laboratory and Professor Beranek, and to join a project aimed at efficient coding of speech signals for voice communication. His thesis result (1955) was a formant coding system that required only one-tenth the bandwidth of a conventional landline telephone channel.

His Years at Bell Telephone Labs Because Jim had studied and been impressed by technical papers emanating from Bell Telephone Laboratories, it was an easy sell by Edward E. David (later science advisor to the White House) to recruit him to his research department

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in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Jim was assigned a “two-bay, long side” laboratory, with newly hired technical assistant Bernie Watson. Jim enjoyed periodically mimicking the classic phrase of Alexander Graham Bell, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want you.” Bell Labs had just acquired its first digital computer, an IBM 650. It had no compiler or assembler. Jim’s first program, written in binary, was a short-time Fourier transform for speech signals. It took a month to write! In time, Jim’s work was favorably received and he was given responsibility to head the Speech and Auditory Research Department in 1961. Werner Meyer-Eppler, of the University of Bonn, invited him to contribute a book to a series he was organizing for Springer Verlag. Jim accepted on the basis that it be written as a spare-time effort outside of regular duties. The first edition ofSpeech Analysis Synthesis and Perception (1965) was well received, and soon translated and published in Russian. The publisher subsequently urged a second expanded edition (1972), and the book ultimately underwent five printings. Organizational changes at Bell Labs nudged Jim toward engineering acoustics and he was given responsibility for the Acoustics Research Department, where, in addition to digital speech coding, he had the opportunity to work in the areas of acoustic transducers and room acoustics. The following years continued to be heavily devoted to efficient digital coding and the transmission of speech, with a number of patents on adaptive quantizing and adaptive differential coding, which later aided a useful product for increasing the capacity of private line service. In 1984 Jim was promoted to director of Information Principles Research, with departments devoted to signal processing, speech research, acoustics, robotics, human perception, and linguistics. He managed to maintain some ancillary personal research on autodirective microphone arrays, digital transducers, and human/machine interaction. The latter was aimed at spatially realistic audio/video teleconfer encing; the first system, called HuMaNet (for Human-to-Machine

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Network), was the subject of a cover article in the AT&T Technical Journal.

Technological Achievements in the Bell Labs Years Jim Flanagan’s individual research included comprehensive modeling of basilar membrane motion in the inner ear, leading to useful engineering models of auditory signal processing. His research also provided the theoretical basis for experimental development of a physiological model of vocal excita- tion for speech production, which in turn provided a basis for advanced types of vocoders. Jim was a pioneer in the field of speech and audio processing, with outstanding insights that changed both people-to- people and people-to-machine communications. He always had an eye on the long-term goals while working on current technologies that greased the wheels for his many technical contributions. Another example of Jim’s ability to see into the future was his long-range goal of inventing ways to give a computer a mouth to speak and an ear to listen and learn. Perhaps the best validation of his vision in this area was his 1976 paper in IEEE Proceedings 64(4):405–415, “Computers That Talk and Listen: Man-Machine Communication by Voice.” This paper predicted user agents such as Siri and Cortana—39 years before their appearance in today’s smartphones! Much of the research that led to today’s working synthesis and recognition systems originated in Jim’s lab, realizing his vision of customer service by machine-generated voice commands. Jim had a clear vision of how a range of disparate multimedia technologies could work in unison to create something bigger and more useful as a whole. The HuMaNet system integrated voice and image processing technologies with advanced networking capability, leading to the concept of agent-based visual systems. Jim was the author or coauthor of more than 200 publications and more than 50 patents, including the design patent on the artificial larynx (providing speaking capability to people

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who had tracheotomies) and a patent on handling voice in a data network, a forerunner to VoIP services. In addition to his numerous technological contributions, Jim was widely recognized as an insightful technical speaker and writer. He had a knack for getting to the essence of complex concepts and making them clear to an audience with a wide range of experience and technical expertise.

The Rutgers Years AT&T Bell Labs corporate policy at the time required officers and directors to leave their jobs at age 65. Jim elected to retire (1990), and a number of opportunities emerged around the country. Discussions with his wife, Mildred, and three sons, Stephen, James, and Aubrey—all married with families and living within a one-hour radius in northern New Jersey— favored remaining in Warren, NJ. He accepted an offer at Rutgers University, commuting 20 minutes south rather than 10 minutes east. He was appointed Board of Governors Professor of Electrical Engineering and, jointly, director of the Computer Aids to Industrial Productivity (CAIP) research center of about 85 people. The center was supported in part by 20–25 corporate partners, representatives of which formed the CAIP Center board of directors and provided a wealth of interesting research targets (such as automatic computer imaging to maintain quality in pharmaceutical manufacture). After three years of running the center, Jim was asked by Rutgers University president Francis Lawrence to take the position of university vice president for research (for 50,000 students). Initially Jim demurred, saying he could not separate himself from close contact with technical work to become a university administrator. The president said, “That’s OK, you can do both jobs.” Thus began frequent trips across the Raritan River to the central campus in New Brunswick, and less frequent trips to the urban campuses at Newark and Camden. These duties, which included the center research as well as a great variety of administrative functions, yielded extensive

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insight into management techniques for a major state university—the opposite of those in industry. After 15 years, Jim retired from Rutgers at age 80. Still attracted to technology, he took on consulting for Avaya Communication Research, reporting to the research president. This period also encompassed a three-month visit to Mississippi State University to assist in formulating and teaching a new option in the Electrical Engineering Department on multimedia communication.

Managerial Skills Jim spent most of his technical career managing other indi viduals as a department head and then as a lab director. He guided the careers of more than two generations of indi viduals who grew to positions of prominence in their own right. An outstanding judge of technical talent, he attracted and hired the best and the brightest individuals, and continu- ally thought of ways to bring them to Bell Labs to work alongside the members of his department. A hallmark of Jim’s managerial skills was the general feeling of the broad research community that every time one research challenge was solved by members of Jim’s team, he was ready with a new set of challenges, thus illustrating his out-of-the-box thinking skills. He inspired individuals to be the best they could be and took an interest in all aspects of their technical growth. He guided them with basic principles such as “you never get a second chance to make a great first impression,” generally followed by the sage advice to “do it right the first time.”

Service to the Technical Community and to the Nation Jim Flanagan was a model in providing outstanding service to the technical community and to the nation. While at Bell Labs, he served the nation at critical times by being part of a blue ribbon committee that analyzed the infamous 18-minute gap in the Watergate tapes and by his analysis of the final spoken

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words in the Challenger explosion. He also served on committees of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering: the Academic Advisory Board (1996–1998), Commission on Engineering and Technical Sys- tems (1984–1986), Board on Telecommunications/Computer Applications (1988–1990), and Board on Army Science and Technology (1992–1995). Jim believed strongly in service as a way of paying back the debt accumulated by taking advantage of all that the various technical societies offered. He volunteered and assumed leadership positions in both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE; as president of the Group on Audio and Electroacoustics) and the Acoustical Society of America (as president). And he had a way of making sure that everyone he mentored also assumed positions of leadership at the appropriate times in their technical careers.

Recognition of a Lifetime of Achievements Jim’s work was blessed by widespread professional recognition. He received both national and international honors, such as the National Medal of Science, the IEEE Medal of Honor, election to both the NAE and the National Academy of Sciences, the LM Ericsson International Prize for notable contributions to telecommunications, the Marconi International Fellowship, and honorary doctorates from the University of Paris-Sud and the Polytechnic University of Madrid. Jim is survived by his wife of 57 years, Mildred Bell Flanagan; his brother Thomas Marion of Greenwood; sons Stephen (Deborah), Jim, and Aubrey (Ann Marie); and grandchildren Aubrey, James, Bryan, Antonia, and Hanks.

Thoughts Offered by Son Jim Professionally for Jim it was all about the science, and for leisure it was all about the outdoors. Deriving from a Southern agrarian heritage, it’s not surprising that he acquired and developed an early and lifelong participation in hunting,

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fishing, and high school/collegiate (amateur) football. These were accompanied by an ear for music (no doubt enhanced by his acoustic interest) and he studied and played the coronet. He did not pilot aircraft while serving in the US Army Air Forces, but he was passionate about the “wild blue yonder” and obtained an advanced private pilot’s license with an instrument rating. Later he engaged in tennis and jogging, and maintained his interest in football as an avid spectator, particularly Southeastern Conference competition. These leisure endeavors were not practiced in isolation. All family members shared in them. Naturally with three sons, he refined and cultivated our interests. Many hours afield included copious training in marksmanship, safety, and the demanding responsibilities of personal conduct. And my brothers and I had many occasions to ride “copilot” and wiggle the aircraft control yoke under his supervision. Jim’s and Mildred’s musical combinations of coronet and piano produced some “dueling duos.” Traveling together both domesti- cally and internationally was a mainstay for all of the family. Between his leisure and professional states was his aware- ness of and penchant for encouraging educational attainment. He fostered interest and inspiration in scientific education, particularly in children and young women.

ROBERT L. FLEISCHER 1930–2011 Elected in 1993

“For contributions to the development and diverse applications of high-temperature materials, solid solution hardening, and etched particle track detectors.”

BY JAMES D. LIVINGSTON AND ELIZABETH L. FLEISCHER

ROBERT LOUIS FLEISCHER, a leading researcher in materials science and engineering for many years, died March 3, 2011, at age 80 of cardiac amyloidosis, a rare heart disease with no known treatment or cure. Bob was most notable for the extremely wide range of scientific and engineering fields impacted by his work. He made significant contributions to understanding of the mechanical strength of metals, alloys, and high-temperature mate rials, but he is most widely known as a pioneer in the study of etched particle tracks in solids. These etched tracks not only served as a new and useful method of detecting nuclear radiation, but found widespread applications in a host of fields, including nuclear physics, cosmic ray physics, dating of minerals and archaeological artifacts, lunar science, radon dosimetry, and filtration. Bob was born in Columbus, Ohio, on July 8, 1930, the second son of Rosalie Kahn and Leopold Fleischer. He was only nine when his father died, so he was raised mostly by his mother. After graduating from Columbus Academy, he studied engineering and applied physics at Harvard University, receiving his AB in 1952, his AM in 1953, and his PhD in applied physics in 1956. While at Harvard, he met and married Barbara Simons, a love match that lasted throughout his life.

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Bob’s doctoral research at Harvard was under Bruce Chalmers, a British physical metallurgist who had recently arrived at Harvard and was an expert in the solidification and deformation of metals. Bob’s thesis research introduced him to the study of the mechanical properties of metals, a subject that interested him throughout his career. The plastic deformation of metals and alloys occurs by the motion of linear crystal defects called dislocations, and one source of strengthening in pure metals is the interaction of dislocations with the boundaries between adjacent crystals, commonly called grain boundaries. Bob’s thesis involved the growth by directional solidification of aluminumbicrystals, samples that contained only one grain boundary. This approach enabled detailed study of the effect of a single grain boundary on the strength of metals and led to his first published paper. His first position after Harvard was assistant professor of metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he served from 1956 to 1960, when he became a staff physicist at the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady. GE was his home base for 32 years, during which he also served as a senior research fellow in physics at the California Institute of Technology (1965–1966), adjunct professor of physics and astronomy at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1967–1968), visiting lecturer in geophysics at the University of Western Ontario (1968), visiting scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Center for Atmospheric Research (1973–1974), adjunct professor of mechanical engineering and applied physics at Yale (1984), and adjunct professor in geological sciences at SUNY-Albany (1981–1987). After retiring from GE in 1992, Bob was a research professor of earth and environmental sciences at Rensselaer until 1997, when he became a research professor of geology at Union College in Schenectady. These appointments in different departments at so many different organizations provide testimony to the wide breadth of his research. His research at MIT and his first years at GE focused on solution hardening, analyzing the strengthening of alloys by

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the interaction between dislocations and alloying elements. Differences in size and compressibility between alloying atoms and the dominant atoms of the metal produce localized internal stresses in the crystal lattice that interact with the stress fields of dislocations, interfering with dislocation motion and thus producing hardening. His research gained recognition in the field, and the term “Fleischer hardening” is still used to refer to some of his specific contributions. In the late 1980s Bob returned for a few years to the study of mechanical properties of materials, this time with a focus on high-temperature properties. The efficiency and total thrust of a jet engine increase with peak temperatures of operation and current limits are set by the thermal constraints on materials. Nickel-based “superalloys” largely derive their high- temperature strength from an intermetallic compound, nickel

aluminide (Ni3Al). A variety of other intermetallic compounds have been considered for high-temperature applications, and Bob’s major contribution to this field was to assemble and edit a four-volume compendium on what is known about these compounds and their properties, particularly their mechanical properties at high temperatures. This series, Intermetallic Compounds (with Jack Westbrook; Wiley, 2000), became the major source of information about these important and promising materials. Although Bob’s contributions to mechanical properties of materials were significant, he became best known for his work on nuclear tracks in solids, a topic he worked on from 1962 until his death. Two of his colleagues at General Electric, P. Buford Price and Robert M. Walker, had discovered the etching of nuclear tracks in mica in 1961, and invited Bob to join them in this promising new field. Paths of nuclear particles had much earlier been detected in cloud chambers, where, traveling through supersaturated gas, such as moist air, the particles produce a trail of tiny droplets. Later the bubble chamber was developed, in which nuclear particles traveling through a liquid close to boiling produced lines of bubbles. To these established techniques for nuclear track detection, cloud chambers and bubble

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chambers, the work of Fleischer, Price, and Walker added etched particle tracks in solids. Their pioneering work, summarized in their coauthored book Nuclear Tracks in Solids: Principles and Applications (University of California Press, 1975), generated widespread interest in laboratories around the world, which in turn led to many international conferences on the subject. Traveling through solids, high-energy nuclear particles produce a wake of displaced atoms that has higher energy than the surrounding material, making the track susceptible to preferential removal by chemical etching. The etched track has the advantage that it is permanent and can be enlarged to become visible in an optical microscope. Bob and his colleagues rapidly found that the ability to etch nuclear tracks in solids was not limited to mica but could be applied to numerous minerals and even to many glasses and plastics. This greatly widened the applicability of the technique. Bob summarized the many applications of etched nuclear tracks in solids in a popular-science book, Tracks to Innovation: Nuclear Tracks in Science and Technology (Springer, 1998). He describes many other uses of etched nuclear tracks in science and technology, including nuclear physics, neutron dosimetry in nuclear technology and radiobiology, even earthquake prediction and the use of filters to remove yeast particles from beer. And in a characteristic Fleischer pun, he wrote that in embarking on a study of etched nuclear tracks, which are essentially linear holes, he and Price and Walker embarked on a “holey” quest. Etched tracks proved particularly powerful in studies of cosmic rays, which are fast-moving nuclei of extraterrestrial origin. Sheets of plastic detectors were sent aloft in high- altitude balloons, and the varying speed of the nuclei through the plastic led to variations in the length and shape of the etched tracks that produced information on the charge and energy of each nucleus, allowing identification of each. Most cosmic rays observed in these experiments originated outside the solar system, but plastic and glass track detectors sent to the moon with Apollo 16 generated considerable information

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on particles associated with solar flares. Tracks produced by cosmic rays have also been studied in numerous minerals, meteorites, moon rocks, and glass from a Surveyor moon lander brought back by Apollo 12. At a NASA meeting in Houston, Bob was fascinated to learn that the space helmets worn by the Apollo astronauts were made of Lexan polycarbonate, which had been established as a well-calibrated detector of cosmic rays. He obtained several helmets from the Apollo 8 and Apollo 12 missions to determine what doses of heavy high-energy particles the astronauts had been exposed to. From the shapes of some of the tracks, it was clear that several of the particles came to rest as they were leaving the helmet, i.e., after traversing the astronaut’s head. Reporting these results, he announced that they now had exact quantitative evidence on what was “going through the minds” of the astronauts during their missions. This was a clever play on words, but not all the astronauts appreciated this particular example of Bob Fleischer humor. Nuclear track etching has also found wide use in fission- track dating. The spontaneous fission of uranium-238 produces etchable fission tracks in many solids, with the density of tracks depending on both the age of the sample (time since it last cooled) and the concentration of uranium. The latter can be determined from slow-neutron irradiation of the sample, which produces fission of uranium-235 and new etchable tracks. This dating technique has been used with a wide variety of minerals and archaeological specimens, including a tool used by early humans. One of the most widespread practical uses of nuclear track etching is for the detection of radon. Radon (a radioactive daughter of uranium-238) and its own radioactive daughters (which include lead, bismuth, and polonium atoms) produce alpha particles (helium nuclei) whose tracks can be revealed in plastic track detectors. Because these alpha particles can be dangerous to health, radon track detectors are commonly used to determine long-time exposure to radon in homes and elsewhere. Radon detectors had originally been used by Terradex, a spinoff company from GE, in exploration for uranium ores,

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but this business has declined while their use for health pro- tection has risen. Radon also produces nuclear tracks in glass, and in one of Bob’s final research programs at Union College, he studied the use of common eyeglasses as a measure of long-time radon exposure. Once a family member, talking with him about the various things he had done with his life, asked him when he felt most in his element. “Radon is my element,” he said. Bob continued close collaboration with Walker and Price after they left GE. Their seminal 1960s work on etched particle tracks had a huge impact around the world. Later he worked closely with other GE colleagues, including Howard Hart and Antonio Mogro-Campero, on nuclear tracks. He coauthored papers with as many as 50 GE colleagues and with more than 60 collaborators from elsewhere. Bob received many awards for his research, including in 1971 the US Atomic Energy Commission’s prestigious E.O. Lawrence Award. While most awardees attend such occasions with their wives, Bob was accompanied not only by his wife Barbara but also by 10 others of his extended family. His was a very close family. Among his many other honors were NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal and the American Nuclear Society’s Special Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Nuclear Science. He received a Golden Plate Award (1972) from the American Academy of Achievement and was presented with GE’s R&D Center’s Coolidge Fellowship Award, GE’s highest scientific award. He was elected to the NAE and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was a fellow of the American Physical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Society of Metals, and Health Physics Society. In addition to over 350 published papers, Bob had 19 patents and received three IR-100 awards from Industrial Research Magazine for his technological contributions. His work led to two spinoff companies, Nuclepore, which utilized etched particle tracks to produce filters, and Terradex, which used etched particle tracks to detect radon.

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Turning to Bob’s private life, he left daily love notes for his wife Barbara whenever he left for work. He lived a life of love—and humor, teaching his children never to take anything too seriously. Both daughters ended up going into science, not because Bob urged them to but because they observed first- hand how much pleasure he took in his work. As he described in one of his later writings, Bob’s studies “continue to provide new adventures and undiminished intellectual stimulation.” At the same time, he maintained a healthy balance in life, always arriving at home for dinner before 6:00. He read widely, biked to work when the weather was good, and swam at lunch when it wasn’t. Among those speaking at Bob’s memorial service was his long-time friend Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate in physics. He recalled a friendly bet with Bob at a weekend lakeside party. Bob tied himself to a small boat and swam in one direction while Ivar, in the boat, rowed in the other. To Ivar’s great sur- prise, it was quite a battle, and most spectators concluded that Bob had won. Those many lunchtime swims had made him a very strong swimmer. Bob is survived by his brother Richard, his wife Barbara, daughters Cathy and Elizabeth (Betsy), and grandchildren Allison and Daniel. He will be remembered not only for his many contributions to science and technology, but also for his loving, humor-filled, and warmhearted approach to life. We are pleased to acknowledge the assistance of Barbara, Cathy, and Bob’s colleagues Howard Hart and Buford Price in preparing this memorial.

RENATO FUCHS 1942–2015 Elected in 1994

“For engineering contributions in the design, construction, and operation for large-scale manufacturing of recombinant DNA proteins.”

BY STEPHEN W. DREW1

RENATO FUCHS, industry leader in the scaleup and manufacture of recombinant DNA pharmaceuticals and former senior vice president at Centocor Inc., Chiron Corporation, and other biotechnology companies, died September 7, 2015, at the age of 72. He was born November 24, 1942, in the Castelnuovo Don Bosco, a commune in the province of Asti in the Piedmont region of Italy, to Mirko Fuchs of Zagreb, Croatia, and Leopoldina Pregelj of Trieste, Italy. Shortly after his birth his parents moved the family to Switzerland, and at the end of World War II they returned to what had become Yugoslavia. They moved again, when Renato was 7, to the new nation of Israel, and 5 years later settled in Cali, Colombia, where he spent his adolescence and early youth. He attended Santa Librada High School and then the Universidad del Valle, both in Cali, with a year of study as a science foreign exchange student at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. He graduated from the Universidad del Valle in 1967 with a bachelor of science in chemical engineering

1 The author appreciates contributions from Daniel I.C. Wang (MIT), Arnold L. Demain (MIT and Drew University), and Charles L. Cooney (MIT).

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and a research thesis on production of single-cell protein growing on molasses. He continued his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, enrolling in the new program of biochemical engineering (Course 20), with Daniel I.C. Wang. He completed his master of science in 1969 with a dissertation on the growth of thermophilic bacteria on normal alkanes, and went on to earn his PhD in biochemical engineering in 1974 with a thesis on the “Utilization of mixed substrates by mixed cultures in continuous culture.” The first 14 years of his career were at Schering-Plough Corp., in Union, New Jersey. He was responsible for the design, commissioning, and startup of two antibiotic manufacturing plants for offshore production in Brazil and Mexico. He also designed the first large-scale recombinant DNA production facility in New Jersey for the manufacture of alpha interferon; the production technology was subsequently transferred to Schering-Plough’s manufacturing plant in Ireland. Alpha interferon is used to treat cancers such as melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, and Kaposi’s sarcoma as well as viral infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, with annual worldwide sales of $1.5 billion. At Schering-Plough Dr. Fuchs earned a worldwide reputation as an expert in the large-scale manufacture of proteins under rigorous good manufacturing practice (GMP), required to conform to the guidelines of agencies that control authori- zation and licensing for the manufacture of active pharmaceutical products and drugs. In 1988 he joined Centocor Inc. (in Malvern, Pennsylvania), where he was responsible for the design and operation of a large-scale cell culture manufacturing plant. He introduced one of the first large-scale applications of perfusion bio reactors and was a leader in assembling the multidisciplinary team that saw monoclonal antibodies as human therapeutics through clinical trials and then to commercial manufacture at multikilogram quantities. His wife noted that in the last years of his life he was consulting for two biotechnology companies in Mexico and Colombia.

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His publications and presentations on the design and scaleup of mammalian cell culture and production of monoclonal antibodies are benchmark contributions and his insights continue to influence biological process design. In 1993 he moved to one of the largest biotechnology companies at the time, Chiron Corp. (Emeryville, California), as senior vice president of biopharma operations and process development, responsible for manufacturing plants and development laboratories in Emeryville and Vacaville, CA, as well as St. Louis, Puerto Rico, Amsterdam, Marburg (Germany), and Siena (Italy). During his tenure, Chiron greatly expanded capacity for manufacturing newly approved drugs such as Betaseron for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, and Menjugate, a vaccine to prevent meningitis C, as well as drugs and vaccines in development and clinical studies worldwide. After leaving Chiron in 2002, he returned to the Boston area and held senior positions at several biotech companies— Transkaryotic Therapies, Shire Human Genetic Therapies, and Altus Pharmaceuticals, all in Cambridge. He became a consultant to the international biopharmaceutical industry in 2007. He was also a member of the board of directors of Auxilium Pharmaceuticals and of several scientific advisory boards for academic programs and startup companies. Renato’s most impressive skills lay in his ability to observe and analyze complex technical systems and, quite often, to ask precisely the right question at the right moment to unblock insight and enable his colleagues. We already miss this gift from Renato. He was also inclusive, warm, and friendly. He always had time for conversation, or encouragement, or to host a gather ing to establish connections among his friends and peers. He was admired by his fellow graduate students and later by faculty members at MIT. He became well known for his fantastic parties that brought faculty, students, community members, and a range of international figures, including diplomats, together to enjoy dining, music, and landmark conversation. Throughout his career he opened doors for MIT graduates and provided them their first job in industry. He maintained

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close and fluid communication with MIT professors as well as industry contacts, fellow students from graduate school, and friends and families from around the world, and continued to host the social events that strengthened ties and sharing insights across many dimensions. Though brilliant and committed to landmark accomplishment, Renato was unassuming; he was focused on those around him. He had substantial professional and personal impact on his colleagues, friends, and family, and will be greatly missed. He is survived by his wife, Pubenza Valderruten Peters, sons Alex and Robert, and sister Jenny.

JOHN H. (JACK) GIBBONS 1929–2015 Elected in 1994

“For leadership in a broad spectrum of initiatives toward the development and communication of national policies for technological issues.”

BY SAM BALDWIN, ROSINA BIERBAUM, JOHN HOLDREN, AND MAXINE SAVITZ

JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS died at age 86 on July 17, 2015. He leaves a legacy of unparalleled leadership in science and technology policy for the nation as director of the Congr essional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and as science advisor to President Bill Clinton and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). His mentoring of staff at OTA and OSTP also contributed to the development of a legion of science policy experts across the United States. As Vice President Al Gore said, “He was utterly unique and irreplaceable.” Jack was born January 15, 1929, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. With a love of nature and hiking, he ran a Boy Scout camp when he was 13 and became an Eagle Scout and a member of scouting’s national honor society, the Order of the Arrow. He graduated from Randolph-Macon College in 1949 with bachelor’s degrees in mathematics and chemistry and got his PhD in physics from Duke University in 1954. His career began in 1954 as a nuclear physicist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee, where he studied the role of neutron capture in the stellar nucleosynthesis of heavy elements and ultimately became the group leader for nuclear geophysics. With coworkers, he founded Ortek, a company that produced radiation detectors and other instruments and

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was later sold to EG&G Corporation. From 1969 to 1973 he was director of the ORNL Environmental Program, where he initiated and directed research on energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and electricity as well as on the environmental impacts of energy supply and resource use. Jack was named the first director of the Federal Office of Energy Conservation by President Richard Nixon in September 1973, just before the oil embargo started in October 1973. In response, he launched the first national campaigns to reduce oil use and promote energy independence and security. He returned to Oak Ridge in late 1974 as professor of physics and director of the Energy, Environment, and Resources Center at the University of Tennessee, where he focused on energy management, energy efficiency, and the environ mental impacts of energy production and use. He was one of a handful of academic leaders then initiating and building interdisciplinary energy and environmental programs at universities around the country. In 1979 he went back to Washington to lead OTA, an independent, bicameral, nonpartisan agency that provided analysis for the Congress and the nation of the benefits, costs, and risks of available approaches to the scientific and technological challenges facing society. Under his leadership (1979–1993), OTA researchers generated more than 500 reports on agricul- ture, biotechnology, energy, environment, health, information technology, national security, space, transportation, and other topics of national interest. Many of OTA’s reports had significant impacts on congressional debates. Indeed, Jack’s intent was to have every side build from the same, well-grounded foundation of scientific information and technological insight, raising the level of political discourse. He wanted OTA reports to be “policy relevant, but never policy prescriptive.” He considered the analysis to be only half the work; translating the data and analysis into usable information and communicating it effectively was the other half. Jack built OTA into an immensely productive, influential, and widely respected source of policy-relevant science and

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technology insight, not just for Congress and the nation but for the world. Two years after he left OTA, the agency was dissolved in a contentious budget-cutting move that was lamented by many on both sides of the aisle. Amo Houghton (R-NY) even wrote an “In Memoriam” piece in observance of its closure.1 For years after OTA’s untimely demise, Jack’s presence in a Congressional hearing room would give rise to members’ laments about the loss of the “think tank” that helped them evaluate the consequences of legislation involving science and technology. The agency’s legacy lives on, however, for the work of OTA became a global model; the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment network, for example, was established in 1990 and now comprises 20 member countries. In February 1993 President Clinton appointed Jack assistant to the president for science and technology and director of OSTP, positions he held until 1998. He also served on the National Security Council, Domestic Policy Council, and National Economic Council; cochaired the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST); and initiated and oversaw the National Science and Technology Council, providing integrated science and technology budgets across all federal agencies. Jack had extraordinary impact. He focused attention on funding for energy research, development, and demonstration; new initiatives in biomedical research; and the establishment of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. He was an effective advocate for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to halt the development of new nuclear weapons, which President Clinton signed in 1996. He promoted the International Space Station as a global initiative that included the Russians, encouraging engagement with them during a period of dramatic change in that country. He was a leader in US cooperation with Russia to keep nuclear materials safely stored.

1 Published in the Congressional Record, Extension of Remarks, Sept. 28, 1995, pp. E1868–E1870.

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He initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, which developed high-efficiency hybrid vehicles. He was the first OSTP director to create a division focused on the environment, complementing the Divisions on Science, Technology and Innovation, and National Security and International Affairs. He oversaw the first National Climate Assessment, which he had successfully encouraged Congress to endorse in legislation (he later reminded his staff that “we have to be careful what we wish for, we might need to implement it!”). And he led US engagement on science and technology with other governments around the world. After leaving the White House in April 1998, Jack served as the Karl T. Compton Lecturer at MIT (1998–1999); senior advisor to the US Department of State (1999–2001), where he assisted the secretary in revitalizing science and technology capabilities, including creating the position of science advisor to the secretary; president of Sigma Xi (2000–2001); board chair of Population Action International; and member of the Virginia Commission on Climate Change (2008), among others. Overall, he served on nearly 20 advisory and working committees of the National Academies, and on nearly 60 other civic and professional boards and advisory groups. He chaired the Demand/Conservation Panel of the National Academies’ Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems (CONAES) (1976–1979). The panel’s report made the case, then controversial, that US energy efficiency could double over 35 years; it did. He was also one of the first signers of the 2004 Scientist Statement on Restoring Scientific Integrity to Federal Policymaking, continuing his lifelong emphasis on the importance of scientific integrity as a buffer to political expediency. Jack’s work was recognized at the highest levels. In addition to being a member of the NAE, he was a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his many honors, he was awarded the APS Leo Szilard Award for Physics in the Public Interest; the AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize for

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sustained exceptional contributions to advancing science; the Federation of American Scientists Public Service Award; the Alliance to Save Energy Lifetime Achievement Award; the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; medals from the French and German governments for fostering scientific cooperation; honorary doctorates from half a dozen universities; and he was the inaugural honoree in the Energy Efficiency Forum Hall of Fame. He demonstrated by example the value of science to inform policy and the importance of careful analytical work. He believed his key job was to “speak truth to power,” and he did so effectively, with a folksy style and humor that defused tension when some did not want to hear the message. When he took up his position in the Clinton/Gore administration, Scientific American titled his profile “The Nicest Guy in Washington”—and that was after he’d worked for Congress for 13 years. He was unflappable even under the pressures for which Congress and the White House are legendary, and he was articulate in explaining not just the science and technology around a given issue but also the policy and ethical dimensions. He was also known for a wry sense of humor often con- veyed in one of the innumerable quotes he knew by heart. As he warned about the dangers of climate change, for example, he observed that “Americans never see the handwriting on the wall until their backs are up against it” (Adlai Stevenson), and “If we don’t change our direction we’re likely to end up where we’re headed” (Chinese proverb). When his daughter Ginny asked “How do you remain so optimistic when the world is falling apart?” he said, “There is no other choice.” And when she asked how he was able to maintain his sense of humor in the face of world calamities, he said, “Laughter is often just a step away from despair.” An engraved stone on his desk reflected his determination, reading “Illegitimi non carborundum,” loosely translated as “Don’t let the bastards grind you down!” Jack had a deep commitment to mentoring the lay public as well as presidents and members of Congress. He gave countless

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lectures to garden clubs, junior colleges, Rotary clubs, scout troops, and church congregations with zeal equal to that of his congressional testimonies, briefings to the Cabinet, and plenary lectures to science societies. He was a true “civic scientist” and mentored all staff he worked with about the importance of this responsibility. He was indefatigable in his mentoring of aspiring young scientists, engineers, and policy analysts, spending countless hours helping them chart their courses and regaling them with the lessons he had learned from decades of working at the science-policy interface. Most important, Jack was a good-hearted, decent person. Always a gentleman, he was humble, kind, generous, and witty. He was full of life and his family was always surrounded by friends. His wife Mary Ann (née Hobart) remembers that he could chat with anyone, and that he would often adopt the accent of whomever he engaged in conversation, especially in the Tennessee mountains, such as “You-uns come back soon, hear!” His daughter remembers “lazy summers filled with lovely cocktail parties outside accompanied by laughter, light- ning bugs, and George Shearing jazz in the background.” Jack loved music and had a rich bass singing voice. He met Mary Ann in a choir and they sang together for as long as he lived. Music was a constant part of family life; his daughters remember Jack singing in the quartet of a local Oak Ridge production of “The Music Man,” and by the end of all the rehears- als the entire family could practically play all the parts. When he interviewed for the science advisor position with President Clinton and Vice President Gore in Arkansas on Christmas Eve 1992, he made it back to Virginia in time to perform in his church’s evening service. He even played the washtub and sang at the memorable OTA holiday parties each year. Jack’s love of nature and adventure pervaded his life. He took Mary Ann spelunking on one of their first dates; for- tunately his brother William was along to help extricate her from a particularly difficult passage. In his 70s he could out- pace hikers half his age in the mountains of Colorado, on the beaches of Maine, or in the forests of Virginia. He spent

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countless hours caving, hiking, and pondering how to leave this Earth a better place than he found it. He is survived by his wonderful wife of 60 years, Mary Ann; daughters Virginia Barber and Mary Marshall Meyer; his sister Dr. Elizabeth Reynolds; and eight grandchildren. Daughter Diana C. Gibbons passed away in 2014.

ANDREW S. GROVE 1936–2016 Elected in 1979

“Leadership in semiconductor technology, particularly in contributions to the understanding of structure and instabilities of the silicon-oxide interface.”

BY EUGENE S. MEIERAN

ANDREW STEPHEN GROVE died March 21, 2016, at age 79 in Los Altos, California. He was a major force in the science, technology, development, growth, and unprecedented expansion of the semiconductor industry from 1963 to the present day. These factual statements are 100 percent accurate but convey nothing of the substance of Andrew Grove, or Andy— or ASG, or “A.,” or “a.,” or “G.,” or Grove, nicknames he was accustomed to use and respond to throughout his 53-year career. And these were not just simple nicknames; each con- veyed a message! A recipient immediately understood by the way Andy signed his missives whether he was pleased, dis- missive, upset, or merely impartial in his response (a message signed with a simple “a.” was always treasured!). But noting the effect (reverence—or dismay) of receiving an “andygram” does not substantially help define Andy’s impact on people. If Andrew Grove were but a brilliant scientist, writing a memorial testament for him would be fairly easy: list his books, accomplishments, and awards, and state that the world is better off for his having lived and contributed much to society. Similarly, if he were a great engineer one could recite his accomplishments, or if he were a great manager or educator, one could mention the organizations or organizational processes he created or name the many influential students he

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trained. On the human side, if he overcame enormous physical or mental obstacles to achieve success, one could marvel at how he achieved so much in spite of life’s difficulties and challenges. If he shed his personal privacy to assist in helping patients and doctors come to grips with prostate cancer by publishing an article such as “Taking on prostate cancer: What to learn from a 15-year survivor” (Fortune magazine, May 13, 1996), one could point to a compassionate and involved senior executive willing to reach out to improve health care. If the accomplishments in each domain were meritorious, each would deserve several pages individually. But what does one do when the person, this Andrew S. Grove, does all these within his short life span, at a level acclaimed by his peers as expert or genius? How does one describe a person who survived Nazi and then Communist tyrannies, who through his enormous talent and skills created a technology that became globally perva- sive, then went on to manage one of the greatest technological revolutions in history, and who in failing health himself contributed to medical science in helping understand and lead to possible cures for not one but two degenerative, disabling, and life-threatening diseases? Much has been written about Andy Grove; none of it adequately chronicles this extraordinary man’s global impact on technology and society. András István Gróf was born to Maria and George Gróf in Budapest on September 2, 1936. At age 4 he acquired scarlet fever, a disease that nearly cost him his life and left him with a severe hearing impairment for most of his adult life. Living in Hungary under an authoritarian regime during his early years was nothing compared to what happened after the Nazis invaded in 1944. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were rounded up and deported to the Nazi killing camps; Auschwitz alone was said to have executed as many as 400,000 Hungarians within a few months. András and his mother assumed false identities and, sheltered by friends, survived the war. His father was taken to a forced labor camp, but survived and was reunited with his family after the war’s end.

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The demise of the Nazi regime led to the creation of the equally totalitarian Communist regime in Hungary. During the ill-fated Hungarian revolution in 1956, András decided to escape and, after a tortuous journey across Europe (detailed in his captivating book Swimming Across: A Memoir; Warner Books, 2001), landed in the United States in 1957, where he anglicized his name to Andrew Stephen Grove. As he wrote in his book,

By the time I was 20, I had lived through a Hungarian Fascist dictatorship, German military occupation, the Nazis’ “Final Solution,” the siege of Budapest by the Soviet Red Army, a period of chaotic democracy in the years immediately after the war, a variety of repressive Communist regimes, and a popular uprising that was put down at gunpoint . . . [where] many young people were killed; countless others were interned. Some 200,000 Hungarians escaped to the West. I was one of them.

In 1957 Andy also met Eva Kastan, an immigrant from Austria; the two were married in 1958 and remained together for the next 58 years. Then began the education of one of America’s most influential citizens. Andy started with studies in chemical engineering at City College of New York, where he received a BS in 1960, followed in 1963 by a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, after which he joined Fairchild Semiconductor R&D in Palo Alto. That is where he met Gordon Moore, director of research and development. His relationships with Gordon and Bob Noyce, two of the eight cofounders of Fairchild, led to one of the greatest impacts on technology and economy in history. At Fairchild, known for the bipolar silicon technology developed by Noyce, Moore, and the other “Fairchild 8,” Andy started looking at the technology and properties of silicon– silicon dioxide interfaces. His seminal work eventually led to the commercial manufacture of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices, which became the workhorse devices of the emerging silicon technology revolution.

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When Andy joined the company it was making individual transistors, and when he left in 1968 it was a pioneer in integrated circuits (which Bob Noyce had coinvented). Equally noteworthy, Gordon Moore had created a diagram, soon to be labeled Moore’s Law, that became the driving force for the semiconductor industry and remains valid today. Over the next 45 years Andy had a major role in turning this prediction of technology growth into reality. His technical work and the publication of his first and extremely popular book Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (Wiley, 1967), together with his acknowledged aggres- sive behavior, led him, then assistant director of research at Fairchild, to be selected to join Moore and Noyce when they formed Intel Corp. in 1968 (he was employee #4; numbers 1–3 were Noyce, Moore, and Leslie Vadasz1). Thus began Andy’s next journey, from technical research scientist to manager and eventually CEO of what was for a while considered the most important and valuable company in the world. This transition from a fairly undisciplined research scientist to a senior manager fundamentally impacted the role of senior managers throughout Silicon Valley and the world of technology enterprises, as Andy developed his management philosophy and skills and implemented them, however unpopular, through Intel and eventually through many Intel- style management emulators. Basically, although Andy’s first role was that of Intel’s director of engineering, he quickly started to formulate what was to become his management style, as described in his first managerial book, High Output Management (Random House, 1983). In this book he champions a disciplined operation at Intel that differed markedly from that of Fairchild and all the startup companies that Fairchild birthed. There were no executive dining rooms, Mahogany Rows, or sacred parking places (everyone parked wherever they could find a spot), and everyone—engineers, scientists, and

1 Les Vadasz escaped from Hungary at about the same time as Andy; the two men were colleagues and the closest of friends for 53 years.

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top management—was expected to show up on time (leading to the notorious “sign-in lists” that even Bob and Gordon complied with). Floors, desks, and offices were expected to be neat (the equally notorious Mr. Clean inspections were initiated, where senior people at Intel would inspect every office, lab nook, and cranny to ensure that the place was kept neat). In fact, Intel’s winning the war of the PC over Apple was probably a direct result of the 1973 slogan, “Intel Delivers.” Andy’s corporatewide focus on discipline ensured that Intel could meet market demands by meeting internal timetables and schedules. At the same time, sabbatical leave was provided for all employees. And other management practices emerged, such as the introduction of flexible, nonsolid walled offices with no doors—“cubicles”; even Grove’s and Moore’s offices were open, roughly 8′ by 9′ squares with furniture, computers, and desks identical to those of all other employees. Cubicles could be easily reconfigured to meet changing business and lab space growth needs. Intel was admittedly a demanding and stressful place to work, but also an energetic, challenging, and thriving environment where the senior management, from Bob, Gordon, and Andy on down, were highly visible and easy to approach. The Mr. Clean tours, for example, not only ensured discipline throughout the company but also allowed workers who other wise would never personally meet Andy, Gordon, Bob, or other senior managers to talk with them on a periodic basis. (There was a genuine love-hate response to the Mr. Clean visits!) Many companies have copied Andy’s and Intel’s disciplined work style. Technology was driven by support for innovation and adherence to delivery—the EPROM, the conceptually new microprocessor, the static RAM, the DRAM technologies—all were encouraged and became hugely successful even though highly risky. Andy’s earlier work on MOS technology paid off in a big way, and Intel thrived and grew as no other company in history. Moore’s Law required that Intel coordinate new process technologies (scaling), new architectures (devices),

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and new facilities (manufacturing) to turn out a product on a given date; there was little latitude for failure. Andy still had to make hard and often unpopular business decisions. For example, in the face of emerging stiff Japanese competition in the memory market he chose, against strong opposition, to discontinue producing the solid-state memory DRAM chips pioneered by Intel. These were the critical “test devices” used to generate and debug new process technology changes. The focus changed to using microprocessors; their design was less structured and therefore more difficult to use when evaluating a new process or design. As mentioned, Intel’s success in getting IBM to continue to use Intel technologies led to the dominant role of microprocessors in the world’s economy, one of the great success stories of the Information Age. Eventually, Bob Noyce left to become president of Sematech, and Gordon moved on to chair the board. Andy assumed the CEO position (he also continued to write books; Only the Paranoid Survive [Doubleday Business, 1996] is probably his most widely read book). In this position he was recognized as the major driving force behind the emergence and growth of Silicon Valley. Intel itself grew from a $3,000 gross reve- nue company to a $30 billion company, whose logos—“Intel Delivers” and later “Intel Inside”—were often regarded as the most valuable in the world, exceeding those of Coca Cola and IBM! Andy was named Time Man of the Year in 1997. Many corporate rivals became his greatest admirers. Included in that list are Steve Jobs and Bill Gates; Bill and Microsoft were close partners with Intel (often referred to as “Wintel”). But another term was once used to describe Grove’s work with or study of other companies’ processes: McDonald’s. The fast-food restaurant’s french fries are made with identical processes and materials, and Andy believed that principle should be applied to the making of semiconductor chips (leading to another Intel slogan, “Copy Exactly!”). Hence the relatively unknown term, McIntel. There is even a rare photograph of Andy emerging from a large “McIntel” hamburger box made

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to look like an Intel device package! Although unpopular with process development engineers, “Copy Exactly!” did ensure that products manufactured at all Intel facilities were the same and contributed enormously to the company’s profitability and success. While enjoying fame and reputation—numerous honors and honorary doctorates that he had earned as a survivor, a technologist, and a manager—another period of Andy’s life began as he battled first prostate cancer and then Parkinson’s disease. He left his position as CEO at Intel, but remained active in other ways. He became chair of the board at Intel and started teaching management and innovation courses at Stanford University. At the same time, he fought personally for his own health and publicly to help anyone else with this disease, conferring with doctors to suggest ways of defeating it. He used the same discipline and detail orientation he had exercised at Intel, and was acclaimed by the medical profession for his scientific and disciplined approach. He offered advice to other cancer victims. Parkinson’s struck Andy in 2000, and he succumbed to it after a 16-year struggle. But in spite of even this malady, he maintained a rigorous and busy work and education schedule. He traveled, consulted, taught, was interviewed, and remained an icon of Silicon Valley to the very end. He leaves behind his wife Eva, and two daughters and their families, which include 8 grandchildren. And he leaves behind a legend. Andrew Grove, the man, has left us; but his technology, his style, his ideas, his vision, his strength and inspiration live on. As said at the beginning of this testament to Andy, there are many people who are giants in their fields of expertise. But there are few, very few, that become respected giants in numerous domains. Andy Grove was one of these very rare individuals.

GEORGE H. HEILMEIER 1936–2014 Elected in 1979

“Contributions to liquid crystal technology.”

BY NIM CHEUNG AND JACK HOWELL

GEORGE HARRY HEILMEIER, one of the most influential technology leaders of our era, passed away on April 21, 2014, in Plano, Texas, at the age of 77. His death was attributed to complications from Alzheimer’s disease. He was born May 22, 1936 in Philadelphia, the only child of George and Anna Heilmeier. His father was a janitor, his mother a homemaker. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School and went on to earn his BS in electrical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and his MSE, MA, and PhD in solid state materials and electronics from Princeton University. Heilmeier is internationally recognized for his pioneering work in 1964–1965 on electro-optic effects in liquid crystals, performed at RCA Laboratories in Princeton, and his subsequent demonstration of the first working liquid crystal display (LCD). This breakthrough is the basis for the subsequent developments, spanning five decades, that led to the billions of LCD devices deployed today in products ranging from digital clocks and calculators to flat panel TVs and computer

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monitors, gaming devices, cameras, and smartphones. LCDs are expected to become even more ubiquitous with the advent of the Internet of Things, which is expected to have tens of billions of interconnected computing devices over the next couple of decades. Equally important, but less well known to the general public, are Heilmeier’s contributions as a research leader during his tenures as director of the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), senior executive at Texas Instruments, and CEO of Bellcore (Telcordia Technologies). He had the uncanny ability to spot key problem areas of great importance in a research field. He is famous among technology managers for the “Heilmeier Catechism,” a set of questions he posed at DARPA for reviewing new R&D projects or funding proposals. He continued to use these questions as a management tool in his subsequent positions. The philosophy has spread to numerous organizations in the United States and many other countries.

The Heilmeier Catechism • What are you trying to do? Articulate your objectives using absolutely no jargon. • How is it done today, and what are the limits of current practice? • What is new in your approach and why do you think it will succeed? • Who cares? • If you are successful, what difference does it make? • What are the risks and the payoffs? • How much will it cost? • How long will it take? • What are the midterm and final “exams” to check the success?

Heilmeier won numerous awards and accolades for his invention of the LCD and as a research leader, including the US National Medal of Science (1991), IEEE Medal of Honor

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(1997), and NAE Founders Award (1992) and Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering (2012). He was also selected for the IEEE David Sarnoff Award (1976) and Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology from the Inamori Foundation (2005), among others. He is survived by his wife of 52 years, the former Janet Faunce; daughter Beth Heilmeier Jarvie; and three grandchildren.

Tribute by Bob Lucky I first met George in 1967. He and I were the two runners-up in the annual Eta Kappa Nu selection of the most outstanding electrical engineer. George was then working at RCA and had invented the LCD display technology. I had no idea how important it was to become, nor how long it would take to become so important. The next year George was selected for the main honor of the most outstanding young engineer. That was a very significant honor then, which was based not only on technical achievement but on abilities and accomplishments outside the technical area. The winners of that award nearly always became famous engineers. (That became less true in the decades to follow, and I think it is impossible today to identify such exceptional young engineers.) George went on to government positions and was appointed director of DARPA at a time when technology was blossoming with potential. Integrated circuits, the laser, and the Internet were poised to change the world, and George was right there with the vision and the funding to make it happen. About this time I was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Air Force, and later became its chairman. George was an active participant, and I renewed my acquaintance with him. After George left government he joined Texas Instruments, and in 1992 I heard that he had been named the CEO of Bellcore. I remember being thrilled that he would be moving to New Jersey, and I hoped that he would be a neighbor. I had forgotten that the headquarters of Bellcore was then in Livingston, NJ, which was nowhere near my home.

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In the summer of 1992 I was executive director of the communications research division of Bell Labs. One day I received a call from George, who wanted to have lunch with me. I had a feeling that he was going to offer me a job, as the vice president of research in Bellcore was retiring. However, I had no intention of accepting an offer. I never thought that I could leave Bell Labs. But as I left that lunch, I knew that my life had been changed, and that I would join George at Bellcore. I worked directly for and with George for some years. Once again, George was where things were undergoing tectonic shifts. The realities of the AT&T breakup were starting to set in, and the funding model for Bellcore—a consortium of the so-called Baby Bells—was about to disintegrate. Bellcore had to be sold, and George was the person in charge. I remember those months of meetings with potential buyers. George was at his best in knowing the people and managing the process of the sale. George was easy to work for, and he had a knowledge and affinity for research. He looked for vision, and was famous in the company for his “catechism” of basic questions that every project had to answer. I was always aware that mv boss knew as much as I did about the work we did. Of course, the sale of Bellcore ended George’s tenure as CEO. This is usual and had been ordained from the start. Bellcore became Telcordia Technologies and the research division became increasingly funded through government proposals. I retired in 2002, but I wasn’t through seeing George—not by a long shot. I joined the Defense Science Board—the half dozen or so of the most respected defense scientists in the country; George was a senior fellow of the board. In the years to follow I had many meetings with him, and, freed from corporate responsibilities, we had wide-ranging conversations. One little reminiscence sticks particularly with me. Several times George talked about playing baseball when he was young. He was an infielder—maybe third base—and had aspi- rations about playing at higher levels, maybe even the major leagues. In my mind I see him at third base, hollering at the

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players around him to get their game up, staring intently at the batter and positioning himself based on the statistics of that batter—a student of the game and so competitive that he refuses to lose. His life was like that.

Comments from Stu Personick George had the ability to identify and articulate key problem areas that were of great importance to the sponsors of applied research and that were ripe for solution via innovative thinking and the innovative application of available and emerging technologies. Under his leadership, DARPA focused its strategy on six overarching themes that were elegant in the simplicity with which they were framed and the transparency of their prospective impacts:

• Create an “invisible aircraft.” • Make the oceans “transparent.” • Create an agile, lightweight tank armed with a tank killer “machine gun.” • Develop new space-based surveillance and warning systems based on infrared focal plane arrays. • Create command and control systems that adapt to the commander instead of forcing the commander to adapt to them. • Increase the reliability of our vehicles by creating onboard diagnostics and prognostics.

George had the ability to recognize the prospective, far- reaching implications of a discovery such as the underlying ferroelectric effects in liquid crystals, to create solutions for important unmet market needs, and to follow through on the applied research and development needed to turn a new discovery into high-impact, marketable products [1, 2]. It is important to note that this follow-through includes the ability to evolve the prospective application domain and the

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underlying technology as the applied research and development provide new scientific and market insights [3]. While at DARPA, George formulated a set of questions for evaluating prospective/proposed research projects. Discussions of those questions, and case studies using those questions, should be part of any course on innovation and incorporated into the practices of all committees that select research projects for funding, all research program managers, and all principal investigators conducting research projects. Answers to all of these questions should be a mandatory section of every research proposal submitted for funding and every doctoral candidate’s thesis research proposal [4, 5].

Comments from Vincent Chan George was a personal friend, and we spent a lot of time together in the last few years working on Defense Science Board studies and as members of other US government advisory boards and committees. He was a person who had a very high quality metric, and a nose for finding problem areas. He also was not shy about letting the US government representatives/ sponsors of those boards and committees know the bad news about their programs and initiatives, even if they didn’t want to hear it. I am a strong supporter of the Heilmeier catechism and I have preached it in my group and to others worldwide! I think George’s courage to speak out under difficult situa- tions is unique, and is something young people should emu- late (with appropriate moderation and judgment).

Comments from Beth Heilmeier Jarvie The real story of what undergirded all the contributions my dad made, what made him “tick” and the thing that made him unique and totally special, was his integrity, humil- ity, and work ethic. He came from a poor neighborhood in Philadelphia (no one in his family went past middle school) but his parents instilled strong values in him. He lived a life of gratitude to God for all the gifts he felt God had bestowed

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on him (although by the world’s standards, he had nothing). Even I did not know all the contributions he made until after he died because he never spoke of his awards, honors, etc. I could go on and on about my dad. As one of his friends, Jack Woodmansee, said, my dad was a “national treasure” in many ways.

References [1] Williams R, Heilmeier GH. 1966. Possible ferroelectric effects in liquid crystals and related liquids. Journal of Chemical Physics 44:638–643. [2] Heilmeier GH, Zanoni LA, Barton LA. 1968. Dynamic scattering: A new electrooptic effect in certain classes of nematic liquid crystals. Proceedings of the IEEE 56(7):1162–1171. [3] http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/george-heilmeier [4] www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1266274 [5] http://datascientistinsights.com/2013/06/11/heilmeier-catechism- nine-questions-to-develop-a-meaningful-data-science-project/

DAVID G. HOAG 1925–2015 Elected in 1979

“Contributions and leadership in development of guidance and control systems for the Polaris missile and the Apollo spacecrafts.”

BY NORMAN SEARS SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

DAVID GARRATT HOAG died January 19, 2015, at age 89. He was born October 11, 1925, in Boston to Alden Bomer and Helen Lucy (née Garratt) Hoag. He grew up in Holliston, Massachusetts, and in 1943 enlisted in the US Navy, which assigned him to its V-12 program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He continued at MIT after World War II and graduated with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical and instrumentation engineering. He then spent his entire career at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which became the C.S. Draper Laboratory in 1973. During his more than 50 years—as a design and systems engineer, senior advisor, and consultant—he made many very significant contributions to the laboratory’s design responsibilities for several national programs involving defense and space technologies. Dave earned and enjoyed a reputation as one of the laboratory’s most outstanding engineering and management talents. He worked on Navy fire control system designs that followed the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory’s involvement in successful designs for World War II fire control development. These early fire control programs established a recognized design capability and a feasible contracting arrangement between government, university, and industry for large

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national defense programs. This contracting and design capability was to set a pattern for the laboratory’s future involvement in several programs of national importance with big technical challenges. Dave’s early design contributions were to advanced fire control systems sponsored by the Navy and Air Force. A specialized element of the general fire control problem is inertial guidance and navigation for long-range ballistic missiles. The Instrumentation Laboratory was a leader in the development of inertial guidance and participated in several ballistic missile programs. One nationally important inertial guidance system development led by the laboratory was the Polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile program. Dave was the chief technical design engineer and program manager for this four-year program, which culminated in the successful launch of two Polaris A1 missiles from the submerged USS George Washington (SSBN-598) off Florida on July 20, 1960. This was a remarkable research and development effort involving Navy, university, and industry partners for the successful design of a major defense system. The USS George Washington began the nation’s first strategic deterrent patrol, carrying 1,200-nautical-mile-range Polaris missiles in November 1960. Dave often said that being the chief technical director of the Polaris inertial guidance system was a career dream for him. It turned out that July 20 was to become an even more important date for him later in the decade. In 1961 NASA awarded the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory the first contract on the Apollo program to design and verify a self-contained guidance and navigation (G&N) system for spacecraft to land humans on the moon and return them to Earth. Dave was designated chief technical director and program manager to lead the effort, essentially the same role he had played for the Polaris program. The G&N system consisted of an inertial measurement unit, optical alignment telescope and space sextant, and digital guidance computer. System weight and schedule limits were driving factors in its development. As a result, new

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technology development was minimized. Inertial and optical designs were well established at the time, but digital computing for real-time applications was in its infancy. The Apollo G&N computer would be one of the first to use transistor integrated circuits that were just beginning to be manufactured. Weight limitations dictated that the G&N system be a single- string system rather than a redundant one. Component reliability was therefore a major program design and cost driver. During the development phase of the system the laboratory was asked to integrate the flight control systems for both the Command and Lunar Modules as digital designs, and the G&N system became the GN&C system. This required significant additional design and verification. Dave directed the development of the system through prototype demonstration and verification tests to validate system performance. The Apollo program extended the laboratory’s design and support effort further than previous programs, in several areas that required significant technical and managerial support. The laboratory was responsible for the programming and test verification of both Command and Lunar Module GN&C computer programs for each Apollo mission. Over the course of the program this involved 12 missions of which 6 landed on the moon. The development of both digital and hybrid simula- tors was also a major part of this effort for software verification. Moreover, the GN&C system was one of the more complex systems the flight crews had to work with throughout the mission, and extensive crew training support on system operation became an additional requirement. This crew involvement then extended into real-time flight support, which became very important in resolving system and mission issues on the Apollo 11, 13, and 14 missions. Dave’s role and leadership over the 12 years of the Apollo program were important and involved outstanding achievements of which he and the laboratory can be very proud. The successful Apollo 11 lunar landing on July 20, 1969, was a crowning achievement—echoing the first successful Polaris launch on July 20, 1960. Dave had a remarkable nine-year period of professional achievement.

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After the Apollo program, Dave headed an advanced design and development group supporting the Space Defense Initiative effort for missile defense. This undertaking involved some of the most advanced technology at the laboratory in the areas of precision pointing and tracking for directed energy weapons and space-based surveillance, and required very senior and experienced designers. The effort required a leader of Dave Hoag’s caliber, which he consistently displayed over many years. Recognized both nationally and internationally as an outstanding engineer and technical leader, Dave received the Col. Thomas L. Thurlow Award (1969) from the Institute of Navigation, NASA Public Service Award (1969), Navy Certificate of Merit (1970), and in 1972 he and Richard Battin were presented with the Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award (now called the Goddard Astronautics Award) from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He also represented the laboratory at the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, which started surveys for nuclear disarmament. His highest personal award was probably the respect and reputation he had from fellow design engineers over a very broad range of important programs. They all recognized and appreciated his technical capability for system design and development, coupled with a very effective operating style. For all his outstanding accomplishments, David Hoag was a family man. Shortly after his marriage to Grace Griffith in 1952 they bought an 1800 house with lots of land. He built a two-car garage, workshop, and large porch. He had a pond dug for swimming, skating, and boating—and to provide a home for lots of frogs and fish and turtles. He also raised sheep, chicken, and bees. He had a tennis court built and of course there was room for basketball and baseball. It was a wonderful home to raise his five children and continues to be enjoyed by his grandchildren and great-granddaughter. Much of the land is wooded and he made paths through it. Residents remember his guided walks for third-graders and their families who were working on a school leaf project.

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He loved to relate interesting lore about the plants and animals that lived on his property, much of which will be pre- served in perpetuity. Dave had a lifelong interest in natural resources and the environment. He was a charter member of the Medway Open Space Committee, for which he compiled many maps and the original catalogue of open spaces. He was also a board member of the Upper Charles Conservation Land Trust. David and Grace also bought some land in Vermont with a former church on it for a vacation spot. He did not do a lot of remodeling because the family was there to enjoy the mountains. He also had an appreciation for human cultures. He and Grace traveled to Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America. In sharing programs between engineers they visited the Soviet Union, Taiwan, and Scotland, and they hosted visitors from those countries in their home. Dave loved exotic food—and enjoyed cooking Chinese meals—as well as traditions and art from cultures around the world. Dave was especially proud of his large family, whom he and Grace hosted each week at Sunday morning breakfast, an event started by Dave’s parents when he was a boy. It continues still, and relatives, friends, and guests are always welcome. The family also hosted an annual Strawberry Shortcake Sunday for their many friends. Gatherings at the Hoag house always include a walk along a path known as “Papa’s woodsy walk,” which winds through the woods behind the house. Dave is survived by his wife Grace; children Rebecca Hoag Atwood (Paul), Peter Griffith Hoag (Sarah Vincent-Hoag), Jeffrey Taber Hoag (Mary Clare Bergen), Nicholas Alden Hoag, and Lucy Hoag Peltier (Leonard); grandchildren Benjamin Emery Atwood, Julia Atwood Golebiewski (John), Caitlin Hoag Caswell (Bryan), Noah Janson Hoag, Chloe Griffith Hoag, Leah Frances Hoag, David Edward Peltier, and Thomas Jeffrey Peltier; and great-grandchildren Evelyn Grace Caswell and Coleman William Caswell.

JOHN H. HORLOCK 1928–2015 Elected in 1988

“For distinguished contributions to knowledge of the thermodynamics and fluid dynamics of gas turbines, and for innovations in engineering education.”

DANIEL WEINBREN SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

SIR JOHN HAROLD HORLOCK died May 22, 2015, at age 87. He revolutionized transportation through his significant contributions to aerodynamics, fluid dynamics, and energy and the development of gas turbines. By describing the detailed air flow in turbines and compressors in mathematical terms he paved the way for greater efficiency in jet engine design. Born April 19, 1928, John Horlock grew up in Winchmore Hill, north London, with his older sister Beryl and their parents, Harold Edgar and Olive Margaret Horlock. His father ran an undertaking firm, Blake and Horlock, in Edmonton. His mother, the third child of Christian Kissner, was born in Kassel, Germany, whence the family had emigrated in the 1880s. Starting in 1939 John attended the Latymer School in Edmonton. Due to a leg injury he was not required to serve in the armed forces. Instead, with a scholarship to St. John’s College, Cambridge, he read for the mechanical sciences tripos. It was here that he became interested in gas turbines, won the Rex Moir Prize (awarded to the examination candidate who demonstrated the greatest distinction in engineering), and obtained a First Class degree. After graduation he worked as a design engineer for Rolls- Royce (1949–1951), where he contributed to the redesign of

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the compressor. After a year’s sabbatical at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rolls-Royce funded his return to Cambridge and provided an axial compressor rig for his use. Back at the university he taught engineering, worked for his PhD, and studied three-dimensional compressor design. In 1958, at age 30, he was appointed Harrison Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Liverpool. That year also saw the publication of his first book, Axial Flow Compressors Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, and in 1966 he followed up with Axial Flow Turbines (both published by Butterworths Scientific Publications). While at Liverpool he also edited a series of books on thermodynamics and fluid mechanics for engineers, and became head of the Mechanical Engineering Department. In 1967 he returned to Cambridge where he held a chair and became deputy head of the Department of Engineering, which had nearly 1,000 students and a teaching staff of about 100. In addition, he chaired the Mechanical Engineering Committee of the Science Research Council, the UK agency that from 1965 to 1981 was in charge of publicly funded scientific research activities. He gained Science Research Council funds for a turbo machinery research laboratory in Cambridge that became the Whittle Laboratory. He was its first director and, in 1973, the laboratory’s extension was named after him. From 1974 to 1981 he was vice chancellor of Salford University, a relatively small technology-focused institution. He acquired the task of administering a government funding cut of 40 percent over three years. He went on to a decade-long appointment as vice chancellor of the Open University (1981–1990). This relatively new and distinctive institution provided for students who wished to study part-time and without travelling to a campus. As only the second person to hold this post he consolidated the status of the university by helping to ensure the success of a 1985 visit from an influential critic, Secretary of State for Education Sir Keith Joseph. His experience dealing with government bodies proved useful, as he noted when he compared the post to his previous

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one: “the civil servants liked to have their fingers in the Open University pie, whereas I hardly saw a civil servant in all my time at Salford.” There were also savings to be made in the new post. The capital grant from the UK government was halved in real terms the year after his arrival, and there were further cuts in subsequent years. Nevertheless, he was able to strengthen science and engineering at the university, ensure the introduction of a postgraduate master’s program, and oversee the opening of the Open Business School and the expansion of the university into Western Europe. While vice chancellor he maintained his interest in turbomachinery and thermodynamic cycles and continued to publish papers. At the end of his term he did not seek reappointment but retired in 1990 at age 62. He felt that the university was “no longer a strange new immature organization, but a massive national resource, with a high international reputation.” Long after he left the university he lived nearby and supported the establishment of similar institutions in many countries. The Open University named a building in his honor in 1989. In addition, during his tenure he was known as “the students’ vice chancellor,” and in 1991 the Association of Open University Graduates established the Sir John Horlock Award for Science. In retirement he published on gas turbines and combined cycles, notably an account tracing the history of combined cycle plants to the early part of the 20th century: Combined Power Plants: Including Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plants (Pergamon Press, 1992). His Cogeneration—Combined Heat and Power (CHP): Thermodynamics and Economics (Krieger Publishing, 1996) introduced numerous aspects of the topic and compared the performance of CHP plants to that of conventional plants. In 1990 he became the first chair of the Aerothermal Panel, an advisory body to Rolls-Royce, and rejoined the Whittle Laboratory. In addition to his academic career he was an advisor to British government and industry for decades. He was a board member at the National Grid; from 1979, chair of the Aeronautical Research Council, which provided advice

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to the Ministry of Defense and the Department of Industry; and chair of the advisory committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (1984–1993). He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society “for services to science, education, and engineering” in 1976 and served as its vice president (1981–1983) and treasurer (1992). He was also a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and was elected a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering in 1988. He was an honorary fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and in 1996 was knighted for services to science, engineering, and education. In 1969 he was awarded, together with R. Ivan Lewis, the annual Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal, for their paper “Flow Disturbances Due to Blade Thickness in Turbomachines.” In 1997 he received ASME’s R. Tom Sawyer Award in recognition of his contributions to advancing the purpose of the gas turbine industry and to the International Gas Turbine Institute over a substantial period of time. In 2001 he was selected for the Institute of Civil Engineers’ James Alfred Ewing Medal in recognition of his meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research. He received honorary awards from many universities: Heriot-Watt University (1980), Salford (1981), East Asia (Macau; 1985), Liverpool (1986), Coventry (1991), de Montfort (1995), and Cranfield (1997). He became a fellow of the Open University in 1991. He was also an honorary fellow of St. John’s College (1989) and of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (1991), as well as prochancellor of the latter (1995–2001). His contributions went beyond those made at governmental or institutional levels. As recalled by John Young, the Hopkinson and ICI Professor of Applied Thermodynamics at the University of Cambridge, John Horlock “maintained a strong interest in the personal welfare of students, young academics, and not-so-young academics. Many have cause to be grateful for his kindness, generosity, and support.”

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As a schoolboy John Horlock had a soccer trial with the Tottenham Hotspur Juniors and remained a keen follower of the senior club. He also loved cricket and a variety of types of music. While living in Edmonton John met Sheila Joy Stutely. They were married June 8, 1953. John is survived by Lady Sheila Horlock, daughters Alison Heap and Jane Spencer, son Tim Horlock, and eight grandchildren.

RIK HUISKES 1944–2010 Elected in 2005

“For advancing the understanding of how bone prostheses affect the functioning of the living human skeleton.”

BY VAN C. MOW AND BERT VAN RIETBERGEN

HENDRIK WILLEM JAN (RIK) HUISKES, a guiding force in the development of biomechanics and bioengineering of bone and prosthesis studies, died December 24, 2010, at the age of 66. He was a leader in the development of bone and joint prosthesis biomechanics in Europe and the United States. Rik was born in Eindhoven on December 18, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944–January 25, 1945). A few months earlier, Eindhoven was at the center of the combined Allied military expedition “Market Garden” (September 17–27, 1944), during which the cities of Eindhoven, Nijmegen, and Arnhem suffered major damage. He attended the Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) and in 1979 earned his PhD, with his thesis “Some fundamental aspects of human joint replacement,” published by Acta Orthopaedica in 1980 in Lund, Sweden. One of the earliest PhD bioengineers in Europe, he moved to Nijmegen as vice chair for research of the Clinical Department of Orthopaedics and director of the orthopaedic laboratory of the Faculty of Medical Sciences at the University of Nijmegen. Although the university had no engineering departments, he gained not only vital knowledge and experience in collaborative research but also the respect of his clinical and medical colleagues. To enhance his medical and surgical background, he spent

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two sabbatical years, first at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Mayo Clinic (1980–1981) and later at the bio engineering laboratory (1992–1993) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He further developed his ideas about bone remodeling, which crystalized into a new hypothesis described in a coauthored paper published in Nature in 2000.1 He returned to TUE in 2000 to take a leading role in the newly formed Department of Biomedical Engineering, and from 2005 until his death in 2010 he held the Royal Dutch Academy of Science Professorship. Bioengineering had gained major interest among many graduate students who wished to pursue a master’s and/or PhD degree working on important musculoskeletal and orthopaedic surgery problems. With his pioneering efforts, Rik attracted and guided 90 engineering graduate students and visiting and postdoctoral fellows, and collaborated with many faculty at TUE and beyond. The graduate students and postdocs have successfully gone on to major faculty positions in Europe, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Japan, and the United States. He served for 30 years as editor in chief of the Journal of Biomechanics, an international journal affiliated with the American Society of Biomechanics (ASB), the European Society of Biomechanics (ESB), and other biomechanics societies worldwide. He was also president of the ESB, founding member and president of the European Orthopaedic Research Society (EORS), member of the Scientific Committee of the European Space Agency, and secretary general of the International Society of Biomechanics. For these and his many other contributions and achievements, the ESB in 2012 named the Huiskes Medal for Biomechanics in his honor. Rik was a natural leader with both strong technical abilities and a great sense of humor. He is survived by his wife, Trine Sand Kaastad, MD, PhD, of Oslo, daughters Sabine and Suzanne, and son Willem-Frederik.

1 Huiskes R, Ruimerman R, van Lenthe GH, Janssen JD. 2000. Effects of mechanical forces on maintenance and adaptation of form in trabecular bone. Nature 405:704–706. Available at www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v405/n6787/full/405704a0.html.

JAMES D. IDOL, JR. 1928–2015 Elected in 1986

“For the invention of ammoxidation processes and catalysts, and for major contributions to the plastics industry.”

BY FLOYD T. NETH SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

JAMES DANIEL IDOL, JR. died July 15, 2015, at the age of 86. He was born August 7, 1928, in Harrisonville, Missouri, where he grew up. His father, James D. Idol, Sr., one of seven children, was mayor, and his mother, Gladys, was a high school teacher. Jim attended public schools and graduated from Harrisonville High School in 1946. He enrolled in William Jewell College, where he studied chemistry under Frank G. Edson, receiving his AB in 1949. He then went to graduate school at Purdue University, where he pursued his interest in industrial chemistry under Earl T. McBee. He received his MS in organic chemistry in 1952 and stayed to earn his PhD in 1955 with a major in organic chemistry and a minor in chemical engineering. Upon completion of his graduate studies he took a job at Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) as a senior chemist, working with other researchers to develop chemicals for commercial enterprise. In 1957 he invented an economical single-step process for the manufacture of acrylonitrile, the key ingredient in acrylic fibers used to make clothing; shatter-proof plastic bottles, computer, automobile, and food casings; and sports equipment. The process was commercialized in 1960 by Sohio and is now used in chemical plants throughout the world. Soon thereafter a plant for producing acrylonitrile was established in Lima, Ohio.

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Jim then turned his attention to creating commercially useful derivatives of acrylonitrile. He was research supervisor of the group that discovered and developed the process for the commercialization of Barex packaging plastics, now used for packaging processed foods, drugs, household products, and chemicals. By the time he left Sohio, he had completed projects in R&D long-range planning, technology assessment and forecasting, foreign licensing support work, and research contract negotia- tion. He had risen through the ranks from research associate (1959) to research supervisor (1962), project leader (1965), and research manager (1965–1977). When Sohio was purchased by British Petroleum in 1977 Jim was hired by Ashland Chemical as research manager to lead a newly formed department in the R&D division. He was promoted to vice president for venture research and development in 1979. Combining his management skills with scientific research, he built the group into a corporate R&D division of 150 staff and a budget of $15.5 million. At Ashland he developed the propylene–carbon monoxide process for the manufacture of methyl methacrylate. In 1988 he left industry to join the faculty of Rutgers University as Professor II of ceramics and director of the Center for Packaging Science and Engineering. He retired as professor emeritus in about 1995. Dr. Idol published 59 scientific papers and received 122 US and foreign patents. He was a leader in professional organizations: American Chemical Society (ACS), chair, Industrial and Engineering Division; American Management Association (AMA), Research and Development Council; Industrial Research Institute, chair, Board of Editors; American Institute of Chemists, chair of the board; and member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Society of Plastics Engineers, and the Plastics Industry Association. He served on numerous government committees and councils including the National Science Foundation Council for Chemical Research Government Affairs Committee and the advisory board for the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

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He was the recipient of a long list of honors: the Modern Pioneer Award, National Association of Manufacturers (1965); Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists (AIC) (1968); Citation for Achievement, William Jewell College (1971); ACS Joseph P. Stewart Distinguished Service Award (1974) and Creative Invention Award (1975); Special Merit Award, Sohio Board of Directors (1976); AIC Life Fellow (1978); Perkin Medal, Society of Chemical Industry (American Section) (1979); honorary doctor of science, Purdue University (1980); F.G. Ciapetti Award and Lectureship, Catalysis Society of North America (1988); Rutgers University Diploma of Recognition, Distinguished/Named Chairs (1991); and AMA Council Service Award (1994). He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1986) and named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1988). ACS designated the Sohio Acrylonitrile Process a National Historic Chemical Landmark at BP Chemicals Inc. in Warrensville Heights, Ohio, on September 13, 1996, and at INEOS in League City, Texas, on November 14, 2007. My friendship with Jim Idol began when we both enrolled in William Jewell College and majored in chemistry. He preceded me by a quarter and was an active member in Phi Gamma Delta fraternity when I became a pledge in the fall of 1946. Our friendship blossomed when we were together in Quantitative Analysis our second year. We used to “break in” to work in the lab after hours: We would leave a window unlocked so that we could climb out on the ledge, open the window, and get into the lab. Thus began our serious dedication to chemistry, which only increased as we progressed through organic and physical chemistry. I lived on a farm and commuted five miles to college. On one occasion a blizzard made it unsafe for me to drive home. Jim kindly shared his dormitory room with me for the night and even loaned me his razor the next morning with a fresh Gillette Blue Blade. It converted me from an electric shaver to a safety razor. After receiving our PhDs, he at Purdue and I at Ohio State, we communicated periodically by telephone. After Jim moved

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to Rutgers University we spoke several times about working together on converting methane to motor fuels but time ran out before we could do more than theorize. In 1995 on a visit to Russia, I connected with scientists at the St. Petersburg State University. This led to organizing Russian- American Technology Associates Inc. to develop with Russian physicists a medical device for treating degenerative diseases. Jim served as an advisory board member until 2005. On more than one occasion Jim told me that I was his best friend. What an honor to have been the best friend of such a talented and respected individual! His brother-in-law, Hale Montgomery, remembers:

Growing up in Harrisonville, Missouri, on the western edge of the state, Jim showed early signs of his later illustrious career in chemistry. According to family history, Jim spent many hours with a beginner’s chemistry set—a childhood birthday gift from a neighbor—in the basement of the Idol home on West Washington St., a house sometimes filled with strange odors from below. But chemistry became his big draw later. The Idol family owned the local newspaper, the Cass County Democrat Missourian. It was only natural that Jim would follow family tradition. Thus, at age 10, he and two buddies established The Home Weekly, a gossipy four-pager, circulation about 100, that elicited some angry phone calls to the Idol household. “You’d be surprised at what kind of news a 10-year-old can pick up around the dinner table,” Jim said in a 1970s interview with John F. Hanahan, senior editor of Chemical & Engineering News. I relished his visits to our house in Arlington, VA, where his sister Carol (Idol) Montgomery and I lived. He always came bearing a gift bottle of fine cognac. After a sibling “Jimmie Dan and Carol Sue” talk, he would head for the piano, where he would bang out Broadway show tunes and classics with gusto—and “in any key you can name,” he once offered. He also had a fine bass voice that he earlier put to use in Cleveland’s oldest musical group, the Singers’ Club, a men’s chorus with a wide repertoire, such as drinking songs, concert pieces, carols, and other fare.

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My brother-in-law—beyond his singular, ground-breaking, award-winning, professional achievements—was a great friend, very warm and human, a talented man with a robust sense of humor. We all love him, and miss him.

His niece Patricia wrote:

Uncle Jim was the most wonderful gorilla chemist I ever knew. I couldn’t wait for him to visit when I was a little girl. After he greeted everyone with bear hugs, he’d drop down on all fours and play gorilla, complete with ape-like grunts. As the years progressed, I had a vague feeling that he was pretty famous. I remember staying at the Plaza Hotel in NYC in 1979 when he won the Perkins Award. As I grew up and learned more about his professional career, I was truly awed. In effect, Uncle Jim and his colleagues changed the world; not just the plastics and packaging industry but the world! That’s brilliance, but he’d never tell you. He understated his accomplishments and never strayed too far from his humble Missouri roots. When I lived in Los Angeles at age 22, he treated me to a rare five-star dinner complete with a bottle of Rothschild wine. He joked in the elevator on the way down: “Patsy, I think the maître d’ thought I was your sugar daddy!” I laughed and said, “No you’re just my famous gorilla chemistry uncle!”

His niece Anne commented:

As a girl, I thought Uncle Jim was hilarious. He was a clown, as Trish says—the uncle who grunted when he saw you and circled around you bent over in an excellent imitation of a gorilla, but one with black hair, shiny shoes, and a coat and tie! He loved big cars, a good scotch-and-water, and immensely enjoyed playing the piano. He was well read, though almost totally in science, and thought that what I was interested in as I grew up—liberal arts—was a bit odd. He loved to talk, and loved company, and was a generous person. His laugh is one that sticks in my memory—gentle, and frequent, and he had a genuine old- fashioned sense of courtesy.

DONALD G. ISELIN 1922–2012 Elected in 1980

“Innovative leadership in planning and meeting civil engineering challenges of great importance to the nation.”

BY THE NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND STAFF SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

Rear Admiral DONALD GROTE ISELIN, 89, died March 9, 2012, in Santa Barbara, where he lived for 24 years. Born September 5, 1922, in Racine, Wisconsin, to Harry and Rose Iselin, Admiral Iselin attended Marquette University for two years before enrolling in the United States Naval Academy, where he graduated at the top of his class in 1945 and promptly wed his high school sweetheart, Jacqueline Mary Myers, on June 9. Married 63 years before she passed away in July 2008, they had four children: Karen Maureen Iselin (deceased), Donna Iselin Broom, Michael Iselin, and Madeline Iselin Morici (deceased). He is also survived by eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren. Admiral Iselin served aboard the USS Providence at the end of World War II as part of the Mediterranean Occupation Forces before his selection to the Civil Engineer Corps. After earning bachelor’s and master’s degrees in civil engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, he completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School and served the US Navy in positions of increasing responsibility until May 1977, when he assumed duties as Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, and Chief of Civil Engineers. As a leading engineer he oversaw major projects such as the design and construction of the nation’s first large-scale nuclear

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power plant for producing electricity, and a water desalina- tion plant in Guantanamo Bay when Fidel Castro terminated the Navy’s water supply. He was a technical advisor for Navy construction projects during the atom bomb tests at Eniwetok (now Enewetak). He earned a reputation as an innovator who, under hostile military conditions in Vietnam, implemented a new system of construction called “level of effort,” still in use by the Navy. He was a registered engineer in the District of Columbia, past president of the Society of American Military Engineers (SAME), commissioner of the American Section, Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, and member of the board of directors for a number of organizations. Among his numerous awards were USNA’s Gardner L. Caskey Memorial Prize, the SAME 1958 Moreell Medal, the Navy Commendation Medal, the Navy League’s Stephen Decatur Award, and four Legion of Merit awards. He also received the 1980 Engineering Alumni Professional Achievement Award from Marquette University. In addition to his election to the NAE, he was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. Upon retiring from the US Navy in 1981, he joined Raymond Kaiser Engineering as a group vice president for construction, design, finance, and personnel. He retired 5 years later and spent the next 15 years working as an independent management and construction consultant. Well into his later years he remained professionally active, including serving as a senior member of a panel overseeing construction activity for major projects at three nuclear power laboratories. To the world he was Admiral Iselin, but to family he was “Buddy,” always ready to help fix a balky air conditioner, repair potholes in the family driveway, or roar with laughter as he read Winnie the Pooh stories to grandchildren. He is best remembered seated at the head of the dinner table, transforming a mundane trip for pizza into a side-splitting epic adventure that ended with a valuable lesson for those paying close enough attention.

J. DONOVAN JACOBS 1908–2000 Elected in 1969

“Contributions to the science and art of tunnel construction through the invention of the tunnel sliding floor for rapid excavation.”

BY WILLIAM W. EDGERTON SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

JOSEPH DONOVAN JACOBS, a leader and innovator in the underground construction industry, died August 26, 2000, at the age of 91. Born on Christmas Eve 1908 in the small town of Motley, Minnesota, Don was the son of a bank manager and former schoolteacher. He graduated from high school at the age of 15 and, too young to start college, took a job with the local telephone company. Demonstrating the initiative that would characterize him throughout his life, he installed phones, collected delinquent accounts, and substituted on the switchboard. In the evenings he worked as a radio salesman, calling on local residents to demonstrate the battery-powered receivers that represented the cutting-edge technology of the day. At age 17 he enrolled in Saint John’s University in Collegeville, MN, where he spent two years and gained a solid foundation in the humanities. In 1927 he moved to Minneapolis, where he spent the next six years alternating between college and work. When he graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1934 with a BS in civil engineering, the Depression was in full force, and of the 52 aspiring engineers in his class, only five, whose fathers headed contracting or engineering firms, had prospects for employment.

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With little to go on but his own motivation, Don landed a job driving a truck to the construction site of the Fort Peck Dam in eastern Montana. Once on-site he parlayed his presence into an office job and, eventually, engineering responsibilities for the joint venture of Mason and Walsh, the firm responsible for the diversion runnels and control shafts. Having proven his engineering skills, the work connection stuck. Walsh and Walsh-sponsored joint ventures kept Don employed for the next 17 years. In 1937 Don married Virginia O’Meara, whom he met while working in Montana. The two settled into a company cottage while Don worked on an industrial water supply project for the city of Birmingham in Alabama. With the conclusion of this project, the young couple settled in New York, where Don served as a field engineer for the Queens-Midtown Tunnel and then as a designer of special construction equipment on the Delaware Aqueduct. This was followed by a stint as an esti- mator in Walsh’s New York office. Don was rounding out his experience as an engineer. During World War II Don was a buyer of heavy equipment for the construction of a US airbase in Trinidad, West Indies. He also designed special equipment for a Jersey City shipyard of Walsh-Steers, which entailed building landing craft for the US Navy. In 1943 he was transferred to Cleveland to serve as district engineer for the construction of priority wartime bridges and docks. After the war ended, Don was appointed district engineer for Walsh in San Francisco. From 1947 to 1954 he worked on 11 dams and large tunnels in the western United States. In 1954 he was appointed chief engineer on the construction of two dams and 15 miles of large tunnels on Australia’s landmark Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme for the joint venture of Kaiser-Walsh-Perini-Raymond (KWPR). Before accepting the assignment in Australia, Don told his employers of his desire to start his own consulting practice in San Francisco, and together they negotiated a contract that allowed him to return to San Francisco once the project was under way. In midsummer of 1955 Don returned from Australia and

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hung out his shingle as a consulting construction engineer. His first client was his former employer, KWPR. A year later, in December 1956, having attracted a nucleus of capable engineers, he incorporated Jacobs Associates. In 1959 he conceived and patented the Jacobs Sliding Floor, also known as the “Magic Carpet.” This self-propelled trackway system significantly increased efficiency in drill-and-blast hard rock tunneling methods when drill jumbos, mucking machines, and muck cars were rail-mounted. The Sliding Floor sped up the switching of muck cars behind the mucking machine, and moved the rail-mounted drill jumbo and mucking machine in and out from the tunnel face—eliminating the time-consuming and labor-intensive job of laying track at the tunnel face for each round of excavation. Equipped with a semiautomatic track magazine that placed full-length haulage track at the rear of the floor on a well-compacted invert, the method simultaneously saved labor costs and provided better track. Don not only personally performed professional engineering services throughout the world but also served as a consultant or member of a consulting board to owner entities on an impressive variety of public works, such as the Oroville Dam, Berkeley Hills Tunnel, Crystal Springs Tunnel, and San Fernando Tunnel, all in California; Honolulu’s Wilson Tunnel; Litani River Project, Lebanon; continued work on Australia’s Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme; Seattle’s Metropolitan Sewer Tunnels; Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project, Labrador; Sea Level Canal Board, Panama; Arizona Power Commission; Libby Dam Railroad Tunnel, Montana; and City Water Tunnel Number Three, New York. In addition, he excelled as an inventor of construction equipment, and authored numerous technical articles as well as a chapter on “Some Tunnel Failures and What They Have Taught” in Hazards in Tunnelling and on Falsework (Institution of Civil Engineers [ICE], 1975). He also coauthored the AIME Underground Mining Methods Handbook (Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, ed. W.A. Hustrulid; 1982). Don made significant contributions to underground engineering for many years and was a recognized leader in

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the industry. He was a member or fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Australian Institute of Engineers, and National Society of Professional Engineers. In recognition of his many accomplishments, in 1969 he was elected to the NAE, and in 1980 the Beavers, a national organization of construction contractors, awarded him the Golden Beaver Award for engineering. The following year he was awarded The Moles annual nonmember Award for Outstanding Achievement in Construction, in recognition of his “Contributions to Tunnel Design and Construction and his Innovations in Tunnelling Practices which have brought him Worldwide Acclaim.” Don left an important legacy to his now 60-year-old company: a stable foundation for growth and a set of lasting values. In its new incarnation—McMillen Jacobs Associates (through a Jacobs Associates merger with McMillen LLC)— the company retained its employee-owned identity and is still going strong. From a one-man consulting firm in 1955 it has grown to a well-respected and internationally known engineering and construction firm serving the sizable civil, underground, and water resources markets, with 22 offices in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Don’s legacy to the civil engineering community is the advancement of construction engineering in the difficult, uncertain geologic conditions inherent to underground construction. He made engineering a much more important part of the construction process by bringing advanced design methods to temporary construction facilities. And as a consultant to owner-agencies, he increased the efficiency of the construction industry as a whole by incorporating constructability aspects into the design of permanent facilities. Virginia died in 1995. Don is survived by their children John and Judy Jacobs (Diablo, California), and grandchildr en Jill Jacobs-Barr (Chicago) and Patrick Donovan Jacobs (Oakland). His son John followed in his father’s footsteps in the construction industry by serving as an executive at Dillingham Construction (Pleasanton, CA) from 1969 to 1998.

MUJID S. KAZIMI 1947–2015 Elected in 2012

“For contributions to technologies for the nuclear fuel cycle and reactor safety.”

BY MICHAEL CORRADINI AND NEIL TODREAS

MUJID S. KAZIMI, Tokyo Electric Power Company Profes- sor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, lifelong educator and international leader in nuclear reactor engineering, reactor safety, and the nuclear fuel cycle, died July 1, 2015, at the age of 67 while traveling in China. He had a heart attack. Mujid was born in Jerusalem November 20, 1947, and later moved with his family to Amman, Jordan. After earning his bachelor’s degree in nuclear engineering from Alexandria University in Egypt in 1969, he came to MIT, where he earned his SM in 1971 and PhD in 1973. He worked briefly at Westinghouse Electric Corp. and Brookhaven National Laboratory before joining the MIT faculty in 1976. He held faculty appointments in the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering (chair, 1989–1997) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, and was director of both MIT’s Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems and the Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment. He was a world-renowned authority on the design and analysis of nuclear power plants, nuclear safety, and the nuclear fuel cycle (both fission and fusion). He and his students made many important technological advances designed

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to enhance the safety and economics of nuclear power, including the developments of annular nuclear fuel with internal and external cooling, and a ceramic fuel cladding made of silicon carbide to replace the zirconium alloy cladding used in most reactor fuel. His research group also made influential contributions to the development of technological strategies for the nuclear fuel cycle. He was an active member of the nuclear engineering faculty at MIT, and his contributions to the development of the department and the field of nuclear engineering were extraordinary. He supervised more than 100 PhD and MS theses, and coauthor ed the widely used two-volume textbook Nuclear Systems (with Neil Todreas; CRC Press, 1989). Both before and after his service as head of the Nuclear Science and Engineering Department, he took on many other leadership positions at MIT. At the time of his death he was chair of the department’s graduate committee, a post he had held for many years. He was a wise and judicious administrator, a talented negotiator, and a selfless and always construc- tive colleague. He was also much in demand as an advisor on nuclear research and education to governments and other organizations around the world. He served on and led numerous professional technical committees, review panels, and advisory boards, including the US Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee, for which he chaired the subcommittee on nuclear reactor technology. Mujid received many honors for his scientific and engineering work. He was a member of the International Nuclear Energy Academy and American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a fellow of the American Nuclear Society. In 2011 he received the TAKREEM Arab Achievement Award for Scientific and Technological Achievement, and in the same year he was awarded the Kuwait Prize in Applied Sciences by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science. Throughout his life he was a strong advocate for educational and scientific advancement across the Arab world, an active member of many educational, humanitarian, and

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developmental organizations in the Middle East. He served on the board of trustees of Al-Quds University in Jerusalem, a committee on the rejuvenation of scientific research in Kuwait, and the international advisory board on nuclear energy for the United Arab Emirates. While a student he was president of the MIT Arab Students’ Organization, and he continued to support it as a faculty member. His leadership on scientific and educational development in the Middle East was a source of inspiration and pride for MIT’s many Arab students and alumni. What this long list of roles, achievements, honors, and service cannot adequately convey are the very special qualities of Mujid as a teacher, mentor, and colleague. A modest and unassuming man despite his eminence, he was kind, thought- ful, patient, and always gracious and respectful toward his students and his colleagues. His dedication and loyalty to his students were inspirational. He was truly a gentleman and a scholar in every sense. Mujid addressed great challenges with diligence, humil- ity, and effectiveness. He represented the very best of what an educator and researcher should be in engineering. His friends and colleagues are deeply grateful for the honor of having known and served with him. He will be greatly missed. Mujid is survived by his wife of 41 years, Nazik Denny, daughter Yasmeen and sons Marwan and Omar, and three grandchildren.

DORIS KUHLMANN-WILSDORF 1922–2010 Elected in 1994

“For contributions to dislocation theory and its application to mechanical behavior.”

BY BHATKA B. RATH AND EDGAR A. STARKE, JR.

DORIS KUHLMANN-WILSDORF, a pioneer in science education, crystal plasticity, mechanical properties, and the theory of crystal defects, died March 25, 2010, at the age of 88. She was born in Bremen, Germany, on February 15, 1922, to Adolph Friedrich and Elsa Kuhlmann. Before entering the University of Göttingen in 1942, she worked as an apprentice metallographer and materials tester (1940–1942) and developed her lifelong love of science. She completed her undergraduate work in metallurgy in 1944, her master’s degree in physics in 1946, and her doctor of philosophy in materials science in 1947, all at the University of Göttingen. A dedicated student and researcher, Doris continued working in her laboratory even after Allied bombs blew out the windows during World War II. She emigrated to England in 1949 and studied with Nobel Laurate Sir Nevill Francis Mott at the University of Bristol. On January 4, 1950, she married Heinz G.F. Wilsdorf, a gifted experimentalist, whom she had met at the University of Göttingen. Shortly after their wedding they moved to South Africa where she became a lecturer in physics at the University of the Witwatersrand and Heinz was employed as a scientist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria.

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Doris received an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1955. After the birth of their two children, Gabriele and Michael, they moved to the United States in 1956. Doris joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania and Heinz accepted a position at the Franklin Institute. In 1963 Doris was offered a faculty position at the University of Virginia, a predominantly male institution, as the first woman professor of engineering physics. She came to the university as part of a two-career-couple, as Heinz was invited to chair the newly established Department of Materials Science. Doris survived the resentment and sometimes overt discrimi- nation of the all-male faculty, and in time came to love the university. She was promoted to University Professor of Applied Science in 1966, the highest academic rank at the university, a position she held for 40 years. Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf was internationally recognized for her path-breaking work in plastic deformation, surface physics, and crystal defects. She developed a unified theory of plasticity for dislocation behavior. One of her most important achievements was the development of metal fiber brushes for use as sliding electrical contacts in electric motors, for which she was granted six patents. She published more than 300 scientific papers and started two companies. Her many honors include the 1988 Heyn Medal from the German Society for Materials Science for her work on the theory of metal deformation; the Ragnar Holm Scientific Achievement Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1991; and the University of Virginia’s Christopher J. Henderson Inventor of the Year Award in recognition of her research relating to electrical brushes in 2001. In 2004 she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria. She was also an active member of the Society of Women Engineers. In 2001 a former student of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Virginia, Gregory H. Olsen, provided most of the funding for a new materials science building to be named in honor of Doris Kuhlmann- Wilsdorf and Heinz Wilsdorf.

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After her official retirement from the university in 2005, Doris taught a university seminar course in science and religion, continued her research, and participated in the Semester at Sea program. With an insatiable appetite for knowledge and a gift for correctly understanding the whys of phenomena, she coupled those qualities with a forceful personality and ability to per- suade others of her views. These characteristics greatly contributed to her success and wide recognition. She had a keen mind and could leapfrog in her thinking so much that it was hard to keep up with her—and, to quote Frank R.N. Nabarro, “she has an uncanny ability to be right for no apparent reason.” These attributes allowed her to make great strides in scientific interchanges. Perhaps surprising is that accompanying her sharp mind was a generosity and appreciation of others that endeared her to associates, students, family, and friends. Everyone was her extended family and she supported them with her time, resources, and attention. Her friendships were enduring and interactions frequent. She was quick to give a wide friendly smile. With a desire to be helpful to individuals and leave a legacy to science as well as society generally, she championed causes across a range of issues. She led universitywide discussions on evolution, apartheid, and honesty. Insights into the nature of the universe led her to write a book on the relationship between science and religion in addition to her popular course on the subject. After her husband suffered a stroke that left him wheelchair bound she devoted herself to his care. She even designed a rope-and-pulley system to ease his transition into the water- therapy spa. The deaths of her two treasured children, Gabriele in 1969 and Michael in 1979, and her husband Heinz in 2000, were crushing blows. But Doris remained warm, friendly, and intellectually engaged throughout her life and touched many people with her charm and wit. She is survived by her niece and nephew Evelyn and René Kalous of Germany, and close family friend Gretchen Watkins of Charlottesville.

WALTER B. La BERGE 1924–2004 Elected in 1987

“For outstanding engineering contributions to the national security through technical leadership in industry and in extensive public service.”

BY MALCOLM ROSS O’NEILL

WALTER BARBER LaBERGE died in Aptos, California, on July 16, 2004. He was 80 years old. Walt was born March 29, 1924, to Walter Coloney LaBerge and June Barber LaBerge. The eldest of four, he grew up in Maywood, Illinois, along the west bank of the Des Plaines River, just outside Chicago. In 1944 he received his bachelor of science degree in naval engineering from Notre Dame University and headed off to the war with his Navy ROTC classmates. He was soon assigned to Yard Mine Sweeper (YMS) 165 and deployed to the Western Pacific. By war’s end, as only a lieutenant junior grade (LTJG), he had become the ship’s captain. In 1946 he returned to Notre Dame, received his BS in physics, and enrolled in the doctoral program. During that period, he met and fell in love with Patricia Anne Sammon, who was attending St. Mary’s and had grown up in nearby River Forest. They were married in the fall of 1949. After receiving his PhD in physics in the spring of 1950, Walt was selected as a senior aerospace engineer for the first infrared “heat homing” air-to-air missile system, Sidewinder, under development at the Naval Ordinance Test Station in China Lake, California. At its peak, Sidewinder was both a Navy and Air Force program with the highest priority in both services.

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In 1955 Walt was selected as manager for the Sidewinder program, which had grown to a $100 million project. In 1956 he was voted one of Five Outstanding Young Men of California by the California Chamber of Commerce. That same year, Sidewinder was entered into service. More than 60 years later, Sidewinder is still the most widely used air-to-air missile, in more than 40 nations throughout the world. The Sidewinder AIM-9 is one of the most mature, least expensive, and most successful missiles in the US weapons inventory. Describing the development of Sidewinder, Walt wrote:

The marvel of Sidewinder was that it was made up, for the most part, of well-understood turn-of-the-century, fifty- year-old technology, inspirationally collected into a missile which led the world into guided weapons and the US into air warfare mastery.

In 1957, with a successful physics and engineering record and major technical management experience behind him, Walt was offered a significant job in the aerospace industry. Philco Corporation selected him as director of engineering at its Western Development Laboratories (WDL) in Palo Alto. In 1960, under his direction, Philco launched the world’s first active repeater satellite, the Courier 1B. The company was also contracted by NASA to design and build the now iconic front- wall display for Mission Control in Florida, which was later refined in Houston. In 1961 Philco merged with Ford Motor Company and became Philco-Ford Corporation. The new company bid on the contract to design, procure, and install all of the instrumentation for the new NASA Mission Control Center then under construction at Clear Lake, Texas, just south of Houston. Had it not been for the merger with Ford, the company most likely would not have been considered for the job because of the magnitude of the engineering resources required. Walt wrote:

The selection process by which Philco-Ford was chosen was particularly provident. The written discussion of how we would do the job and our proposed costs were, it appeared,

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not as important as the orals which would follow if we made the cut…. they placed much importance on face to face discussions with the proposed team leaders and with senior corporate management. Dr. Chris Kraft, who later became a close friend, was the senior NASA selection official. . . . As I remember it, after I had described Ford’s intense commitment to our country’s endeavor to go to the Moon, I discussed my own China Lake background and my own experience of how government engineers need to work with their industrial contractors and vice versa.

Philco-Ford was awarded the contract in early 1962 and Walt was selected to lead the project. NASA’s Mission Control Center was often cited as the most highly automated information correlation center in existence because of the vast amount of data that it processed (provided under separate contract by IBM). Although Philco-Ford was selected because of its ability to quickly assign resources to the project, during the first six months staffing was a principal problem. Walt wrote:

The problem was wiring up all the connections needed to tie together all the computers to the information sources and to the consoles of the flight controllers. After the wires were laid, there were then literally a zillion connections to be made and manually verified. It was a low-tech, manually intensive job where lots of people were needed. And we had far less than we needed to make the schedule NASA demanded and we had signed up for.

According to a December 2013 article in Engineering & Technology Magazine (“NASA’s Control Centers: Design & History” by Layne Karafantis):

The statistics were truly astounding. In 1965, the Mission Control Center housed the largest assembly of television switching equipment in the world—larger even than commercial studios in New York City—as well as the largest solid- state switching matrices of 20 megacycle bandwidth. This system was driven by more than 1,100 cabinets of electronics

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equipment, 140 command consoles, 136 television cameras, and 384 television receivers. Some 10,000 miles of wire linked this behemoth with more than two million wire connections.

In 1966 Walt returned to Philco-Ford’s Palo Alto site and became vice president of the WDL Electronics Group. But he remained involved in operations at Houston Mission Control and was there for the Apollo 11 lunar landing and the Apollo 13 aborted mission. He worked closely with many US astronauts, including Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins, Jim Lovell, and Wally Shirra, as well as NASA flight directors Chris Kraft, Gene Krants, and Glynn Lunney. He returned to government service in 1971 as technical director of the Naval Ordinance Test Station in China Lake, where he had first worked as a young physicist 21 years earlier. In 1973 he was nominated and confirmed by the Senate as President Nixon’s assistant secretary of the Air Force for research and engineering. In 1976 he served as assistant secretary of NATO for Defense Support in Brussels. And in 1977 he was confirmed again, this time as President Carter’s under secretary of the Army. In 1980 he became deputy under secretary of defense for research and engineering. After his stint in the Pentagon, in 1981 he became corporate vice president of Lockheed Missile and Space Company in Sunnyvale, California. He worked there until 1989, when he retired as vice president for advanced planning. In retirement Walt remained active in the engineering field for both government and academia. He was chair of the Army Science Board, professor of physics at the Naval Postgraduate School, visiting professor at the Defense System Management College, and senior researcher at the Institute for Advanced Technology at the University of Texas in Austin. In his honor, the Institute for Advanced Technology created the Walter B. LaBerge Distinguished Leadership Award for those excelling in science and engineering. The award states:

The Walter B. LaBerge Distinguished Leadership Award is named in honor of the late Walter Barber LaBerge, pioneering

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aerospace research scientist and esteemed public servant whose wisdom, inspiration, and selfless service were integral to our national Defense and Space programs. Ever an astute leader, Dr. LaBerge not only shepherded the essential programs of his day, he nurtured the seeds of future scientific and technical military advances. As chief scientist at the Institute for Advanced Technology, his leadership of research at the fron- tiers of knowledge and his enthusiastic mentorship of young scientists and engineers propelled the Institute to international leadership in electromagnetic launch and hypervelocity physics science and technology.

In his Memoirs for My Children (self-published in Austin; 1999), Walt wrote that one of the most influential classes he ever took was creative writing in high school. He first used his writing skills as the assistant sports editor for the high school newspaper. Besides being elected to the National Honor Society, he was president of the Algemetricians and a member of the Senior Science and French clubs. He used the skills first developed in high school in countless papers, technical presentations, and speeches throughout his career. He put his fluency in French to good use while living in Brussels working at NATO, and later after he purchased an apartment in the south of France, which he visited as time permitted. Most importantly, Walt had a profound interest in history, especially the Civil War. He used that knowledge in many of his speeches and papers to draw similarities between the past, present, and future. Here is the opening of one of his many writings, Lessons from the Civil War (published in the Indiana Historical Society Military History Journal in January 1980):

It is a pleasant leisurely twenty minute walk from the mall entrance of the Pentagon to Arlington National Cemetery. As one strolls up the gentle incline of the cemetery the intensity of the Pentagon is left behind. The competitive pressures of how to get things accomplished give way to more reflective thoughts of what the Pentagon should do and why. In the peace and serenity of that National Cemetery and of our many

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battlefield parks one can draw insights into today’s problems from those who lived their lives in the service of their country. It is about the help to be drawn from those who have preceded us that I wish to write.

He continued:

[O]ne last lesson important above all others that flows from our Civil War heritage is an appreciation of how very good we can be if we only try. We in America must appreciate what we can do as individuals in a gigantic, impersonal system. We need to be reminded of the many times that one ordinary man made a difference. The Civil War is replete with such men who, while considerate of others, believed in themselves.

How apt that he would write about one ordinary man’s ability to make a difference. Walt himself started from very humble beginnings. His father was an industrial brush salesman for the Osborn Manufacturing company. His grandfather was an immigrant from the French-speaking town of Châteauguay, Québec, just south of Montreal, who came to St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1873. Walt was very proud of his family history and an avid gene- alogist, tracking his family line back to Robert de la Berge who came over from Normandy to Québec in 1658. Among Walt’s greatest thrills was, at the age of seven, riding in the cab of a locomotive conducted by his maternal grandfather and getting to pull the steam whistle while going 60 miles per hour. His second greatest thrill was some 50 years later when he was outfitted in a space suit and strapped into the cockpit of the SR-71 Blackbird, the world’s fastest air- breathing plane, with 160,000 horsepower of thrust. He flew in it at over Mach 3 at an altitude of more than 80,000 feet, looking out at the stars above and the curvature of the Earth below. Walt’s portfolio was enormous and influential, and he was widely acknowledged as one of the country’s finest leaders in the fields of aerospace and national security system management. He was a physicist and engineer who embodied an

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exceptional combination of competence, commitment, courage, integrity, and imagination. After his first job with the Sidewinder missile, he quickly rose to become an important member of the team that got us to the Moon. He helped steer the future of the Army, Air Force, and NATO. He played an important role at Lockheed developing systems that are critical today. And late in his life, he spent his days teaching at the Navy Postgraduate School and solv- ing physics and engineering issues on the electromagnetic rail- gun system under development at the Institute for Advanced Technology. In addition to his election to the NAE in 1987, he received many honors:

• American Theater WWII, 1944 • Pacific Theater WWII, 1945 • Outstanding Young Men of California, 1956 • NASA, Apollo Achievement Award, 1969 • US Navy Superior Civilian Service, 1970 • US Air Force Distinguished Service, 1975 • US Army Distinguished Service, 1979 & 1993 • Department of Defense Distinguished Service, 1980 • Award of Honor, University of Notre Dame, 1990 • The Walter B. LaBerge Distinguished Leadership Award

Walt’s beloved wife of 32 years, Pat, succumbed to cancer in 1982. She had been a professor of speech pathology at San Jose State University, and then had a career as a speech thera- pist in the public school system while raising five children as the family moved around the world following Walt’s various assignments. Walt later married Elizabeth (Bette) Ann Deeley, whom he had known many years before as a student at Proviso Township High School in Maywood. She died in 2003. He is survived by the children of his first marriage: Peter LaBerge, Stephen LaBerge, Jeanne LaBerge, Philip LaBerge, and Jacqueline LaBerge Gunn; and stepchildren Deborah Pharris, Pamela Alexander, Richard Baughman, and Kurt Baughman.

WILLIAM J. Le MESSURIER 1926–2007 Elected in 1978

“Teaching, research, and practice of structural design for buildings, with special concern for the relationship of structures to total architecture.”

BY RICHARD A. HENIGE, JR. SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

WILLIAM JAMES LeMESSURIER, innovative structural engineer, died at age 81 on June 14, 2007, in Casco, Maine. Bill, as he was known to family, friends, and colleagues, was born June 12, 1926, in Pontiac, Michigan, to William James LeMessurier, Sr., who owned a dry cleaning business, and the former Bertha Sherman, a homemaker. The youngest of four children, he attended the Cranbrook School for Boys (whose campus was designed by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen) in Bloomfield Hills, where he showed an early aptitude in mathematics, music, and the arts. For his undergraduate education, Bill decided to attend Harvard College instead of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), largely because of Harvard’s more inviting campus. He received his bachelor’s degree in mathematics in 1947, then studied architecture at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design (GSD) before transferring to MIT’s Department of Building Engineering and Construction to study structural engineering. At MIT he worked part-time for Albert Goldberg, an established structural engineer in Boston. After receiving his master’s degree in 1953, he worked full-time for Mr. Goldberg and became a partner in Goldberg, LeMessurier Associates in the mid-1950s. In April 1961 he left to establish LeMessurier

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Associates with new partners William Thoen, Emil Hervol, and James Collins. He retired in 1995. Throughout his career Bill pioneered the use of innovative structural systems that efficiently resisted gravity, wind, and earthquake loads while respecting the aesthetic concerns of his architectural clients. In 1962 he worked with architects Gerhard Kallmann and Michael McKinnell on the design of Boston City Hall, where exposed concrete beams, columns, and walls are a prominent feature of the architectural design. In 1970 he again worked with Kallmann and McKinnell as well as Henry Wood on the design of an athletic facility for Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. For this building, the structural system featured external three-dimensional trusses that efficiently supported the roof without the visual distraction of internal trusses. Bill developed an especially close professional relationship with architect Hugh Stubbins of Cambridge, Massachusetts, collaborating most notably on the design of Citicorp Center in New York, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the Singapore Treasury Building, and the Yokohama Landmark Tower, the second-tallest building in Japan. In the 235-meter-tall Singapore Treasury Building, 1.47-meter- deep steel plate girders cantilever 12.2 meters out from cylindri- cal concrete shear walls to support column-free office space. The concrete walls are the only vertical structural elements of the building, providing support for both gravity and lateral loads. The 920-foot-tall Citicorp Center tower may be the building of which Bill was most proud. The building site presented a unique design challenge in that one corner was reserved for construction of St. Peter’s Church. Hugh Stubbins’ architectural response to this constraint was to elevate the base of the tower 10 floors above the plaza level. Bill’s structural response was to locate structural steel “mast” columns at the center of the four sides of the tower. Eight-story-tall diagonal braces at the perimeter of the building transfer gravity and wind loads to these four columns. Although Citicorp Center’s perimeter braced frames provide a very efficient and stiff system for resisting wind loads,

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Bill’s experience during a peer review of the John Hancock tower in Boston (designed by others) led him to believe that lateral accelerations at upper floors of the building could be disturbing to building occupants. Subsequent wind tunnel tests performed under the supervision of Alan Davenport at the University of Western Ontario Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory confirmed that wind accelerations would likely be 60 percent greater than generally accepted comfort criteria, primarily because the building was so much taller than its neighbors. Since wind accelerations are inversely proportional to the square root of the product of building mass, stiffness, and damping, Bill realized that this problem could be mitigated by increasing mass, stiffness, or damping by 160 percent. But the cost of doing so was prohibitive, so Bill instead proposed the use of a large tuned mass damper (TMD), which was designed with the assistance of David Wormley of MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and Niels Peterson of MTS Systems in Minneapolis. The TMD—a 400-ton block of concrete located at the upper mechanical floor of the building, supported by pressurized oil slide bearings and connected to the building by nitrogen gas-filled springs—reduced wind accelerations by 38 percent. Thanks to this effectiveness, TMDs have since been used by other engineers in many tall buildings throughout the world. Bill is perhaps most widely known and admired for his ethical response to a flaw he discovered in connection details for diagonal braces in the Citicorp Center tower after construction was completed. While preparing a lecture about the building for a course he was teaching at Harvard’s GSD, he received a call from an engineering student in New Jersey whose professor had questioned the location of the perimeter columns, specifically for wind loads applied at a 45-degree angle. Bill had studied this problem earlier and realized that simultaneous application of wind loads from both orthogonal directions did not change overturning forces in the columns, but did increase forces in diagonal braces by 41 percent. Since the design of

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perimeter-braced frames was governed by stiffness control and not wind forces, this increase did not affect the size of the diagonal braces. However, Bill recalled that the steel fab- ricator had requested the use of bolted connections instead of full-penetration welded connections for splices in the diagonal braces. When Bill discovered that increased wind forces had not been considered during shop drawing review of the revised diagonal brace connections, he decided that the brace connections should be reinforced to reduce the risk to public safety—even though the New York City building code and the three national building codes in effect at the time did not require design for simultaneous application of wind from two orthogonal directions. Bill was also a highly regarded educator, lecturing at MIT’s Department of Civil Engineering, several Structures Congresses of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and many major engineering schools. He was appointed adjunct professor at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design in 1982. His research interests included structural optimization and column stability. He was one of the pioneers in applying vir- tual work optimization techniques to reduce material quantities in structures. He wrote two highly cited papers on the stability of steel frames. He was also one of the inventors of the staggered-truss system for high-rise hotel and residential buildings. Bill was a fellow of the American Concrete Institute and ASCE, and in 1961 he was appointed to the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Committee on Specifications, the body responsible for publishing the design specification for structural steel buildings in the United States. In addition to his election to the National Academy of Engineering in 1978, he was elected an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects in 1988 and ASCE in 1989. In 2004 he was made a national honor member of Chi Epsilon. He received the Allied Professions Medal from the American Institute of Architects in 1968; ASCE’s George Winter Award

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in 1993, Shortridge Hardesty Award in 1995, and President’s Medal in 1996; and the AISC J. Lloyd Kimbrough Award in 1999. He also received honorary doctor of engineering degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1998 and the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in 2002. Bill is survived by his wife Dorothy (née Judd), daughters Claire and Irene, son Peter (BS mech eng from MIT, 1984), and seven grandchildren (Amy, BS neurobiology from MIT, 2010).

THOMAS M. LEPS 1914–2010 Elected in 1973

“Achievements in the field of soil mechanics, design of earth and rockfill dams, and safety of earth structures.”

BY NELSON L. DE S. PINTO

THOMAS MacMASTER LEPS died April 23, 2010, at the age of 95. Born in Keyser, West Virginia, on December 3, 1914, he grew up in San Jose, California. He had a paper route to pay for college and, using his Indian motorcycle to deliver the papers, he became a skilled rider. Hired as a park ranger for the summers of 1933–1936 at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, his duties included riding into the parks on motorcycle or horseback to ensure safety and maintain the park rules. His nephew Tim O’Leary remembers him “speaking warmly of his time working in the mountains of central California” and that “he was an avid swimmer, hiker, and outdoor enthusiast.” He met his wife Catherine (Katie) Sacksteder at the main lodge. Tom enrolled at Stanford University and graduated with an AB in civil engineering in 1936. He received an MS in civil engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. After getting his AB he initiated his professional work as a civil engineer and research assistant on highways, soil mechanics, hydrology, and flood control dams until 1941, except for the time at MIT for his MS degree. He became an assistant civil engineer in the US Bureau of Reclamation, working at the Denver Earth Dams Laboratory in 1941–1942.

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He moved next to DeLeuw, Cather & Co., where he was in charge of construction of ordnance and ammunition depots (1942–1943). Those activities were interrupted for service in World War II as an officer in the US Navy Civil Engineer Corps (125th Seabee Battalion), in charge of the design of Navy bases and airfields on Hawaii and Okinawa (1943–1946). In 1946 Tom resumed work as a civil engineer, now with Southern California Edison Co., one of the largest electric power utilities in the country, where he rapidly reached the position of chief civil engineer and became involved in the engineering of many large projects. In his activities with Edison, which involved the design and construction of large dams, tunnels, canals, steam and hydro power plants, transmission lines, and switchyards, Tom achieved prestige as a soil mechanics expert and respect for the quality and consistency of his technical opinions on the design and construction of large hydro projects. During his last three years with the company he was a manager of organization and procedures. In 1961 he left for a position as chief engineer with Shannon & Wilson Inc., a company involved in soil mechanics and foundation engineering, for three more years of work in the geotechnical field. The foregoing experience gave him the opportunity to build up a solid base of knowledge in both his geotechnical specialty and heavy construction works in general, and to establish his reputation in the engineering community. That knowledge base supported his decision to begin an independent consulting practice in the field he defined as “geotechnical engineering as related to dams, project planning, analysis of heavy construction problems, hydro, steam, and nuclear power plants, penstocks, tunnels, canals, foundations, landslides, subsidence, and seismic problems.” Over the next four decades Tom contributed to more than 100 projects in the United States, Canada, and about 15 foreign countries. His participation was multifaceted. He was a member of the board of consultants for many large hydro

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projects (10 in Brazil alone). He cooperated in the design and construction of paramount projects such as the Tehachapi Mountain Crossing of the California Aqueduct and the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART), and was a member of the Independent Panel on the Failure of Teton Dam. He also contributed his analysis and advice to the solution of problems on many other projects. His activities included dam safety reports for several hydro- power utilities. He had the required experience and the right approach to set the reports to the satisfaction of the owners and public authorities alike. As a result he became a sort of permanent consultant for utilities such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to handle problems at short notice. His contributions were always distinguished by the clarity of his engineering reasoning, his objective and impartial judgment, and his excellent and legendary English writing form. Samples of his reasoning and clear writing style are evident in a collection of more than 30 technical papers, some of which have become benchmarks on the evolution of the rockfill dam design. His papers on “Review of Shearing Strength of Rockfill” (ASCE Proceedings, 1970) and “Flow through Rockfill” (Casagrande Volume, 1973) and his three chapters (“Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis,” “Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment,” and “Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures”) in Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation (Springer US, 1988) illustrate both his commitment to rockfill dams and the nature of his rich contributions. For his professional achievements, Tom was made a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973 and in 2006 he received the US Society of Dams Lifetime Achievement Award. I met Tom in Brazil when he was for the first time a member of the board of consultants for two important rockfill dam projects in the Iguaçu River in the 1970s. We worked together from then on as board members on six other hydroelectric projects in Brazil. The last one was finished at the end of the 20th century, when Tom was winding down his prolific

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65-year professional career. Those contacts and the opportunity to share not only technical questions but ethical circum- stances as well increased my admiration for him and made us very good and close friends. Tom belonged to that special class of American engineers that, having experienced the pressure of war engineering at the start of their career, brought to their professional life the no-nonsense approach and honesty required for good engineering of large hydro projects. In addition, by his character he left an example of competent and ethical behavior that continues to inspire the engineering world in the United States, Brazil, and the many countries in which he worked. Tim O’Leary noted that Tom and his wife transmitted their passion for service and education to their nieces—one is an architect and the other an engineer, both employed by Bechtel Corporation. He described his uncle as “a gentleman, the definition of civility and dignity.” Tom is survived by his son Timothy M. Leps.

JOHN L. LUMLEY 1930–2015 Elected in 1991

“For significant contributions to the understanding of turbulent and non-Newtonian flows.”

BY SIDNEY LEIBOVICH

JOHN LEASK LUMLEY, Willis H. Carrier Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University, died in Ithaca on May 30, 2015, of a brain tumor. He was 84. It is widely believed that his contributions to fluid mechanical turbulence were among the most significant in the second half of the 20th century. His impact on the field was impressive and lasting. John Lumley was born November 4, 1930, in Detroit. His parents were immigrants, his father from England and his mother from Scotland. His father, Charles Swain Lumley, was an architectural engineer and instilled in him a deep appreciation of good design. His mother, Jane Leask Lumley, was the likely source of his extensive repertoire of British aphorisms with which he occasionally sprinkled his conversation. John enrolled in Harvard University in 1948 and received an AB in engineering sciences and applied physics in 1952. His interest in statistical physics was piqued by a course taught by Stanislaw Ulam, who was visiting Harvard. John chose to attend Johns Hopkins University for graduate work, primarily (he said) based on the attractiveness of their recruiting brochures. After receiving an MSE in mechanical engineering in 1954, he switched to the aeronautical

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engineering program to work with Stanley Corrsin on turbulence, earning his PhD in aeronautics in 1957. While at Harvard, John had met Jane French, a student at Radcliffe. They married while he was a graduate student and their three children were born in Baltimore. After two years as a postdoctoral fellow with Corrsin, John joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University, initially as a research professor at the Garfield Water Tunnel of the Applied Research Laboratory and then as a professor in aeronautics. At age 44 he was appointed Evan Pugh Professor of Aerospace Engineering, the youngest person to hold this title. In 1977 he accepted an offer from Cornell to be the Willis H. Carrier Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He thrived at Cornell and built a turbulence group that became recognized worldwide. John’s work covered many areas, from fundamental physics and the mathematical theory of turbulence to the very practical, like his design of very quiet water tunnels for testing full- scale torpedoes. He was an expert on undersea warfare, in which turbulence plays a central role, and he was involved in this work throughout his tenure at Penn State. The scope of his work was remarkably broad, ranging from turbulence modeling (he insisted on models that obeyed the same invariance properties as the physics) to incisive experiments to computation. He wrote about environmental flows, technological flows, drag reduction, and buoyant plumes, among other applications. In a seminal paper, “The Structure of Inhomogeneous Turbulent Flows,” presented at the 1967 Moscow conference on “Atmospheric Turbulence and Radio Wave Propagation,” he showed that a particular series representation of any turbulent flow, a “proper orthogonal decomposition,” could be found. For a given number of terms, this kind of series cap- tures more of the energy of the flow than a Fourier or any other series and is thus an optimal representation. Each term can be thought of as representing a “structure” in the turbulence. In this way he provided a precise definition of what had been a loose notion of the coherent features observed in

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turbulent flows. The paper appeared in an obscure publication and it took some time to become widely known. Proper orthogonal decomposition of turbulent flows has since developed into a cottage industry. He (co)authored six books: The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence (with Hans A. Panofsky; Interscience Publishers, 1964); Statistical Tools in Turbulence (Academic Press, 1970); A First Course in Turbulence (with Henk Tennekes; MIT Press, 1972); Turbulence, Coherent Structures, Dynamical Systems, and Symmetry (with Philip Holmes and Gal Berkooz; Cambridge University Press, 1998); Engines: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1999); and Still Life with Cars: An Automotive Memoir (McFarland, 2005). He also wrote 229 scientific papers and produced and performed in two films in the NSF series on fluid dynamics. In addition to his books and papers, he served the community in numerous ways, including memberships and chair- manships of many national and international committees. Among his editorial duties for several journals, he spent over 30 years with Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 19 of them as coeditor or editor. He made several trips behind the Iron Curtain and met the most prominent and productive Soviet scientists working in turbulence. His work had caught their attention starting with his 1964 book with Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. This was recognized as an important contribution and was translated into Russian by A.S. Monin. During the Cold War, Soviet scientists had developed turbulence theory and experiment further than their counterparts in the West. John brought their advances to the attention of Western researchers first by editing English translations of the important two-volume treatise Statistical Fluid Mechanics: Mechanics of Turbulence by A.S. Monin and A.M. Yaglom (MIT Press, Vol. 1, 1971; Vol. 2, 1975). These had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union. He also edited the translation of Variability of the Oceans, by A.S. Monin, V.M. Kamenkovich, and V.G. Kort (John Wiley & Sons, 1977). In addition, for many years he edited the cover-to-cover English translations of Izvestiya: Atmospheric

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and Oceanic Physics, a transaction series of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Among the most prominent of the many honors John received were election to the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; he was a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and American Academy of Mechanics; he was awarded the Timoshenko Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Fluid and Plasmadynamics Award of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the APS Fluid Dynamics Prize. He also received honorary doctorates from the University of Poitiers and the École Centrale de Lyon. He was especially proud of these. A true child of Detroit, John developed a lifelong love of automobiles. He attended a preparatory school in Detroit alongside the children of auto company executives. In addition to a fine academic curriculum, the school offered shop courses, including ones particular to the automobile industry, which John appreciated and in which he excelled. His lifelong avocation was the repair of family cars—mostly his family’s small fleet of Volkswagen Beetles—and the restoration of six classic cars, ranging from about 50 to 80 years old. He was a self-taught craftsman, rebuilding cars that arrived at “Lumley’s Good Enough Garage” in poor condition and, on one occasion, in boxes. He did all of the restorations himself—the mechanical work, body work, painting, and fabrica- tion of the interior, even the sewing of the leather upholstery and reconstruction of the interior wood veneer. Much of this is captured in his memoir written after retirement, Still Life with Cars. He had an expert knowledge of the history of the automobile and enjoyed talking about it, especially the engineering solutions to various subsystems that the designers adopted, some of which he admired and some not. His curiosity and memory were remarkable, as was the facility for language so evident in his writings. Together with his love of reading and sense of humor, these characteristics made conversation with him entertaining and rewarding. While he had strong opinions about research and rapidly

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arrived at theories for controversial questions, he was always willing (’though not always happy) to abandon a pet theory if experiment proved it untenable. John and Jane were gourmets, which no doubt was why John preferred France as the destination for his sabbatical leaves. Jane taught in the School of Hotel Administration at Cornell and was a restaurant critic for Distinguished Restaurants of North America. The two of them loved to cook and hosted many delightful dinner parties at their home. John was predeceased by Jane in March 2014. They are survived by their children Katherine Leask Lumley-Sapanski, Jennifer French Lumley, and John Christopher Lumley, and five grandchildren.

DOUGLAS C. Ma c MILLAN 1912–2001 Elected in 1967

“Ship design development.”

BY ALLEN CHIN SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

DOUGLAS CLARK MacMILLAN, noted naval architect and marine engineer, former president of George G. Sharp, Inc., naval architects and marine engineers, died in East Orleans, Massachusetts, on October 26, 2001, at the age of 89. He was born July 15, 1912, in Dedham, Massachusetts. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received a bachelor of science degree in naval architecture in 1934. He joined Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock in Kearney, New Jersey, in 1934 and left in 1941 to work for George Sharp. In 1951 he was elected president of the company and in 1969 he became chair of the board. During his years at Sharp he played a major role in quite a few first-of-a-kind designs, including the following:

• The first nuclear-powered merchant ship, the NS Savannah, for the Maritime Administration, US Department of Commerce, constructed by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. President Eisenhower wanted to demonstrate the peaceful use of the atom and empowered the Maritime Administration to accomplish this goal by designing and building a nuclear-powered merchant ship.

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• The first integrated tugbarge, the MV Carport, built for Cargill, Inc. by Christy Shipbuilding Corp. • The first cellular containership, the SSGateway City, converted for Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company by Mobile Ship Repair for US domestic trade. • The first roll-on/roll-off vehicle carrier, the USNS Comet, built for the Military Sea Transport Service by Sun Shipbuilding and Company. • The first roll-on/roll-off containership, the MVNew Yorker, built for Containerships, Inc. by Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company.

In all of these Doug MacMillan was very innovative and played a major role in the conceptual, preliminary, and contract designs. He was also prominently involved in the Massive Emergency Ship Construction Program during World War II, during which more than 600 ships were built to Sharp’s plans—more than 400 Victory merchant ships and numerous Naval auxiliaries, including 50 CVE escort aircraft carriers, the “baby flattops” of Pacific fame. His contributions were recognized by his election to the NAE in 1967, and in 1969 he received the Elmer A. Sperry Award “for his direction and engineering contributions to all aspects of the preliminary studies and final design of the NS Savannah.” The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) also recognized his accomplishments in naval architecture and marine engineering by awarding him in 1969 the coveted, prestigious David W. Taylor Medal, which is given for “notable achievements in naval architecture and/or marine engineering.” Doug was a fellow and vice president of SNAME and was active on many of its committees as well as those of the US Coast Guard relating to the safety of nuclear merchant ships. He was also a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and a trustee of St. John’s Guild in New York City. After his work at Sharp, he became a consultant naval architect, assistant to the general manager at Quincy

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Shipbuilding. He was on the board of directors of the Atomic Industrial Forum and a member of the advisory committees of the US Navy and the US Coast Guard. His son Douglas, remembering his father, wrote:

After retiring he embarked on a mission to do extensive research on his family genealogy. He traveled to Scotland and learned that his family emigrated in 1806 from the Isle of Colonsay, Argyllshire, to Prince Edward Island, Canada, on the ship Spencer. A naval architect by profession, he was intrigued with the possibility of finding the characteristics of the Spencer. His research was successful. The genealogy of the MacMillans and MacNeills was published. A copy is housed in a museum on PEI. More than anything, he loved spending time with his family on the Belgrade Lakes, Maine. He designed and helped build the cabin on Great Pond. Doug enjoyed being on the lake canoeing and sailing. On his seventy-fifth birthday, he sailed his Catamaran the sixteen-mile length of the lake and onto the ramp one last time! From then on he was content to watch the sunsets on his much loved GOLDEN POND.

Doug also liked gardening, woodworking, and travel. At the time of his death, he was survived by his wife Dorothy (Chase) MacMillan; sons Douglas S. MacMillan of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, and John R. MacMillan, of Eagle, Idaho; brother John and sister Gertrude, both of Dedham; four grandchildr en; and a niece.

CHARLES E. MASSONNET 1914–1996 Elected in 1978

“Contributions to advanced structural theory and understanding of the behavior of metal structures.”

BY STEVEN J. FENVES

CHARLES ERNEST MASSONNET, a prominent European educator and researcher on structural steel construction and initiator of many international collaborations in the field, died April 4, 1996, at the age of 82. He was born March 14, 1914, in Arlon, in the south of Belgium, to Jules Massonnet, a pharmacist who served as mayor of Arlon and member of the Belgian Senate, and Louise (née Martha), a homemaker. He attended elementary and secondary school in Arlon and obtained his baccalaureate with an award of excellence. He studied civil engineering at the University of Liège, graduating in 1936 with highest distinction. He drew the attention of his professors with his intellectual prowess, the clarity and precision of his reports and lab books, and his relevant comments in class. In 1936–1937 he served in the Belgian Army’s 30th Artillery Regiment and then began his professional career in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Liège. Shortly afterward, he won a research grant and a competitive state

This tribute was prepared with substantial assistance from Emeritus Professor René Maquoi of the University of Liège.

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travel award, but his career was interrupted for six years by World War II. Mobilized in August 1939 as a reserve sublieutenant, he was captured by the German army in May 1940 and held as a prisoner of war until liberated on May 17, 1945. During his captivity, despite the hardships and the near total lack of reference documents, he lectured to his fellow prisoners, prepared original papers, and even had some of these published. Throughout his captivity, he remained resolute, refusing sub- mission and despair. He returned to the university with preliminary research ideas that he had formed in captivity. At the age of 31 he assumed a position vacated by the death of the professor of strength of materials and went on to have an extraordinarily fruitful academic career. For more than 30 years he led a staff at the university that eventually grew to about 30 persons. He attracted researchers from abroad and established close connections with research centers in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Research areas included many forms of buckling, shear lag, postbuckling strength, fracture mechanics, plastic design, structural connections, finite element methods and related software, boundary elements, and large-scale tests. In the United States he was a lecturer or visiting professor at the universities of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford, Lehigh, Cornell, Brown, California (Berkeley and Los Angeles), MIT, and Washington. He lectured at research centers all over the world and participated in many international colloquia, conferences, and congresses. The Second International Colloquium on Stability was held in Liège in April 1977 under his leadership. Advances in the field of steel structures that were presented at this colloquium and its sister venues were reflected in the European Recommendations for Steel Construction, published in 1978, that formed the basis of the draft European standard “Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures” a few years later. He produced more than 230 papers and five books: two on the strength of materials, and one each on plastic design

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(coauthored with M.A. Save), on the design of orthotropic decks (the Guyon-Massonnet method), and on the use of computers for the design of civil engineering structures (the first book in French on the topic). Beyond his academic activities, Professor Massonnet and his collaborators were consultants or advisors for design offices and public agencies. For 25 years he was a consultant to SECO, the Belgian nonprofit organization that has served as thecountry’s technical control bureau for construction. In that capacity he was Belgium’s premier forensic engineer on the strength, stability, and safety of steel structures. He personally investigated and provided testimony on major structural issues, including failures, and he assigned investigators to lesser cases. When he first joined SECO, one of his duties was to check the design of many pavilions for the 1958 Brussels World Exhibition. Among these was the outstanding structure designated the Atomium, which has become the “banner” of Brussels as the capital of Belgium as well as Europe. He was active in a number of other organizations as well, such as the International Association for Bridges and Structural Engineering (IABSE), the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS), and the North American Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC). He chaired the scientific committee of the AILg (l’Association des Ingénieurs Diplômés de l’Université de Liège [Association of Civil Engineer Graduates of the University of Liège]) and was president of the association from 1979 to 1982. Among Professor Massonnet’s professional awards were the AILg Gold Medal (1955) and the Louis Baes Award of the Belgian Royal Academy (1963). He was also honored by election as a foreign member of the Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, Instituto Lombardo, Milan (1974); foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering (1978); foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1980); and honorary member of the Polish Association of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (1982). He received honorary doctorates from Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (1976) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich; 1977).

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In 1984, on the occasion of his retirement and his 70th birthday, he received, in homage to his career, a festschrift from friends and colleagues, titled Verba Volant, Scripta Manent (“words fly away, writings remain”). Charles Massonnet married Joanna Lisette Paula Marx in April 1946. Over the years they extended their hospitality to colleagues, friends, visitors, and collaborators (the present writer included), either in their apartment with a sweep- ing view of the river Meuse or in their country house in hilly Nandrin. Lisette died in 2009 at the age of 84. Lisette and Charles are survived by sons André and Jean-Charles and daughter Suzon. Charles Massonnet’s cheerful attitude, prodigious memory, and unbounded curiosity gained him friends and admirers wherever he went.

HUDSON MATLOCK 1919–2015 Elected in 1982

“Outstanding leadership in research and design related to offshore engineering.”

BY DAVID K. MATLOCK AND RICHARD L. TUCKER

LEE HUDSON MATLOCK JR. (known by all as Hudson Matlock)—husband, father, grandfather, great-grandfather, educator, engineer, pilot, US Army Air Corps veteran, and friend and mentor to many—passed away October 8, 2015, at the age of 95. Hudson was born December 9, 1919, to Lee and Charlie Matlock in Floresville, Texas, a small farming community southeast of San Antonio. He was the oldest of five children. After high school in Floresville, he attended Texas A&I College in Kingsville (1936–1939); during summers he worked for the Texas Highway Department (1936 and 1938) and as a member of a survey crew at the Sacramento Air Depot (1937). He launched his career in civil engineering in 1939 as a soils laboratory assistant in the materials and test division of the Texas Highway Department. In 1941 he became an inspector of construction in the San Antonio office of the US Engineering Department. During World War II he joined the US Army Air Corps (1942–1945), learned to fly (which became a passion later in his life), and served as a 1st lieutenant unit flight instructor at Goodfellow Field in San Angelo, Texas. His primary instruction plane was the BT13A. Toward the end of his Army career he was transferred to Hobbs, New Mexico, where he became

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a B-17 pilot and was preparing to head to the Pacific when the war ended. It was during his flight training that he began to hone his teaching skills. He liked to tell the story that when cocky new “hotshot” pilots were assigned to his class, he enjoyed taking them up for some “aerobatic” flying to get their attention (along with their stomachs) as a way to put them in the “right frame of mind” for learning. After the war he moved to Austin to complete his BS (1947) and MS (1950) degrees in civil engineering at the University of Texas (UT). He joined the College of Engineering as an instructor in 1948 and progressed through the ranks to become a professor in 1965. From 1972 to 1976 he chaired the Department of Civil Engineering. In 1986 he was named a Distinguished College of Engineering Graduate, and in 2002, in recognition of his accomplishments, his grateful students gave gener- ously to establish the Hudson Matlock Professorial Endowed Excellence Fund in Civil Engineering at UT Austin. In 1977 he became vice president of research and development at Fugro, which later became the Earth Technology Corporation, in Long Beach, California, where he stayed until he retired in 1985. At UT he was a pioneer in developing analysis techniques for advanced structural systems and complex structure-soil interaction systems. He designed one of the first flexible configuration civil engineering structure laboratories based on servohydraulic systems, initially configured with analog controls and eventually with digital control systems adaptable to new computer technologies that were evolving at the time. His interest in soil mechanics, foundation engineering, and structures with applications to offshore engineering evolved early in his career. For example, as described in 1985 by UT professor Lymon C. Reese,

Matlock and his associates instrumented one of the piles supporting a platform in deep water in Block 42 in the Gulf of Mexico in 1954, and since that time faculty at UT have done scores of research studies for the offshore industry. Matlock

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and Dr. Eugene A. Ripperger, professor of engineering mechanics, in the late 1950s carried out a landmark test program on piles under lateral loading. The testing resulted in recommendations for the design of piles in soft clay under lateral loading; the recommendations were adopted by the American Petroleum Institute and have served as the basis for the design of piles for offshore structures at worldwide locations.

The latter stages of Hudson’s UT career occurred during the expansion of the digital computer era. He was an early leader in development of finite element analysis techniques, particularly for beam columns, grid beams, slabs, and other structure- soil applications. His lasting contributions to offshore engineering were acknowledged by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) with the J. James R. Croes Medal in 1968 (shared with William R. Hudson), and many years later two of his important papers critical to analyses of soil-piling interactions in offshore structures were cited for inclusion in the ASCE Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) Hall of Fame Awards: “Correlation for Design of Laterally Loaded Piles in Soft Clay” (OTC paper 1204, May 1970) and “Application of Model Pile Tests to Axial Pile Design” (coauthored with J. Dewaine Bogard; OTC paper 6376, 1990). Hudson was an ASCE fellow, a member of Tau Beta Pi, a Professional Engineer, and an active member of the Texas Society of Professional Engineers, Society for Experimental Stress Analysis, and International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. He also served on several committees, including the National Research Council Marine Board Committee on Offshore Energy Technology and Panel on Certification of Offshore Structures. While in the Army Air Corps, on November 25, 1942, he married Harriett Nadine Kidder (1919–1996) of Mercedes, Texas. They enjoyed 53 years together and had two sons, John Hudson Matlock and David Kidder Matlock. Hudson was very proud of the fact that both pursued very successful careers in engineering after having completed advanced

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degrees, John a PhD in materials science at UT Austin and David a PhD in materials science and engineering at Stanford University. He was also proud of the fact that he was one of the few NAE members who had a son elected to the Academy (David in 2003). In 1965 he decided to take up flying again (something he had missed since leaving the Army Air Corps) and joined the UT Flying Club. His participation in the club lasted only about a year until his desire to fly more led him to purchase his first airplane—and to convince Harriett to learn to fly. Together they flew all over the United States; to Uruapan, Mexico, where he took a sabbatical semester; and eventually on a trip through Central America, Venezuela, and back to Florida by island hopping through the Caribbean. In 1985 Hudson and Harriett moved back to the Texas Hill Country they loved. They retired in Kerrville in a home on the airstrip at Tierra Linda Ranch (TLR), a former 2,900-acre ranch about 70 miles west of San Antonio that had been subdivided into a multihome community. In retirement Hudson had the opportunity to apply his civil engineering knowledge to help improve the TLR infrastructure. His analysis of the earthen dams on the two main ranch lakes led to important modifications and increased dam safety, both of which led to changes in the state of Texas hazard level classifications of the dams and corresponding reduc- tions in operating and insurance costs to TLR. He was also instrumental in helping design a systematic maintenance program for TLR’s asphalt road surfaces to ensure maintenance of a quality internal road system. Hudson had to quit flying at the age of 90 and sold his airplane (now his third) in the spring of 2011. He lived on the ranch until December 2014, when he relocated to Colorado to be near family. Harriett passed away in 1996. Hudson is survived by sons John (Kathe) and David (Diane); grandchildren Deb, Dan, Michelle, and Joey; and five great-grandchildren. His greatest legacy lives in those who were influenced by him, some of whom offered their own observations: “My

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engineering career was enhanced by my study and work under Hudson”; “Everyone who knew him has nothing but sunshine in their eyes when they speak of him”; “He was truly the most honorable, kind, and honest gentleman that I have ever met”; and “the end of an era, they don’t make them like that any more.”

WALTER G. MAY 1918–2015 Elected in 1978

“Contributions to engineering theory and practice in the fields of fluidization, high-energy propellants, LNG technology, and centrifugal isotope separation.”

BY RICHARD ALKIRE

WALTER GRANT MAY was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, on November 28, 1918, and passed away in Virginia Beach on February 18, 2015, at the age of 96. He graduated in 1939 with a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan. His career in the oil industry began that year, when he took a post with British American Oil in Moose Jaw as an assistant chemist (there were only two). He returned the following year to the university, where he received a master of science degree in chemistry (1942), and soon after joined the faculty as a professor of chemical engineering. After the war he continued his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and earned a doctor of science degree in chemical engineering. In 1948 he started working with Standard Oil (now Exxon) Research and Engineering Company, where he became knowl- edgable about fuel processing and process design, particularly reaction kinetics and reactor design associated with gas-solid fluidized beds. Beginning with coal gasification applications and continuing over many years, he carried out basic studies of fluid motion in bubbles and drops and their relation to mass transfer coefficients in gas-solid contacting in fluidized beds at plant scale. While fluid beds are the most effective way of transporting solids in processes where this is required, they

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were not well-defined fluids. May was able to characterize their fluid properties by using mixtures of solids, with coarse solids serving as a probe to evaluate the “fluid” properties of the fine material. He applied these methods to particle separation processes as well as to various kinds of chemically active fluid beds such as those associated with flue gas desulfurization. Perhaps May’s most publicly visible achievement was his work and leadership in the field of high-energy solid rocket propellants associated with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1959–1963. He was the first chair of ARPA’s Joint Army, Navy, Air Force (JANAF) Thermochemical Panel and subsequently arranged a contract with Dow Chemical Co., with funds from the JANAF budget, to publish the JANAF Thermochemical Tables. These publications became arguably the best single compilation of thermodynamic data anywhere. Safety issues associated with liquefied natural gas (LNG), along with research on the underlying mechanisms and scaling laws, were a priority for May. In 1969 his group began running warranty tests on large-scale LNG plants, including refrigeration, compressor, and plan capacity assessments. Those measurements of radiation from very large fires became the design basis for setting the spacing between storage tanks. Extensive safety tests were carried out to assess vapor dispersion downwind from large spills on water and its dependence on evaporation rate and weather-related mixing conditions. These observations led to the first semiquantitative explana- tion of flameless explosions. With Exxon Nuclear starting in 1973, May worked in the area of nuclear fuels, particularly uranium enrichment processes. His work established the general form for design of cascades of centrifuges as well as the principles that influenced internal flow and thus the optimal reflux ratio. He was responsible for organizing Exxon Nuclear’s patent effort on centrifuges. As senior science advisor at Exxon Research and Engineering Company from 1976 to 1983, he occupied the highest rung on the technical ladder. During that time he started an applied mathematics group that contributed to bringing the Athabasca

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Tar Sands work to a reasonable engineering design conclusion. Other engineering projects that benefitted from that group included the design of a laser-isotope enrichment plant and an assessment of costs to the operating variables, and work on magnetically stabilized fluidized beds for separation processes. Based on his considerable experience he was appointed to serve on a number of National Research Council committees: on Safety of Ship-Transport Liquefied Natural Gas (1978); on Separation Science and Technology (1983–1987); on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies (1992–1993); on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (1993–1999); on Decontamination and Decommissioning of Uranium Enrichment Facilities (1993–1996); on Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies (1995–1996); on Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons (1997–2000); and on Evaluation of Chemical Events at Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities (2001–2002). Concurrent with his tenure at Exxon, May held faculty positions at Stevens Institute of Technology (1966–1972) and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1972–1977). He was a fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and received its 1989 Award in Chemical Engineering Practice for “sub stantial lifetime achievement . . . in industrial chemical engineering practice.” After his retirement from Exxon in 1983 he joined the faculty of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Illinois. With the enthusiasm of a youth, he restudied the undergraduate curriculum and took the examination to become a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Illinois. Turning his full attention to the undergraduates, he brought world-class expertise to teaching courses in process design, thermodynamics, reactor design, mass transfer, and industrial chemistry. The students responded with enthusiasm and genuine admiration, bordering on awe, to the combination of his extensive experience along with a warm and thoroughly engaging manner.

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May had a deadpan look and a sly sense of humor that would reveal itself only after you thought for a moment about what he had just said, at which point he would take gentle delight in watching the realization dawn. His first wife, the mother of his children, predeceased him; his second wife, Helen Dickerson May, passed away in 2014. He is survived by children Jack (Lea) May, Douglas (Joanne) May, and Caroline (Jay) Baraki, five grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. His son Jack remembers that his father

enjoyed playing golf, usually early Sunday morning, and both water and snow skiing. His hobbies included a love of travel— he traveled around the world, from Canada to Europe to the Middle East, including Libya (for EXXON) and Egypt for pleasure. He also frequented the theater. He was a master at relating to whoever his audience was even if he was with a 4-year-old, he would make a game of Candyland fun by placing simple bets! For dad, life was about learning. He loved to learn . . . he even took a French class at the Community College in Champaign, IL, when he was in his mid-80s.

JAMES W. MAYER 1930–2013 Elected in 1984

“For original contributions to ion implantation, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and other major aspects of solid-state engineering research and education.”

BY THOMAS E. EVERHART

JAMES WALTER MAYER excelled as a scientist, engineer, and mentor, and as a family man and friend. He was born April 24, 1930, in Chicago and passed away June 14, 2013, in the presence of family in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, where he and his wife had retired. He was 83. After his PhD degree in physics from Purdue University and then Army service, he joined the Hughes Research Laboratories. Subsequently, he started his career in academia as a professor of electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology in 1967, where in addition to research and teaching he became Master of Student Houses. From Caltech he moved in 1980 to Cornell University’s College of Engineering as the Francis Norwood Bard Professor of Materials Engineering before becoming director of the Microscience and Technology Program in 1989. In 1992 he accepted the position of director of the Center for Solid State Science at Arizona State University (ASU), where he went on to become a Regents’ Professor in 1994 and Galvin Professor of Science and Engineering in 1997. During his career he authored or coauthored more than 750 papers, 12 books, and 12 patents.

A more detailed memorial is available in the Materials Research Society’s MRS Bulletin, October 2013, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 774–775.

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He made several key scientific and technological advances. In the 1950s his work was essential to the development of semiconductor detectors, used for measuring the energy of energetic particles and ionizing radiation. He helped develop Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) into a major analytic tool and used it to analyze many aspects of semiconductor growth, disorder, and several other properties of materials growth. He was a key contributor to the development of ion implantation to dope semiconductors, discovering methods of annealing that removed the disorder created by the implantation and making that technique a practical fabri- cation tool for integrated circuits. In recognition of his achievements and contributions to the field, he was selected for the Materials Research Society’s Von Hippel Award in 1981, for having done “research on implantation that identified the damage and the epitaxial regrowth phenomena crucial to the semiconductor industry, and pioneered the use of ion beam techniques for materials analysis.” He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and he was a fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jim Mayer was an excellent teacher of both undergraduate and graduate students, often returning to his lab at night to work with the latter. In addition to more than 40 graduate students, he mentored visitors and postdocs, most of whom became lifelong friends. And he established the Kaiserliche Königliche Böhmische Physical Society to encourage information exchange between scientists and engineers involved in such research. Among his various interests (and publications) was analysis of paint pigments and ink, applying science to art. His expertise was such that he was invited to lecture at the Louvre. He also developed a course at ASU on “Patterns in Nature,” which later became a statewide online course, complete with a laboratory on wheels that could be used by K–12 students around the state. While at Cornell, he helped his wife start an elementary school that was quite successful.

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Jim Mayer leaves behind his wife, Betty (née Billmire), four children, seven grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren, as well as many colleagues and students who are better scientists, engineers, and human beings because they knew him and were influenced by him.

BRAMLETTE McCLELLAND 1920–2010 Elected in 1979

“Pioneering efforts in the practice of geotechnical engineering, and contributions to improvements in the design of ocean structures.”

BY ALAN G. YOUNG SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

THOMAS BRAMLETTE McCLELLAND, or “Bram” as he preferred to be called, died April 14, 2010, in Houston, at the age of 89. Born December 16, 1920, in Newnan, Georgia, to Chalmer Kirk McClelland and Annie Hibernia McClelland (née Bramlette), he was reared in Fayetteville, Arkansas, where his father was a professor in soil agronomy at the University of Arkansas. Bram earned his bachelor of science in civil engineering from the University of Arkansas in 1940 and his master’s in civil engineering from Purdue University in 1942. After graduation he relocated to work for the city of Houston on the San Jacinto River Project. He started a new company with a partner in 1946, Greer and McClelland. In 1955 he founded and was president of McClelland Engineers Inc. From its humble start in Houston the company expanded to 14 offices around the world. Its technical contributions to offshore foundation design practice were a significant factor in the development of marine petroleum resources worldwide. Bram’s leadership skills attracted senior fellow engineers to join his company—John A. Focht Jr., Robert L. Perkins, and William J. Emrich, and a team of other geotechnical engineering

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professionals supported his pioneering efforts to enhance the practice of offshore geotechnical engineering. The offshore industry’s state of knowledge was in its infancy in the areas of offshore engineering geology, site investigation methods, laboratory testing methods appropriate for marine sediments, and analytical methods for foundation design. In the tradition of other early pioneers, Bram brought ingenuity, leadership skills, a zest for knowledge, and determination in the development of simple, logical, and innovative solutions for a wide range of extremely complex offshore problems. He led ground-breaking efforts in the late 1940s to develop methods for conducting site investigations from a floating vessel in the Gulf of Mexico. He did the first site investigation for offshore pile design in 1947 for the California Co. (Chevron) working from a small temporary platform with a portable drilling rig. Recognizing the importance of high- quality sampling and in situ testing operations, he was a pioneer in promoting and overseeing the development of much of the equipment that improved the state of practice over the past 65 years. He helped establish the first design practice for offshore piles and other foundation types. His leadership helped moti- vate oil companies to fund research programs investigating the performance of offshore piles exposed to lateral and axial loading under cyclic and extreme hurricane conditions. The first offshore pile design standard was written with his help and later adopted by the American Petroleum Institute as its recommended guidance for the offshore industry. He worked with the National Science Foundation to establish the Offshore Technology Research Center at Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin. His contributions to our profession extended over almost five decades, during which he wrote numerous papers, served on many technical committees, and gave lectures to universities and professional societies. He published over 25 papers applicable to offshore geotechnics during the 20 years before his retirement. It is important to emphasize that he had no

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interest in simply being published, but that every one of his papers clearly benefits the development of the offshore marine geosciences. Two papers received coveted awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): “Soil Modulus for Laterally Loaded Piles,” coauthored with Focht, received the James Laurie Prize; and “Problems in Design and Installation of Offshore Piles,” coauthored with Focht and Emrich, received the ASCE State of the Art of Civil Engineering Award. In addition to these awards, he was the Ninth Terzaghi Lecturer in 1972, giving a paper and lecture titled “Design of Deep Penetration Piles for Ocean Structures.” For his outstanding technical accomplishments, Bram was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 and became a Distinguished Member of ASCE in 1986. He was designated a Distinguished Engineering Alumnus by Purdue University in 1965, elected to the Engineering Hall of Fame at the University of Arkansas in 1972, and received an honorary doctor of engineering degree from Purdue University in 1984. He received the prestigious Distinguished Achievement Award from the Offshore Technology Conference in both 1986 and 1994. He was a founding board member of the Association of Soil and Foundation Engineers (ASFE) and a founder and chair of the board of Terra Insurance Company. These two entities helped educate practicing engineers on loss prevention to limit their professional liability exposure and provided liability insurance required to practice engineering in our litigious world. He also served on the Marine Board of the National Research Council, including a term as chair in 1985–1986. He is credited with bringing the concept of “organizational peer review” to the design profession via ASFE. On October 11, 2005, ASCE recognized Bram and ASFE for their visionary leadership in developing the peer review program, which was celebrating its 25th anniversary. ASCE endorsed Engineering News Record’s recognition of this program as one of the 125 most significant construction industry innovations of the prior 125 years. Bram was humbled by the recognition and said, “Of

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all the contributions I’ve tried to make to my profession, peer review has been my proudest accomplishment.” Bram’s strong character, ground-breaking efforts, and numerous professional contributions explain why the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) decided to honor him by establishing the Bramlette McClelland Lecture. His commitment to our profession and example of high standards throughout his career were an inspiration to his peers and young engineers who knew him. His pioneering contributions will be honored in the future through the selection of other experts in geotechnical engineering to present the Bramlette McClelland Lecture. Bram’s lack of pretension, devotion to his fellow man, and dedication to our profession were his guideposts and a source of inspiration to all. He was an excellent speaker, writer, educator, artist, visionary, researcher, and, of course, engineer who motivated hundreds of geotechnical engineers to pursue excellence while applying sound, practical approaches to our engineering practice. He possessed an uncanny skill for listening attentively to all people, while motivating them to develop their own solutions to problems that often seemed overwhelming to them. Bram was a remarkable person with a broad range of interests and hobbies, and he was totally devoted to his family, church, community, and profession. A founding member of Emerson Unitarian Church in Houston, he was president of the board of trustees for several years, and was also active as a leader in the Boy Scouts and other civic and community activities. Bram is survived by his beloved wife of 60 years, Virginia; their five children—Darcy, Tom, Terry, Jeff, and Martha; and seven grandchildren.

EDWARD J. McCLUSKEY 1929–2016 Elected in 1998

“For logic design, computer engineering, and engineering education.”

BY JEFFREY D. ULLMAN

EDWARD JOSEPH McCLUSKEY was a leader in digital electronics and professor of electrical engineering and of computer science at Stanford University. He died February 13, 2016, at the age of 86. Ed was born October 16, 1929, in New York City. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1953 and in 1956 earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he developed what became known as the Quine-McCluskey algorithm for the design of minimum-cost digital logic circuits. This was the first systematic approach to logic circuit design and is still used and taught today. Ed began his professional career in 1955 at Bell Laboratories before moving in 1959 to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, where he built a graduate research program in digital systems. He also established Princeton’s Computer Center in 1962 and was its first director. He was promoted to full professor in 1963. In 1966 he left to become professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Stanford University, where, in 1969, he founded the Digital Systems Laboratory (later Computer Systems Lab), at the time one of the five divisions of the Electrical Engineering Department. He served as director of

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this laboratory until 1978. In addition, he initiated Stanford’s “Computer Forum” industrial affiliates program and served as its director from 1968 to 1978. And in 1976 he organized his personal research program into the Center for Reliable Computing, which was the focus of much of his research program at Stanford. During his career at Princeton and Stanford, he was doctoral advisor to 75 students, several of whom are now members of the NAE and many of whom hold key positions in industry and academia. In addition to his publication of a major book in the field, Introduction to the Theory of Switching Circuits (McGraw-Hill, 1966), Ed wrote widely cited papers on topics such as design of circuits for testability, hazards in logic circuits, probabilistic testing, on-board self-testing, and generation of test sets. He was made a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1965 and of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1994. He is also recognized as the father of the IEEE Computer Society, created in 1970 thanks to his efforts. He was the society’s first president (1970–1971). Ed received many awards and honors: the IEEE’s John von Neumann Medal in 2012 for “fundamental contributions that shaped the design and testing of digital systems,” Emanuel Piore Award in 1996 for “pioneering and fundamental contributions to design automation and fault tolerant computing,” and Centennial Medal and Computer Society Technical Achievement Award in Testing, both in 1984; the EuroASIC 90 Prize in 1990 for “outstanding contributions to logic synthesis”; and in 2008 the ACM-SIGDA Pioneering Achievement Award. His contributions to education were recognized by the ACM-SIGCSE Award in 1990 and IEEE Taylor Booth Award in 1991. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Grenoble and his alma mater, Bowdoin College. Ed was known for his unusual sense of humor and eccen- tricities, such as his collection of exotic hats, which he wore periodically. He is also remembered for the green school bus that he bought and used to transport his family from Princeton

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to Stanford. The bus became a fixture at Stanford and was used for camping trips for many years. Ed was married to Roberta Jean Marie Erickson and they had six children: Edward Robert (Ted), Rosemary, Therese, Joseph, David, and Kevin. They divorced and he later married Lois Thornhill. He is survived by Lois and five of his six children (Rosemary died in 2011) as well as 11 grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Much loved by his students and colleagues, Ed is greatly missed.

DOUGLAS C. MOORHOUSE 1926–2012 Elected in 1982

“Innovative technical and managerial leadership in geotechnical engineering, earth sciences, and environmental systems in response to the needs of society.”

BY RUDOLPH BONAPARTE

DOUGLAS CECIL MOORHOUSE, a leader in the geotechnical/geocivil engineering, earth sciences, and envi ronmental consulting profession and long-time president and CEO of the international consulting and engineering firm Woodward-Clyde Group, died March 14, 2012, at the age of 86. Doug was born February 24, 1926, to Cecil and Linda Moorhouse in Oakland and grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a child he was very close to his father, whose experiences during the Great Depression left an impression on Doug about work ethic and dealing with adversity that influenced him throughout his life. Doug graduated from high school in 1944 and a week later joined the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program. By the end of the year, he was involved in heavy combat along the front lines of France in World War II. He was seriously wounded in battle and his life was saved by two fellow sol- diers who pulled him to safety. He received the Purple Heart among other medals from the US Army. His experiences in the war and brush with death left indelible marks on him and influenced both his worldview and perspectives on human behavior and morality. After the war, Doug returned to the Bay Area and married his first wife, Donis L. Slinker of Pasadena. He also entered

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the Civil Engineering Program at the University of California, Berkeley, receiving his BS degree in 1950. He was a good student at Berkeley and developed a strong interest in the relatively young discipline of soil mechanics and foundation engineering. His teachers included Richard J. Woodward Jr., Ned P. Clyde, and Arnold Olitt, all of whom went on to found in 1950 the geotechnical engineering firm that later became Woodward-Clyde Consultants (WCC). Upon graduation, Doug took a position as a research engineer with the State of California Division of Highways before joining his former professors at WCC in 1954. He stayed with the organization for the next 38 years, quickly establishing himself as a top engineer, manager, and natural leader. He became deeply involved in a wide range of projects throughout California, starting as WCC’s Chief Highway and Airport Engineer in the firm’s Oakland office before relocating in 1959 to San Diego to become branch manager of WCC’s office there. In 1962 he moved his family east to establish a WCC office in the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area and until 1973 was president and CEO of the regional WCC operating company Woodward-Moorhouse & Associates, headquartered in Clifton, NJ. He also attended Harvard University’s Soil Mechanics Program in 1963 and Advanced Business Management Program in 1973. In 1973 Doug and his family moved back to the San Francisco Bay Area when he became president of the entire set of Woodward-Clyde companies (Woodward-Clyde Group, Inc.) (WCGI) and then, from 1976 to 1991, president and CEO. Under his leadership, WCGI grew to more than 3,000 employees and expanded from its roots in geotechnical engineering to provide consulting and engineering services across a much wider range of disciplines, including the broader earth sciences field, environmental sciences and engineering, and water resources engineering. In environmental consulting, Doug was one of the first leaders in the business to recognize the significance of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and to build an environmental consulting business based on NEPA and other

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related federal and state environmental requirements. In his professional practice, Doug had a diversified background in civil and geotechnical engineering. He had responsibility for the geotechnical engineering aspects in the design and construction of buildings, nuclear and fossil fuel plants, dams, highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, airports, and water and wastewater treatment plants. Major projects that he was associated with include the Aswan Dam, Trans-Alaska pipeline, a new 1,600 km railroad line (Morocco), Auburn Dam seismic evaluation (California), Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant (Ohio), and nuclear waste repository siting studies for the US Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation. On the Trans-Alaska pipeline project, he made major contributions to the innovative design of thermal piles used to maintain permafrost conditions along portions of the pipeline alignment. He was also substantially involved in successfully addressing earthquake fault hazards and risks to the pipeline. Doug was an early champion and adopter of novel techniques to improve the performance and reliability of engineered systems and structures. As a primary result of his efforts, WCC was one of the first civil engineering firms in the country to bring decision and risk analysis techniques to siting studies for critical infrastructure such as large dams and nuclear power plants. Doug was also heavily involved in providing technical support to resolve claims involving dam and reservoir failures, foundation failures, and large-project residential construction defect cases. Throughout his career Doug was very active in service to the profession. He was president of the board of directors of the Hazardous Waste Action Coalition, chair of the Task Committee on International Competitiveness for the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), member of the planning cabinet of the American Consulting Engineers Council (ACEC), member of the board of directors of the UC Berkeley Engineering Alumni Society, and senior fellow of the California Council on Science and Technology. He also served on the National Research Council Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems’

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Advisory Board on the Built Environment (1983–1984) and Building Research Board (1984–1985). Doug received many awards and honors, including, in 1969, ASCE’s Wesley W. Horner Award for the paper he coauthored with David M. Greer, “Engineering-Geologic Studies for Sewer Projects.” In 1972 he received the ACEC Award for Engineering Excellence for geotechnical and earthquake engineering projects at the Davis-Besse and Cooper nuclear power stations. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1982. Doug had two children from his first marriage, Scott S. Moorhouse and Janice L. Moorhouse. In 1987 he married Dorothy Otis and, after his retirement from WCGI in 1992, they bought land and built a home in Calistoga, California, in the Knights Valley region. They developed it into vineyard property, which they called the Double D Ranch, and Doug became a wine grape grower for a number of years. He also served as a board member of the San Francisco Bay Area Alzheimer’s Association, a cause he cared deeply about and worked hard to support. Through the years, he enjoyed as hobbies automobile racing as well as sailboat racing and cruising in San Francisco Bay. In his retirement he took up fly fishing, a hobby that he pursued with Dorothy. He also became an avid reader and student of history. Doug was an exceptional consulting engineer, business executive, and human being. He worked tirelessly, demanded excellence in himself and others, was a tremendous leader and visionary, and was a strong mentor to many. Despite his commanding personal presence, he questioned authority and demanded independent thinking. Complementing these strengths, he was also compassionate and caring, and helped many people in need of support. Those who met Doug remembered him. Doug’s second wife Dorothy passed away on February 15, 2015. He is survived by his children Scott (in Denver) and Janice (in Santa Rosa, California), and by Dorothy’s daughters Jane Matthews (in Anchorage), Lee Otis (in Seattle), and Edie Otis (in Sebastopol, California), and six grandchildren.

JOHN W. MORRIS 1921–2013 Elected in 1979

“Leadership in the conduct of engineering programs of national significance.”

BY HENRY HATCH AND HANS VAN WINKLE

The nation lost a patriot and a great engineer with the passing of LTG(R) JOHN WOODLAND MORRIS, who died August 20, 2013, at the age of 91. Born September 10, 1921, to John Earl and Alice Morris in Princess Anne, Maryland, Jack graduated from Charlotte Hall Military Academy and then attended Western Maryland College. In July 1940 he entered the US Military Academy at West Point, where he was a cadet captain and superintendent of Sunday Schools, and lettered in track, a sport at which he excelled. Because of World War II, his class was accelerated and he graduated June 6, 1943, a year early, as a second lieutenant in the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). He was assigned to Guam to oversee the construction of airfields for B-29 Superfortresses raiding Japan. At war’s end, he was assigned to the Philippines where he met 1st Lieutenant Geraldine (Gerry) Ludwig, a flight nurse in the Army Air Corps and native of Wilmington, North Carolina. She had attended James Walker School of Nursing and was a registered nurse. They were married May 12, 1947, at St. John’s Episcopal Church in Wilmington. General Morris had highly successful assignments, in both the USACE and the Army. He commanded the 8th Engineer Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division in Korea, and 18th Engineer

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Brigade during combat operations in Vietnam; and he served as a regimental commander and deputy commandant of cadets at the Military Academy. At the Pentagon he used his considerable skills as deputy chief of legislative liaison, a key position that links the military with Congress. His USACE assignments were weighted heavily toward civil works. His first was as assistant district engineer in the Savannah District, Georgia. Later, as district engineer for the Tulsa District, he was highly instrumental in bringing navigation to Oklahoma through construction of the McClellan- Kerr Arkansas River Waterway. While there he quickly developed the low-key, humor-laced, friendly and approach- able personality that endeared him to citizens of the Southwest and their political leaders. Later, these skills served him well as the Missouri River division engineer in Omaha. Subsequently assigned to the Corps Headquarters in Washington, DC, he became director of civil works, responsible for the Corps’s construction, operations, maintenance, and regulatory functions throughout the United States. These functions included navigation, both deep channel and inland, flood control, and other water-related services such as recre- ational use and water supply. The Army recognized his tremendous accomplishments and potential by first selecting him as deputy chief of engineers and then in 1976 as 44th chief of engineers, when he got his third star as a lieutenant general. Perhaps his greatest accomplishment in this role was convincing the Department of the Army to include USACE as one of its major commands. This increased the Corps’s stature in the Department of Defense and helped pave the way for its leadership in military and national affairs. As chief of engineers, Jack’s service and accomplishments were crowned with multiple awards and widespread recognition. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Construction, and Tau Beta Pi, the national engineering honor society. In 1996 he received the Carroll H. Dunn Award of Excellence from the Construction Industry Institute, its highest award, and was

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selected by his NAE peers for the prestigious Founders Award (since renamed the Simon Ramo Founders Award). The Army Engineer Association chose him for its highest award, the Gold de Fleury Medal (1997), and he was elected a distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). ASCE also selected him for its most prestigious individual award, the Outstanding Projects and Leaders (OPAL) award for lifetime achievement in government (2010). His many military decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, the Army’s highest noncombat decoration, and multiple awards of the Legion of Merit. In 1977 he was named “Construction Man of the Year” by Engineering News-Record, the same year he was recognized as Outstanding Engineer of the Year by both the Sierra Club and the Audubon Society—these simultaneous awards have never been replicated. Among all his honors, none was more cherished than his selection in 1989 as a Distinguished Graduate of the US Military Academy. General Morris was creative and innovative. With the con- sent of and financial help from Congress he dispatched a venerable Corps workboat, the Sergeant Floyd, to carry the Corps story far and wide along the nation’s vast inland waterways during the nation’s bicentennial celebration. His campaign, “The Corps Cares,” mobilized the Corps workforce, military and civilian, and energized and inspired them to expand and improve their proud performance. He had a new idea a minute—not all of them winners, but in total a list of massive importance. He retired with full military honors in 1980 after 37 years of dedicated service. His selection of music to be played at the parade marking the conclusion of his military career tends to say it all. After the Ruffles and Flourishes and traditional military march music, the US Army Band, at General Morris’ request, concluded by playing Frank Sinatra’s “I Did It My Way.” A simpler and more fitting tribute to his military service could not be imagined. Desiring continued involvement in professional engineering, General Morris started his own consulting firm in Arlington, Virginia. He was so sensitive to even a hint of

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impropriety that he rejected offers from companies in the industry with which he had dealt while in the Corps, hence his decision to go it alone. His decision was a good one and the firm prospered, providing consulting services to over 50 firms, many from overseas. Engagements were wide and varied; one of the most interesting was the firm’s selection to develop and present the state of Oklahoma’s proposal for design and construction of the Superconducting Super Collider in 1987. Texas got the job, but the Oklahoma proposal was praised for its quality. Jack was active in the academic world as well. He wrote a course of instruction for a master’s degree in construction engineering management and was its first chair at the University of Maryland. The university has since established an annual scholarship in his name for a graduate student in the Department of Engineering; it provides full tuition with preference for students who are active duty, reserve, or prior military service. Active as he was, he found time to volunteer with the Boy Scouts of America Council and with other professional, civic, and charitable institutions. He was a member of the National Research Council’s Water Science and Technology Board and the committees on Flood Control Alternatives in the American River Basin, on Architect-Engineer Responsibilities, and on Inspection for Quality Control on Federal Construction Projects, among others. Jack, or “the general” as his friends referred to him, was devoted to his lovely wife, Gerry, and their children. Because of her failing health he moved in 2004 to Plantation Village Senior Living Community in Wilmington, North Carolina, where he remained active and engaged. He visited Gerry every day until her death in 2006, and felt the pain of her passing for the rest of his life. He was a member of All Saints Anglican Parish. General Morris was buried at the US Military Academy on September 4, 2013. He is survived by daughter Susan M. Nelson (James A.); son John W. Morris III (Tamelia); grandchildren

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John Nelson, Jessica M. Friley (James), Chelsea Morris, and John W. Morris IV; and great-grandson Damon Friley. The Corps, the Army, and the nation lost one of their most distinguished military engineers.

GEORGE E. MUELLER 1918–2015 Elected in 1967

“Electronic systems engineering.”

BY ROBERT L. CRIPPEN

GEORGE EDWIN MUELLER, an excellent systems engineer and an outstanding manager, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 16, 1918. His parents, both born in the United States, were of German descent. His mother, Ella Florence Bosch, worked as a secretary before marriage; his father, Edwin Mueller, was an electrician. George attended the Benton School in St. Louis through the 8th grade, when his family moved to Bel-Nor , a small town outside St. Louis. There he became interested in science fiction and in building model airplanes and radios. He graduated from Normandy High School in 1934. George initially planned to study aeronautical engineering, but the only college he could afford, the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla, did not offer that curriculum. He began his studies in mechanical engineering but soon switched to electrical. When he graduated in 1939 the economy was still recover- ing from the Great Depression and a suitable industry job did not present itself. Having won one of the first television fellow ships offered by RCA, he elected to attend graduate school at Purdue University, where he participated in building a television transmitter on campus. He received his master’s degree in electrical engineering in 1940, joined Bell Labs, and moved

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to New York City. A year later, he married Maude Rosenbaum, from St. Louis. At Bell Labs George conducted TV research until the nation went to war in 1941, at which time he became heavily involved with airborne technology and was given the task of building Bell’s airborne radar. It became obvious that to have increased responsibility at the Labs, he would need a PhD so, while continuing to work, he began work on a doctorate at Princeton on a part-time basis. At Bell he was encouraged to set up a vacuum tube lab and run a communications group at Ohio State. He moved there and taught electrical and systems engineering while doing his PhD research on dielectric antennas. He received his doctorate in physics in 1951. In 1955 he took a one-year sabbatical to work at Ramo- Wooldridge Corporation (which became TRW), where he was involved with radar designs including the Bell Labs radar for the Titan rocket. He also did work on inertial systems for the rocket. He found this first exposure to the ballistic missile program fascinating. George returned to Ohio State but continued working as a consultant for Ramo-Wooldridge until 1957, when he joined the company full-time as director of the Electronics Laboratories, which became the Space Technology Laboratories. He was vice president for research and development and his responsibilities grew as he worked on missile systems, where he became an advocate for “all-up” testing. In the early 1960s, shortly after President Kennedy announced the goal of sending a man to the Moon and returning him safely to Earth within the decade, NASA administrator James Webb approached George about taking over the Office of Manned Space Flight. After some inquiries George said he would accept the job if the agency was restructured to make it more efficient. That was done and in 1963 he became the associate administrator for the Office of Manned Space Flight, the office charged with meeting the Moon objective. Faced with slipping schedules and cost overruns, George realized that the only way to achieve the objective was to use

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the “all-up” testing concept, which was contrary to Wernher von Braun’s strategy of staged testing. He finally convinced Dr. von Braun and others that “all up” was the only viable approach, and full-up testing of the Saturn V was adopted. This resulted in the third flight of the Saturn V sending Apollo 8 around the Moon. In addition, George reorganized the Gemini and Apollo Program Offices in accordance with his concept of system management, providing much better program overview. And he was responsible for getting the Air Force involved with the program, bringing hundreds of experienced program managers from the military, especially the Air Force, into the civilian space agency. During the Apollo Program, he recognized the need for a post-Apollo program and promoted ideas for a manned lunar base, a manned mission to Mars, and an orbiting space station. Budgets did not allow for all of them and his plan was reduced to the Apollo Applications Program that produced Skylab, the nation’s first manned space station. George Mueller is credited with initiating the Space Shuttle Program. He was involved in many key decisions about the shuttle and, although a promoter of a totally reusable space transportation system, he remained a champion for the Space Shuttle. He was also instrumental in making the decision that the shuttle be a joint program of the Air Force and NASA. In 1969, after the second successful lunar landing, he left NASA to rejoin private industry. He worked for a short time at General Dynamics Corporation and then became the chair, president, and CEO of the System Development Corporation (SDC) in Santa Monica. A spinoff of the Rand Corporation, SDC developed the software for the North American air defense systems primarily for use by the Air Force. During George’s decade of leadership at SDC, he transformed the company from a small struggling not-for-profit into a solid commercial success. He also continued his involvement in some of nation’s most important programs, serving on government boards and committees at various agencies, including NASA and the Air Force. He retired from SDC in

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1984. In 1995 he joined Kistler Aerospace, a company committed to the development of a fully reusable launch vehicle, as its CEO. He retired in 2006 at the age of 88. George was active in many professional societies. He served as president of both the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). And in addition to his NAE membership, he was an honorary fellow of the AIAA and the British Interplanetary Society, and a fellow in the IRE/IEEE, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Astronautical Society, Royal Aeronautical Society, American Geophysical Union, and Institute for the Advancement of Engineering. Among his numerous awards were the National Medal of Science, the Goddard Astronautics Award, and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Trophy for Lifetime Achievement. Dr. George E. Mueller passed away on October 12, 2015, at the age of 97. He is survived by his wife of 37 years, the former Darla Hix Schwartzman; two daughters from his first marriage, Karen Hyvonen and Jean Porter; two stepchildren that he helped raise, Wendy Schwartzman and Bill Schwartzman; 13 grandchildren; and 13 great-grandchildren.

HAYDN H. MURRAY 1924–2015 Elected in 2003

“For pioneering work on the mineralogy and industrial applications of clays.”

BY JESSICA ELZEA KOGEL SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

HAYDN HERBERT MURRAY, renowned scientist, educator , and pioneer in the field of applied clay mineralogy, died Febru- ary 4, 2015, at the age of 90. He was recognized internationally as the foremost expert in the world on applied clay mineralogy, and was without peer in his knowledge of clay mineral deposits worldwide. His work on the mineralogical structure of various clay types, particularly in the kaolin family of clays, was the pre- cursor to current mineral processing and chemical treatment practices. His leadership in applied clay mineralogy led to four US patents and the development of innovative kaolin products for paper coating and filling, enhanced single coat coverage in paints, and expanded uses for clays in ceramics and plastics as well as other commercial applications. As an educator he turned out graduates who became industry leaders working in virtually every corner of the world, from the United States to Brazil, China, New Zealand, Germany, and numerous other locales. Haydn Murray was born August 31, 1924, in Kewanee, Illinois, where he grew up, and attended high school in nearby Toulon. Upon graduation in 1943 he enrolled at the University of Minnesota, but in his first year joined the US Army. He served from 1943 to 1946, the latter two years as a

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first lieutenant with an engineering aviation battalion in the Pacific. Before being shipped overseas he married his high school sweetheart, Juanita Ara Appenheimer, in 1944. After his discharge from the Army he enrolled in the University of Illinois, where he earned his BS, MS, and PhD degrees in geology, the latter in 1951. His doctoral dissertation, “The Structure of Kaolinite and Its Relation to Acid Treatment,” set the stage for the more than 200 peer-reviewed papers he authored over his career. Upon receipt of his PhD he joined the faculty at Indiana University, accepting a joint position that included responsibilities with the Indiana Geological Survey. During his first year of teaching he became involved with the newly formed Clay Minerals Committee, which was supported by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. It was from this group that the Clay Minerals Society came into being, with Dr. Murray as one of the founding members. Since its formation the society has been the preeminent technical organization for the global clay mineralogy community. In 1957 he resigned his positions at Indiana University and the Indiana Geological Survey to become director of research for Georgia Kaolin Company. He was attracted to the company as an opportunity to apply his research on factors influ- encing high solids kaolin slurries. At Georgia Kaolin he assembled a team of select scientists and focused on developing new commercial applications for kaolin and related clay minerals. His work was of such significance that by 1961 he had been promoted to manager of operations, in 1963 vice president of operations, and in 1964 he became executive vice president and chief operating officer. Under his leadership the company expanded into bentonite clay with the acquisition of Benton Clay Company (Casper, Wyoming). Further company growth and expansion came with the acquisitions of Southern Clay Products (Gonzales, Texas); New Zealand China Clays (Maungaparerua); and a joint venture with Amberger Kaolin (Herschau, Germany). These acquisitions took the company into the production and application of sodium and calcium bentonites, halloysite, and

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European kaolins. Dr. Murray also examined clay deposits in Australia, Indonesia, Africa, Brazil, and Mexico. In 1973 he returned to Indiana University as head of the Geology Department, a position he held until he left in 1994. While there he created the only academic program in applied clay science in the United States. Over the years his students completed research and theses in multiple countries and on clays as diverse as kaolin, bentonite, halloysite, and palygorskite. His 68 PhD and MS students, along with many postdoctoral students, have gone on to occupy critical positions in industry, government, and academia throughout the world. Dr. Murray’s influence and reputation were such that in 1973 he was called to chair the UNESCO Kaolin Genesis Committee, which sponsored field excursions and conferences to study and report on a wide variety of global kaolin deposits. In 1984 the US State Department’s Agency for International Development (AID) engaged him to evaluate clay deposits in Egypt, and in 1985 the Geologic Survey of Chile asked him to evaluate several Chilean industrial minerals operations. In 1994 he left teaching and formed H.H. Murray and Associates to focus on research in applied clay mineralogy. He and the firm were called on for assignments in kaolinites in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and China; bentonites in Argentina, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States; and palygorskites in China, Senegal, and the United States. Dr. Murray received numerous accolades and awards and served in a variety of professional capacities. He was the recipient of the Hardinge Award in Industrial Minerals from the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME; 1976); Marilyn and Sturges W. Bailey Distinguished Member Award from the Clay Minerals Society (1980), which also selected him as its Pioneer in Clay Science Lecturer (2009); and University of Illinois Department of Geology Alumni Achievement Award (2004). In addition to his election to the NAE, he was recognized as a distinguished member of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy,

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and Exploration (SME; 1975) and honorary member of the AIME (2014). He served as president of the Clay Minerals Society (1965–1966), SME (1988), American Institute of Professional Geologists (1991), and Association Internationale pour l’Étude des Argiles (1993–1997). He received an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Buenos Aires (2000). In 2001 Haydn and Juanita established the Murray Chair of Applied Clay Minerals at Indiana University. He continued his research and field studies until his health no longer permitted. This work included continued involvement in the study and development of a large palygorskite deposit in China, exploration for bauxite in Brazil and Suriname, and his ongoing research on Georgia kaolins, their environment of deposition, and the effects of postdepositional alteration. His two-volume book Applied Clay Mineralogy (Elsevier Science, 2006, 2007) was the capstone publication of his career and remains a valued reference for researchers, exploration geologists, and mine operators. Dr. Haydn Murray was a kind, generous, and humble person. He selflessly supported students, colleagues, and friends by giving freely of his time, expertise, and friendship, even as, throughout his active and successful professional life, his family remained his principal focus. He and Juanita traveled extensively during his career. He also enjoyed golfing, family reunions, card games, reading, fishing, and hunting. He is survived by Juanita; daughters Marilyn Elder (Andy) of Zionsville, Indiana, and Lisa Rotskoff (Peter) of Springfield, Illinois; grandchildren Samantha Murray, Reed Elder, Blake Elder (Melissa), Case Elder, and Grant Rotskoff; and great- grandchildren Haydn Murray, Zane Murray, Madison Elder, and Shelby Murray. He was predeceased by his son Steven Murray and grandson Mark Murray.

GERALD NADLER 1924–2014 Elected in 1986

“For technical and educational leadership in industrial engineering, interdisciplinary systems planning and design methodologies, and for technological literacy programs for non-engineers.”

BY STAN SETTLES

GERALD NADLER, a long-term link to the founders of industrial engineering, including Lillian Gilbreth, passed away at home on July 28, 2014, at the age of 90. Gerry, as he was generally called, was born in Cincinnati on March 12, 1924, to Samuel and Minnie Nadler. He worked in his father’s retail stores at a young age before earning his BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1945, and MS and PhD degrees in industrial engineering in 1946 and 1949, all from Purdue University. He began his professional career as a plant industrial engineer at Central Wisconsin Canneries before moving on to positions as vice president for general operations at Artcraft Manufacturing, member of the board of directors for Intertherm Co., and dozens of consulting assignments. He was an instructor at Purdue, professor and department chair at Washington University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the University of Southern California (USC), and served in five visiting professorships, four of them foreign. In his 10 years (1983–1993) as chair of the Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering in USC’s Viterbi School of Engineering, he brought stability and stature to the department that helped lead to its current status as one of the premiere departments in the discipline. He was appointed

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the university’s first IBM Chair in Engineering Management and held that distinction until he retired. He also received USC’s Faculty Lifetime Achievement Award and Phi Kappa Phi Faculty Recognition. Gerry served on three advisory boards in planning and design methods and management, was president of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers in 1989, and received its highest distinction, the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Industrial Engineering Award. He chaired four national conferences, delivered over 900 lectures and keynote addresses, received over 25 national and international awards, and authored 15 books and more than 225 articles. His book Breakthrough Thinking: Why We Must Change the Way We Solve Problems, and the Seven Principles to Achieve This (with coauthor Shozo Hibino; Prima Publishing & Communications, 1989) has been translated into ten languages and is cited regularly. He was a fellow of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and American Society for Engineering Education; and member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Engineering Management Society, Academy of Management, Institute for High-Performance Planners, and World Future Society. At the local level Gerry jumped at the opportunity to apply his breakthrough thinking approach. He served on the Los Angeles County Quality and Productivity Commission for many years, into his 80s. He also served on the board of directors of the USC Credit Union and was the leading driver of the credit union’s bold step of erecting its own building, which is now a monument to Gerry’s systems engineering thinking and tenacity. He had an exemplary ability to stick to his mission while working well with people with whom he disagreed at the outset of a project. He was elected to the NAE in 1986 and served on its Advisory Committee on Technology and Society (1988–1991) and subcommittee on Human Resources, Organizations, and the Adoption of Workplace Technologies (1987–1991), as

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well as the NRC Naval Studies Board’s Committee on Shore Installation Readiness and Management (1997–1998). He was also deeply committed to his secondary Section 12 (Special Fields & Interdisciplinary Engineering), representing his broad interest in many areas of engineering. It was clear to Gerry’s coworkers, students, and family throughout his life that he loved his work both at home and at USC. A strong contributor to his longevity was the combination of deep appreciation of technical and managerial concepts and a very active physical life—he played singles tennis very well and kept it up into his 70s. He also enjoyed season tickets to the USC football games as well as theater and concert series in Los Angeles. And he was very committed to his family. Gerry is survived by his wife, Elaine Dubin Nadler, whom he married on June 22, 1947; sons Robert and Burton and daughter Janice Cutler; eight grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; a great-great-grandson; and his brother Melvin.

F. ROBERT NAKA 1923–2013 Elected in 1997

“For the development of national security systems and for contributions in materials and sensor technologies for advanced military systems.”

BY CURT H. DAVIS SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

FUMIO ROBERT NAKA, former deputy director of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and a pioneer in the development of stealth technology for concealing military aircraft from enemy radar systems, passed away at the age of 90 on December 21, 2013, in Concord, Massachusetts. Bob, as he was called by his family and friends, was born July 18, 1923, in San Francisco to Kaizo and Shizue Kamegawa Naka. He grew up in Los Angeles and lived most of his adult life in Boston and Washington, DC. Although his father wanted him to study law, Bob was interested in engineering and enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) at age 16. His sophomore year was interrupted, however, by World War II when he and his family were imprisoned in 1942 at the Manzanar Relocation Center for Japanese-American citizens. About this difficult time in his life he said, “It was very depressing to be labeled as a distrusted, unwanted American in the only country I ever knew.” After spending nine months in the military-style internment camp, Bob was released in 1943 through the efforts of the National Japanese American Student Relocation Council and the American Friends Service Committee so that he could attend the University of Missouri in Columbia. There,

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he recalled, “I was just another kid on campus. I made good grades and was very popular. The experience made me whole again, for which I have been very grateful to the American Friends Service Committee.” He graduated with a bachelor’s degree (1945) and went on to complete his master’s degree (1947), both in electrical engineering, at the University of Minnesota. In 1951 he earned his doctorate in electron optics from Harvard University and immediately accepted a position with the Project Lincoln Presentation Group (later Lincoln Laboratory) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He led a very small group of engineers that invented the first electronic circuit to detect analog radar signals for the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line radars deployed across the Arctic regions of North America. This circuit replaced the necessity of human visual detection of approaching enemy aircraft on radar scopes. He also invented the radar concept of “cumulative prob- ability of detection,” which he applied to the beam scan sequence of large, fixed detection antennas for the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) to warn of a possible attack from Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). And in October 1957 he was instrumental in designing the Millstone Hill radar that tracked Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. Engineers later employed this radar transmitter design for BMEWS tracking radars at the Thule Air Force Base in Greenland, Clear Air Force Station in Alaska, and Royal Air Force station in Fylingdales, England. Bob’s deep expertise in radar systems led to his selection in 1956 to work in secret on the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. His pioneering contribution to that effort was the development of classified methods to reduce the aircraft’s radar cross section to help it evade detection by Russian radar systems. As one of the leading pioneers of this new “stealth technology,” he was later summoned to the top secret Project Oxcart, where he worked on radar-absorbing materials applied to the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft, which ultimately became the famous Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.

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In 1959 he accepted a position with the MITRE Corporation to form a research laboratory. Eventually, he became technical director of MITRE’s Applied Science Laboratories, where he was responsible for about a quarter of the company’s business, overseeing departments for radar, communications, and data processing, among others. In 1968 the commanders of Air Force Systems Command and Air Defense Command appointed Bob director of a highly classified study to improve the surveillance of objects in space. In one of the most comprehensive studies of its type ever performed, Bob’s team compared the capabilities of projected space-based assets with aircraft- and ground-based alternatives and concluded that space-based systems were the most cost-effective for early warning and space surveillance. The group’s final report recommended a system that, after several iterations, eventually became the Space-Based Infra-Red System (SBIRS). SBIRS is used to this day to provide early warning of the launch of ICBMs and other ground-based missile systems. In 1969 the president of MITRE, John McLucas, became under secretary of the Air Force and director of, at that time, the top secret National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Bob joined him with the public title of deputy under secretary of the Air Force for Space Systems, but he actually served as deputy director of the NRO. During his three years there, Bob oversaw the launch of several new national security space systems and chaired many technical committees. As chair of the “Naka Panel,” he worked to devise, and then implement, a successful strategy that significantly improved overhead collection of foreign signals intelligence. He was widely recognized for his ability to manage and encourage disparate NRO program offices to collaborate, but he considered the increase in the number of days in orbit of national photoreconnaissance satellites his greatest achievement at the NRO. He then spent three years (1972–1975) as director of detection and instrumentation systems at the Raytheon Corporation, while also serving on the Air Force Studies Board

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of the National Research Council. He was next appointed chief scientist of the US Air Force and served in that position until 1978, when he became corporate vice president of the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). From 1978 to 1988 he also served as a director, consultant, or member of a number of high-technology aerospace companies and defense groups—the Institute for Defense Analyses, Simmonds Precision Products, Hercules Aerospace Corpora- tion, GTE Government Systems Corporation, the Aerospace Corporation, CAE Electronics, and CERA Incorporated, where he was president and CEO through 2000. He was also a member and vice chair of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (AFSAB) for 20-plus years between 1975 and 1998. Over more than a half-century Bob was active on numerous industrial, scientific, and government advisory boards, including the NASA Space Program Advisory Council. In the early 1990s he chaired an MIT summer study on space- based radar that thoroughly examined use of satellite radar to track aircraft, including stealth aircraft, and in 1996–1997 he chaired an AFSAB ad hoc committee that drafted a significant report onSpace Surveillance, Asteroids and Comets, and Space Debris. He also served on the Global Positioning System (GPS) Independent Review Team (IRT), whose charter called for in-depth study of GPS-related issues and recommendation of solutions to appropriate military officials. Bob’s work was recognized with a variety of honors during his lifetime. He was selected for the US Air Force Exceptional Service award three times (1972, 1975, 1988), and in 2009 was inducted into the Air Force Space Command’s Space and Missile Pioneers. He received the University of Missouri’s Honor Award for Engineering in 1971, its Faculty Alumni Award in 1984, and an honorary doctor of science degree in 2008. The incredible story of Bob’s life and career—from government-enforced incarceration in a Japanese-American internment camp in World War II to stealth technology pioneer and deputy director of the NRO—is both sobering and uplifting. At the outset of his adult life he was perceived as a

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threat to his country, completely distrusted, and imprisoned as a result. But through the kind efforts of some of his fellow countrymen, he was given both a reprieve and an opportunity. He seized that opportunity and, in a very short time, was entrusted with his country’s greatest secrets during the height of the Cold War. Through it all he demonstrated admirable personal strength, perseverance, a high degree of intellect and adaptability, and a willingness to work hard and collaborate with others on matters of considerable importance to our national security. Reflecting on his mindset during those years, Bob described his motivation: “What made me work for the government that had deprived me and my family of civil liberties? The issue was survival, not bitterness. America is the only country I had and knew. I had to succeed.” Bob was a wonderful human being, kind and generous, and his personal sacrifice and service to his country should never be forgotten. He was preceded in death by his wife and college sweetheart, Patricia Neilon Naka (1923–2006), and is survived by their four children—David (and Betsy; Baltimore), Holly Walden (Farmington, CT), Michael (and Karen; Littleton, MA), Peter (and Jean; Fairfax, VA)—and nine grandchildren: Alex, Isabelle, Adalyn, Zhenya, Elizabeth, Jeremy, Matthew, Naomi, and Marie.

GERALD T. ORLOB 1924–2013 Elected in 1992

“For fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of hydraulic, environmental, and systems engineering applied to water quality prediction and management.”

BY DANIEL P. LOUCKS AND WILLIAM W-G. YEH

GERALD THORVALD ORLOB, a pioneer in the field of water quality modeling and systems analysis in water and envi ronmental engineering, died peacefully in his sleep in Poulsbo, Washington, at the age of 88 on March 23, 2013. He was born July 4, 1924, to Axel and Margaret (Champlain) Orlob in Seattle, where he graduated from Shoreline High School and then served in the US Army during World War II. After the war he obtained his BS and MS degrees at the University of Washington and his PhD in hydraulic engineering from Stanford University in 1959. By this point, he already had worked as an instructor at the University of California, Berkeley, and as a survey supervisor for the Washington Pollution Control Commission, for which he conducted some of the first water quality monitoring surveys in Puget Sound. He joined the civil and environmental engineering faculty at the University of California, Davis in 1968 and remained, as a professor and administrator, until his retirement in 1991. As coordinator of UC Davis’ cooperative education program, he established a water resources engineering program at the Catholic University in Chile. He also served as a reserve officer in the Public Health Service. Even early in his career, Orlob was recognized as a leader, and soon became known as one of the world’s foremost authorities

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in the development and application of hydrodynamic models for water quality and ecosystem management. He earned his reputation both as an academic and as the founder and head of consulting firms Water Resources Engineers, Uniconsult Inc., and Resource Management Associates. His firms specialized in the development and application of systems analyses and mathematical modeling to water resource development and water quality control. He recruited and mentored talented engineers and scientists who applied innovative modeling technologies to the management of pollutants in the San Francisco Bay system, the Santa Ana groundwater basin in southern California, and throughout the United States and world. A few notable examples include modeling river-reservoir networks for the Tennessee Valley Authority, Australia’s Sydney Harbor, Venetian lagoon, and river basins in Poland and Romania, both of which were on the other side of the Iron Curtain at that time. Gerald Orlob was among the first to develop the ability to simulate hydrologic, hydrodynamic, and water quality processes as they exist naturally in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estu- aries, and coastal systems, and to examine how they may be affected by human intervention. These simulation models were used to improve the management of limited or threatened water resources and to inform decision making on issues related to public health and the viability of threatened or endangered aquatic species. The tools he developed helped to quantify consequences of alternative physical works for water storage and supply, flood control and pollution control, and effects of various management strategies. He showed how computer models that accurately simulate the behaviors of natural and managed systems could be used to study and address such issues. He received numerous honors for his contributions to the civil and environmental engineering profession. In addition to his election to the NAE, he was a diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists and a distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He was awarded a Fulbright-Hayes Lectureship, and ASCE’s

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Karl Emil Hilgard Hydraulic Prize, Rudolph Hering Medal, and Julian Hinds Award. He is well known in part because of his many publications—he began publishing even before obtaining his PhD. Among the most influential is Mathematical Modeling of Water Quality: Streams, Lakes, and Reservoirs (Wiley-Interscience and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1983). But Jerry, as he was called, is also well known because of his ability to inspire people to work together on important environmental problems and his sincere respect for, and support of, his colleagues and students. Many of us developed our own reputations in part because of what Jerry taught us or the opportunities he provided throughout our careers. His enthusiasm and joy in our work was infectious. He encouraged all of us to do our best and provided the guidance and mentoring to help us do so. His students’ high expectations of themselves—and the resulting achievements—were due in large part to his confidence in their abilities. “Jerry’s kids,” as they are called, have gone on to positively influence the profession through their work as professors, consulting engineers, or service in public agencies. And for those of us who were not his students, Jerry was a teacher’s teacher. Jerry’s passion was for his teaching and research, and in 2002 he and his wife demonstrated their commitment to both by endowing the Gerald T. and Lillian P. Orlob Professorship in Water Resources Engineering, which annually recognizes UC Davis faculty members who are acknowledged leaders in water resources engineering. He and Lillian enjoyed entertaining guests in the home he designed and built among the vineyards in Green Valley, California. They also traveled extensively throughout the world together, collecting works of art to display in their home. After his retirement, Jerry maintained an active research program as professor emeritus until 2003, when he moved to Washington, where he designed his second new home and explored his artistic talents with a renewed interest in sketch- ing. He also enjoyed backpacking and hiking in the mountains and fly fishing in various rivers.

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Lillian passed away in 2002 after 26 years of marriage. Jerry had derived much of his energy from his marriage to Lillian. After her death he maintained contact with many of his former students, while devoting his time to his children— Kenneth W. Orlob, Kathleen M. Corley, Colette M. Markham, Curtis A. Orlob, and Mark G. Orlob—and grand- and great-grandchildren.

YIH-HSING PAO 1930–2013 Elected in 1985

“For contributions of basic significance and for stimulating innovative applications in the field of wave propagation in elastic solids.”

BY FRANCIS C. MOON, KOLUMBAN HUTTER, AND WOLFGANG SACHSE

YIH-HSING PAO, a mechanical engineer whose research interest was in the dynamics of solid materials, especially wave propagation and ultrasonics, died June 18, 2013, at age 83. He was born January 19, 1930, in Nanking, China. He studied first at National Chiao Tung University in Shanghai for two years and, after the Chinese Civil War, finished his studies at National Taiwan University in Taipei in 1952 with a BS in civil engineering. He came to the United States and obtained an MS degree in engineering mechanics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and went on to Columbia University where he received his PhD in wave propagation in solids in 1959. At Columbia he was exposed to fundamental applied physics, rather than just elements of structural engineering, and with his advisor, Raymond Mindlin, wrote his first paper, “Dispersion of Flexural Waves in an Elastic, Circular Cylinder,” a classical subject of applied dynamics. When he came to Cornell in 1958 as an assistant professor in the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (T&AM, now merged with the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering) he invited colleagues to call him “Pao.” Friendly and outgoing, he soon attracted research students who went on to teach at many of the top universities in the United States and abroad.

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In anticipation of applications to the then new technologies of magnetic transportation and magnetic fusion, beginning in 1964 Pao, with several graduate students, expanded his research into the mechanics of elastic structures in magnetic fields. Their discoveries in tuning natural frequencies of structures with static magnetic fields were rediscovered decades later in the application of static electric fields to tune microsensors, called MEMS, which are used today in many consumer products. In 1974 he became chair of T&AM and strove with great vigor to move applied mechanics at Cornell into the top ranks. He hired and supported faculty who established nationally recognized laboratories in ultrasonic wave propagation, magneto-mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, constitutive behavior of materials, and fracture mechanics. He upgraded the experimental teaching laboratories in applied mechanics. He believed in the importance of defining experiments coupled with thorough mathematical analysis and strongly supported the teaching of engineering mathematics by engineering faculty. And he moved his department into the realm of nonlinear dynamics in the late 1970s by aggressively moving to hire a new professor who eventually led a nationally recognized team in chaos theory at the university. In 1982 he succeeded in bringing the 9th US Congress of Applied Mechanics, with over 600 participants, to Cornell. In 1980, however, his rising career was dealt a blow with the diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa, an eye disease that eventually left him without sight. Nonetheless in the 1980s he spear- headed a major research project with Larry Payne and several others on the subject of inverse problems in wave propagation with applications to nondestructive testing. In 1984 he was invited to Taiwan to plan the building of a new Institute of Applied Mechanics at the National Taiwan University (NTU). In 1989–1994 he was director of this new research institute that is now a leader in engineering mechanics education in Asia. In 1998 he retired from NTU and in 2000 became professor emeritus at Cornell. He finished his career in China as a

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professor at Zhejiang University. In his later years he was a senior statesman of applied mechanics, working to build bridges between researchers in Taiwan and mainland Chinese universities. Pao’s main research interest was the dynamics of solid materials, especially wave propagation, ultrasonics, non destructive testing, and the mechanics of structures in electromagnetic fields. His multidisciplinary research on waves in trusses and frames, begun in the late 1990s, might be called “waves in complex continuous systems.” He and his students took the classical problem of steady vibration of trusses and frames and addressed the difficult analysis of wave propagation in the transient regime. During his career he was a consultant to the Rand Corporation and collaborated with C-C Mow. He was also a visiting professor at Princeton and Stanford, the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He served on the US National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (1980–1984) and the NRC Panel for Manufacturing Engineering (1980–1983). And from 1992 to 1995 he was president of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Taipei. Yih-Hsing Pao was the author or coauthor of more than 100 papers in different fields, published in internationally renowned journals, and he was invited to publish a number of comprehensive review articles. His pioneering 1973 monograph Diffraction of Elastic Waves and Dynamic Stress Concentrations (coauthored with Mow; Crane, Russak & Co.) extended the ideas of static stress concentrations in solid elastic materials into the dynamic regime. His 1977 article “Generalized Ray Theory and Transient Responses of Layered Elastic Solids” was selected by the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) as one of the landmark papers in mechanics of the 20th century (see Mechanics at the Turn of the Century, W. Schielen and L. van Wijngarden, eds.; Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2000). In 2010 his former students and colleagues organized a tribute to him in Taipei. A list of his research papers as well as

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the invited papers at the conference were published under the title From Waves in Complex Systems to Dynamics of Generalized Continua (ed. K. Hutter, T-T Wu, and Y-C Shu; World Scientific, 2011). Pao’s leadership was recognized with his elections to the National Academy of Engineering in 1985 and the Academia Sinica (Taipei) in 1986. He also received the Humboldt Foundation’s Senior Scientist Award, and an honorary doctorate from National Chiao Tung University (Hsinchu City). That Pao kept up his spirit and very active intellectual engagement in the face of his eye disease is absolutely amazing and deserves our highest respect and admiration. He not only followed research at the cutting edge but also inspired and took part in research. Even when he was completely blind he presented at conferences with a well-organized lecture, guiding the audience through densely filled transparencies prepared by one of his aides. At Cornell Pao was known as a strong personality who often expressed his views forcefully and always with a view toward the future. But during T&AM’s weekly lunches at Johnny’s Big Red Grill in Collegetown, he would often lead a discussion about where mechanics research was going or what role mechanics should play in teaching in the College of Engineering. He was a hands-on advisor to his graduate students, always making suggestions and “red-lining” their research writing and dissertations with extensive notes. While he often proffered advice to his students, he was patient and open to their own ideas, especially when they wished to move in new directions. Yih-Hsing Pao is survived by his wife, Amelia Pao, now living in Taipei; their children Winston, May, and Sophie; and his brother, Yih-Ho Pao (NAE 2000). The Pao brothers are one of very few brother pairs elected to the National Academy of Engineering.

EUGENE J. PELTIER 1910–2004 Elected in 1979

“Pioneering and contributions in the development of engineering and management activities.”

BY THE NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND STAFF SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

EUGENE JOSEPH PELTIER, retired rear admiral, chief of civil engineers, and former chief executive officer of Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates in St. Louis, died February 13, 2004, at the age of 93. Eugene was born March 28, 1910, and raised in Concordia, Kansas, the son of Frederick and Emma (Falardeau) Peltier. He attended Kanas State University (KSU), where he met Lena Evelyn Gennette; they married June 28, 1932. He graduated with honors the following year with a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and went on to earn his master’s degree in 1934. From 1934 to 1940 he was a resident engineer with the Kansas Highway Commission. Commissioned a lieutenant (jg) in the US Naval Reserve on April 30, 1936, he transferred to the Navy’s Civil Engineer Corps in the rank of commander in 1946 and subsequently advanced to rear admiral from 1957 until he retired in 1962. Reporting for active duty in July 1940, he served until July 1942 as assistant public works officer at the Naval Training Station in Great Lakes, Illinois, before a transfer to Boston, where he was senior assistant to the superintending civil engineer, Area I, until November 1944. After three months of instruction at the Naval Construction Battalion Center (Davisville, Rhode Island) he was assigned in early 1945 commanding officer

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of the 137th Naval Construction Battalion, which landed on Okinawa. At the war’s end in September 1945, he formed and became officer in charge of the 54th Naval Construction Regiment on Okinawa. Returning to the United States in December 1945, he reported as public works officer on the staff of the Commander Naval Technical Training Command, Pensacola and Memphis. He remained in that assignment for three years before serving as public works officer of the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville (1949–1951). During that period he had additional duty on the staff of Commander Naval Air Bases, Sixth Naval District. In May 1951 he was ordered to the Fourteenth Naval District, Pearl Harbor, where for two years he was district public works officer and officer in charge of construction for the Naval Base. He served briefly as executive assistant to the assistant chief for operations at the Navy’s Bureau of Yards and Docks in Washington, DC (July–December 1953) and then as assistant chief for maintenance and material until February 1956, when he was ordered to duty as commanding officer of the Naval Construction Battalion Center (Port Hueneme, California). In 1957 he was appointed chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and of Civil Engineers of the US Navy, serving as such until his retirement in February 1962. He entered the private sector as vice president of the engineering firm of Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates, where he rose to become senior vice president (1964), executive vice president (1966), and president (1967). He also served as president and director of Sverdrup & Parcel International, Inc. and was president and director of Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates of New York. In addition, he was vice president and director of ARO, Inc., and director of Aronetics, Inc., both of Tullahoma, Tennessee, and a director of the Granite City Steel Company in Illinois. Among his honors, Rear Admiral Peltier was awarded the Legion of Merit “For exceptionally meritorious conduct . . . from December 1957 to January 1962 as Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks.” The citation continues in part:

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Exercising keen foresight and outstanding professional knowledge and ability, Rear Admiral Peltier has set new objectives to adjust to the rapidly advancing technological revolution in the Navy and to provide the best possible engineering support to the Operating Forces and the Shore Establishment. Under his skillful guidance, the implementation of engineered management programs and the revision of guideline specifications, definitive drawings and design manuals have produced tan- gible savings of considerable magnitude to the Government of the United States. In addition, the Navy’s Public Works Maintenance Program has established an enviable reputation in Industry in the application of the principles of engineered management to the complex problems of maintenance. In the field of Military Construction, he has incorporated the very latest design and construction techniques known to the industry, resulting in new construction at costs below previous levels. His dynamic and effective leadership in implementing stream- lined procedures has resulted in more rapid planning, design and construction to meet the critical demands of modern-day weaponry. . . .

He also received the Naval Reserve Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic- Pacific Campaign Medal with one engagement star, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal, and the National Defense Service Medal. He received recognition in the civil sector as well: the Award of Merit from the Top Ten Public Works Man of the Year Award (1960) and Consulting Engineers Council (1962), Special Citation Award from the American Institute of Steel Construction (1973), and Engineer of the Year from the Missouri Society of Professional Engineers (1974). KSU recognized him with an honorary doctor of law degree in 1961 and its Distinguished Alumni Award in 1975, and he was a charter member of KSU’s Engineering Hall of Fame. A licensed professional engineer in 13 states, Rear Admiral Peltier was active in numerous professional organizations. He was a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of the American Concrete Institute, American

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Institute of Consulting Engineers, Society of American Military Engineers (president, 1962), Missouri and National Societies of Professional Engineers, Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, American Public Works Association, Highway Research Board, American Management Association, Consulting Engineers Council, and International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. He was also a director of the American Road Builders Association, senior vice president, and president of the Engineering Division. After 56 years of marriage, Lena died in August 1988. A son, Eugene J. Jr., also died earlier. At the time of Eugene’s death, he was survived by daughters Marion Springer (Lawrence, KS), Carole Coulter (Overland Park), and Anne Peltier (Albany, Oregon); son Kenneth N. (Brussels); sisters Theresa Port (Phoenix) and Margaret Kelly (Pasadena, California); 13 grandchildren; and 19 great-grandchildren.

This picture was taken just after he received the Guggenheim Medal at the Stanford University Faculty Club, on December 2, 2004. He is surrounded by family. Left to right: Lynette Perkins—daughter-in- law, James Lomax—son-in-law, Tracy Perkins—granddaughter, Bill Perkins—son, Anne Perkins—daughter.

COURTLAND D. PERKINS 1912–2008 Elected in 1969

“Leadership in the fields of airplane stability and control and airplane dynamics.”

BY IRVIN GLASSMAN, SAU-HAI (HARVEY) LAM, ROBERT G. JAHN, AND ROBERT M. WHITE

COURTLAND DAVIS PERKINS, professor emeritus in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University, died January 6, 2008, at the age of 95. With his passing the department, the entire university, and the world of aerospace technology lost one of their most gifted and effective scholars and institutional leaders. No memorial resolution can satisfactorily encompass the depth and breadth of this fine man’s gigantic impact on the evolution of the aeronautical engineering profession and its practices. Nor can it adequately highlight his dominant role in the development of that portion of the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science that now comprises a full panorama of undergraduate and graduate education, basic research, and pragmatic applications in the contemporary aerospace sciences. Nonetheless, we should endeavor to recall a few vignettes of his remarkable performances on several institutional stages. A native of Philadelphia (born December 27, 1912), Court received his undergraduate education at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1935, supplemented by a master’s degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1941. As World War II enveloped our country, he positioned himself in the Flight Technology Unit of the US Army’s Wright-Patterson

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Stability and Control Center, and by the war’s end was already a recognized authority on the fundamentals of that portion of the burgeoning science of aeronautics. With the portfolio of basic understanding and pragmatic insights thus acquired, in 1945 he was appointed by the founding chair, Daniel Sayre, to join Princeton’s fledgling Aeronautical Engineering Department, and so distinguished himself in his scholarly work and administrative savoir faire that he succeeded Sayre as chair in 1951. Somewhere in that brief period he also found time to coauthor (with Robert Hage) and publish the seminal textbook Airplane Performance, Stability and Control (John Wiley, 1949), which immediately became the standard text in the field and remains widely used and celebrated to this day. The ensuing 27 years of his inspiring departmental oversight began with the construction and use of a variety of experimental facilities on Princeton’s Forrestal Campus that were rarely found at other academic institutions—an assortment of wind tunnels, rocket test stands, towing tracks, chemical and electrical propulsion research laboratories, and, most remarkably, a fully operational airfield, hangar, and flight research laboratory with a number of test aircraft available not only for undergraduate flight instruction and experience but also for faculty and graduate student research projects. Himself an avid pilot, Court was famous for rigging control surfaces and instrumentation devices on some of the test aircraft in the Forrestal hangar to obtain ad hoc flight data that were inaccessible by more conventional means. His master- ful history, “Development of Airplane Stability and Control Technology,” presented in his 1969 von Kármán Lecture, doubtless benefited from these Princeton facilities and his personal experiments, as well as his having in some way been involved in every major commercial and military aircraft development program up to that time. The early portion of this epoch was also marked by the appointment of an outstanding cadre of internationally renowned faculty of the stature of Luigi Crocco, Martin Summerfield, Lester Lees, Wallace Hayes, and Seymour

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Bogdonoff, among many others who, along with the afore- mentioned research facilities, in turn attracted a succession of brilliant students destined to become leaders in the aerospace industry. Graduates James and John McDonnell, Norman Augustine, Philip Condit, and Renso Caporali all eventually ascended to become chief executive officer or chair of McDonnell-Douglas, Lockheed-Martin, Boeing, and Grumman aerospace firms. A similarly impressive list of graduates left Princeton to lead academic departments here and abroad or to populate major government or philanthropic directorates, and a succession of astronauts have further distinguished this Princeton family. With reference to Court’s own public leadership roles, this space allows little more than passing acknowledgment of the constellation of government, commercial, and agency positions he held over his incredibly productive career: chief scientist of the US Air Force as well as assistant secretary for research and development, chief engineer for the US Army, chair of the NATO Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development, and president of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, among many others. At the close of his departmental chairmanship, Court agreed to serve one year as associate dean of the school, to help with its ongoing development efforts. In 1975 Dr. Perkins took early retirement from Princeton, becoming professor emeritus, when he was elected president of the National Academy of Engineering, a position in which he served two terms. He was chosen because of his managerial skills and his ability to deal comfortably with the multiple constituencies of the members—academia, business, and government. Upon his election, he also became vice chair of the National Research Council and chair of the NRC’s Assembly of Engineering. As NAE president he had three goals: to increase the number of members, improve the financial resources, and promote the NAE’s visibility and thereby enhance its public recognition. During his presidency, the NAE elected the first foreign associates [now called foreign members] and doubled the size of

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its membership by expanding the criteria for membership. Upon completion of his term, the NAE had an endowment of $5.2 million, making it a viable financial institution. To improve the public’s understanding of engineering Dr. Perkins funded roundtables, or quick-turnaround studies, that addressed technological topics such as competitiveness in the civil aviation industry, guidelines for reauthorization of the Clean Water Act, and recommendations for improving engineering education. Topics for the symposium held during the annual meeting addressed engineering issues such as the outlook for nuclear power (1979) and genetic engineering (1981) and the long-term effect of technology on employment/ unemployment (1983). And a 1978 report, Technology, Trade, and the US Economy, by an NRC committee with NAE oversight addressed US industrial competitiveness in a global market. In recognition of his lifetime of service to Princeton and to his professional world, the university awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2001, the first ever presented to a member of its engineering faculty. And in 2004 he received the Daniel Guggenheim Medal, widely recognized as the highest honor in aviation. In closing this less-than-adequate professional review, we feel most compelled to testify to the incomparable charm, affa- bility, and humble confidence with which Court pursued and dispatched his panoply of responsibilities. No student, faculty member, staff person, or outside professional colleague ever entered Court’s Princeton office to present a report, a problem, an idea, or any other need, however complex, egregious, or preposterous it might appear, that was not greeted with a hearty smile, a personal anecdote or two, a touch of urbane wisdom, and a reliable promise for responsible action. And this sunny and positive disposition so permeated the entire establishment over which he presided, that learning and teaching and creating in his department became fun, and it was a very happy place to be and to flourish. There is no doubt that his personal radiance not only enhanced his own credibility and effectiveness but also

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enabled and inspired many others to propagate their own talents and interests much more productively. Ave et vale, dear Court. We shall miss you immensely, but your memory is secure.

EGOR P. POPOV 1913–2001 Elected in 1976

“Contributions in mechanics of solids and the inelastic cyclic behavior of structural systems.”

BY ROBIN K. McGUIRE

EGOR PAUL POPOV passed away on April 19, 2001, in Berkeley, California, at age 88. He was born February 6, 1913, in Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire. He and his family escaped to Manchuria in 1921 during the Bolshevik Revolu- tion, and from there went to Shanghai before emigrating to the United States in 1927. His family settled in San Francisco, and in 1929 Popov entered the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied civil engineering and graduated with honors in 1933. He received a scholarship for graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and obtained his MS degree in civil engineering in 1934. He was then awarded a scholarship to the California Institute of Technology and moved to Pasadena to pursue his doctoral degree. He studied under Theodore von Kármán and taught courses as a graduate student from 1935 to 1937. He was advised, however, that his approach to engineering was more mathematical than practical and that he would be better suited to study under Stephen Timoshenko at Stanford University. He left Caltech and worked for eight years in southern California, doing structural analysis and design for numerous public and private concerns. This work experience qualified him for registration in California as a mechanical engineer and a civil

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engineer with structural authority as well as a general contractor. Using the latter credentials, he constructed his own house in San Gabriel. In 1945 he contacted Timoshenko and explained that he wanted to pursue a dissertation in civil engineering. The Stanford faculty accepted his graduate course work at MIT and Caltech as sufficient, and Popov immediately began work on his dissertation under Timoshenko. He received his PhD degree in civil engineering and applied mechanics in the summer of 1946 and was offered and accepted a position as assistant professor at UC Berkeley. Popov was instrumental in establishing a PhD program in civil engineering at Berkeley. Mihran Agbabian was the first PhD graduate in civil (structural) engineering in 1951 and founded his own consulting engineering company and become chair of civil engineering at the University of Southern California. Popov was promoted to professor in 1953 and mentored 34 PhD students during his tenure at UC Berkeley. In his early efforts developing engineering course material, Popov perceived that available textbooks were not sufficient in engineering mechanics, so he wrote and published Mechanics of Materials (Prentice Hall) in 1952. It was adopted as an engineering textbook at many universities in the United States and was translated into several languages for use in foreign engineering programs. A second edition was published in 1976. Burgeoning interest in structural mechanics education prompted the Civil Engineering Department at UC Berkeley to create a new division in 1958 for structural engineering and structural mechanics, of which Popov was the first chair. He was also the director of the Structural Engineering Laboratories in the Civil Engineering Department, indicating his interest in evaluating theoretical results using test structures. He developed theoretical methods to predict the behavior of shell structures, particularly for buckling failures, and these methods led to advances in the design and construction of water storage tanks and airplane hangars. He became active in the International Association for Shell Structures and organized and chaired the 1962 World Conference on Shell

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Structures in San Francisco, attended by more than a thousand engineers from around the world. His work on shell buckling prompted the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to ask him to resolve buckling problems related to its large (120 ft tall, 60 ft diameter) vacuum chamber in Houston in the 1960s. The chamber was designed to mimic conditions expected during a moon landing and to test equipment that would be used in that effort. At the time, finite element solutions were not available for three-dimensional curved structures, but Popov achieved a solution using a finite element analysis for a flat surface with ribs and calculating the equivalent forces for a curved surface with ribs. NASA implemented the solution and the vacuum chamber performed as required. In 1968 he published a second book, Introduction to Mechanics of Solids (Prentice Hall). He also published numerous technical papers on nonlinear mechanics and constitutive properties. Among these were “Constitutive Relations for Generalized Materials” and “Cyclic Metal Plasticity: Experiments and Theory,” both coauthored with PhD student Hans Petersson in the Journal of Engineering Mechanics, in 1977 and 1978 respectively. Popov continued applied research on nonlinear response of structures, initially studying the cyclic, nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete structural members and systems, and then steel structural members and systems. For the latter he conducted experiments and analyzed the connections of steel beams and columns, both welded and bolted. He also developed methods to use friction devices to retrofit existing structures, thereby increasing their seismic safety. His methods to avoid structural failures were adopted in the design of the Alaska pipeline and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The American Iron and Steel Institute supported much of his research and published his results in its Bulletins. Popov was one of the few faculty members at UC Berkeley who was a registered structural engineer in California (in addition to being a registered civil engineer and mechanical engineer). His relationships with other practicing

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engineers—among them Navin Amin, Henry Degenkolb, Nick Forell, Ron Hamburger, Clarkson Pinkham, and Mark Saunders—led to his election as president of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California (1983–1984). Through these contacts, Popov developed an interest in analyzing and testing eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) and applied that knowledge to evaluate and improve the seismic design of numerous structures. He recognized that EBFs had been used for many years in structures to provide lateral resistance to wind loads, but those applications required the braces to perform elastically. The use of EBFs to resist lateral loads from earthquake shaking was first investigated by Popov and Charles Roeder, one of his PhD students, in the 1970s. They recognized that EBFs had an advantage over other methods of lateral-load resistance by both absorbing energy through inelastic response and reducing nonstructural damage by lim- iting interstory displacements. Popov’s interactions with practical engineers revealed several important lessons for his research. One was that testing specimens using numerous low-strain nonlinear tests did not give good predictability of structural behavior during large- strain, limited cycle motions. Another was that large-scale, not just small-scale, specimens needed to be tested in the laboratory. A third was that steel beam-column assemblages need to be joined with full-penetration welds. These lessons provided insights into how real structures perform when subjected to high loading conditions inducing large strains, conditions that were not well understood. Testing EBFs at UC Berkeley was limited by the size of testing equipment to one-third scale frames. Popov participated in a joint US-Japan research effort, with US funding from the National Science Foundation, in which full-scale testing was conducted at a test laboratory in the Japanese city of Tsukuba. There, a full-scale EBF connection was constructed where the brace was attached to the beam using a welded T-connector. Popov predicted that the web of the T-connector would fail under compression and thus would be the weak link in the EBF. This failure mode was confirmed by full-scale testing at

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the Tsukuba test facility, leading to changes in the seismic pro- visions of building codes for EBF steel structures. Popov retired from UC Berkeley in 1983 and was subsequently recognized with the title Professor of the Graduate School, which allowed him to continue research with funding from the university. He studied methods to improve the behavior of steel and reinforced concrete structures during earthquakes, using improved design of both structural connections (by welding and high-strength bolts for steel structures, and details of steel reinforcing for concrete structures) and structural bracing. He published his third book, Engineering Mechanics of Solids, in 1990, with a 2nd edition in 1999 (both published by Prentice Hall). Popov’s students and colleagues recall his dedication and passion for teaching.1 In 1977 he received UC Berkeley’s Distinguished Teaching Award, presented to “individual faculty for sustained performance of excellence in teaching . . . [that] incites intellectual curiosity in students, inspires departmental colleagues, and makes students aware of significant relationships between the academy and the world at large.” That same year his colleagues organized a symposium on structural engineering and structural mechanics, supported by the NSF, to honor his 30 years of teaching at UC Berkeley. And in 1983 he was awarded the Berkeley Citation, which recognizes individuals “whose attainments significantly exceed the standards of excellence in their fields and whose contributions to UC Berkeley are manifestly above and beyond the call of duty.” For his many contributions to the field of structural engineering, Popov was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1976 and received many awards for his research, including the American Society of Civil Engineering’s Nathan N. Newmark Medal (1981) and Norman Medal (1987), and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute’s George W.

1 The author became acquainted with Prof. Popov in 1968–1969 while a graduate student in the SESM Department at UC Berkeley, and was impressed with his friendly, caring approach toward all graduate students, even those not studying under him.

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Housner Medal (its highest honor) in 1999. In 2006 the Applied Technology Council posthumously recognized him as Top Seismic Engineer of the 20th Century. All who knew Egor Popov remarked on his strong marriage with Irene, whom he met in Los Angeles and married in 1939. Irene provided personal support as well as secretarial services for Egor, typing his manuscripts for books and papers. This was no small effort, in the days when typing was done with a manual typewriter and she had to insert Popov’s many (hand- written) equations. Egor and Irene Popov raised two successful children, Kathy and Alex. Irene passed away in 1994. Popov was survived by a brother, Nicholas Popov of Santa Rosa, California (recently deceased); daughter Katherine Crabtree of Medford, Oregon; son Alexander Popov of Anna, Illinois; six grandchildren; and eleven great-grandchildren (there are now 16 great-grandchildren).

WILLIAM N. POUNDSTONE 1925–2015 Elected in 1977

“Contributions to the development of improved underground coal mining technology.”

BY STAN SUBOLESKI

WILLIAM NICHOLAS POUNDSTONE, an unparalleled innovator in coal mining and former executive vice president of Consolidation Coal (now Consol Energy), died July 3, 2015, at the age of 89, in Jupiter Island, Florida. Bill was born in Morgantown, West Virginia, on August 12, 1925, the son of J. Stanley and Lena Grace Poundstone. His father was a Mining Extension Service instructor for West Virginia University (WVU), traveling to mines across the state and teaching courses such as mining methods, ventilation, and safety to supervisors and miners. Service as a tech sergeant during World War II meant that Bill did not receive his engineer of mines BS degree from WVU until 1949. His graduating class of miners, most of which were fellow veterans, would prove to be among the most distinguished group in the history of the program—and Bill was at the top of the class. In recognition of his standing, the industry’s Old Timers Club, a group of leading executives, presented him with its inaugural award. Bill later became the club’s president. In the summers during his college years, Bill worked for Christopher Coal Company, a subsidiary of Consol, as a timberman and trackman—physically demanding jobs during those early days of mine mechanization. Upon graduation, he

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elected to work for Christopher and was initially assigned to a laborer job at one of the company’s four mines. He quickly rose to become construction foreman and belt foreman, then preparation engineer for the processing plant. In 1952 he became production engineer for all of Christopher and accepted the assignment of mechanizing the mining operations by introducing continuous mining and continuous haulage. He extensively modified a new design of continuous miner—the boring-machine miner—and obtained several of his eventual total of 34 patents for improvements in mining equipment and the mining process. He also developed and received a patent for the extensible belt, a continuous haulage unit that, together with the continuous miner, constituted a new mining system. This system became the mainstay of production for the thicker, Pittsburgh- seam mines for years to come, essentially until the introduction of longwall mining—which Bill also altered decades later. In a talk aimed at young engineers, Bill said that his career had been driven by a firm belief that there was an opportunity for improvement in the science of coal mining. He noted that the industry was able to keep coal prices steady at $5 per ton for the next 20+ years thanks to a series of engineering innovations. Bill next took on the job of developing and then running the new Humphrey Mine, at the time the largest mine in West Virginia. He was promoted to general superintendent, in charge of production at all of Christopher’s mines, and in 1961 moved into Consol’s corporate structure as assistant to the vice president of operations. Consol was then the country’s largest coal mining company and all engineering fell under the direction of the VP-Operations. In 1965, in an event seldom witnessed in corporations, the VP-Operations began reporting to Bill when Bill was promoted to executive vice president of Consolidation Coal and a member of its board of directors, positions that he held until his retirement in 1982. The rumor that circulated through the corporate offices was that Bill’s former boss was offered the job and replied that he was content in his current job but knew

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the perfect person for the position: Bill. True or not, Bill proved to be the perfect person to lead the company through a period of rapid introduction of innovative technology. In his new position, Bill headed all of the company’s service functions, including engineering, exploration, land, environmental services, long-range planning, mining research, and the design and construction of all new mining facilities. In addition to the extensible belt and modifications to the boring-machine type miner, Bill either personally developed or led the development, design, and/or adoption of the rope- belt conveyor, belt-conveyor rigid-bracket idlers in underground mining, self-training belt idlers, bulk rock dusting, the pressure-vessel bulk rock duster, and many other innovations for which he received patents. He led a safety-inspired, multi year effort to replace belt conveyors in underground mines with coarse-coal hydraulic haulage, developing and employ- ing a prototype unit that operated for a number of years but ultimately did not succeed economically. He led the introduction of longwall mining at Consol, while developing innovations such as a testing protocol that forced manufacturers to make improvements in the machinery and system. These innovations dramatically improved safety and productivity at Consol and, ultimately, in the industry. He also led and oversaw the company’s degasification efforts, leading to the early application of intelligent directional drilling to coalbed methane drainage and, soon after, the formation of Consol’s commercial gas company. He organized the company’s Central Engineering group that would take over the development of Consol’s major projects, including the ground-breaking (pun intended) developments in longwall mining. Bill received many honors during his career, among them the Erskine Ramsay Award (1981) and Howard N. Eavenson Award (1984) from the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), the Percy Nicholls Award (1979) of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)-AIME, the William Metcalf Award (1984) of the Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania (ESWP),

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and the Distinguished Service Award from the National Coal Association. He was a distinguished member of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) and an honorary member of the AIME. In 1981 he was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree from West Virginia University. He was inducted into the West Virginia Coal Miners Hall of Fame and posthumously elected to the National Mining Hall of Fame. He served as an officer or director of numerous associations, including director of the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association, Western Pennsylvania Coal Operators’ Association, and ESWP; president of the Coal Mining Institute of America, King Coal Club, and Old Timers Club; and chair of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. Bill remained active outside the coal industry both pre- and postretirement. He served on numerous national committees for governmental, National Academies, and industry-council studies concerning energy sufficiency, disposal of industrial waste, unconventional gas sources, air quality, alternative energy sources, ground control in mining, and acid rain. He was on the visiting committees for the WVU College of Mineral and Energy Resources and MIT’s Mechanical Engineering Department. He served for many years on the boards of directors of Elgin National Industries and Standard Havens, Inc. After 33 years of service, Bill retired from Consol in 1982 and, with his wife Doris Mae, moved to Florida, remaining active professionally, both as an advisor and a consultant, until shortly before his death. Doris Mae and daughter Kathy predeceased him. He is survived by his second wife, Martha (Muff), sons William N. Poundstone Jr. and Scott L. Poundstone, and stepdaughter Beth Mathias, along with a number of grandchildren.

SIMON RAMO 1913–2016 Founding Member of the National Academy of Engineering—1964

BY RONALD D. SUGAR

SIMON RAMO died June 27, 2016, at age 103 in his home in Santa Monica. He is frequently cited as the father of the US Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) system and the founder of systems engineering. Si was born May 7, 1913, to Clara and Benjamin Ramo in Salt Lake City. He received a BS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Utah, with highest honors, at age 20 and earned his PhD at the California Institute of Technology, magna cum laude, at age 23. He then joined General Electric Research Laboratories, where he accumulated 25 patents before the age of 30 and was cited as one of America’s most outstanding young electrical engineers. Pioneering in the generation of microwave electricity, Si was the first in the United States to produce microwave pulses at the kilowatt level and the first to create the so-called cavity resonator magnetron, an approach later fully developed by others to become the power source for World War II’s microwave radar. He also developed GE’s electron microscope. His early definitive papers in the leading technical journals on waves in linear and rotating electron streams detailed the relationships among frequency, stream density, electron velocity, and amplification, earning him awards from physics and electrical engineering professional societies.

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He published the first book on the characteristics of microwave electricity, Fields and Waves in Modern Radio (John Wiley, 1944), coauthored with John R. Whinnery, and in 1965, again with Whinnery, coauthored Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics (John Wiley). The latter became the classic textbook on the subject, with over a million copies sold. It is used in more than 100 universities and remains a leading text in the field. After World War II Ramo joined Hughes Aircraft Company and launched an entirely new approach to defense electronics. He was vice president for operations over R&D, product engineering, and manufacturing. In a few years Hughes became one of the largest and most successful high-tech companies in the world. Developments at the company were basic to the air superiority of the United States and an extremely important contribution to national security. Ramo left Hughes in 1953 with colleague Dean Wooldridge to found the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, later to become TRW and then part of Northrop Grumman Corporation. At that time the USSR was well along in developing an ICBM that would be able to bypass the entire US air defense system. President Eisenhower placed the highest national priority on the United States’ gaining an ICBM system before the Soviet Union. The Defense Department asked Ramo to be the chief engineer for the project, which was to become the country’s largest. A contract awarded to Ramo-Wooldridge for systems engineering and technical direction called for leading the development of both the missile and extensive flight test facilities in Florida and a supporting industry to supply the innovative components. The program called for unprecedented advances (10 times or more) in rocket propulsion, guidance accuracy, reentry heat containment, control precision, structures (payload to overall weight), and fuel performance, to name a few. Within five years, the US ICBM system had its first operational capability, ahead of the Russians. Ramo later created Space Technology Laboratories (STL) as a subsidiary of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., a year before the USSR’s Sputnik launch. STL was the first US company to

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receive a contract for a spacecraft from the newly established National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). An STL spacecraft was the first both to reach the outer planets and to go beyond the solar system into far outer space. Ramo held more than 40 patents, the last of which he received when he was 100 years old, making him the oldest patent holder in US history. One of his most recognized developments was systems engineering, which concentrates on the design and application of the whole as distinct from the parts, looking at a problem in its entirety, taking account of all the facets and variables, and linking the social to the technological. He wrote many articles about systems engineering, authored and coauthored a number of texts, and delivered numerous invited lectures at universities and National Academy and professional society meetings. He served on the National Science Board, White House Council on Energy R&D, Advisory Council to the Secretary of Commerce, Advisory Council to the Secretary of State for Science and Foreign Affairs, and many advisory committees to the Defense Department and NASA. He received numerous awards and honors, including the National Medal of Science (1979), bestowed by President Jimmy Carter for his pioneering work in electronics research and development. President Gerald Ford appointed him chair of the President’s Advisory Committee on Science and Technology. In 1983 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian award, from President Ronald Reagan. He was inducted into the Business Hall of Fame and in 1999 received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Smithsonian Institution. He also received a number of honorary university doctorates. At age 51, Si Ramo was the youngest founding member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 2013, coincident with his 100th birthday, the Academy named the Simon Ramo Founders Award (formerly the Founders Award) to honor an outstanding NAE member or foreign member who has upheld the ideals and principles of the NAE through professional, educational, and personal achievement and accomplishment.

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In 1982 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) board of directors created the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal for exceptional achievement in systems engineering and systems science. His books on science, engineering, and management are used in universities throughout the world and have been translated into German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, and Arabic and republished in English in China, India, and Taiwan. And his Extraordinary Tennis for the Ordinary Player (Crown, 1970) holds the sales record for books on tennis. During his career, and particularly in his later years, Ramo became a cherished mentor to dozens of upcoming scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and business executives. In addition he and his wife Virginia were generous philanthropists focus- ing on the sciences, arts, and education. Ramo was married to Virginia (née Smith) for 72 years until her death in 2009. They are survived by sons Jim and Alan, four grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren.

NORMAN C. RASMUSSEN 1927–2003 Elected in 1977

“Contributions to applied radiation detection, the development of quantitative methods of risk assessment, and nuclear safety.”

BY KENT F. HANSEN

NORMAN CARL RASMUSSEN died July 18, 2003, at the age of 75. He succumbed to complications of Parkinson’s disease, from which he suffered for many years. He was a remarkable, creative scientist, engineer, researcher, and educator who made important, lasting contributions to nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, health physics, and risk analysis. Norm first achieved recognition for his accomplishments in gamma ray spectroscopy and the quantitative determination of the nuclear composition of materials. Subsequently he worked on the analysis of radiation doses in survivors of the US nuclear weapons testing programs of the 1950s and 1960s. His most influential work was in directing the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) study on nuclear safety, published as WASH 1400 but better known as the Rasmussen Report. This pioneering effort evolved into the principal tool of risk assessment in the nuclear industry. His public service included the National Science Board, numerous National Academies panels, and the Defense Science Board.

This tribute is slightly adapted from a memoir that originally appeared in Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences V. 86 (2005) and is reprinted with permission.

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To those of us privileged to know him well, our sense of loss is dominated by the loss of a wonderful colleague and friend who possessed a rich collection of delightful human characteristics.

Early Years Born November 12, 1927, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Norm, the fifth of six brothers, grew up in the depths of the Great Depression on a dairy farm and attended Hershey public schools. In addition to his schoolwork he had the multiple chores of a farm boy, an experience that greatly influenced his career. He learned how to care for animals, service and maintain farm equipment, and build or repair farm buildings and facilities. The result was that he became very proficient in using his hands—and very motivated to use his intelligence. And the experiences of his youth gave him a lifelong habit of hard work. His father died when Norm was in the eighth grade, and the family moved near Gettysburg, where his grandparents helped care for the children. He graduated from high school in 1945 and enlisted in the Navy, which sent him to the Great Lakes Naval training school, where he became an electronics technician. He served on active duty until August 1946, when he was honorably discharged. That fall, with the help of the GI bill, he enrolled in Gettysburg College, where he majored in physics because his interest had been stimulated in high school. He came under the guidance of George Miller, who intensified his interest in physics and encouraged him to go to graduate school. Upon graduation (cum laude) in June 1950 Norm enrolled in graduate school in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But before leaving Gettysburg he met a young coed, Thalia Tichenor, who in 1952 became his wife and lifelong soul mate. At MIT Norm worked for Robley Evans in the Radioactivity Center, which Evans created and led. The focus was on experimental low-energy nuclear physics, including the

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determination of nuclear energy levels, radiation dosimetry, and the biological effects of radiation. It was in the fall of 1952 that I met Norm. He was a teaching assistant in Prof. Evans’ two-semester course on nuclear physics, which I took as a senior in physics. Norm was always available to help students understand the material and with the devilishly long homework assignments. When one of my classmates and close friends became a research assistant in the Radioactivity Center, I began to see Norm frequently outside the classroom. He was an avid sports enthusiast, both as a player and as a fan. We frequently shared despair over the fate of the Red Sox and the curse of the Bambino.1 In our later years as faculty colleagues we would occasionally sneak off in the afternoon to go watch the Red Sox together.

Academic Career Norm completed his PhD in 1956, with a very creative experimental thesis titled “Standardization of Electron Capture Isotopes,” focused on determining absolute nuclear decay rates. After graduation he remained in the MIT Physics Department as an instructor while continuing his experi mental work in the Radioactivity Center. His hands-on experience as a child made him an extremely versatile and creative experimentalist. In the 1950s the tools available for detection and measurements were primitive. Norm was in the forefront of developing coincidence-counting techniques to measure decay schemes, which was the focus of his early papers. At this time, MIT was building its Nuclear Research Reactor and expanding the program in nuclear engineering into a full

1 For readers not familiar with the curse, it began in 1920 when Harry Frazee, owner of the Red Sox, sold his star pitcher, Babe Ruth, to the New York Yankees for cash. Frazee subsequently used the cash to promote a Broadway flop, whereas the Yankees converted Babe Ruth to a hitter. And the rest is a well-known long history of triumph for the Yankees and tragedy for the Red Sox.

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department. Norm was invited to become an assistant professor in the new department to help in the creation of a curriculum that included experimental methods. He also became an important experimentalist using the new reactor. He was a key participant in the building of a 6-meter bent crystal spectrometer that was used for gamma ray spectroscopy studies for many years. He migrated from the determination of decay spectra to the use of spectra for measuring nuclear composition. This led him to a major program for the measurement of spent nuclear fuel composition, a matter of significant importance to the nuclear weapons programs where both tritium and plutonium were created in production reactors. This work also brought him international renown, as the International Atomic Energy Agency adopted his techniques for use in proliferation studies. In addition to being a magnificent experimentalist, Norm was exceedingly creative in applying new technologies to nuclear spectroscopy problems. He was among the leaders in adopting the use of solid state devices for photon detection and measurement, and an important contributor to the development of lithium-drifted germanium detectors. He also recognized the importance of data analysis and was the first spectroscopist to adopt the then-new fast Fourier transform to data analysis. Part of his training and background was an appreciation of the importance of statistics to the analysis and interpretation of data. Robley Evans was very firm in training all his students to be careful and thorough in their analyses. This training was reflected in Norm’s work and laid the foundation for his subsequent appreciation of probabilistic risk assessment. It also made Norm an excellent poker player, a pleasure he pursued regularly and profitably. One of Norm’s closest colleagues and collaborators was Theos J. (Tommy) Thompson, who came to MIT in 1957 to design the research reactor. In 1966 Tommy began a special summer program in nuclear power plant safety, bringing together experts in all aspects of safety—from reactor physics and engineering to materials problems, instrumentation and

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control issues, plant operations, modeling and simulation, and plant licensing. Norm was a participant in the program, and in 1969 became the director when Tommy left to serve as an AEC commissioner. As a result Norm was in the position of being an experienced analyst with a deep understanding of most of the issues involved in nuclear power technology.

The Reactor Safety Study The first US civilian nuclear power plant, Dresden 1 (in northern Illinois), went online in 1959, followed by Yankee Rowe (in western Massachusetts) in 1960. The electric utilities began a rapid increase in plant orders and construction. The first large unit—over 650 MWe—was at Oyster Creek in southern New Jersey. The plant was ordered in 1963, construction was approved in 1964, and the plant went into commercial service in 1969. Another large plant, Nine Mile Point (in upstate New York), also went into service that year. Thereafter growth was very rapid: four plants in 1970, four more in 1971, and eight in 1972. In 1973 US utilities ordered 41 nuclear plants. The industry was growing—and attracting attention. Opposition to nuclear power had begun to take shape in the 1960s, with concern focused initially on radiation from the plants and effluents and then on safety and the consequences of large accidents. Interveners began to attack the licensing process and create expensive delays in plant construction and licensing. The plant designs were based on the concept of the “maxi- mum credible accident.” Usually this took the form of a large rupture in a main coolant pipe, depriving the core of cooling water. Arguments in the courts and in the public arena were complicated because of the lack of quantitative assessments of the real risks associated with the plants. Senator John Pastore (Rhode Island), chair of Congress’s Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), wrote in 1972 to James Schlesinger, head of the AEC, encouraging the AEC to undertake a study to address the issues. Schlesinger agreed and went about creating a large-scale project for that purpose. Because of

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the significance of the study it was felt that it should be led by someone outside the AEC. Norm’s name emerged as a likely leader of the project based on his association with the issue, his neutrality as an academic, and his scientific reputation. Norm agreed to head the multiyear, multimillion-dollar study. He was very fortunate to have as a close collaborator Saul Levine, deputy director of the AEC’s Office of Research. Together they began to review potential tools for risk analysis and encountered some classic work by Chauncey Starr and F.R. Farmer that suggested probabilistic approaches to address licensing and siting. Their work also considered the use of event trees to identify how things could go wrong, and fault trees to develop quantitative evaluations of the likelihood of an accident. This was to be followed by an assessment of the consequences of every failure (e.g., radiation release quantities, pathways to the environment, and effects on population). Norm and Saul created a program to examine the risk associated with both major types of US reactors (pressurized water and boiling water). Their team ultimately involved a large number of analysts at the national laboratories, the utilities, and several universities. The activities of the AEC were overseen by the JCAE, which had a deep interest in the future of nuclear energy and in the findings of the study. Norm was frequently called on to testify before the JCAE. He was an extraordinary witness thanks to his great depth of knowledge, his ability to put complex issues in a comprehensible form, his forthright presentations, and his wonderful sense of humor. At one hearing with Senator Pastore presiding, Norm was explaining the concepts and use of event trees and fault trees. In the midst of his testimony the quorum bell rang. Senator Pastore interrupted Norm and explained that the committee members would have to leave in about 10 minutes. He asked Norm how much longer he would need to complete his remarks. Norm replied, “Senator, that depends on how smart you are!” The staffers in attendance were all aghast, but Senator Pastore roared with laughter and suggested that the committee adjourn promptly.

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The study report, WASH 1400, was released in draft form in 1974 and the final version in October 1975. It was received with appreciation from the industry because it concluded that the risks of nuclear power were very low. It was vigorously attacked by opponents because the conclusion was unaccept- able to them. There followed an extensive period of review, debate, and reassessment. Appreciation for the report grew after the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident. The report had suggested that small breaks in piping were much more significant than a large break accident, and TMI was in fact a small break. In the aftermath of the accident the Kemeny Commission2 suggested that the method be used in risk assessment. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) replaced the AEC in 1975, and after TMI it began to use probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for specific safety issues. For example, issues associated with loss of offsite power to a station were analyzed and found to be significant, leading to new regulations. The commission went even further in the 1990s by decid- ing to use PRA to judge the impact of the usefulness of various safety regulations. Today the industry operates under what are called “risk-informed regulations,” which allow utilities to use PRA to adjust their service and maintenance activities. Partly as a result of these changes US plants are now among the most productive in the world. Norm received well-deserved recognition for this pioneering work. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1979. In 1985 he received the Department of Energy’s Enrico Fermi award, the most prestigious of its honors. The Fermi award had a cash stipend of $100,000 and a few weeks after receiving it Norm told me of his adventures with his new riches. He deposited the check at his bank and waited a few days to inquire at an ATM about his balance. He said he just wanted to see that much money in his account. The

2 John G. Kemeny, president of Dartmouth College, chaired the President’s Commission on the Accident at TMI.

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balance did not reflect the deposit. He waited another few days and tried again, and again the deposit wasn’t shown. After a third trial and several weeks after making the deposit, he went into the bank to ask what had happened. The teller listened to his story and then patiently explained that the ATM screens showed only 5 digits before the decimal. With the release of WASH 1400 Norm was involuntarily committed to being a public figure. He spent an incredible amount of time traveling the world explaining the method- ology, defending nuclear power, and helping develop the applications. He was fair in his debates, never indulging in dis- tortion, misrepresentation, or exaggeration. He was appalled by the poor quality of some of the actions of some opponents. Most of all he was distressed by the unwillingness of some opponents to discuss issues offstage and off-camera. He tried to understand the nature of the opposition and how together the industry and the opponents might find con- structive resolution. He kept on his wall a cartoon showing two figures separated by a deep, symmetric chasm. One character is saying to the other, “Come over to my side, the view is much clearer.” He always tried to keep a balanced perspective on the nuclear issue and did his best to convince others to do the same. While maintaining his activities in the nuclear power arena he continued an active academic career. He became head of MIT’s Nuclear Engineering Department in 1975 and served in that position for seven years. In 1983 he was named the McAfee Professor of Nuclear Engineering. During these years he continued an active research program but with the focus now on risk assessment. He was highly sought after by students to be their thesis supervisor. The student grapevine was, and is, well attuned to the merits of various faculty members as advisors, and Norm was one of the best, giving his students lots of time, attention, and moral support. He supervised more than 60 graduate theses, and each of his graduates became a lifelong friend. He was appointed by President Reagan to the National Science Board in 1982 and served for six years. He was a

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member of the Defense Science Board from 1974 to 1978 and continued as a consultant until his retirement in 1990. He retired from active teaching in 1994 in part because of his health. Norm will be most remembered by the scientific community for his remarkable achievements in nuclear power plant safety. Every nuclear plant around the world now has a tool that allows for the assessment of risks and for improving the safety of plant design and operations. The USNRC has used the results of his methods to assist in identifying new regulatory processes and procedures, resulting in much greater insights into system design and performance. All new reactor concepts are influenced by the ability to examine their safety in a quantitative way. Other technical areas are beginning to adopt the probabilistic risk assessment approach.

The Man Norm maintained remarkably broad personal interests and activities. He was very good with his hands and pursued crafts with diligence and skill—he made much of the furniture in his home just for the sheer joy of craftsmanship. He and Thalia purchased land in New Hampshire on a small lake, and he cleared the land and by himself built a small home. He would visit barn sales throughout New England to find old beams and boards and incorporate them into his house. As part of his land clearing he purchased an abandoned bulldozer, restored it to operating condition, and used it both to improve the road in to his property and to prepare a site for a sauna, which he again built by hand. He loved spending time in the summer at this house on the lake. In the fall he would go up on weekends to cut wood for the stove and fire- place, and in the winter he used the home whenever he could arrange a ski trip to the mountains. Perhaps my favorite tale of Norm has to do with a chilly October Saturday of wood chopping. After enough effort, he fired up his sauna to relax. After he had been inside long enough, he thought he might prove his Scandinavian roots by

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leaping into the lake. Knowing that this late in the season no one would be at the lake he ran out of his sauna in the buff, down the path to his dock, and, pounding his chest and yell- ing like Tarzan, he leaped into the lake. Only after becoming airborne did he note that two frightened women were sitting in a rowboat fishing just off the end of his dock. Norm was very athletic and participated in all kinds of sports. He was particularly fond of skiing, and we always arranged our teaching schedules to have common days off to go skiing in the middle of the week. We also served together on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, and frequently managed to find time to ski in Utah or Wyoming on those trips. Beyond sports Norm had a passion for bird watching. Wherever he traveled he took binoculars in the hope of having a few minutes to see new species. As part of his duties on the National Science Board he traveled to the South Pole, where he made arrangements to be helicoptered over to the ice shelf in order to see emperor penguins—he was particularly fond of them and found this trip one of the most exciting of his life. Afterward he gave a seminar in the Nuclear Department with a slide show that included the penguins. He appeared at the seminar dressed in a penguin costume, which created one of the lasting moments in the department’s history. He also took a vacation to the Pribilof Islands in order to see the unique species there. Norm was blessed with intelligence, a strong work ethic, and a wonderful family life that was apparent to all who knew him. There is no doubt that the greatest single inspiration in his life was his wife, Thalia. Together they raised two children, Neil and Arlene, and later enjoyed four grandchildren.

Author’s Note I would like to thank several colleagues and friends for their assistance in preparing this biography. Gordon Brownell, Frank Massé, and Costa Maletskos were with Norm in his

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early years at the Radioactivity Center and provided much valuable information. George Apostolakis was very generous in reviewing material regarding WASH 1400 and its impact on the industry.

EUGENE M. RASMUSSON 1929–2015 Elected in 1999

“For contributions to understanding climate variability and establishing the basis for practical predictions of El Niño.”

SUBMITTED BY MARGARET A. LEMONE, SUMANT NIGAM, AND JOHN M. WALLACE

EUGENE MARTIN RASMUSSON, a kind and generous man whose fundamental contributions were the collection, integration, and application of comprehensive datasets to increase understanding of the water cycle and Earth’s climate variability, died March 22, 2015, at the age of 86. He quantified the important role of land- and ocean-surface- atmosphere interactions in weather and climate, provided convincing observational evidence for the postulated relation ships involved in El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and facilitated the collection of data needed for documenting and monitoring El Niño and its impacts, beginning with the 1982–1983 event. In so doing, he fostered a strong sense of community among his peers in the geosciences: in particular, the sharing of ideas, the culture of working cooperatively for the benefit of society rather than merely for personal gain, and the cultivation of the next generation of scientists. Gene is survived by Georgene (née Sachtleben), his wife of 54 years, their four daughters Mary, Ruth Anne, Elizabeth, and Kristin, and six grandchildren.

Most of this text is excerpted or adapted from Rasmusson’s obituary published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, October 2015, pp. 1805–1808, by John M. Wallace and Sumant Nigam. Reprinted with the permission of the American Meteorological Society.

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Gene was born February 27, 1929, on a farm 5 miles south of Lindsborg in McPherson County, Kansas, the oldest of seven children in a family descended from Norwegian and Swedish immigrants. The early years on the farm and its strenuous daily routine were, in his words, “fundamental in the development of my personality and philosophy of life.” Likewise, his vivid memories of the Dust Bowl, which peaked when he started elementary school, “were a factor in stimulating my interest in meteorology and ultimately in determining my future career.” He also attributed the awakening of his interest in science, which transcended meteorology, to occasional programs aired on “Cavalcade of America,” sponsored by the DuPont Corporation. He listened to these on the battery-powered radio that his family acquired when he was 7 years old. Gene’s career trajectory was not typical. After graduating from the Lindsborg high school in 1946 he enrolled at Kansas State University, where he earned a bachelor of science in civil engineering, graduating with an Air Force reserve commission in 1950. After working for 9 months as a highway surveyor, he was called to active duty. He took a 1-year basic meteorology training course at the University of Washington in Seattle, and then served as a weather forecaster in support of pilot training at Vance AFB in Enid, Oklahoma. In 1953 he got his “overseas assignment”—which turned out to be at Elmendorf AFB in what was then the Territory of Alaska. Gene was discharged from active duty in the Air Force in May 1955 and, after a short stint as a plant engineer with Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. in Seattle, returned to meteorology, joining the US Weather Bureau as a river forecaster in St. Louis. The next 7 years of his work in hydrology and river forecasting proved to be a valuable asset in his future career. Taking graduate-level night courses at St. Louis University, he completed an MS degree in engineering mechanics in May 1963. A few months later he was awarded a US Weather Bureau scholarship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a PhD in meteorology in 1966, with Victor Starr as his mentor.

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Like most of Starr’s students, Gene considered the question of how the atmospheric general circulation fulfills the balance requirements for the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum. However, Gene’s PhD thesis was unique: Drawing on his flood forecasting experience, he treated the surface and atmospheric branches of continental-scale hydrology not as independent entities but rather as interacting elements of a coupled system. His analysis of the water budget over North America, published in 1967 and 1968, came to be recognized as an important step toward an interdisciplinary approach to the climate system. It laid the groundwork for contemporary programs such as the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) and, more generally, for the treatment of land surface processes in numerical weather prediction models and global climate models. From 1966 to 1970 Gene worked at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). His most notable contribution during this time was a monograph on General Circulation Statistics in collaboration with Abraham H. Oort. Like today’s model-based reanalysis products, their analysis served as a resource for numerous empirical studies and as “ground truth” against which the results of newly developed global climate models were compared. Gene left GFDL in 1970 to lead the newly formed BOMEX Analysis Project (BOMAP), whose mission was to process, analyze, and interpret the data acquired during the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX). Under Gene’s leadership, BOMAP—which combined turbulence measurements with large-scale wind, temperature, and moisture fields derived from radiosonde data to elucidate the maintenance of the marine boundary layer—took shape and the results were published in 1973. The experience and knowledge acquired in BOMEX and BOMAP were incorporated into the planning for subsequent field experiments, including the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Programme) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), which stimulated advances in parameterizing deep convection, radiative flux divergence, ocean-atmosphere fluxes, and

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boundary-layer processes in numerical weather prediction models. In 1979 Gene was asked to organize the diagnostic branch of the newly formed NOAA Climate Analysis Center (CAC). His appointment came at a time when large-scale atmosphere- ocean interaction was being recognized as an important field of study. About a decade earlier, Jacob Bjerknes had postulated the existence of a physical link between El Niño in the equa- torial eastern Pacific Ocean and the planetary-scale Southern Oscillation in the atmospheric sea level pressure field discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker 50 years earlier. Gene’s 1982 diagnostic study with Thomas H. Carpenter, “Variations in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Surface Wind Fields Associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño,” provided conclusive evidence of the relationships envisioned by Bjerknes. With over 1,600 citations to date in the Web of Science, it is by far Gene’s most influential paper. It is fair to say that it inspired the use of the acronym “ENSO,” which symbolizes the interdependence of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Gene set to work assembling a staff and creating the datasets and analysis tools needed to monitor the global climate in near real time. Under his direction, the diagnostic branch developed the Climate Diagnostics Database to monitor atmospheric circulation, the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System for land surface temperature and rainfall, and a global sea surface temperature (SST) analysis. By 1982 Gene and his staff had put in place an operational ENSO monitoring and diagnostic system that enabled the CAC to disseminate, in near real time, information on the evolving anomalies and impacts of the remarkably intense 1982–1983 El Niño, bringing world-wide recognition to the CAC. In 1983 Gene was awarded the NOAA Administrator’s Award for this work. He was widely quoted in national and international newspaper and news magazine stories, interviewed on numerous radio and television programs, and featured in articles on El Niño in Readers Digest (1983) and National

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Geographic (1984). And in 1986 he was part of a small scientific delegation that was granted a personal audience with Pope John Paul, who was interested in the human impacts of El Niño events. Gene retired from NOAA in 1986 to become a research scientist at the University of Maryland, where he continued his research and participation in international programs on climate variability and global/regional hydrology. He was also active in the work of the National Research Council. He chaired the advisory panel that oversaw the design of an exhibit devoted to global warming at the Koshland Science Museum, as well as the Climate Research Committee and the Committee on the Future of Rainfall Measuring Missions. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, the Global-Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Panel, the Panel on Model-Assimilated Data Sets for Atmospheric and Oceanic Research, and the Advisory Panel for the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program. Gene received the Jule G. Charney Award from the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1989, and he delivered the Victor Starr Memorial Lecture at MIT in 1992 and the AMS Robert E. Horton Lecture in Hydrology in 1994. He was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 1997 and a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1999. As AMS president in 1998, he was instrumental in adding the Journal of Hydrometeorology to the portfolio of AMS publications. In 2002 he received the AMS Charles Franklin Brooks Award, and in 2007 he was honored at a one-day named symposium at the AMS annual meeting in San Antonio. In 2010 he was elected to honorary membership in the AMS. Gene and Georgene established the Eugene Rasmusson Endowed Fellowship awarded annually to an outstanding graduate student who has advanced to candidacy in doctoral research in atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland. And in 2011 the university’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science launched the Eugene Rasmusson Lectures to honor its distinguished faculty member.

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Air Force Lt. Col. (ret’d.) Eugene Martin Rasmusson was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors (including a 21-gun salute) the afternoon of July 22, 2015, under blue skies, surrounded by immediate family and several dozen friends and colleagues.

Sir Denis Rooke sheltered by HRH Prince Philip, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Great Exhibition of 1851; reproduced with the permission of His Royal Highness.

DENIS ROOKE 1924–2008 Elected in 1987

“For many technological contributions, including his role in design and construction of the world’s first liquefied natural gas system.”

BY DAVID WALLACE SUBMITTED BY THE NAE HOME SECRETARY

SIR DENIS ERIC ROOKE, OM, CBE, FREng, FRS, died September 2, 2008, aged 84. He was a commanding figure in every sense in engineering and business, whose career in the gas industry culminated as chairman for 13 years of British Gas, then a nationalized monopoly, world-leading in technical innovation and profitable for the UK government. He was born in New Cross, in Southeast London, on April 2, 1924, the younger son of F.G. Rooke, a commercial salesman. A precocious child, he went to primary school at age 3, two years earlier than usual, but his next four years were dogged by ill- ness and were spent mostly at Great Ormond Street Hospital. He emerged at the age of 7 unable to read, write, or walk properly. It made him determined: “I worked like hell.” At Westminster City school he made exceptional progress and went on to the Addey and Stanhope School and then to University College London, where he graduated with first- class honors in mechanical engineering and later did a postgraduate diploma in chemical engineering. When he graduated in 1944 he joined the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) and was sent to India at a time when there was a real threat from the Japanese army. From the experience he decided that the problems of world

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poverty would be solved only by technological skill. He was promoted to the rank of major at age 23. His lifelong career in the gas industry began in 1947 with a temporary appointment at the Metropolitan Gas Company. In 1949 he moved to a permanent position, working first at the South Eastern Gas Board on coal-tar byproducts. His first opportunity to be involved in innovation of global significance came in 1957, when he went to the United States to engage with the project to redesign the 5,000-ton Methane Pioneer to enable it to transport liquid natural gas (LNG). At that time in the United Kingdom, “town gas” was extracted from coal in some 1,000 local gasworks. The product was dirty, smelly, expensive, and poisonous (implicated to some degree in 70 percent of all suicides). As a source of heating, it seemed set for irreversible decline in the face of competition from electricity and oil. In 1959, after spending months in Lake Charles, Louisiana, overseeing the conversion of the Methane Pioneer to transport LNG, Denis was in technical charge and personally sailed on the first voyage across the Atlantic. It was a storm-tossed, 23-day epic from the Gulf of Mexico to Canvey Island (UK), the route determined by the necessity to avoid shipping lanes because of the perceived risk of explosion. But it opened the way for commercial-scale UK imports of Algerian gas, the phasing out of coal, and the development of a national supply grid. Globally, it pioneered the multibillion-dollar LNG industry, now taken for granted. The UK gas industry was transformed by the discovery of a huge methane reservoir at Groningen in North Holland. The Permian Basin in which it was located extended under the North Sea toward the United Kingdom, and exploration there was successful. The debate was whether to reform it to town gas or to convert the more than 13 million domestic, commercial, and industrial gas appliances to use the higher calorific value but lower flame speed of natural gas. Denis sat down with the chief accountant and on a couple of sides of foolscap they estimated the cost benefits of direct supply. The decision was made to undertake the conversion

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program, which was completed over the next 7 years at a cost of £100 million (around $250 million, or more than $1.5 billion at today’s prices). It proved a resounding success, the industry shed its dated and dirty image, and natural gas became the fuel of choice. Denis played a leading role in the turbulent political and commercial battles between the gas industry and producing groups for the purchase of the offshore gas. The development and construction of the reception terminals and the national gas grid were essential concomitants. Denis was much involved with the impact of liquefied methane from Algeria, which had started in 1965 and gave the UK gas industry all-important experience for these developments. The construction of a national high-pressure pipeline grid, integrating the previous system of municipal coal gas plants and local gas holders, was a major technical achievement, not least in its remarkable safety record over 40 years. Throughout his career, Denis was a strong supporter of technical innovation. The offshore gas fields in Morecambe Bay were developed using slant drilling. The research centers that he set up developed the technology of fire and explosion engineering, the use of plastic pipes for gas supply, and intelligent pigs for inspection of pipelines. And he gave credit for these successes: “My team did this,” not “I did this.” His rise at British Gas culminated with his appointment as executive chair in 1976. At that time, British Gas was a nationalized industry, so no memorial to Denis would be complete without reference to his relationships with successive prime ministers and members of the cabinet. His style was that of a commanding captain of industry, a passionate champion for his company, with great physical presence—large, craggy, with a lantern jaw. He was variously portrayed as gruff, auto- cratic, and outspoken. According to former MP Tam Dalyell, his contributions to discussions of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee were a powerful combination of mod- esty and blunt forthrightness. He was the archenemy of any sign of cant among politicians, of scratching for easy options. Both despite and because of this directness, he was held in the highest regard by many Labour and Conservative

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politicians alike, including James Callaghan, prime minister during Denis’ first years as British Gas chair, and, in the early 1980s, the Conservative energy secretary Peter Walker and science minister William Waldegrave. However, his relations with Nigel Lawson, Secretary of State for Energy in 1981–1983, were, in Denis’ word, “cryo- genic.” According to a later interview, Lawson “hated my guts from my feet to the top of my head”; the dislike was probably mutual. The Conservative Bow Group, among others, wanted to see British Gas privatized and broken up in order to promote competition. After a great deal of argument and much hectoring from Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Rooke struck a deal with Lawson’s successor Peter Walker, whom he greatly respected. Instead of breaking up the industry into separate enterprises, the gas transmission, distribution, and retailing business was turned, by Act of Parliament in 1986, from a publicly owned single monopoly into a single private sector monopoly, British Gas plc. The initial public offering of 135 pence per share valued the company at £5.4 billion, the largest-ever offering in world stock markets at the time. It was oversubscribed by a factor of three. In the 25 years following privatization, excluding dividends, value to shareholders increased 12-fold, outstripping the 3.5-fold increase for the wider UK stock market in that period. Denis retired in 1989. During his 40 years, through determination and technical innovation, he transformed an industry in decline into a great company. His achievement of ensuring that British Gas was sold in one piece was, however, relatively short-lived. After investigations, sometimes rancorous, by the Mergers and Monopolies Commission, the barriers prevent- ing competition in the supply of gas to homes were disman- tled and British Gas was split into three parts. He was elected to the Fellowship of Engineering (now the Royal Academy of Engineering) in 1977, was its president from 1986 to 1991, and received its Prince Philip Medal in 1992. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1978 and received its Rumford Medal in 1986 in recognition of his service to scientific

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developments in the gas industry. He was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987. His many other professional roles included president of the Institution of Gas Engineers, which awarded him its highest honors, and of the Pipeline Industries Guild, Welding Institute, Association for Science Education, and British Science Association. He received the James Watt International Medal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and the George E. Davis Medal of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Denis was highly valued by the many bodies that appointed him as chair, among them the Council for National Academic Awards, Ramsay Fellowships Memorial Trust, National Science Museum, National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television, and Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. He was active and respected in the life of the City of London: a founder and past master of the Worshipful Company of Engineers, an honorary freeman of the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers, and a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers. He was awarded more than 20 honorary fellowships and honorary degrees in science, engineering, technology, and law. Denis was appointed chancellor of the Loughborough University of Technology in 1989 and it was in this role that I met him when I went as vice chancellor in 1994. During my 12 years there, he was hugely supportive to me in the very best ways—even when we dropped “Technology” and became “Loughborough University,” which was regarded as the end of the world by many in the university’s engineering departments (it wasn’t). His presence at degree ceremonies was immense: a large figure, feet firmly planted, he congratulated and shook hands with every one of the 3,000 or so students graduating annually. He missed only two occasions, for his admission to the Order of Merit and for his honorary degree at Cambridge, where the university orator, Anthony Bowen, did a superb job of encapsulating both the gas industry and Denis in Latin: “Lux, calor . . .”—with poetic license I translate as “enlighten- ment and warmth.”

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He was awarded a CBE in 1970 and knighted in 1977 in recognition of his services to the gas industry. It is public knowledge that he was offered appointment to the House of Lords and declined. In an interview with Tam Dalyell, he explained: “throughout my life, I have taken the view that either I do a job properly or not at all. To ‘do the Lords properly’ I believe that one has to be a regular attendee, week in and week out. My other interests simply do not permit anything approaching acceptable attendance.” He was the clearest of thinkers, not least about his own position. His greatest honor was appointment to the Order of Merit, which is reserved for individuals of the very highest distinction across all walks of life. With only 24 members at any one time, it is wholly in the gift of the Queen. It was probably particularly special to Denis because no politician was involved in the decision. He had the highest regard for the service to the nation given by the senior members of the Royal Family, particularly the engagement with engineering of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; as the photograph shows, the respect was reciprocated. Denis’ hobbies were photography, particularly of flowers, and music, especially opera. In 1949 he married Elizabeth Brenda Evans, a constant com- panion throughout his life. He is also survived by their daughter Diana.

STEVEN B. SAMPLE 1940–2016 Elected in 1998

“For contributions to consumer electronics and leadership in interdisciplinary research and education.”

BY C. L. MAX NIKIAS

STEVEN BROWNING SAMPLE, the venerable and beloved tenth president of the University of Southern California, died March 29, 2016. He was 75 years old. During his extraordinary life, Dr. Sample cultivated a ster- ling reputation as an admired colleague, a gifted scholar, and a leader of international caliber. His determination, optimism, and resilience inspired the entire USC community to transcend challenges and turn them into enduring moments of transformation. He left a far-reaching and lasting legacy, and will be remembered as a deeply influential force in American higher education. During his exceptionally productive tenure at USC, which spanned nearly two decades, Dr. Sample attracted nationally renowned faculty, increased the university’s international stature and reach, and built meaningful partnerships with its local communities. Notably, he oversaw a landmark fund raising campaign, at the time the most ambitious in the history of higher education. He stewarded five transformational gifts of over $100 million, thus ensuring the university’s continuing expansion of groundbreaking research, an exemplary medical enterprise, and world-class facilities. He also embarked on a then-unprecedented capital construction campaign, which reshaped the university’s physical landscape.

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Born in St. Louis, Missouri, on November 29, 1940, Steven Sample grew up there and in Westport, Connecticut. His mother was a civic activist and his father a sales manager for an electric motor company. Dr. Sample was deeply apprecia- tive of the values of strong family, hard work, and a good education that his upbringing instilled in him. He often said that “most of our leaders, powerful and influential citizens, and most successful people, come from humble origins.” While earning his BS in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), he met Kathryn Brunkow, his college sweetheart who became his loving wife of more than 55 years. He attributed much of his success to the strength he drew from his marriage and from Kathryn’s unflagging devotion. This, and the lessons of his childhood, fueled his indefatigable work ethic. He earned his master’s (in 1963) and doctorate (in 1965, at age 24) in electrical engineering at UIUC and then spent time as an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Purdue University. But soon his insatiable curiosity for broader scientific horizons led him to join Melpar, Inc. as a senior research scientist. There he not only worked on Gemini 7 but also made history when he designed and patented the digital controls behind the touch panel now used in microwave ovens and other appliances in virtually every home in the United States. When he was 29 he received a fellowship that allowed him to work alongside the president of Purdue. He witnessed the ways a university president must employ a multitude of skills and cultivate a broad understanding of various fields, which appealed to his endlessly inquisitive mind and drive to innovate. In 1974 Dr. Sample was appointed vice president for academic affairs and graduate dean of the University of Nebraska for eight years. At the age of 41 he became president of the State University of New York at Buffalo. During his tenure (1982–1991), the university made unprecedented gains in establishing itself as a major national research center. Perhaps the most prominent symbol of this was the university’s election to the prestigious

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Association of American Universities, whose members consti- tute less than 2 percent of the nation’s colleges and universities. He also implemented economic development initiatives, such as the use of university equipment by local industries, and unorthodox programs to create high-tech incubators, which spawned 41 new firms in five years. This approach to education in service of the community became a recurring theme in his career. Upon arriving at USC as president (1991–2010), Dr. and Mrs. Sample began a love affair with the Trojan Family. They embraced every facet of the university and quickly identified its potential as a microcosm of the 21st century global society. Thanks to his tactical leadership and prudent foresight, USC transformed from a regionally well-known private school to one of the most selective universities in the nation. One of the keys of this rapid ascent was Dr. Sample’s dedication to attracting the most brilliant scholars and researchers in the United States. Under his leadership USC doubled both its research funding and the number of faculty elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and National Academy of Medicine. Faculty member George Olah was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work he conducted at USC. In addition to recruiting stellar faculty, Dr. Sample dramatically increased USC’s global stature and reach. He made a series of trips to forge international partnerships and led efforts to establish university satellite offices in several countries. He cofounded the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, a consortium of the region’s 45 leading research universities. The achievement that perhaps best reflects Dr. Sample’s character, and his view of a meaningful education, is the massive community outreach effort he launched at USC. Seeing that many of the areas around the university were struggling economically, he met with community leaders to hear their concerns and worked with them to find solutions to long- standing problems. His primary focus was to improve public schools in the area, and the USC Family of Schools—a group of local schools “adopted by USC”—became the flagship of

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his community programs. Among these is the Neighborhood Academic Initiative, a seven-year precollege enrichment program designed to prepare low-income neighborhood students for admission to a college or university. USC’s tremendous commitment to public service led to the university being named Time magazine’s College of the Year 2000. For his unparalleled leadership of both SUNY Buffalo and USC, Dr. Sample is widely acclaimed as one of the best university presidents of the past half-century as well as an accomplished engineer and scientist. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1998 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003. He received the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Founders Medal, as well as honorary doctorates from the University of Notre Dame, Purdue University, the University of Sheffield in England, the University of Nebraska, Hebrew Union College, Canisius College in Buffalo, Northeastern University, D’Youville College in Buffalo, and SUNY Buffalo. In addition to Kathryn, he is survived by daughters Michelle Sample Smith (Kirk) and Elizabeth Sample, and grandchildren Kathryn and Andrew Smith. Very few possess mettle, focus, and determination to peer into the fog of uncertainty, sense the promise within, and move boldly forward. Dr. Sample taught us that the greatest promise always comes not from places but from people—the true bedrock of any great university. During his celebrated tenure of nineteen and a half years as president of the University of Southern California, he was a champion of the kind of education that teaches us to understand ourselves and our capabilities, and encourages us to use that knowledge in service to humanity.

ROGER A. SCHMITZ 1934–2013 Elected in 1984

“For leadership in chemical reaction engineering, particularly in the experimental and theoretical understanding of stability and oscillation in chemical reactors, and in engineering education in general.”

BY JOAN F. BRENNECKE

ROGER ANTHONY SCHMITZ, Keating-Crawford Pr ofessor Emeritus at the University of Notre Dame, died October 11, 2013, at the age of 78, after having been diagnosed with ALS earlier that year. Roger was born in Carlyle, a small town in Illinois, on October 22, 1934. After high school he went to work as a stock clerk in a local store and then started his own ice service. His entrepreneurial activities were soon interrupted when he was drafted into the US Army in November 1953 during the Korean War (although he spent most of his service in Germany). When he was discharged in October 1955, Roger enrolled in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) on the GI Bill, earning his BS in chemical engineering in 1959. Influenced by his undergraduate research with John Quinn, he went on to pursue his PhD in chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where he worked with Neal Amundson. Ever in a hurry, he defended his PhD after just three years, in 1962, and joined the UIUC chemical engineering faculty that same year. Roger’s major research contributions were in the experimental observation of complex behavior in chemical reactions and catalysis. His work with Amundson involved theoretical predictions of mathematically very rich steady-state and

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dynamic behavior in chemical reactors. Roger and his 29 PhD and 37 MS students were the first to verify theoretical predictions of such complex behavior experimentally. He was the first to show multiple steady states in a stirred tank reactor and to demonstrate chaos in chemical reactions. His demonstration that multiplicities and instabilities in chemically reacting systems were real issues, not just theoretical ones, is the core of Roger’s research contributions. Major awards for his research include a Guggenheim Fellowship (1968–1969), which he spent at CalTech and the University of Southern California; the Allan P. Colburn Award for Excellence in Publication by a Young Member of the Institute (1970) and the R.H. Wilhelm Award in Chemical Reaction Engineering (1981), both from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; and, of course, election to the National Academy of Engineering (1984). But his contributions to engineering go well beyond his research. In 1979 he moved to the University of Notre Dame as chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering and ushered in a fundamental transformation of the department. After only two years he became dean of the College of Engineering, where that same transformative energy impacted the rest of the college. And in 1987 he became vice president and associate provost of the university. Roger was an early adopter of computing in chemical engineering, both for research and for undergraduate instruction, at a time when you had to do everything yourself, including writing code in machine language. He received the American Society for Engineering Education George Westinghouse Award in 1977 for the establishment of a computerized dynamics and digital control laboratory at the University of Illinois, the first of its kind nationally for undergraduates in chemical engineering. At Notre Dame, he started a large-scale deployment of campuswide computing resources in 1985, providing state-of- the-art Unix workstations for engineering and science faculty and students, graduate and undergraduate alike. This created some of the best computing infrastructure in the nation, as well as a culture change in the way many classes were taught.

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In 1995 Roger returned to the department to teach a new course, for which he wrote an electronic textbook titled Ecological Models and Dynamics: An Interactive Textbook (Garland Science, 2008). He had always seen the mathematical connection between dynamic behavior in a diverse range of natural phenomena, from chemical reactions to heart fibrillations and predator-prey behavior. This course, still taught at Notre Dame, is an elegant exposition of that understanding. Roger was an avid athlete. If he hadn’t been a chemical engineer, he surely would have been a baseball player. He was also a formidable opponent on the handball court and he loved running. But his pride and joy was his family. He married Ruth Kuhl in 1957 when he was an undergraduate at Illinois, and they had three wonderful daughters and seven grandchildren. Nothing was better than when he could com- bine his family with his passion for running, as in 2005, when three generations of his family placed first in their divisions at the annual Sunburst race in South Bend. It is impossible to describe Roger’s career and contributions to our profession without the one word that describes him best—integrity. Scientific integrity: Roger designed and performed the most elegant experiments with care and curiosity. Professional integrity: Roger treated everyone with the utmost in honesty and fairness. He was the one that everyone went to for advice and counsel. Above all else, Roger could be trusted to tell you the truth. Personal integrity: Roger was the model of decency. This showed through his family and in all his interpersonal relationships. He battled ALS with courage, dignity, and humor. A visit with Ruth and Roger in his final weeks was nothing less than inspiring. Roger A. Schmitz is the experimental verification of the theoretical prediction that good guys can finish first.

OLEG D. SHERBY 1925–2015 Elected in 1979

“Research to improve the understanding of high-temperature deformation of metals and technical materials leading to their improved performance.”

BY JEFFREY WADSWORTH AND WILLIAM D. NIX

OLEG DIMITRI SHERBY, a pioneer in the high-temperature deformation of complex materials, died at his home in Menlo Park on November 9, 2015, at age 90. He was an emeritus professor at Stanford University in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. He was born in Shanghai on February 9, 1925. His parents had earlier fled Vladivostok to escape the impending communist Russian Revolution—in 1923 his father had walked 200 miles to reach a railroad station in China so he could be reunited with his wife in Shanghai. Oleg had vivid memories of being raised there, and in the 1980s revisited the apartment where he had lived. When he was 13 the family again moved, this time to avoid the Japanese bombing of Shanghai, and came to the United States, where they settled in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oleg attended the University of California at Berkeley to study chemical metallurgy. His undergraduate studies were interrupted for military service in the Infantry and Corps of Engineers in 1944, and he was honorably discharged in 1946. He returned to Berkeley, changed his major to physical metallurgy, and went on to earn undergraduate and PhD degrees.

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At a Berkeley dance in 1948 he met Juanita Slater. They wed the following year and were happily married for 40 years until Juanita’s death in 1989. Together they raised four children. Oleg was a research metallurgist at the UC Institute of Engineering Research from 1949 to 1956, working closely with his PhD advisor John Dorn (after Dorn’s death, Oleg referred to him as the “late, great John Dorn”). In 1956 he was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellowship to study at Sheffield University and spent the following year as scientific liaison officer in metallurgy with the US Office of Naval Research in London. At this stage he had already published significant work, and senior Sheffield professors were confident that in the future he would deserve an earned doctorate of metallurgy from the university for published work. To be presented for this doctorate requires a Sheffield degree, so he was asked to submit his one year of work at Sheffield as a master’s thesis. He did so, and it is still considered both the shortest and best master’s thesis in the department’s history. As Oleg liked to relate, when he returned to Berkeley John Dorn was not at all pleased, pointing out that it looked like a master’s at Sheffield was an advance on the PhD from Berkeley. Oleg joined the Stanford faculty in 1958 as an associate professor of metallurgical engineering with a joint appointment in aeronautical engineering. He was promoted to full professor in 1962, a position he held until 1988, when he decided to take professor emeritus status to tend to his ailing wife. He never stopped working, however, remaining actively involved with a number of his colleagues and publishing research up to the time of his passing. His early reputation was built on his discovery of the inti- mate relation between lattice self-diffusion (the movements of individual atoms) and high-temperature deformation of crystalline materials. Until then, the important problem of creep— the slow deformation of metals at high temperatures—had received much attention because of its relevance for gas turbine engines, nuclear reactors, and other generating systems. But the atomic processes controlling creep had not been identified.

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In the early 1950s, as a research engineer at UC Berkeley with Dorn, Oleg began to draw correlations between the rate of high-temperature creep of different metals and the rate of self-diffusion in those metals. He soon discovered that for a wide variety of metals the rate of creep could be accurately predicted with knowledge of the self-diffusion and a few other physical properties. It was only after this that theorists started to catch up and identify the microscopic reasons for the correlations that Oleg had found. By the mid-1960s he had developed a complete phenomenology for high-temperature creep of metals that served not only as a guide for designing heat- resisting alloys but also as a solid body of facts about high- temperature creep to which modern theories must conform. He was a master at developing phenomenological relations among physical properties of materials. He may have been inspired by Trouton’s rule, a phenomenological rule stat- ing that the entropy of vaporization for all liquids is nearly the same at their boiling points. His findings that the rate of steady-state creep of metals is directly proportional to the rate of lattice self-diffusion, and that seemingly unrelated properties such as high-temperature strength of metals could be predicted accurately from a knowledge of atomic self-diffusion, are examples of his mastery of phenomenology. He was fond of saying that he had found “all the data in the world” in reaching his conclusions. Indeed, by finding “all the data” he was able to develop his impressive account of high-temperature creep of metals that has stood the test of time and has led to the development of new alloys. In the late 1960s he was one of the first to explore the phenomenon of superplasticity, the ability of some metallic alloys to be stretched several times their initial lengths without breaking or, as Oleg would say, “like well-chewed chewing gum.” He showed how these properties could be used in metal form- ing and was soon leading that field by identifying the various ways that alloys could be made superplastic. A race began to demonstrate this property in steel. Oleg determined that superplasticity could be developed in steel by raising the carbon content to very high levels where

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conventional wisdom held that such compositions were impractical. The steel families he developed, now called ultra-high-carbon steels, not only could be made superplastic, and thus formable by the right kind of processing, but also had remarkable room-temperature strength and ductility. His work on superplasticity extended to certain ceramic materials, which are often assumed to be completely brittle, and his work on ultra-high-carbon steels revealed that they had similar compositions to the famous steel swords of Damascus. This in turn led to a rediscovery of how the ancient patterns on the swords were made and stimulated research into other ancient laminated steels and their similarity to contemporary materials. This aspect of Oleg’s work was described in a 1981 New York Times article that described how the Stanford team’s modern methods produced the same carbon-rich steel used during the Crusades. As Times science writer Walter Sullivan wrote, “Swords of this metal could split a feather in midair, yet retain their edge through many a battle.” Oleg was the coholder of eight US patents; author or coauthor of 340 publications on mechanical behavior, materials processing, and diffusion in materials and metal-laminated composites; coauthor of a text on superplasticity in metals and ceramics; and technical editor of two books. His 1968 paper, “Mechanical Behavior of Crystalline Solids at Elevated Temperature,” coauthored with Peter M. Burke and published in Progress in Materials Science (vol. 13, pp. 325–390), was declared a Citation Classic in Current Contents (April 19, 1987). He received numerous awards and distinctions during his career: NSF fellow (1956–1957); Charles B. Dudley Medal of the American Society for Testing and Materials (1958); Senior NSF Fellowship at the Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Saclay, France (1967); earned doctorate, D.Met., Sheffield University (1968); fellow, ASM International (1970); first John E. Dorn Memorial Lecturer, Northwestern University (1970); Centenary Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1980); fellow, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (1985); Charles S. Barrett Silver Medal of the ASM Rocky Mountain Chapter (1987); honorary

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member, Japan Institute of Metals (1996) and Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (1999); ASM Gold Medal (considered ASM’s highest annual award) (1985); Yukawa Silver Medal (1988 and 1999); ASM Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award (1988), Campbell Memorial Lecture Award (1998), and Albert Sauveur Achievement Award (2000); Lifetime Achievement Award in Superplasticity (2000) presented by the International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials; and Thermec 2000 Distinguished Award. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979, and from 1983 to 2003 served on committees on lightweight materials for 21st century trucks, Office of Naval Research opportunities in materials science, and hydrofractur e techniques for the disposal of radioactive waste. Throughout his life Oleg supported young people, helping them to develop their own careers, and he is remembered by his colleagues as a superb teacher. He taught undergraduate and graduate courses in metallurgy and materials science and supervised 40 students for their PhD at Stanford and an additional 21 master’s research thesis students. He was a mentor to 15 postdoctoral fellows and visiting scholars. The enthusiasm he exuded in his dealings with people came through in his teaching and his students appreciated that. He once thought that his teaching scores were better if he wore a tie, so he regularly wore a tie when he taught. But it was not the tie: it was his warm, enthusiastic personality that made him exceptional. Oleg was also passionate about sports and athletics, having competed successfully in middle distance running as a young man. He ran track and played soccer at Berkeley—and noted that he combined these skills in one particular soccer game when a fight broke out among the players. He organized noon volleyball games for Stanford faculty and students alike, getting everyone out to the volleyball court at least twice a week. Even distinguished international visitors to the department were encouraged to join in, so that the rosters included some of the who’s who of materials science. He continued this vigorous activity well into his 50s. In addition, he was an

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enthusiastic and frequent participant in after-work ping-pong games that students organized in the department. Colleagues also remember him as someone who enjoyed an occasional poker party. Anyone who met Oleg will remember his joie de vivre. He was the most enthusiastic, positive, and upbeat person many of us will ever meet. He was always excited about the work he and his students were doing, and never boasted about something he had done. It is what made him such a wonderful colleague. Oleg is survived by his four children—Lawrence and Pamela of Palo Alto, Stephen of Roseville, and Mark of San Jose—and by nine grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. He was followed in death by his second partner, Marilyn Kazimi, and they are survived by her daughter, Leila, of Roseville, and her two children. He was a great man and is deeply missed by all who were fortunate enough to have known him.

JOEL S. SPIRA 1927–2015 Elected in 1994

“For integrating semiconductor technology to lighting products, creating an internationally competitive company, and for continuing work with engineering education.”

BY STEPHEN DIRECTOR AND JOEL MOSES

JOEL SOLON SPIRA, a prodigious innovator who changed the way we illuminate our homes by inventing the first solid state electronic dimmer, and founded and built Lutron Electronics Co., Inc. into a global company selling a wide array of lighting controls, passed away at his home on April 8, 2015, at age 88. Spira, who was chairman, founder, and director of research, started Lutron in 1961 with his wife Ruth in a spare bedroom of their apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He used his extraordinary talent for tinkering, engineering, and business to transform the small firm into a highly respected worldwide brand. Joel was born in New York City on March 1, 1927, to Elias and Edna Spira. After proudly serving in the US Navy from 1944 to 1946, he attended Purdue University and earned a bachelor of science degree in physics in 1948. At first, he worked for a defense contractor on projects that ultimately led him to think about lighting control—ideas that led to the commercialization of the dimmer for household use. The Capri dimmer was introduced in the early 1960s with ads suggesting that it could enhance the ambiance of a room by “dialing romance.” Today, Lutron makes some 14,000 products that can be found in over 100 countries in residences,

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palaces, universities, hotels, museums, and offices, including the Empire State Building. Joel and Ruth moved the company to Coopersburg, in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. Even as Lutron grew into a global company, with sales in more than 100 countries, he continued to run the business with a personal touch. He treated employees like members of his extended family and took time to know people on a personal level. Lutron was built on and still follows five company principles, by which Joel himself lived: 1. Take care of the customer with superior goods and services. 2. Take care of the company. 3. Take care of the people. 4. Innovate with high-quality products. 5. Deliver value to the customer. Always looking at things with a “what could be” instead of a “what is” attitude, Joel’s true passion was coming up with new inventions and creative ways of looking at things. He sweated the details, and was committed to precise, dogged attention to the highest quality standards. He didn’t just create something for his own sake or for the money—he wanted to create wealth in society and deliver value. He will be remembered as an entrepreneur and took great pride in everything he did, from working on the early stages of an engineering project, to creating and growing a global business. Insatiably curious and inquisitive, he was the holder of more than 300 US patents, and under his guidance Lutron expanded its product line from basic, utilitarian dimmer switches to highly advanced and high-tech lighting controls and home automation systems. Joel led Lutron for 54 years. He also created a company called Subarashii Kudamono (“Wonderful Fruit” in Japanese), a grower and marketer of unique Asian pears, after being introduced to the fruit during his business travels to the Far East. In 2010 Joel’s accomplishments, inventions, and prominent role in helping develop an entirely new industry dedicated to lighting control were honored when items from Lutron’s 50-year history, including Joel’s first engineering notebook, product prototypes, and early advertising materials, were

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donated to the Electricity Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. He served on a number of advisory boards and councils, and he and Ruth supported education by funding the Ruth and Joel Spira Excellence in Teaching Awards at Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Lehigh University, MIT, Muhlenberg College, Ohio State University, Penn State University, the University of Michigan, the University of Notre Dame, and his own Purdue University. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Joel always took time out to do even the smallest things for his community, his company, and his family. He was a contributor to the arts, health care, and education and he was a proud and generous member of Congregation Keneseth Israel of Allentown. He loved his family and treasured his time with each family member. Wednesday movie night with Ruth was a sacred tradition. He also took tremendous pleasure in the whimsical, such as his watch collection, birdwatching, and his penchant for colorful outfits. Joel will be remembered as a wonderful, loving husband, father, and grandfather. He is survived by his beloved wife, Ruth Rodale Spira, to whom he was married for 60 years; his sister Miriam Spira Poser; daughters Susan Spira Hakkarainen (husband Pekka Hakkarainen), Lily Spira Housler (husband Ryan Housler), and Juno Spira; and grandsons Ari Hakkarainen, Max Hakkarainen, and Bailey Malanczuk.

JIN WU 1934–2008 Elected in 1995

“For advancing knowledge of the air-sea interface through experiments with applications to remote sensing and the environment.”

BY MARSHALL P. TULIN

JIN WU, a well-known engineering educator and experi mental scientist specializing in air-sea interactions and the small-scale structure of the sea surface, died January 14, 2008, at age 74 in Tainan, Taiwan. He was born in Nanjing, China, on April 9, 1934. In 1956 he graduated with a degree in civil engineering from National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, one of Taiwan’s largest and most important engineering schools, and later served as its president (1994–1998). He was also Taiwan’s Minister of Education (1996–1998) before returning to teaching at Cheng Kung, where he retired in 2004. Professor Wu spent the largest part of his engineering life in the United States, beginning with graduate work (MS 1961, PhD 1964) at the University of Iowa’s Hydraulic Research Institute, then led by the well-known engineering educator Hunter Rouse. His doctoral research, under the supervision of Louis Landweber, was an experimental validation of Tulin’s wake survey method for the measurement of the viscous resistance of ship hulls. Upon completing his studies, Jin began a career as a research scientist at Hydronautics, Inc., where he initiated a variety of laboratory studies of hydrodynamic phenomena, many in collaboration with the author. These included wake collapse

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and internal wave generation in stratified media, drag reduction and turbulent diffusion in polymer solution flows, wave- current interactions, pollutant dispersion in streams, turbulent vortex pairs, wind stress, sea surface roughness, and air-sea interactions. The experimental studies of wave-current and wind-sea interactions were carried out in a 40-ft-long wind- wave tank that he built, the first large facility of its kind in the United States, accompanied by a variety of innovative instrumentation for the observation and measurement of the wind- generated sea surface. In 1974 he began research and teaching in marine studies and civil engineering at the University of Delaware (at Newark) and eventually at a new marine site in Lewes, where he built the Air-Sea Interaction Laboratory. This important structure featured a large, advanced wind-wave tank in which he extended his earlier studies of the air-sea interaction to the atmospheric boundary layer, wave breaking, whitecaps, spray, surface films, bubbles, aerosols, sea salt, heat and mass transfer at the surface, rain-wave interactions, radar returns, and remote sensing of the sea surface. Professor Wu played a major role in the development of marine studies and research at the University of Delaware, especially at Lewes, from which he retired as the H. Fletcher Brown Professor of Marine Studies and Civil Engineering. He wrote and published extensively. His last publication, his 136th, was an article on “Small-Scale Wave Breaking: A Widespread Sea Surface Phenomenon and Its Consequence for Air-Sea Exchanges” (Journal of Physical Oceanography 25:3, March 1995). His research at both Hydronautics and the University of Delaware had long been of great interest to, and supported by, the US Navy, and in 1991 he was appointed an Ocean Science Educator by the Office of Naval Research. Throughout his life he maintained a close and supportive relationship with his alma mater, National Cheng Kung University, and in 1994 he returned there as its president. Higher education had always been heavily supported by the

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national government, and during his term Cheng Kung continued the expansion of its large engineering campus. In 1996 he was appointed Taiwan’s Minister of Education. In this role, he said, he “had tried to create an educational system that would provide young people with many choices and hope.” Too, he had favored, controversially, increased interchanges between Mainland and Taiwanese students. In 1998 he returned to teach at Cheng Kung until he retired in 2004, after which he divided his time between Taiwan and his home in Rockville, Maryland. In his retirement he became fascinated with the life and world-spanning marine voyages of the early Chinese Admiral Zheng and was a visiting scholar at the Library of Congress at the time of his death. He was also in the midst of helping China’s Hong Zhou University plan a large hydrodynamics laboratory. He served on many advisory committees here and abroad. He is survived by his wife Tzu-Chen of Thousand Oaks, California; sons Victor Hua-Teh Wu also of Thousand Oaks, Abraham Hua-Chung Wu of Los Angeles, and Marvin Hua-Wei Wu of Chapel Hill; brothers Hai Wu of Shanghai and Yu Wu of Taipei; and four grandchildren. He and Tzu-Chen passed their interests in science, education, politics, history, and sports on to their children and grandchildren.

APPENDIX

Members Elected Born Deceased

Harold M. Agnew 1976 3/28/1921 9/29/2013 Harl P. Aldrich, Jr. 1984 6/21/1923 11/24/2014 Wm. Howard Arnold 1974 5/13/1931 7/16/2015 David Atlas 1986 5/25/1924 11/10/2015 Howard K. Birnbaum 1988 10/18/1932 1/23/2005 John A. Blume 1969 4/8/1909 3/1/2002 Stuart W. Churchill 1974 6/13/1920 3/24/2016 Wesley A. Clark 1999 4/10/1927 2/22/2016 William A. Clevenger 1990 9/12/1919 7/9/2009 Thomas B. Cook, Jr. 1981 8/28/1926 12/27/2013 J. Barry Cooke 1979 4/28/1915 4/21/2005 Alan Cottrell 1976 7/17/1919 2/15/2012 John P. Craven 1970 10/30/1924 2/12/2015 Charles Crussard 1976 6/24/1916 1/14/2008 Robert G. Dean 1980 11/1/1930 2/28/2015 Thomas F. Donohue 1994 8/24/1930 10/25/2014 Brian L. Eyre 2009 11/29/1933 7/28/2014 James L. Flanagan 1978 8/26/1925 8/25/2015 Robert L. Fleischer 1993 7/8/1930 3/3/2011 Renato Fuchs 1994 11/24/1942 9/7/2015 John H. Gibbons 1994 1/15/1929 7/17/2015 Andrew S. Grove 1979 9/2/1936 3/21/2016 George H. Heilmeier 1979 5/22/1936 4/21/2014 David G. Hoag 1979 10/11/1925 1/19/2015 John H. Horlock 1988 4/19/1928 5/22/2015 Rik Huiskes 2005 12/18/1944 12/24/2010 James D. Idol, Jr. 1986 8/7/1928 7/15/2015 Donald G. Iselin 1980 9/5/1922 3/9/2012 J. Donovan Jacobs 1969 12/24/1908 8/26/2000 Mujid S. Kazimi 2012 11/20/1947 7/1/2015 Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf 1994 2/15/1922 3/25/2010 Walter B. LaBerge 1987 3/29/1924 7/16/2004 William J. LeMessurier 1978 6/12/1926 6/14/2007 Thomas M. Leps 1973 12/3/1914 4/23/2010 John L. Lumley 1991 11/4/1930 5/30/2015

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Members Elected Born Deceased

Douglas C. MacMillan 1967 7/15/1912 10/26/2001 Charles E. Massonnet 1978 3/14/1914 4/4/1996 Hudson Matlock 1982 12/9/1919 10/8/2015 Walter G. May 1978 11/28/1918 2/18/2015 James W. Mayer 1984 4/24/1930 6/14/2013 Bramlette McClelland 1979 12/16/1920 4/14/2010 Edward J. McCluskey 1998 10/16/1929 2/13/2016 Douglas C. Moorhouse 1982 2/24/1926 3/14/2012 John W. Morris 1979 9/10/1921 8/20/2013 George E. Mueller 1967 7/16/1918 10/12/2015 Haydn H. Murray 2003 8/31/1924 2/4/2015 Gerald Nadler 1986 3/12/1924 7/28/2014 F. Robert Naka 1997 7/18/1923 12/21/2013 Gerald T. Orlob 1992 7/4/1924 3/23/2015 Yih-Hsing Pao 1985 1/19/1930 6/18/2013 Eugene J. Peltier 1979 3/28/1910 2/13/2004 Courtland D. Perkins 1969 12/27/1912 1/6/2008 Egor P. Popov 1976 2/6/1913 4/19/2001 William N. Poundstone 1977 8/12/1925 7/3/2015 Simon Ramo 1964 5/7/1913 6/27/2016 Norman C. Rasmussen 1977 11/12/1927 7/18/2003 Eugene M. Rasmusson 1999 2/27/1929 3/22/2015 Denis Rooke 1987 4/2/1924 9/2/2008 Steven B. Sample 1998 11/29/1940 3/29/2016 Roger A. Schmitz 1984 10/22/1934 10/11/2013 Oleg D. Sherby 1979 2/9/1925 11/9/2015 Joel S. Spira 1994 3/1/1927 4/8/2015 Jin Wu 1995 4/9/1934 1/14/2008