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Environmental Influences on Fish Assemblages of the Upper Sungai

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Environmental Influences on Fish Assemblages of the Upper Sungai Sains Malaysiana 45(10)(2016): 1487–1495 Environmental Influences on Fish Assemblages of the Upper Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia (Pengaruh Alam Sekitar ke atas Kumpulan Ikan dari Hulu Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia) MAT ESA MOHD IKHWANUDDIN, MOHAMMAD NOOR AZMAI AMAL*, SHAMARINA SHOHAIMI HASRUL HAZMAN HASAN & NOR ROHAIZAH JAMIL ABSTRACT This study evaluates the current environmental influences on fish assemblages of the upper Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Fish samplings and habitat characterizations were conducted at three significant different months, which were on dry (June 2014), wet (August 2014) and moderately wet seasons (April 2015). A total of 510 individual fish were collected from the study, which consist of four orders, nine families, 20 genus and 21 species of fishes. Cyprinidae was the biggest family, followed by Bagridae, Balitoridae and Sisoridae. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis was the only species documented under the nearly threatened list, even their individual number and occurrences were the highest recorded. The readings of environmental variables, such as water temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand and total suspended solids were regarded as normal for upper river area. However, the water turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were quite high, which we believed was due to seasonal variation and current anthropogenic activities of the nearby river area. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the water conductivity, river width, COD and water velocity were the main factors in influencing the fish assemblages of this upper Sungai Pelus. The findings can be utilized as a guideline to manage, protect and conserve this upper river area in the near future. Keywords: Environmental influences; fish assemblage; fish diversity; Perak; upper river ABSTRAK Kajian ini menilai pengaruh alam sekitar semasa terhadap kumpulan ikan di hulu Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Pensampelan ikan dan pencirian habitat telah dijalankan pada tiga bulan berbeza; musim kering (Jun 2014), basah (Ogos 2014) dan sederhana basah (April 2015). Sebanyak 510 ikan telah diambil daripada kajian ini, yang terdiri daripada empat order, sembilan keluarga, 20 genus dan 21 spesies ikan. Cyprinidae adalah keluarga terbesar, diikuti oleh Bagridae, Balitoridae dan Sisoridae. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis adalah satu-satunya spesies yang direkodkan di bawah senarai hampir terancam, malah bilangan individu dan kejadian mereka adalah tertinggi direkodkan. Bacaan pemboleh ubah persekitaran seperti suhu air, pH, kekonduksian, oksigen terlarut, jumlah pepejal terlarut, permintaan oksigen biologi dan jumlah pepejal terampai adalah normal bagi kawasan hulu sungai. Walau bagaimanapun, kekeruhan air dan keperluan oksigen kimia (COD) adalah agak tinggi dan kami percaya ia disebabkan oleh perubahan bermusim dan aktiviti antropogen semasa di kawasan sungai berdekatan. Analisis penghubungan berkanun menunjukkan bahawa pengaliran air, kelebaran lebar, COD dan halaju air adalah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kumpulan ikan di hulu Sungai Pelus ini. Keputusan kajian boleh digunakan sebagai satu garis panduan untuk mengurus, melindungi dan memulihara kawasan hulu sungai ini pada masa hadapan. Kata kunci: Hulu sungai; kepelbagaian ikan; kumpulan ikan; pengaruh alam sekitar; Perak INTRODUCTION As highly visible and valuable components of the Bioindicators are defined as biotic organisms that are used freshwater ecosystems, fishes have been widely used as to monitor the health of, or changes in, their surroundings biological indicator (de Andrade et al. 2004) and as a tool in or ecosystems (Li et al. 2010). In response to the changes assessing aquatic ecosystem health (Hilty & Merenlender in their surroundings, the organism may change its 2000). Some advantages of studying fishes in assessing morphology, physiology, behavior, or it could even die ecosystem conditions include association of fish with the due to their sensitivity to the changes (Phillips & Rainbow sediments and water, association of each life stage with 1993; Sucman et al. 2006). There are several alternatives as the environmental media and their integrative physiology indicators for biomonitoring in streams and rivers, however, with several biological response mechanisms (Jenkins benthic macroinvertebrates, periphytons and fishes that are 2004). Due to their relatively long life cycle and mobility, the most frequently utilized for this purpose (Li et al. 2010). there can be good indicators of long-term effects and broad 1488 habitat conditions (Barbour et al. 1999). Moreover, there influences on fish assemblages in the upper Sungai Pelus, are also a crucial part of the food web (Jenkins 2004). In Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia. addition, with a wide range of trophic level, including the highest level occupied by top predators, community MATERIALS AND METHODS structure of fish assemblage is reflective of an integrated aquatic environment health (Harris 1995). Environmental factors play important roles in STUDY AREA characterizing the fish community structures (Sara et al. The study area is located in a remote location, specifically 2012). Physico-chemical water quality, such as water in the tropical upper Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, alkalinity, Malaysia. There are six aboriginal villages located along turbidity, total dissolved solids and habitat appearances, this upper river area, namely Kampung Temur, Kampung such as river bed substrates, width, depth, vegetation, Temakah, Kampung Cheut, Kampung Legap, Kampung macrophytes and water flow have been identified as main Penekeh and Kampung Keeb. This river is the main factors in fish assemblages (Beamish et al. 2006; Dubey supply of the water and fishes for daily consumption for et al. 2012; Fischer & Paukert 2008; Tejerina-Garro et al. the aboriginal people who live along the river. 2005). Furthermore, other factors such as dam (Chang et Three sampling sites were chosen for fish sampling al. 1999), mining activity (Schorr & Backer 2006), forest along the upper river area (Lower site: 4°57’22.6”N harvesting and fire (Tonn et al. 2003), invasive exotic 101°15’06.1”E; Middle site: 4°56’16.5”N 101°17’25.4”E; fishes (Wilson 2005), watershed urbanization (Seilheimer Upper site: 4°56’25.9”N 101°18’02.1”E) (Figure 1). All of et al. 2007) and seasonal variation (Offem et al. 2011) the sampling sites were accessible via logging road. Fish are also responsible in describing the fish assemblages in samplings were conducted at three significant different an aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, fish communities also months, which were on dry (June 2014), wet (August 2014) respond significantly and predictably to almost all kinds and moderately wet seasons (April 2015). of anthropogenic disturbances, including eutrophication, The lower site was characterized by low gradient acidifition and chemical pollutions (Li et al. 2010). bank slope, the lack of macrophyte vegetation, small Streams and rivers are amongst the most endangered rocks and sand substratum, shallow water level, slightly ecosystems worldwide (Malmqvist & Rundle 2002). In turbid water and slow water flow. The middle and upper Malaysia, inland water bodies and wetlands, including sites were characterized by high gradient slope, the lack rivers, lakes, peat swamps, swamps, reservoirs, former of macrophyte vegetation, from small to big rock and sand mining pools, irrigation canals and paddy fields occupy substratum, from shallow to depth water level and from 2 a total surface area of 45459 km (Yusoff & Gopinath turbid to clear water. However, the water velocity in the 1995). However, freshwater habitats encompass the highest upper site was more rapid compared to the middle site. percentage of threatened fish species. A study reported that The sampling areas were mostly covered by jungle canopy, there were 32 species of highly threatened fishes in this especially up to 3 m from the river’s bank. country, where 50% of them were from the freshwater environment. The degradation of the habitat and human disturbance has been identified as the main causes of threat HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION to Malaysian freshwater fishes (Chong et al. 2010). The environmental variables were measured at the same site The Sungai Pelus catchment is a sub catchment of the where the fish were sampled. Environmental variables were upper tropical Perak River. This river flows from its source measured in situ using a handheld YSI meter (YSI, Yellow near the Thai border, southwards through Perak. The total Springs, OH, USA), which included water temperature (°C), catchment size for Sungai Pelus is estimated to be 170 pH (1-14), conductivity (μS cm-1), dissolved oxygen (DO) km2, with the stream’s length being approximately 17 km. (mg l-1) and total dissolved solid (TDS) (mg l-1). The average annual rainfall depth in this catchment area Water samples were also collected into 200 mL is ~2025 mm. The rivers of this catchment are relatively polyethylene bottles, then the water turbidity (NTU), short courses; while the gradients in the upper courses are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (mg l-1), chemical correspondingly steep (Toriman 2010). Forest represents oxygen demand (COD) (mg l-1) and total suspended solids the main land-use type in this area. It covers an extensive (TSS) (mg l-1) were measured using a spectrophotometer area and envelops entire settlements and agricultural land- (HACH Company,
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