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— La Crimea Tra Russia, Italia E Impero Ottomano E IMPERO OTTOMANO E IMPERO LA CRIMEA TRA RUSSIA, ITALIA RUSSIA, TRA CRIMEA LA Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale 8 — La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero FERRARI, PUPULIN ottomano a cura di Aldo Ferrari ed Elena Pupulin Edizioni Ca’Foscari La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale Collana diretta da Aldo Ferrari 8 Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale Direttore Aldo Ferrari (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Comitato scientifico Gianfranco Giraudo (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Aleksander Naumow (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Antonio Panaino (Università di Bologna, Italia) Valeria Fiorani Piacentini (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italia) Adriano Rossi (Università degli Studi di Napoli «L’Orientale», Italia) Boghos Levon Zekiyan (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Comitato di redazione Alessandra Andolfo (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Giampiero Bellingeri (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Ita- lia) Giorgio Comai (Dublin City University, Ireland) Simone Cristoforetti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Erica Ianiro (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Gianclaudio Macchiarella † (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Stefa- no Pellò (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Gaga Shurgaia (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Vittorio Tomelleri (Università degli Studi di Macerata, Italia) Direzione e redazione Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia e sull’Africa Mediterranea Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Ca’ Cappello, San Polo 2035 30125 Venezia [email protected] URL http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/collane/eurasiatica/ La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano a cura di Aldo Ferrari ed Elena Pupulin Venezia Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing 2017 La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano Aldo Ferrari, Elena Pupulin (a cura di) © 2017 Aldo Ferrari, Elena Pupulin per il testo © 2017 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing per la presente edizione cb Quest’opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dorsoduro 3246 30123 Venezia http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/ [email protected] 1a edizione dicembre 2017 ISBN 978-88-6969-201-7 [ebook] ISBN 978-88-6969-212-3 [print] Certificazione scientifica delle Opere pubblicate da Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: tutti i saggi pubblicati hanno ottenuto il parere favorevole da parte di valutatori esperti della materia, attraverso un processo di revisione anonima sotto la responsabilità del Comitato scientifico della collana. La valutazione è stata condotta in aderenza ai criteri scientifici ed editoriali di Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. Scientific certification of the works published by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: all essays published in this volume have received a favourable opinion by subject-matter ex- perts, through an anonymous peer review process under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the series. The evaluations were conducted in adherence to the scientific and editorial criteria established by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano / Aldo Ferrari, Elena Pupulin — 1. ed. — Venezia: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing, 2017. — 242 p.; 23 cm. — (Eurasiatica; 6). — ISBN 978- 88-6969-212-3. URL http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/libri/978-88-6969-212-3/ DOI 10.14277/978-88-6969-201-7/EUR-8 La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano a cura di Aldo Ferrari ed Elena Pupulin Sommario PREFAZIONE La Crimea nell’impero russo Un mosaico di popoli e culture Aldo Ferrari 9 SAGGI Dalla Tauride alla Tavrida Introduzione al mito della Crimea nella cultura russa Aldo Ferrari 17 Le lingue turciche della Crimea fra migrazioni e estinzione Matthias Kappler 43 P. Gabriēl Ayvazean: l’editore e il traduttore Sona Haroutyunian 53 I caraiti nella Crimea imperiale russa Rappresentazioni e costruzioni identitarie Paolo Lucca 69 Scorci veneziani sulla regione del Mar Nero (secoli XV-XIX) Giampiero Bellingeri 91 Migrazioni italiane in Crimea e Nuova Russia: tracce, fonti, contesti Heloisa Rojas Gomez 117 «Древнее житие» Владимира Святославича и сведения о взятии Корсуня: лингвистические заметки Alessandro Maria Bruni 145 La guerra di Crimea come fattore di modernizzazione Il caso dell’Impero ottomano e dell’Impero russo Giulia Lami 157 Crimea, orienti e orientalismo nel racconto La confessione di un marito di K.N. Leont’ev Elena Pupulin 173 Note sul tema: Osip Mandel’štam e la Crimea Daniela Rizzi 189 The Artistic Renaissance of the Crimea Inessa Kouteinikova 203 APPENDICE Minimalia Crimeana M. Marcella Ferraccioli, Gianfranco Giraudo 221 Prefazione 7 La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano a cura di Aldo Ferrari ed Elena Pupulin La Crimea nell’impero russo Un mosaico di popoli e culture Aldo Ferrari (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Negli ultimi anni la Crimea è tornata impetuosamente al centro dell’at- tenzione internazionale a causa delle controverse vicende politiche che hanno visto nel 2014 la sua annessione alla Russia in seguito alla crisi ucraina ed il conseguente scontro, tuttora non sanato, tra Mosca e l’Occi- dente, che non intende riconoscere la legittimità di questo evento (Ferrari 2014). Un conflitto non guerreggiato, ma reale, che per alcuni aspetti richiama gli scenari della guerra di Crimea: a metà Ottocento la Russia zarista soccombette ad una inedita alleanza orientale/occidentale formata da impero ottomano, Gran Bretagna, Francia e regno di Sardegna; oggi la Russia post-sovietica fronteggia Stati Uniti, Unione Europea e NATO in un contrasto apparentemente insolubile e dal quale nessuno degli attori coinvolti sembra uscire davvero vittorioso. Il presente volume nasce nella consapevolezza di questa delicata si- tuazione geopolitica odierna, ma al tempo stesso ne vuole prescindere. All’interno della millenaria storia della Crimea, che sin dall’Antichità ha rappresentato un fondamentale luogo d’incontro tra il Mediterraneo e le steppe eurasiatiche, viene infatti preso in considerazione un arco tempo- rale che corrisponde sostanzialmente a quello del dominio imperiale russo sulla regione, vale a dire dalla conquista nel 1783 sino alla Rivoluzione del 1917. Per quanto possibile in un divenire storico in cui il presente viene inevitabilmente condizionato dalle dinamiche del passato, si è quindi scelto di lasciare del tutto al di fuori di questo volume non solo la contemporanei- tà, ma anche l’epoca sovietica. All’interno del periodo imperiale l’accento principale è stato posto invece su un tema tanto interessante quanto sinora relativamente poco affrontato nello studio di questa regione, vale a dire quello della sua dimensione multietnica e multiculturale. Soprattutto dopo lo studio pionieristico di Andreas Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich (1992), l’attenzione alla complessità multietnica dell’im- Eurasiatica 8 DOI 10.14277/6969-201-7/EUR-8-0 ISBN [ebook] 978-88-6969-201-7 | ISBN [print] 978-88-6969-212-3 © 2017 | cb Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License 9 La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottomano, 9-14 pero russo è ormai consolidata nella sfera storiografica,1 ma fatica invece ad avviarsi in quella culturale. Resta in effetti ancora molto da lavorare prima che il quadro complessivo della realtà multietnica e multiculturale dell’Impero russo possa dirsi esaurientemente studiata nei mille canali stabilitisi tra il centro e le varie, e quanto mai differenziate, periferie. Prima, cioè, di giungere ad una storia culturale complessiva della Rus- sia imperiale, risultante dallo studio integrato delle numerose realtà da cui questa era costituita. L’affermazione secondo la quale «la storia della Russia, delle sue regioni e dei suoi popoli, risulta insoddisfacente senza la comprensione di tale contesto multietnico» (Kappeler 2006, 10) è in effetti valida nella sfera culturale non meno che in quella politica. E non solo, come potrebbe sembrare a prima vista, per quel che riguarda lo studio delle diverse culture ‘nazionali’ presenti all’interno dell’impero, ma anche per una migliore comprensione della stessa cultura russa; in particolare del suo ruolo di centro – recettivo ed irradiativo al tempo stesso – di un si- stema culturale autonomo, innestato certo sul fecondo pur se contrastato rapporto con l’Europa, ma anche su una complessa e biunivoca trama di legami con le culture delle altre popolazioni dell’impero. In questo senso sarebbe opportuna una sempre maggiore integrazione degli studi russi con quelli di altre culture dell’area imperiale-sovietica; una modalità di ricerca che sinora è stata scarsamente praticata.2 Questo approccio appa- re particolarmente indicato nei confronti della Crimea, la cui dimensione multiculturale conobbe uno sviluppo particolare vista la collocazione de- cisamente
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