When the Patriarch of Jewish Historiography Simon Dubnov

CEU eTD Collection The Past of Ukrainian Jews in Local and National Histories inpartial fulfillment of the requirements in Post-Soviet Ukraine Budapest, Hungary for the degree of Master of Arts Central EuropeanUniversity Sofiya Grachova Sofiya Thesis submitted to the 2007 by Central European University Department ofHistory Markian Prokopovych Balazs Trencsenyi Supervisors: 1 CEU eTD Collection Contemporary authors narrow this number 6,000-14,000 to (Magocsi, Hannover, chronicler, NathanHannover, claims that up to 80,000 Jewsperished inthe massacres of 1640-ies. See: Nathan were reflected inanumberof chronicles whichgreatly influenced Jewishhistorical memory. most The renown 2 Incorporated, 1996),p. 147. of of successivethe partitions of Polandin and1772, 1793, 1795,these andotherformer Polish regions of Galicia and Volhynia – had high concentration landsthe remainingunder Polish rule– Right-bank Ukraine andWestern-Ukrainian historical of Jewish population.emigration, the As and themassacre the resultafter even Yet west. the to survivors the of emigration and uprisings in themiddle 17 middle of increased 150,000. century the to in early 17 landsthe of AccordingUkraine. the present-day dataprovidedthe Magocsi, to byPaulRobert European countries, andthefavorable policy of which Polish-Lithuanian state, includedthen 1 place during16 emerge with Mass expansion EastSlavicJewish population simultaneously statehood. took of communities Jewish of area Ukraine, core the In late antiquity. backto date Seacoast Black special place. FirstAmongvarious ethnicinhabiting and groups religious Ukraine, Jewish a population occupies historical records of IntroductionJewish presence in Greek politiesBibliography...... 87 on the ...... 82 Conclusion NorthernChapter 4. Odessa in Memory and Myth...... 64 Chapter 3. Lviv: Reconstructing ...... 45 the Ghetto Chapter 2. Master-Narratives of Ukrainian-Jewish History...... 23 Chapter 1.Identity and Narrative: In Search of Useful Concepts...... 9 Introduction...... 2 Cossack massacres of the Jews became the most traumatic event in Jewish history of Early Modernperiod, and Paul Robert Magocsi, Robert Paul 2. Surveys of the history of Ukrainian Jews: interpretations ...... 30 and politics 1. Jewish past in comprehensive surveys of Ukrainian history...... 23 The “golden age” of Jewry in Ukrainian lands came to an end due to Cossack Abyss ofDespair (Yeven Metzulah) th century century in numberof the lands Jews the Ukrainian 45,000,and estimated bythe th - early 17 - early A History of Ukraine th th century, which brought about violent about death brought century, which of Jews thousand centuries, prompted both by expulsion of the Jews from West- (New Brunswick and London: TransactionBooks, 1983). (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press Toronto of University London: Buffalo, (Toronto, 1 A History , p.201.) 2 2 , CEU eTD Collection 5 4 in Galicia. 6 3 of by Ukraine endof the 19 the part numberJews inthe of until while Russian lasted WarI, World the the territorial division present-day and800.000Jews.The Right landsof Bank of Belorussia, the Volhynia, Ukraine, hold newacquired subjects,andRussian Jewish empire, and 200.000 got which of the Galicia inhabitants, weredistributedterritories, between with their Austrian empire, together which of revival, there was an increased interest to the past of in interest tothe pastof Jewsin the reflected wasanincreased of Ukraine, revival, there restrictions allowed for revivalof Jewish culture and practices. signs religious Among other only Ukrainian Jews103,591 of stayed still in country.the because living standards.According population of decreasing tothe sharply of census 2001, 1989. infrom 840,311 1959 diminished775,993 in1970,to632,610 to in 1979, to486,326in suppression. As the result of assimilation and mass emigration, the number of Jews in Ukraine persecution, they suffered from national discrimination, and cultural and religious Soviet Union, only 1% of Jewish inhabitants survived theWorldWar II. into the incorporated Ukraine, In Western Ukraine. to never east returned the to occupation German fleethe from managed to whoof those part significant anda Holocaust, the fall victims 900.000of Ukrainian Jews by of estimated850.000 to at1.600.000, 1945 from all landscontemporary Ukrainian for except Polish-controlled Galicia and Volhynia, was timethe comprised whichat republic, Jews inthe Ukrainian numberof Whereas in1926the Ibidem, p. 630-632. Item. Magocsi, http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/g/d5_other.gif 5 After Ukrainian independence, the process continued and even accelerated, largely processcontinued independence,the After and even accelerated, Ukrainian The 20 Even thoughunderrule Soviet the Jews after1945the fornot targeted were physical A History A 3 th century historical century adverse hadmost impactcataclysms on Ukrainian Jewry. , p.331, 430. th century up andby rose century to andup872,000 2,030,000, 1910 , visited on June 4 2007. 6 At the same time, lifted time, same the At 4 3 CEU eTD Collection Indiana University Press,2003) pp. 152-172. Jewish Life after the USSR 7 who resorted to other forms of collective identification and rejected this narrative; the division those and history, Ukrainian of narrative national with together identity, national Ukrainian Jewish amongorigin. who Both non-Jewish accepted and Ukrainiansarethose Jewish past. Jewish leastmajor the two audienceshistory narrativesin forabout existat target Ukraine there Consequently, striking. more even countries European Central and Eastern other the of world” “virtual Jewish to the makes contrast the which owncultural policy, its organizations, pursues JewishCentral Europe. population of more through Ukraine, less or activecommunal significant Jewish minority differentiates Ukraine from the remaining countries of Eastern and from the neighboring and minorities. theimpactnation-building Arguably, ethnic of setsUkrainian society apart Russia whichinfluencedprocess, historical also representations i. titularthe of nation,e. Ukrainians, and Belorussia.independent only in 1991,social hasbeentransformation accompanied byanation-building became in Ukraine, which But time. post-socialist the need of the to adjusted narratives On the other historical for construction of the been used has heritage excepting this Ukraine, region, not hand, the the Allover producedby heritage historical Jews. the cultural Ukraineand possessesarich presence countries, European and Central Eastern other to Similarly context. of in regional country the a still for identities, interestingminority duetotheunique material astudy especially of situation of Sovietthe rule, becamemanifest the of identitynational andrebirth instrument of an politics. publications andsuppressedunder InindependentUkraine, Jewishstudies, activism. cultural See: Yohanan Petrovsky-Stern, “The Revival of Academic Studies of Judaica in Independent Ukraine.” In Ukraine.” Independent in Judaica of Studies Academic of Revival “The Petrovsky-Stern, Yohanan See: However, historical memory Ukrainians is of notdivided only along their Jewish/non- Representationshistory in constitute Ukrainian-Jewish of Ukraine Post-Soviet , ed. By Zvi Gitelmanwith MusyaGlants and Marshall I. Goldman(Bloomington, IN: 7 4 CEU eTD Collection Europe-Asia Studies 35-56.No.(2004), pp. PaulS.Pirie, “National 1. IdentitySouthern Politics and in and EasternUkraine.” Stephen. “TheStephen. Contours of Ethnic National and Civic Identification Ukraine.” in Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities VivienLaw; Andrew Wilson; Annette Bohr and Edward Allworth. the Post-Soviet Colonial Space.” Nationalities Papers 8 and regional inlocal, history Jewish of features specific Tracing history. national Ukrainian occupy cities placean important in history of general in Jews the aswellin Ukraine, Jewish in population decimated present,though the dueto and Holocaustthe emigration. Both significant a has each past; inthe community Jewish a large to home was city Each Lviv. and local by Odessa of –histories narratives be national cases supplemented two research will of the Therefore, narratives. history Ukrainian and Jewish of interrelations the of issue the on narratives? history innon-national play Jews asthe such minorities ethnic role what and building teleology: are non-national histories more inclusive than national ones, or otherwise; from state- nation- isand central ofwhich the different idea history of – accounts, Ukrainian narratives alternative tocreate to theattempts is question setof connected Another minorities? ethnic of past the including to comes it when is narrative history national Ukrainian it; flexiblethe how and subvert and/or whichway they latter, tothis areadjusted narratives history Jewish way which history; national of scheme the within Jews the to allotted is place what history: national narrative of prevailing the concern partly which questions, specific This Ukrainian after issue independence. major narratives encompass a numberof produced aresearcher. for attractive various on levelsrepresentations makes casespatial Ukrainian particularly and social does not coincide, but correlates to regional distinctions. See: Peter Rogers, “Understanding Regionalism and the Politics of Identity in Ukraine’s Eastern Borderlands.” Eastern Ukraine’s in ofIdentity Politics the and Regionalism “Understanding Rogers, Peter See: Finally, comparison of different spatial historical representations can shed more light more canshed representations historical spatial different of comparison Finally, The goal of the research is to explore interrelation of Jewish and Ukrainian history Vol. 48, Issue 7 (Nov. 1996), pp. 1079-1104. Vol. 34, No 2 (May 2006), p. 171; Kuzio, Taras. “History, Memory and Nation Building in Nationalities Papers, . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Shulman,Press, 1998); Vol.30, No 2 (2002),pp.242-264; Graham,Smith; 8 Coexistence historical ofdisparate Nation-BuildingPost-Sovietin the Europe-Asia Studies Vol. 56. Vol. 5 CEU eTD Collection addressed in only addressed scholarly One in works. two them,only of bya amonograph Swedish scholar narratives. history non-Jewish and Jewish between differences principal of one constitutes phenomena these of representation Hypothetically, movements. political other and Zionism Chasidism, such phenomena, crucial for Jewish history, areemancipation,modernity, tradition, Among narratives. history framework the within analyzed been has phenomena historical of particular will Representation of findings. by the followedcomparison are procedures these texts; the of analysis andstructural by reading close been have established narratives master- Particular meaningand by sources. addressed the with phenomena endows events baseof research. the source the in museum travel guides, monuments,exhibitions these and artifacts have been includedinto supplemented withvisual local representations Since of are regularly expressed history ones. are of texts andverbalthe elements more variegated, are local regional level, sources the and On into been taken consideration. havehistory Jewish of accounts popular accessible three) all (the whereas accounts; a Ukrainian few limitedbeen to analysis has representative the general surveys textbooksonUkrainian or Jewish history. thepurpose of it For research,the three only are there hand, other the on mentioned; barely are Jews the history Ukrainian insurmountable taskof scrutinizing is,in them fact,achievable, sincein textbooks of yetapparently and the history writings, popular mostly by are represented textbooks inhistory history Theseaccounts Ukraine. Jews and of the of accounts Ukrainian of general levels. of a range at identities majority and minority of negotiation the explore to and narratives, these of hierarchy establish to help will narratives national In general, the representation of Jewish history in independent Ukraine has been has Ukraine independent in history Jewish of representation the general, In scheme which general –the isfor analysis the master-narrative The central concept is first analyze atthe itinstance To answer addressedquestions, necessary the to 6 CEU eTD Collection after the USSR claims, have been instrumentalized in strugglethe for power within Jewishthe in community Ukrainian intellectual trend Another environment. Holocaust –the studies, asPetrovsky-Stern in influential very but unsustainable, scholarly are ideas this of many author, the to According against Ukrainian Jews World CossackuprisingstheWar,and the Civil WarII. during rewriting Ukrainian-Jewish history and tend toacquitUkrainians of perpetrated crimes Revisionists –scholars background, wellasofUkrainian-Jewish at attempt of Ukrainian as countries. post-Soviet other and Russia in absent phenomenon,” Ukrainian “typically local landscape:dominate -a thestudies, studies, andthe“revisionism” the Holocaust major 3 present, trends argues,at As Petrovsky-Stern 1991. after about their reestablishment describes tradition the studies inof Jewish Ukraine from 19 Another research is the already mentioned article by Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern. Yohanan by article mentioned already isthe research Another minority. of Jewish commemorative practice to little attention paying drawback, equating Ukrainian historical culture with official the memory, politics of and monographhas aserious the thesis, the the topic of itNotwithstanding to obvious relevance victims. because the status asthegreatest of itthreatens discourse, Ukrainians memory official the in is repressed time, same the at and, Ukrainians, against genocide as Dietsch,according for amodel Holocaust, famine to conceptualization Ukrainian provides of identity-building. The post-Soviet with process of in historical connection the culture politics memory Authorof independent describesUkrainian of state. shaping of Ukrainian in the butreceivedtreatment unequal ofits population, largesegments affected Ukraine and places 1933 andtheHolocaustthe of Jewstook on contemporary Ukrainian territory of explores crucial of elements historicalUkrainian andJewish narratives. Both Famine 1932- 10 2006). 9 Dietch, Johan Johan Dietch, Yohanan Petrovsky-Stern, “The Revival of Academic Studies of Judaica in Independent Ukraine,” Independent in of Judaica Studies Academic of Revival “The Petrovsky-Stern, Yohanan , pp. 152-172. Making Sense of Sufferings; Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian HistoricalCculture 9 , covers the image of a singular event in Jewish history. In his study, Dietsch study, his In history. in Jewish event a singular of image the covers , th century 1930s,and writes century to 10 The author The Jewish Life (Lund, 7 CEU eTD Collection cases of Lviv cases of Odessa. and on specific the followed by chapters publications, post-Soviet of material onthe narratives master- andJewishhistory Ukrainian deals with chapter Next identities. and collective history between narratives atestablishing relationship theoretical narrative,of attempts and study includes varioustothe approaches chapter Firstof the description addressed inthe text. in at thesis. the attempted representations, historical to approach analytical systematic of necessity the only underscores book –yet history nationalizingin rarely beyond author the the goes state the Thus, observations. of research politics official the couldpopularbecome of reception to an work have attempt Her social practice. of Soviet andpersistence events, traumatic memory of recent nostalgia, in – such the also the Sovietapproach discourse official phenomenaunderrepresented as Wanner direct independence.communication, wasable Dueto soon afterof declaration the allowed the collectauthor uniquematerial historicalon popular in representations Ukraine Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University 1998). University Press, State The Pennsylvania Pennsylvania: 11 1998) by Wanner. Catherine Post-Soviet Ukraine post-Soviet Ukraine, the most important of them area referred to,there few addressing ofhistorical memory scholarly general works issues in of inacademic background popular of Ukraine. independent narratives created history Jewish and political understanding for helpful extremely is article This sources. Hebrew and Yiddish and publications, scholarly Western ignore arule, as but, history, urban Jewish of knowledge the to significantly contributed have - studies local - three the of politicized least The Ukraine. Catherine Wanner, The structure of the Master’s thesis corresponds to the theoretical and practical issues andpractical theoretical tothe corresponds thesis Master’s the of The structure In addition to the works on Ukrainian identity have on identity In the works Ukrainian which been some already addition politics, to Burden ofDreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (University (University Pennsylvania:Park, The PennsylvaniaUniversity State Press, 11 Numerous field Numerous trips andtalks with ordinary Ukrainians Burden ofDreams: History and Identityin (University Park, 8 CEU eTD Collection 12 Commission. Terminology Legal Ukrainian the by adopted system transliteration Ukrainian-English official conceptualizing social role of historical narratives, to select the most productive and economic basis of somewhich, within of scope the this cannot work, be summarized evencursory. Instead, on the works relevant narratives, historical and representations, historical collective national relations, ethnic and to the topic, I attemptethnic/national groups? to establish by produces a givensociety allow establishing politicalrelationship its between main texts? whichmethods of Second, andinterpretation analysis narrativeshistorical of it notionshistorical and realities political connects that mechanism social is the what usedfirst, chapter: for aftergroups 1991.Reaching involves thisgoal basic addressing to in addressedquestions this nation and minority, Jewish thebasis ofhistoricalby both and narratives -on produced used titular the - Ukraine contemporary inhabiting collectives national terminology, official the to according or, ethnic two between relationship political reconstruct to is thesis the of goal The Concepts In SearchofUsefulChapter 1.Identity Narrative: and hardermuch it than actually was. been have would thesis this of completion the support financial whose without Grachova, http://www.rada.gov.ua/translit.htm The last several decades generated colossal amount of theoretical literature about of colossal literature theoretical generated amount several The last decades Ukrainian names and used titles, inthethesis,have been transliteratedaccording the to I would like to express my gratitude to my parents Vasiliy Grachov and Natalia 12 Translations of Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish quotations in the text are mine. , visited onJune 1 2007. 9 CEU eTD Collection 15 Sollors (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 300. 14 p. 24Richard Schermerhorn,“Ethnicity Minorityand Groups,” p.17. 14 1996), p. 85. 13 part of both “objective” defining and“subjective” ways ethnic communities. of if its about members the group’s know it. past and identify with history Thus,has become a however,issufficientbound not to individuals agroup;the into is social effect achieved only Common pastalone, counterparts. non-ethnic andfrom communities, ethnic their other features that unifymember of an ethnic community from and distinguish both community this essential of one as regarded been has past a common of idea The ethnicity/nationhood. about thesources. applied to be then whichwill methods chose appropriate to and of thesis, the in context the concepts epitome of their peoplehood.” definedasthe more symbolicor elements onone focus and a cultural historical past, shared collectivity within a largersociety having real putativememoriesor common ancestry, a of name.) specificgroup in of network a group andthe a broader members,social of relations, position perceptible listedisfollowedfirst, the by idea an of cultural and social heldby distinctiveness group the origin and history is of the central defining features of ethnic community. (Infact, this criteria Sciences in identification ResearchCouncil 1973,apast group oriented emphasizing common to the heldidentity definition establishedworking by asymposium ethnic bySocial on Already in 1970, the classic of ethnic studies Frederik Barth claimed that “boundary “boundary that defines claimed Barth studiesFrederik of ethnic inAlready classic 1970,the producing its distinctiveness bydesignating boundaries amonga given of groups all others. in shaping and factor history hasbeen perceived asacrucial distinctiveness; a group Frederik Barth, “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries”, Anya Peterson Royce, Peterson Anya Ethnicity Ethnicity Historical representations traditionally occupy occupy inscholarly discourse a central place traditionally Historical representations This alsomeans that the role of history is not that of a mere marker of a group , p.17. , ed. By John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, Ethnic Identity: Strategies of Diversity 14 The sociologist Richard Schermerhorn defined ethnic group as“a definedethnic group Schermerhorn Richard sociologist The 15 Theories of Ethnicity:Classical A Reader (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982), , ed. By By Werner ed. , 13 According 10 CEU eTD Collection therefore becomes a political statement. apolitical becomes therefore convinceused “to of people identity”; representation a social of “conscious, past argued” the a islegitimations,” asin history there, oriented nation-buildingthe process: “historically other Elizabeth Tonkin argues that promotion of the idea of a common history is a crucial part of be instrumentof regardedasacrucial construction.instance, a group historian For oral the history and culture.” descent, origin, in common belief a by identities social other from distinguished identity features: language “objective”“Ethnic andcultural other bemay[…] identity asan defined is to evenpreferable but,asacriterion ethnicity, of central isimportant, ancestry notonly Consciousness volume the to introduction in the Govers, Cora and Vermeulen past retained its in significance theethnicof study Thus, and national Hans groups. common of notion the perspectives, of shift the despite Yet research. of object an as criteria ethnic “objective” consciousness replaced ethnic then imagined rather communities, actual as be treated beganto When ideology, andimagination.” ethnic groups consciousness, shifted theconstructivism. focus social adventof with the has beenproblematized ingeneral, of groupness criteria subjective of scholars “from ethnicity as social organization[…] to ethnicity as University Press, 1992), p. 130. 18 Press Ltd., 1997), pp. 2-5. Politics of Ethnic Consciousness 17 16 the group, not the cultural staff thatit encloses.” Elizabeth Tonkin, Hans Vermeulenand Cora Govers, “From Political Mobilizationto the Politics of Consciousness,” Frederik Barth, “Ethnic Groups,” p. 300. Having lost itslost “objective” Having acommon status as an began feature, to past distinguishing (1997) written from from in common (1997)written claim position, belief that constructionist the 17 The constructionist which turn, placetook in late 1970-ies – early 1980-ies, Narrating Our Past: TheSocialConstruction ofOralHistory , ed. by Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers (New York, London: Macmillan London: York, (New Govers Cora and Vermeulen by Hans , ed. 18 Moreover, a common national or ethnic past has 16 The notion of boundaries, along with along boundaries, of notion The The Politics ofEthnic (Cambridge, Cambridge The 11 CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 1992). Press University Cambridge (Cambridge: Ranger Terence and Hobsbawm Eric social solidarity. of degree a ‘homeland’; or territory historical an with link a culture; common of elements more or one traditions; and memories historical shared ancestry; common of myth name; (ethnie): ethnos an of features distinctive following at the out points communities, constructed nothing, were usuallynot out of butwereprecededbypre-modern ethic Thus Anthony Smith, whoinhis numerous works argues modernthat national communities oriented. “historically” more be even to seem they logically, yet, opponents: its has studies, edition (London, New York: Verso, 1991),especially pp. 199-205; and 19 iv arerarely Theseconcepts ever memory,narrative. ofmyth, and collective are theconcepts collectives and ideas about history they share, the most significant, in the context of the thesis, between the relationship conceptualize usedto Amongnotions-intermediaries several in of idea the issuehowexactly function. perform social consensus this a common the past of is ethnic by sharedis Yet groups andtheir there opponents. nosuch constructivists identity. group the of their communal understanding and pastmemories members’ ethnic or“the – pasts”“ethno-history” an Smith, to according – becomes a valuable symbolic modern into nations, ethnies of transformation of Intheprocess historical representations. capital for re-definition of of facta grouphistory, disguisehad the to being nation the comeinto that of nothing. out which lays the basis national of identity is but a screen, created to cover up the actual absence narrative historical the Anderson, Benedict national constructivism of classic the to According “invented.” “imagined,”“perceived,” or as butrather as“real,” longer to been no referred Ibidem, p. 15. Anthony D. Smith, Anderson, See: BenedictAnderson, Admittedly, social the constructivist trend, particularly applied tonational and ethnic Thus ideathe of a crucial ofhistorical role inshaping and persistence representations 21 Imagined Communities As wee can see, all the criteria, except for the first and the last, have to deal deal with haveto last, and the first for the except thecriteria, all see, As weecan Myths and Memories of theNation 22 Imagined Communities: Reflection Origin andSpreadon the Nationalism of , p. 205. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 13. The Invention of Tradition , edited by , revised , 20 12 19 CEU eTD Collection 25 24 Geoffrey Hosking and George Schoepflin, (London: Hurst & Company London, 1997), p. 19. identity identity change, providing agroupwith meaningful patterns behavior,of as,for instance,in the fate of the community and to account for its failures; myth alsoexplain can to a way serve also anis instrument it community; of of illusion an establishing by experience individual and mobilization. political people, myth the its or Age,of a Golden loss andpossible revival, tools- areimportant of being of achosen instance,for myth the – others in circumstances; survive adverse even to and time over persist to agroup of ability the for important especially are descent, and origin 23 within them. particular strata groups or of interests ethnic extensivelyin hisuses the concept myths serveand the writings, legitimate needs and specific self-understanding, and understanding of the society in general.According toSmith, who also with givingcohesion, its members for a identification,pattern and setting cognitive frames for functiongroups in the same basic way myths of as communities, providingprimitive agroup valueof historical modernheuristics myths concepthold that national of ethnic the and narrative, heldthe study byof the latea 20 communityto theconcept Shoepflin,applies who byGeorge definition the to According anthropology. about itself” is provenance, tosocialof oldest the beingimported andfunctionalist political studies from explanatory tool. of whichmake conceptaquires thastatus Nevertheless, main the itis out to possible authors instead apply used exclusively; combinations. different inthem different Ibidem, pp. 15, 62-67. Smith, George Schoepflin “The Functions of Myth and a Taxonomy of Myths,” Schoepflin thatmyth isargues ameans of transcending the gapbetween group diverse The first in the row, the concept of myth, is not the most popular among theorists, but theorists, among popular most the not is myth, of concept the row, in the first The Myths and Memories of theNation 25 th century nationalisms, “myth is a set of beliefs, usually put forth asa forth put usually beliefs, isasetof “myth nationalisms, century , p. 61. 23 Students of nationalism who believe it the it believe who nationalism of Students 24 Some myths, such as the myth of myth the as such myths, Some Myths andNationhood, ed, by 13 CEU eTD Collection community its distinctive social norms.” social distinctive its community community itsof ownidentity publicthe through of process specifying anddefiningfor that a remind“Mythic identity:discourse myths with collective connects Joanna Overingdirectly memory, (collective) in public domain in the responsible them making by myths of effect formerisbasedfact, the (in onthelatter.) less effect no myths cognitive than their is of emphasizepowerful effect political that authors establish solidarity or, indeed, reinforce the hierarchy of andvalues.” of status indeed, hierarchy the reinforce solidarity or, establish memories, certain screen out others, exclude mobilize people, can resonance establish instrumentmanipulation of by certain agents:political “those who caninvoke myth and by myth.” areall –these of regulation part controlled be to is itself resonance the how and understood is it how salient, made is memory of part which forgetting, of range the memory; of maintenance in the a role plays “myth specifically, the foundations of one more waysin –establish the especially […]nations which collectives and determine of their own being, their own system of morality and values.” 32 London, 1997, p.16. Up,’” 31 30 29 28 27 26 and so on) than those with only a relatively poor set of myths.” social, economical, (political, turbulence and stress greater much withstand “to community a allows which capital social a valuable is myths of system complex developed, well assimilation. and case ofmodernization Ibidem, p. 3. Made- Really ofthe Reality ‘The or: Perspective, Anthropological An Myth: of Role “The Overing Joanna Ibidem, p. 20. Ibidem, p. 26. Ibidem, p. 19. Ibidem, p. 20. Schoepflin “The Functions of Myth,” pp. 19, 23-25. Myths and Nationhood, Dealing with memories and forgetting, myths of the past can be also a powerful ed, by HoskingGeoffrey and George Schoepflin, (London: Hurst & Company 26 The scholar agrees with Anthony Smith in that a 32 31 Myths of Mythsof identity, quite logically, “are equally And if George Schoepflin explains the powerful 29 27 Generally speaking, “myth is 30 Indeed, some 28 More 14 CEU eTD Collection 36 35 national liberation mythologies of some other Eastern European countries. inresistant and revival strongare rather strong evenUkraine, ifnot enough tomeasure upto – the Cossack-Orthodox revival from “reconquered” Russians. of 16 be hadto Rus’ Kyevan discourse, inpolitical become to usable legacy, that, and contested a remains medieval state East-Slavic the that fact the despite independence, after politics andpower cultural Smith development. outat points successthe of in myth this Ukrainian such a golden withage is Kyevan associated Rus’ –the supposed peakof Ukrainian political mythology national in Ukrainian that argues collectivity,” the of being, authentic the self’, Golden Age, which,establish he “is as theidea to claims, used anddelineate of ‘true the the of myth the on essay in his Smith, Anthony Ukraine. inpost-Soviet history of politics 34 33 is, that national main‘Other’”, Russia. andagainst the revival resistance national of play morality “as a ispresented history Ukrainian discourse nationalist implications.” social as well as political obvious have […] myths of alterity, or significant otherness,” and, obviously, ”images of identity and alterity and/or nationalist historiographies can indeed be understood as mythic structures, as asmythic indeed structures, nationalisthistoriographies beunderstood and/or can national functionsa myth: “although of perform political inventedthe stories cannot In fact, of is “myth” scholarsto the opposed perceiveshouldnottruth, mythsnational asinventions. myth: themeaning whereas inacommon reservation conceptof the use important regarding Ibidem, p. 183. Andrew Wilson, “Myths of National History in Belarus’ and Ukraine,” Smith, “The ‘Golden Age’ and National Revival,” Ibidem, p. 16. The concept of myth has been also applied to the direct context of my –the of context work own directthe mythapplied to been of also has The concept Andrew thelist Wilson adds to Ukrainian of historical myths second age” “golden the 34 th -17 Myths and Nationhood, th centuries, and mythsargues that ofnational 33 Myths and Nationhood, p. 53. 36 Wilson, however, makes however, Wilson, pp. 193-197. 35 Thus in Thus 15 CEU eTD Collection Sociology of Mnemonic Practices,” of Mnemonic Sociology 42 41 (Chicago and London: The University of Press,Chicago 1992), 173-182. 40 39 38 37 place in appropriate mainstream memorythe of root.” popular take to ‘narratives’ in a broader sense, they must also resonate in a plausible past and find an supranational collectives, these objects of research would often turn also into the subjects of subjects the into also turn often would research of objects these collectives, supranational large familiesfrom to entities andeven small groupssuchas such asnations, social hasspread research of spectrum asthe First, memory. social or collective on of perspective religion, and social classes. institutions most responsible for shaping individualmemories, Halbwachs lists family, relationshipsame time,the at but, a truth,” “mythvalidate historically then rather cannot perceptions about is “myth with that believes be constructed thepurely outfor instance, any clarity lacking. Schoepflin, orof are degree consensus scholarly issue either memoryof false material; it hasof to have thesome collectivity which fashioned it.” realm of individual psyche, but are framed by social conventions. social by framed are but psyche, individual of realm originating his from argumentrecollectionsthat of individualbelongthe notsomuch to the by was memory” Halbwachs, in1925 Maurice coined “collectivememory. popular term The anditsexplain group past–namely, used relationship collective, or between to a social the myth are notclear.” between andhistory synonymous tological toinvention yet and opposed she concedes“boundaries discourse, that is which “myth” to according tradition, classical the from themselves liberate to researchers Jeffrey K. Olick and Joyce Robbins, “Social Memory Studies: From "Collective Memory" to the Historical Ibidem, pp.52-166, passim. Maurice Halbwachs, Maurice Overing “The Role of Myth,” pp. 1-2. Schoepflin “The Functions of Myth and a Taxonomy of Myths,” p. 19 Ibidem, pp. 182-183. The boom memoryof studies beginning in early 1980-ies Yet what exactly is the relationship between historical myths and the past? In this In past? the and myths historical between relationship is the exactly what Yet Remarkably, two of the three scholars quoted it the passage, refer to another concept another to it thepassage,refer quoted scholars of three the Remarkably, two On CollectiveMemory 41 Annual Review Sociologyof , edited,translated, andwithintroductionan by LewisA. Coser 39 , Vol. 24. (1998), p. 107. 42 brought two major changes major two brought 37 40 Among the social 38 Overing calls Overing 16 CEU eTD Collection of WashingtonPress, 2002),especially 94.p. 47 London:and The Chicago University Press, 1995), p. 214. 46 Identity that suitthat it History, it […] is because intellectual an and secular production, callsfor analysis facts those only magical, accommodates and is insofar asit “Memory,affective Nora, Pierre mostimportant mechanisms by which a nation constructs a collective identity.” one of the narrative constitutes of such a establishment Indeed, for destiny. ashared aspiration their legitimizes and past common members’ their highlights that narrative commemorative a create master to attempts typically movement “Nationalist memories/myths: national Israeli position in of identity matters and from memory in the quote workby the Zerubavel Yael on identities. collective constructing memory,along with the practice commemoration,of could be used toelucidate the process of collective becauseless conceptof and, the important, no social political construct, and This memory, because collective with happened identity collective beregardeda along could applied by such authoritative scholars as Pierre Nora and Yosef andYosef Yerushalmi. Nora asPierre scholars authoritative by such applied drew between idea memory andand historiography.collective hasbeen This appropriated he distinction in the Halbwachs of legacy the regards criticism of line first The positions. monumental, kinds architectural of and other topographic, objects. 45 Memory Counter-Memory.and (Spring, 1989),p. 22-23. concept of concept a material dimension, most notably under impact of the French scholar Pierre Nora and his 44 43 memory. collective See: YosepHayim Yerushalmi, Yael Zerubavel, Yael John R. Gillis, “Memory Identity:and History of Relationship,”a Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire,” de Les Lieux History: and Memory “Between Nora, Pierre Ibidem, p. 189 , ed. by John R. Gillis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 5-6. The concept of collective memory has been welcomed among social constructivists. social among been has welcomed memory of collective The concept Yet the concept of collective memory also aroused serious critique from various from serious critique aroused also memory of collective concept Yet the lieux dememoire Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and The Making of Israeli National Tradition 43 Second,in written in works the and1980-ies 1990-ies memory acquired Zakhor: Jewish History andJewish Memory or memorial “sites,” which included a widest variety symbolic, variety a widest included which “sites,” memorial or 45 We can see a good illustration of constructivist the illustration of a good We can see Commemorations: The Politics of National Representations 44 (Seattle and London: University , No. 26, Special Issue: 47 46 According to (Chicago 17 CEU eTD Collection 53 52 History and Theory 51 Representations 50 49 48 enterprise.” centerless transdisciplinary, “anonparadigmatic, remain studies havebeen blamed for impresision. methodological AccordingOlick to and these Robbins, exists. memory and history between opposition no that cliché the loss of their social effect. mean rejection would of which forbasic truth, claim share memory is collective what called is politically commemoration and hand, innocent; historical on other andthe academic works branches;be no historiography popularcannot separate dividedinto professional neither two be summarized as following: production history hasof multiple agents and forms, various and is, historiography.“history,” ofthishas academic been can extensive point and that Criticism by professional standards of factsacquiring is potentially more politically manipulative than and criticism.” yet the achievement in generalization has been very modest: very been has in generalization achievement the yet practiques, commemorative particular of studies valuable scholarsproduced that out points historiography. scholarly andrejection or even irrationalism Collective memory discourse has been also criticized for quasi-religious implications, and in aboutmemorial oflarge “repression”, as “trauma” writings and social groups. practice such useof the psychological terminology, against objections to this arecommon Connected Olick, Robins, “Social Memory Studies,” p. 106. Klein,, p. 145; Peter Burke,“French Historians and their cultural Identities”, pp. 163-164. Wulf Kansteiner, “Finding Meaning inMemory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies,” Kerwin Lee Klein, Kerwin Olick, Robins, “Social Memory Studies,” p. 110. Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History, p. 8-9. and their understanding of the past. The second step entails knowledge about reception processes which processes reception about knowledge entails step second The past. of the understanding their and artifacts […] It is analtogether different endeavorto tie these representations to specific social groups It is one objective towrite the intellectual history of the coming into being of a number ofcultural The concept of collective memory also provoked a suspicion of being ahistorical. being of suspicion a provoked also memory collective of concept The , No.69, Special Issue: Grounds forRemembering. (Winter, 2000), p.128. 48 , Vol. 41, No. 2. (May, 2002), pp. 185-188. The implication viewof memory,this is and that asless“exact” notguarded “On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse,” Historical in ofMemory Emergence the “On 49 In recent writings, according to Kerwin Klein, it has become a 52 50 On top of all,memory studies 53 Kerwin Klein Kerwin 18 51 CEU eTD Collection commemorative practiques can be found in the work by Yael Zerubavel to whichIhave by to canbefoundZerubavel inthework Yael practiques commemorative discourse is saturated with reference to collective memory. “identity in politics” on,goes production through the particular historicalof texts,andidentity call of practice: categories Frederick Brubaker Cooper Rogers and what andidentity remain memory both collective that noted, beitshould also However, concepts-intermediaries. to the resorting historicalresearch –establishing relations political -without through representations of for andfor achievingthegoals applicable inquestion, analysis promising of artifacts the memory and identity have narrativeinfrastructure, the sources. Moreover, these concepts are, in fact, optional,because, as it has been noted, both identity – seem unfruitful, since they do not provide and a memory clear methodologicalcollective – concepts the tool both for analyzingthesis the of purpose the for that out point should identity. concept comes close to the criticism of its conceptual companion conceptual its of criticism the to close comes concept essentialismit,our too”. deconstruct and Kerwinit, Klein “memory” exactly put let becamesopopularbecause “it us havepromises to same the as implications; essentialist bears constructivism, social of perspective the from memory,ineven is it concept studieswritten of the the used when arguethat Finally, critics 59 58 2000), pp. 1-47. 57 56 55 54 Brubaker, Cooper; “Beyond ‘Identity’”,pp. 4-5. Kansteiner, “Finding Meaning in Memory”,p., p. 191-192. See: Rogers Brubaker; Frederick Cooper, “Beyond ‘Identity’” Ibidem, p. 122. Klein, Kansteiner, “Finding Meaning inMemory”, p. 192. The example of productive use of the concept of narrative in the analyses of Discussion of theissue in this chapter looks neither necessary nor possible; however, I establish is beyond the conventional purview of historical know-how; itis also objectively very difficult to “On the Emergence of Memory,”p. 131, 144. 57 . 54 55 In this point, the criticism of collective memory collective of criticism the point, this In 58 and the concept of narrative seems well Theory andSociety 56 – the notion of collective of notion –the , Vol. 29, No. 1. (Feb., 19 59 CEU eTD Collection creates tensioncreates aconflicthistoricaland on canprovoke grounds. elementsimportant open interpretations, differentliminal occupy are to position, which they between opposing historical narratives: since turning points of narrative,the its most 65 64 63 62 61 narrative, commemorative themaster opposes directly that narrative commemorative ideological stance.” aparticular andreinforce aim “articulate – images that to dividesmajor the into past stages,reducing historical complex tobasic events structures” plot memory collective criteria, selective upon “Drawing importance: anextraordinary acquires 60 myths. political into memory) collective (by transformed includingnarrative, purely The academic writings.) dense in periods, can betheir turn, argue thatuniform historicalis time an cannotbefoundabstraction that in anyhistorical itisis of uniform, density. time comprises periods possibleto commemorative unequal (Yet history.”through sense the it formation contributes to of it nation,the portraying as moving aunified group focuses on group’s the identity distinct social its and highlights historical In this development. which narrative, commemorative master of tothea formation contribute practices commemorative Zerubavel,into Thus, asocialdanger agent. concept to according the turning of notion of collective memory – its optional inconceptualizationrole issue,of the and the of the aspects some problematic illustrates work time,this At same the referred. already essential for demarcating the group’s identitydistinct vis-à-vis others” emergence as independentan “The social commemoration actor. of beginnings is clearly Ibidem, p. 10. Ibidem, p. 8. Ibidem, pp. 8-9. Ibidem. p. 7. Ibidem, p. 7. Zerubavel, Valuable own fortopic our ofthe scholars relationship areobservations aboutthe provides a structure for collective memory. for collective a structure provides Recovered Roots 61 This narrative is concentrated on events that are important for group’s for important are that events on concentrated is narrative This , p. 6 60 “Master commemorative narrative commemorative “Master 63 In this context, periodization context, In this 62 While historical time historical While 65 “The alternative “The 64 20 CEU eTD Collection The BelknapThe Press of Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 28. “right” viewpoint and narrows the choice of representations to the preferred one(s), excluding one(s), preferred the to representations of choice the narrows and viewpoint “right” historianssocial political or order, makeitappear natural. some of representation “mimetic” by second, neutral; be politically to pretend may they First, closelyinfundamentally “embody partisanship[…] ways” a two stance or related political mind.” reader’s pastandthe the of from methods as –acts medium facts“aaccepted sources between obtaining transparent paradigm historicalof Normal History – modern writing which applies professionally in isthe his analysis pointof departure ideology.with features The these and connecting continuity; andestablishing identity itsof the and authors listeners. by of future concept the and present in past, byuniting time life orientation practical of future. Narratives provides base of the and theirexpectations the make to present to of sense time.” of experience the sense of 70 69 68 functions social their perform they which in way the to according narratives historical of classification formal dominantgroup in whole of the narrative master but the event memory not any the of particular itchallenges because is hegemonic the Andcounter-memory subversive politically stands one.” inopposition to of pastthat the overview analternative forming framework commemorative of a different 67 66 a its hegemony[…] constitutes and against operating under Robert F. Berkhofer Jr., Ibidem, pp. 6-10 Ibidem. pp. 5-3. Jorn Ruesen, Ibidem, pp. 10-11. Thus political hegemony makes its way into historical narratives; it “asserts a single a “asserts it narratives; historical into way its makes hegemony political Thus Robert F.Berkhofer alsoattempts atdelineating formal features of historical narratives According the definition by Jorn Ruesen, historical narration is “the process of making Studies inMethahistory 69 Beyond the GreatStory: Historyand Discourse asText 66 70 (Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1993), p. 4. 67 Yet in fact normal histories are not impartial; instead they Through narrative, people mobilize experience of past the of mobilize experience narrative, Through people countermemory 68 Ruesen also provides a (Cambridge, Ma., London: ” and “can bepart ” and 21 CEU eTD Collection regional, and local histories represent a clear case of narratives. representaclear caseof such hierarchical local histories regional, and particular history is unique (unlike comparative, social history).etc. significance; to offerprovide adevicefor in andlarger embeddingcontext partial stories show a theirto a framing device fortop are(creating) situated Great Stories national – the largest historiesand a is Berkhofer delineates general hierarchy that historical On narratives. of the histories;context for a normal history.and toTheir prove function thatis to. a discourse – and the more biases creates the historical narrative. historical the more –and biases creates the discourse a historical into become incorporated of viewpoint aspects more the intervene, historians text. by view,andideological, and perceptual, pointemotional of dimension evaluative, of the 74 73 72 71 others. Ibidem, p. 40 Ibidem, p. 168. Ibidem, p. 155. Ibidem, pp. 210-211. 72 Degrees of authorial intervention a text also bear ideological implications: the more 71 What is important for the thesis attempting to analyze the relationship between local between relationship the analyze to attempting thesis the for important is What Ideological goals of a text can be established by formal criteria: the authorial voice authorial the criteria: by formal be can established atext of goals Ideological 73 74 Ukrainian national, 22 CEU eTD Collection quantitatively quantitatively unequal. be can Jews the representation of in texts history, particular national of Ukrainian theparadigm evenwithin However, is a protagonist. people Ukrainian where the in a plot role Ukrainian history involved), wherewhere only ethnic Ukrainians butwhenthey play a certain it feature inthe findhistoricalbeas Ukrainians events in same fact, asingle hardto would(in all textsdealtthe with in History the is subchapter. groups other of inwhen included not they concerns thisbut observation narrative strategy, isjust of a chosen or aconsequence author, the of perspective from ethnocentric follows it Whether people. Ukrainian the of history the about tell them of all feature: common unsurprising an have Ukraine of histories General history of Ukrainian surveys comprehensive in past 1. Jewish texts. the agendaof light onapolitical shedthe topics will of particular the treatment thestudy of whereas of establishmaingrand-narratives, historical the constituents be to used canand a will group, given existenceof historical of period whole the covering These works, of trends provide historiography as to ageneral themwith framework of national history. latest the inform about readers so muchthe to isnot purpose their in subject; the interested non-specialist– either studentsof school secondary general and universities, or public belong lands. Jewsin the didacticthe books aredirected to All these to genre and Ukrainian history the of and,Ukraine, in otherthe devoted hand, specifically on works thehistory to of in about is ofJewish comparetexts general history The goal to chapter representations of this Chapter 2.Master-NarrativesofUkrainian-JewishHistory 23 CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 75 for national of liberation Ukraine. Nazisthe be aforce striving against andthe Soviets couldadministration, easilydescribed as occupational with the in accord acted times certain andat Nazi the Germany to loyalty Organizationthe of Ukrainian both Nationalist (OUN), wing of which by 1941 declaredtheir Thus, collaboration. issueof the andgenerally, Jews, the of in extermination the participation a man).” to –almost and Gypsies occupation,the says, book the the Nazis “in land the Ukrainian murdered 5264civilians (Jews DuringUkrainians andRussian). persecution (against and racist of that economic exploitation as Ukraineis the Nazi characterized movement” towards politics andResistance occupation centuries about anti-Jewishor pogroms during the CivilWarin 1918-1920. brief demographic history, and mentions the Pale of Settlement 19 in the minorities national among Jews the lists it Further, sentence. afull constitute even not does which phrase in abrief II Joseph emperor Austrian the end of the 18 until Jews the about nothing tells does establishment academic Ukrainian of effort collective the Institute of Ukrainian history as a textbook for university students. This result of a Ukraine in early 1990-ies, has been much more popular than any publication of any Ukraine hasbeenmuchmore 1990-ies, inearly than popular publication of Institute the in circulated inseveral andtenth of of copies thousand editions which Ukrainian translation Jewishnothing about casualtiesand uprisingsin Cossack Haidamak during the 16 tells it Respectively, book. whole the in Jews the about information extensive most is the this Ibidem, p. 319. Ibidem, p. 318. Ibidem, p. 140. Istoriya Ukrayiny Unsurprisingly, the Holocaust is also absent in this textbook. In the chapter “Nazi in In thechapter is this Unsurprisingly, also textbook. absent Holocaustthe by produced is“A Ukraine” of History arenearly absent wheretheAn Jews example A survey of Ukrainian-Canadian historian Orest Subtelny “ Subtelny Orest historian Ukrainian-Canadian of A survey [A History of Ukraine], ed. Valerii Smolii et al. (Kyiv: Alternatyvy, 1997), p. 160. th century, when in mentions equalization of Jewish (religious) rights by the by rights (religious) Jewish of equalization mentions in when century, 78 77 Suchbrevity allows avoiding topic of Ukrainian th century their provides century Ukraine, 76 - all in one paragraph, and Ukraine: A History,” A Ukraine: th –18 24 75 th CEU eTD Collection 850.000 Jews and mentions executionmass of the JewsBabiYar (p. 468). 83 82 81 80 popularPolish-American historianNorman Davis. 79 peasantry. the author mentions the Jews only as tavern-keepers who contributed to miserable situation of uprising of Bohdan Khmelnyts’ky. Cossack the during theterriblesingle retribution” of cause important was“themost alliance” Jewish noble/ the of practice oppressive inthe participation “Jewish that claims Subtelny times century-oldit theUkrainian prejudice.Thus, evokes acquits anti-Jewish side, andat times of the in most However, relations. Jewish of Ukrainian history of the issues contentious of history. unlikeUkrainian Thisbook, onedealt the mention above, with does allmajor treatment of Jews and prisoners of war.” of Jewsprisoners and of treatment of its Nazi regimethe of were “Early indications nature the Ukraine ingeneral: towards and rather Ukrainians thanonDenikin generals.”and Russian themselves be to Russian, they itfound easier lay to all blameforthe pogromsthe on Petliura considered Jews many “because but fewer casualties; andled to spontaneous were latter hand, military andbyUkrainian ontheother: whereas units weresystematic, former the the in of police).representation” leadership Jews the and Cheka(secret Bolshevik the “disproportional is the this others, among masses; the of attitude anti-Jewish to empire. in Russian anti-Semitic policy of the tsarist government) are alsomentioned among the causes of pogrom Ibidem,pp.467-471. Later, however, he tells that inthe first month of Nazisoccupationthe killed about Ibidem, p. 364. Ibidem, pp. 276-278. Ibidem, p. 214. Subtelny, Describing Josephine reforms after the incorporation of Galicia into Austrian empire, Austrian into Galicia of incorporation the after reforms Josephine Describing Subtelny depicts the Holocaust of Ukrainian Jewry as one by the Whiteon Army the committed pogroms juxtaposes Subtelny on, Further a part of the Nazi policy 80 Ukraine “Exploitative actions of some Jewish merchants and moneylenders” (along with (along moneylenders” and merchants Jewish some of actions “Exploitative , A History A 81 When it comes to the pogroms of causes Whenpogromshowever, other it tothe add of 1918-1920, comes , 2nd ed.(Toronto, 1994) 79 83 Writing about the collaboration, he claims that claims he collaboration, the about Writing p. 124.p. Tocorroborate point, this theauthor quotes the 82 25 CEU eTD Collection countryside). (One attainof waysto the usury, attack goal this was to which“flourished” in the motives of Josephine in reforms Galicia by needtoalleviate the situation the of peasantry. the explains he also instance, For Subtelny. of work the to parallelism certain displays themaster-narrative for history, Ukrainian national noted his of position towards revisionist Jews joined the Bolsheviks. The ultimate reason of the pogroms was, for him, the lack of anythe Jews born directanti-Jewish violence in by 1918-19120 in factthat, the eyes the of many Ukrainian patriots, responsibility for the defeat of the Ukrainianand useit tried to in interests. political Polish community Jewish the republic,over dominance retained elites pro-Polish Still, indifferent. politically and thatand non-assimilated many remained mostly which masses, Jewish from differed intellectuals ofJewish position the that assumes Hrytsak patriots. Polish became ardent Jews” “numerous for avariety on, 1860-ies by factors: reasons, of wasaggravated representation, political in 19 Jews the and Ukrainians between antagonism economical Thus, prejudice. of traditional from that than rather cause national of Ukrainian perspective 87 86 Survey of UkrainianHistory: theShaping of Modern UkrainianNation] (Kyiv: Heneza, 1996). 85 84 help. such of example outstanding an was Nazi to the Metropolitan outrages,” “adamantly Andrey anti-Semitic opposed Sheptyts’kyi, werealsoHowever,many there who risked by Ukrainians penalty death the aiding Jews.” nordecisive. extensive neithermassacres in Jews]was the [of the “Ukrainian participation Ibidem, p. 75. Ibidem, p. 41. Yaroslav Hrytsak, Ibidem, p. 472. Similarly to Subtelny,Similarly into amuchmoreHrytsak explains cautiously, of theoutburst from the of Ukrainian-Jewish relationship thetopic However,approaches Hrytsak A survey of Modern Ukrainian history history A survey Modern Ukrainian (19 of 86 Narys Istoriyi Ukrayiny:Formuvannia modernoyiukrayins’koyi natsiyi XIX-XX stolittia 87 th -20 th centuries) byYaroslav Hrytsak, th century century Galicia, inhis [A 26 85 84 CEU eTD Collection 28-30 September 2001. http://www.judaica.kiev.ua/Conference/Conf16.htm that Ukrainian collaboration, most of the times, was forced and hardly if ever ideological. belongs to those which already is question This German the regime.” toward of attitude the Ukrainians behavior reflected contain an answer; muchhow this and deliberately, was itdone question the remains, theJews.But yetexterminate further in the text Hrytsak“Some reiteratespart of Ukrainian society indeed collaborated with the Germans and helped them to the 9 spadschynyv XXstolitti” Materialy IXmizhnarodnojinaukovoyi konferentsiyi”Dolya yevreys’koyi dukhovnoyita material’noyi 90 89 88 war. evethe of for rise nationalthe anti-Semitism the terror on of andblamesSoviet by stereotypes,” rooted situation then rather “by concrete wascaused the participants behavior of the Ukrainian their that claims 1941,Hrytsak insummer Ukraine inWestern pogroms the case of particularthe biases, national without attemptcourageous withto treat issue the of Ukrainian collaboration during World the WarII patients. infectious informers, Soviet NKVD agents, war, of prisoners saboteurs, criminals, Communists, extermination: for targeted groups the worst - “theypolicy wereof towards alldoomed population of Ukraineto (althoughextermination”). he admits that Jews and GypsiesUkrainians andJews. fared Further, he blame imperial which on Russian preventedthe from government, political both participation list the Jews the he puts indirectly, sides; thus, both the on conflicts of resolution inpolitical experience among other 92 91 Vladyslav Hrynevych, “Polietnichnist’ u vitchyznianykh shkilnykh pidruchnykakh z istoriyiUkrayiny,” Ibidem, p. 228. Ibidem, p. 145-147. Hrytsak, Narys, p. 237. Ibidem, pp. 232-233. th International Conference “The Fate of Jewish Spiritual and Material Heritage in the 20 Along familiar lines, Hrytsak writes of the Holocaust as a part of the Nazis’ racist 92 Generally, he acquits Ukrainian masses and political organizations from from the andpolitical masses heacquits Generally, Ukrainian organizations 88 [“Multiethnicity Ukrainianin School Textbooks ofUkrainian History,”Matherials of 90 his assessment of the phenomenon looks, in fact, very cautious: very in fact, looks, phenomenon the of assessment his 89 Although thehistorian is his for known Visited on June 1 2007. th century”]. Kiev, century”]. 91 In 27 CEU eTD Collection 97 Dubnov, in their romantic characterizationof Chasidism as a “religionof the poor.” 96 95 Early-Modern History of Ukraine] (Kyiv: Krytyka,2005). In my thesis, I will referto the latter edition. work was published as in 18 the Jews the about Arukh”). “Shulkhan code legal medieval the from aquotation by it (corroborating learning for love and culture literary high their mention to Jewish community early-Modern of Lviv, of all of distinguishing features Jews,the she chose lands,Ruthenian“an urban-type of opensociety.”the allowing Describing the development assimilate with the Slavic population and formed the background, thereby,for the first time in not did who Jews, and Armenians like communities the especially values and diversity, medievalpopulation. Writing about and early-modern cities, she theirappreciates ethnic lands’ Ukrainian of composition multiethnic the of appraisal positive definitively a gives myis who of textbook, approach. only To a Ukrainian the author knowledge, Yakovenko multicultural is in to among closest the Ukraine, work, historical surveys produced allothers isherbook preoccupied not entirely nationalwith issues;Ukrainian contrary,on the this Ukrainian History from the antiquity till the end of the 18 94 93 concludes “the Jews had topay dearly for their own sins for and those of others. brieflyby socio-economicuprisings factor, mentions anti-Judaicreligious and prejudice, Cossack the of even the on sentiments anti-Jewish of rise the explains she Thus clichés. the Chasidism –“one of the biggest turnovers in the spiritual history of the Jews”. end 18 the of Jews. to the inparticipation he instead, pogroms; tells help the extensively about of Greek-Catholic church Ibidem, p. 251. Ibidem, pp. 479-480.Here, however, Yakovenko follows19 Yakovenko, Natalia Yakovenko, Natalia Ibidem, pp. 238, 240. Nevertheless, elsewhere Yakovenko was unable to get rid of to getridhistorical nationalistwas unable of Yakovenko elsewhere Nevertheless, history,” periodNatalia till the “Survey whichcoversthe Ukrainian of Yakovenko’s 93 Narys th century, , pp.126-127. Narys Istoriyi Seredniovichnoyi taRanniomodernoyiUkrayiny Narys IstoriyiUkrayiny zNaydavnishykh Chasiv doKintsia XVIII Stolittia 94 th was written as a first part of the common project with Hrytsak. Yet with Hrytsak. project common of the part as afirst waswritten century she by century Rzecz Pospolita, explains anti-Jewish the pogroms th 95 century] (Kyiv: Heneza,1997). 2 She also devotes a special subchapter to subchapter aspecial Shealsodevotes th century Jewishhistorians, especially Shimon [Survey of Medieval and ofMedieval [Survey nd 96 editionof this 97 [Survey of ” Writing ” 28 CEU eTD Collection 101 100 affiliation. Therefore,Jewish furthermore, background; the religious JewsPolish-oriented hadpolitical divergent he puts assimilated German,adopted even national identity Polish or Ukrainian loyalty combined with to their Jews on par with many multipleGalicia these loyalties; arguesthat the authors of the conceptgroup resorting to Galician Ruthenians who 99 98 from in Ukraine late 19 the section of the book is Dubnov.Uman’ asa for andJews,quotes Poles, symbol Ukrainians, titled “Memories of he sectionHaydamak a devotes uprisings (1768), andthemassacreof separate theUman’ to Shtetl” and tells refers to Jewish emigration Jews. some of wealth ostensible the fate of the Jewish community in Polish Commonwealth. inPolish community Jewish the of fate the notNathandefend Hannover to Ukrainian the side,buttoevaluate impact the of eventson the chronicler a Jewish he quotes time, Khmelnitsky of massacres anti-Jewish with dealing Jewish relationship in the past, but refers theirto differentinterpretations. instance, For “History This Ukraine.” notonlymentionsof author thecontentiousissues of Ukrainian- narrative of Ukrainian history madeby was Canadianhistorianthe inPaul Magocsi, his history of Ukraine. still historiography about Ukrainian work comprehensive onamulti-perspective waits the An attempt to introduce change Yakovenko, history.narrating mode they of Ukrainian not did theestablished elements of by ies, very proved moderate,popularity and textbooks of Hrytsak the despite and other historical traditions into the of Ukrainians. Paul Robert Magocsi, Ibidem, p. 479. Ibidem, p. 339. Ibidem, pp. 297-299. Unlike other authors, Magocsi describes political convictions of assimilated Jews in Jews of assimilated convictions political describes Magocsi authors, other Unlike The revision of national historiographicalUkrainian in attempted cannon, 1990- the A History of Ukraine th – early 20 98 And in the final account, her history still remains a history a remains still history her account, final in the And , pp. 201-202. th century. 101 99 Similarly, when it comes to the 100 Another small 29 CEU eTD Collection a particular project of of a particularJewish identity. project from factual information, alsopolitical these works have agenda: a supports each of books the explicit: supplementexistinghistory.)Yet to Ukrainian on school curricula apart and world 103 102 sources. (The goal of theirone of this aimbooks is- audience,target and declare interestedtostudents in non-specialists history Jewish and culture; compensate All surveyshistory general Jews three the publishedinof Ukrainian the as of Ukraine, their for the lack ofpolitics knowledge and interpretations on Jews: of Ukrainian history the of 2. Surveys the subject in other accessibleanti-Jewish prejudice, which affects the representation of crucial points of Jewish history. someimbued Moreover, Ukrainianon history popularare are underrepresented. works with populating lands, is this Ukrainian group statically,depicted and socialit changesaffecting historical of actor Ukraine asan Jewishnot treatthe of community Ukrainian national do histories process. of majority The minimal. is Ukraine in Even representations historical public on influence if these works mention thechapters. Jews as a religioushistory, in subchapters about national minorities at the end of respective chronological or ethnicUkraine, it separately eventhough narrated is from mainplotnational the of Ukrainian group in Jews the of history the about information detailed find most the can one surveys, all other didnecessary not develop nationalidentity. Ukrainian Ibidem, p. 394 Ibidem, pp. 430-434. However, Ukrainian stillbeen hastranslation not book of this thus, its and published, 103 The JewsUkraine: atextbook of 102 To summarize, in this work, among – is even more 30 CEU eTD Collection 106 105 (Kiev, 1995). Yelizavetskii; outline of history 104 blessedthe land of Ukraine Independent will endnot by their exodus.” hopeful “Wenote: would like tobelieve thatthelong-suffering history of Jewishthe in people level standards, and the rise of anti-Semitism force the Jews emigrate,to they conclude with a developmentthe supports WhereasJewish culture andeducation.”low of instability,political actively state The better. the to changing been has population Jewish of situation “the mind, forces. by external wereprovoked conflicts time these the most of that out but point interethnic resentment,” of ground place on the took conflicts then and“now that admit exchange. They mutual a large-scalecultural led to contacts interethnic 1930-ies: Cholowski, Shipper,Schall). Lviv-based scholar YakovKhonigsman, the authorrelies heavily localon historians of 1890- Krypjakevych. (In Ukrainian nationalisthistoriansKostomarov, Mykola MylhayloHrushevskyi, andIvan the parts as well as Balaban, onMajer Dubnov, Shimon the Graetz, Heinrich historyhistoriography Jewish of of the Jews in of list independence.amongUkrainian Theauthors, their sources founders the textbook, the Western Ukraine, of period early atthe Jews Ukrainian of anxieties and hopes reflects and mediation), written by the MarxistSoviet through paradigm (often Enlightenment of herethe bears traces subjects of coverage The particular later works. for interpretations and factual of content source first comprehensive history, onUkrainian-Jewishpublication asamodel and and served a for university students. in asatextbook 1990-ies outline” early written Ibidem, p. 4. Khonigsman; Nayman, Yakov Khonigsman, AleksandrNayman, In the preface, they underscore that no ethnic group developed in isolation, and that and isolation, in developed group ethnic no that underscore they preface, the In The first of these is the two-volume textbook “The Jews of Ukraine: Brief Historical Yevrei Ukrainy (kratkii ocherk istorii) ] Part 1. (Kiev, 1993); F. Ya Gorovskii, Ya S. Khonigsman, A. Ya. Nayman, S. Ya. Yevrei Ukrainy Yevrei , p. 3. Yevrei Ukrainy: Kratkii ocherk istorii [The [The Jews ofUkraine (Brief historical outline)] Part 2. 105 In independent Ukraine, to their to Ukraine, independent In [ 106 The Jews ofUkraine: Brief 104 This book was the was book This 31 CEU eTD Collection from the periodization framework. isfor reasons can be the missedout narrativesthe age, historical which guessed, as Cossack Ukrainian in termed usually period The Commonwealth. Polish the of demise the till century 14 middle in the kings Polish by Galicia of principality Ruthenian the of “occupation” “Under four coversover the Polish of rule” centuries and from history,Ukrainian Jewish the section the Jews, Ukrainian of history the of outline” “Brief in the example, For revival. narrating history:neither Ukrainian of works these the accepts scheme Ukrainianof national developments in Ukrainian lands, yet this does not mean complying with the dominant way of of “mutual ethnic and “rapprochement” theunderstanding” two groups. issues sake for the historical of from contented of accounts Jewish elimination revisionism: Ukrainian- as termed trend the with complies well in whole book the background, profession diverse and represent origin ethnic different haveits authors that fact theDespite andculture. history Ukrainian-Jewish of encyclopedia an of agenda the with monograph collective a is as various points of the texts. befound at anintegral can and whole, not constitute does and Haskalah, assimilation the within the Jewish community isinformationThus, rejected. also Jewish about emancipation, The lastZionist book, perspective. and anti-assimilationist an from written text consistent most the as important extraordinarily Leonid Finberg, Volodymyr Liubchenko. (Kyiv, 2005). 109 (Kyiv, Liubchenko. Volodymyr Finberg, Leonid History,” “World courses “History and secondary of Ukraine” school asasupplement tothe designed 108 5 istoria”) “Vsiemirnaya 107 th Khonigsman, Nayman, edition. Narysy z Istorii taKultury Yevreyiv Ukrayiny Yevrei vUkrainie.Uchebno-metodicheskie materialy (prilozhenijekursam k “Istoria Ukrainy” I In their periodization scheme, all of the books take the perspective of political Another publication, Another 107 Despite the fact that it has not been used in non-Jewish schools, itis been fact itschools, the in non-Jewish not Despite that has used [The [The JewsUkraine: in Atextbook] ,ed.Ilya Kabanchik.(Lvov/Dniepropetrovsk, 2004). Yevrei Ukrainy Yevrei The Jews in Ukraine: A textbook A Ukraine: in The Jews , Part1,passim. A Survey ofHistory the andCulture of Jews inUkraine 109 On the other hand, a scheme based on the processes [A Survey of History and Culture of the Jews of Ukraine] Ed. , by Ilya Kabanchik, was Kabanchik, Ilya by , , 108 32 th CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 110 Europe Western in than safer relatively only was there life their because feudals” Lithuanian Jewsage”: the seek haven came to “inUkrainian lands ethnic occupied by and Polish interpretation of Kabanchik,Ilya Jewishlife inmedieval Poland was alsofar “golden from a merchants, German of immigration the of because worse,” for the Jews changed the of situation “the III, Kazimierz king Polish the by principality Galician of “occupation” the with that claims who created competition, and the spread of Catholic Church. subsequent generations of Jews in Ukrainian lands. spiritual the emphasizes from start the textbook Kabanchik’s migration, Jewish of connectionwave and different ethnic whereasis works other the thatdiversity tell Greek colonies.about Interesting Sea cost of the Jews with the land of Israel, and at the same time, with all unacceptable. Accordingly, Yakov Khonigsman , one of of authors of the ,one Khonigsman Yakov Accordingly, unacceptable. becomes Jewry Polish the for age” a “golden time as describe this to oppression, social and national of time the as characterized istraditional history Ukrainian of accounts in the its own framework, all the three make certain concessions it.to Since the period of Polish rule Jews of Kiev” the affected which also “a as riot only event same the characterizes reconciliation, interethnic Judaism and of refusal toconvert. Jews the pogrom, but from the contextbutunfortunatelypogrom.last”; does First, speak not not about reasons the theauthor of it is possible placeinand infirst Kiev “the discontinuities. Thus, downplays already 1113, took there to assume that main reasontheir belief in perennial existence of Ukrainian wasnation, Kabanchik’s work createsChristian continuities anti- Ibidem, p. 20 Narysy, p.35. Ibidem, p. 11. Ibidem, p. 8. All the three books begin their narrative with the first Jewish settlements in Black the settlements Jewish first with the begin narrative books their All thethree Yet despite neither of the books accepts the narrative of Ukrainian national history history national as thenarrativeof accepts Ukrainian books neitherof despite the Yet 112 111 The 110 Similarly to Ukrainian textbooks with Survay , written from the position of The Jews ofUkraine 113 In the In 33 , CEU eTD Collection Cossacks (20.000). the of numbersvictims lowest of the provides also this work three, Among the reception” on the Jewishmassacres incommunity the context of 17 in Ukrainian lands was not so horrible as a their “subjective 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 in Jewish history. The earliest textbook, two-volume by survey written inis 1993, informed Holocaust. wars andthe rebels but did not betray the faith of their ancestors, and draws a parallel between the Cossack to the fall victims Jews who heroism of martyrdom and the about in stories relates detail Hrushevs’kyi. and alsorefersto “anti-Jewish Khmelnyts’kyi, of stance” Bohdan about of church. describing Jewsby Catholic the persecution Polish violence anti-Jewish Cossack about extensively writes hiscorroborate accountMykola byreferring to Kostomarov andHrushevsky. Mykhaylo author of in 19 the Interestingly, this topic got tobe avoided only in the 20 such belongcases. to Khmelnyts’ky revolt during cause.Jewishmassacres even for agood nobility. by their peasants, competitors-merchants, clergy,humiliated by and abused the had no civic rights and were totally dependent on the whim of the rulers; the Jews were hatedof the time. In Poland, the Jews suffered from religious fanaticism incited by Catholic Church, Ibidem, pp.33-34. Ibidem, p. 33. Ibidem, pp. 56-57. Ibidem, pp. 54-55. Ibidem, pp. 51-52. Ibidem, pp. 16-21. Narysy Yet the most important elements of national historical tradition are hard to sacrifice Remarkable dissimilarity characterizes the books’ modernity treatment thebooks’ of and tradition characterizes Remarkable dissimilarity 114 , p. 51-54 th The Jews of Ukraine The Jews of century, it Thus was by many historians. classical century, of covered the works Ukrainian 120 119 The “revisionists” The th (Aleksandr Nayman), telling about the massacres,telling (Aleksandr the was Nayman), about able to century religious wars in Europe, andarguesthattheir in effect wars Europe, religious century Survey th 116 century century Ukrainian historical writing; butprovides balancea certain by , on the contrary, represents the represents contrary, the on , 117 Ilya Kabanchik openlywrites 118 115 He He 34 CEU eTD Collection underscore a major difference between the Jewish Enlightenment in andin Ukraine Europe: Jewish Enlightenment the between amajor difference underscore and nostalgia. respect image this who with with treat those Jew”, but “a shtetl over toexpresstheir superiority smile” who“ironically with not those sympathizes Kabanchik end, the In generations. subsequent to be transmitted could then which values, narrow world-view and conservatism. Yet, the shtetl nurtured and preserved traditional Jewish century). movement. (He ethic and religious pointsa democratic but a retrograde, not is Chasidism him, For life. of way out that some Chasidim left for the “Holy land” and as rules” Talmudic call “devaluated”. and Medieval phenomena, rabbinic authority already in late 18 125 124 123 122 became “a stronghold of the medieval way of life.” 121 life” Jewish of conditions “local by as stimuli external muchso by not prompted a nativeprocess, as (Haskalah) Enlightenment Jewish the represent 18 late about Judaism and Jewish traditional with rabbinic together Jewishself-government, communal treat authors the Consequently, way of life, as a social atavismby and,in outlook, secular addition, bears theimprintof Soviet-Marxist historiography. of pre-Modern time. Writing Ibidem, p. 75. Ibidem, p. 73. Ibidem, p. 39. Khonigsman, Nayman, Yevrei v Ukrainie consciousness.” self- took national another path movement this […] Ukraine In and religion[…] of forefathers’ the lead abandoning to of Jewry, most assimilation mass of strengthening its adherents to the The Haskalah movement in Ukraine, unlike in Germany, where it was conceived, did not lead to the Curiously, both In its the by turn, textbook Kabanchik ismarkedIlya bynostalgiafor the traditional 122 The author concedes that conservatism of the shtetl Jews led to a certain isolation, a certain Jews ledto theshtetl of conservatism that concedes Theauthor th century, the Yakov Khonigsman “religious Aleksandr century, Yakov the Naymanand depictlaws , p. 40-44. , p. 125 Yevrei Ukrainy The Jews of Ukraine The Jews of , Part 1, p. 73. Hasidism is also blamed forits “negative” role, since it , and the textbook by textbook Kabanchik to , and the attempt 124 . Khonigsman and Nayman and Khonigsman . 123 121 35 th CEU eTD Collection 130 2003), pp. 97-118. Zielinski and MonikaAdamczyk-Gabrovska Wydawnictwo (Liublin: universytetu Curie-Sklodowskiej, Marii asymilacja: Studia zdziejow zydovskiejludnosci naziemiachpolskich w rozbiorow,okresie [The Paths out of Ghetto: Remarks about Assimilation Process among Galician Jews], article: Lucia Kapralska “Drogi z getta. Uwagi o procesachasymilacyjnych w spolecznosci Zydov galicyjskich” 129 [politically] naive”(Ibidem, p. 264). Dubnov writes that “actionshis [the struggle against traditional culture] would have beenignoble had it not been reflection of Westernliterature the […] onthe somber faint horizonof“a (Ibidem, Russia.” 188). p. AsforLewin Levinsohn, Mendel called and phenomenon Western entirely an as Haskalah the perceived historian Dubnov, “penetrated” from Europe into the local “dark realm” of stagnant Rabbinism and irrational Hasidism (SimonM. former Poland with that of Simon Dubnov,who wrote that new ideas of Enlightenment, literally as rays of light, 128 127 Judaic Studies, No 336; Providence, 2004). Sinkoff, Nancy see Commonwealth, 126 reject the language of his people – Yiddish.” ( Much is to attention figurethe “the devoted of philosopher from Satanov” –MendelLewin with another group, another with identification – national the assimilation abeneficial process, isby theJews- regarded usually high culture of European adoption – the Whileacculturation similar. rather are texts, analyzed Jewish about opinions assimilation, Instead, acculturation whichcanbefoundinand the “defended dignity hisof people andits religion”: argues, asthetextbook Baer who, of Levinsohn, firstRussianEnlighteners”, Isaak the tried to “correct” the Jews. The introduction of secular education among the Jews isdescribed Jews the among education secular of introduction The Jews. the “correct” to tried government regime, Russian of policy assimilationist the to similarly Austria, in reforms: among Ukrainian-Jewish youth. identity adistinctive of promotion the by and assimilation, Jewish forms any of criticism the role of assimilated groups in history of Ukrainian Jews). 1749-1823 Definitions of assimilation and acculturation inthe context of the history of Galician Jewry can be found in Ibidem, p. 51. It is interesting to Khonigsman,compare Nayman, this p. 74. interpretation of the origins of the Haskalah in the lands of the On Mendel Lewin (Lefin), and on specific features of the Haskalah in the lands of the former Polish Yevrei v Ukrainie contrary, he believed that they should adhere to their national traditions. national totheir adhere should they that believed he contrary, Unlike European maskilim, he did not call the Jews upon rejection their national distinctiveness. On the Among three the texts, the by textbook by KabanchikIlya standsits harsh out History oftheJews inPoland andRussia ), 126 who, according authors, “unlike tothe Mendelssohn-kind did enlighteners, not , passim. 129 –is uniformly condemned (although differently authors the evaluate Out of the Shtetl: Making JewsOut ofthe PolishBorderlandsModern inthe 130 Thus, the author negatively assesses even the Josephine the even assesses negatively author the Thus, (Bergenfield,NJ: Avotaynu2000) Inc, pp.114-115)., The 127 Similarly, Kabanchik tells in detail about “one about in detail tells Kabanchik Similarly, 128 Ortodoksja, emansypacja, ed. Konrad (=Brown 36 CEU eTD Collection other authors, writes about heroic deeds of heroic wars. inimperial deeds of soldier writes about Jewish the authors, other 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 with little enthusiasm. against the Jews.” the against ritual “argued accusations of Jewishresidence, against and Paul some restrictions abolished Nayman) finds some positive moments in the official policy. Thus, he writes that the Emperor supporters;” 19 subsequentrulers. the Catherine continuingEmpress with Iand the with Jewsstarting of the persecutions tells about the title, to accordingly and, country,” The Jews of book the In others. the than criticism harsher express some but negatively, Jews Ukrainian describe inpersecution books Jewsin the All empire. of this Russian period of history the the Ukrainians. with their people. Moreover, in Ukrainian lands it put the Jews intoantagonistic relations ties with the severing and values Jewish of rejection total nearly meant but mobility, social greater national ones. national proudly tells about the success of Jewish manufacturers, doctors, and scholars, doctors, manufacturers, Jewish successof the about tells proudly the high integration of at least apart of the Russian Jews into imperial society. Ibidem, pp. 144-157. Ibidem, p. 138. Ibidem, p. 137. Ibidem, pp.133-137. Ibidem, pp. 119-120, 140. Ibidem, p. 111. Ibidem, pp. 109-110, 114-118. Yevrei vUkrainie Ibidem, p. 53. th - early 20 Nayman Zionism writes mostly about as ideology an developed abroad. Another element of Jewish traditional historical narrative stemming from Dubnov is Dubnov from stemming narrative historical traditional Jewish of element Another 132 137 Ukraine, the chapter on the Jews in Russian empire is titled “Aliens in their own in their “Aliens is titled empire Russian in Jews the on chapter the Ukraine, th 138 century, he century, argues, “Zionism among the Jews, had muchmore opponents than political with movements moresocial agenda much popular than any were The subchapter “The Jews in Industry, Science, and Culture,” in his book, in his Culture,” and Science, in Industry, Jews “The subchapter The , p.57. 134 Describing the hardlot of Jewsthe in Russianthe army, Nayman, unlike 131 Kabanchik points out that assimilation of the Jews allowed for 133 Yet the author (Aleksandr author Yetthe 135 139 136 testifying to In late- the 37 CEU eTD Collection Jewish community of in Ukraine worldthe Zionist movement. Zionistand Vladimir politician emphasizes Jabotinski (1880-1840), (Zeev) a role of the describes heroismthe of settlers first the in Palestine, provides biographya detailed of the their people; he thus pays much attention to birth the in movementPalestinian of Russia, promoted national language (Yiddish). promoted who writers, and means, available by all Jews the who helped werephilanthropists, these convert. possibilitynarrow a had Empire Russian of Jews the textbook, the to According means.” subtler of choice: only with “correcting, policy of the of continuation as the characterized are Alexander II Tsar eitherby themfromtheirdepriving identification.”“national to Jews the to“correct” as attempts are termed imperial government, by introduced the reforms suffer from Generally,all ghetto.” “a disgraceful of Settlement Pale calls the Ages” and since Middle poverty abolition of Ukrainian thatJewish autonomy). Hereminds in residence Russia“wasforbidden and the refers to author (the persecution, territory” the unify and power the centralize autocracy, strengthen suffering, negatively characterizes in enlightened absolutism Russian empire, which“tried to or assimilate their national and religious traditions. and abandon Jews the make to intended was legislation of system the all anti-Semitic: as century 144 143 142 141 140 Ibidem, pp. 61-63, 70-72. Ibidem, p. 58. Ibidem, pp. 56-57. Ibidem, p. 46-49. Narysy, p.69. Luckily, Kabanchik writes, there were some Jews who did not repudiate theirnation; not whodid weresome there Jews Kabanchik writes, Luckily, Ilya Kabanchik, history whose indeedof Jewsisthe a of tale persecution and The 142 Survey generally Russianimperialdescribes policy Jewsthe towards in 19 the 140 143 But Zionists, in the long run, did the best service to 141 Even moderate liberal of liberal reforms moderate Even 144 38 th CEU eTD Collection argued against the policy of argued against policy imperial the in governmentof Russian favorof and Jewish legal who Kostomarov, Mykola and Drahomanov Mylhailo activists national Ukrainian to refers He Jews.” andthe Ukrainians facedby the between problems the similarity the of realization the to comes intelligentsia[…] “Ukrainian supportive: not if sympathetic as time the of intelligentsia national Jewish and Ukrainian between relationship the represent he contrary, understates anti-Semitism of nascent Ukrainian nationalistmovement of 19 Whereas Kabanchik writes explicitly about anti-Jewish violence of 17 of violence anti-Jewish about explicitly writes Kabanchik Whereas quotation: a is worth “evidence” such theJews.One towards attitude tolerant” his“rather of evidences Ukrainian genius TarasShevchenkocan be perceived asanti-Semitic,in but fact there are ofthe in thepoetry “some expressions” that forhe follows, none, s asecret It Judeophobic.” term hastily and works the views of a number of Ukrainianprominent figures as letters. of men and activists political Ukrainian and Russian 146 145 sympathetic Thus towards Jewsamongthe 19 factors. Naymanwrites aboutattitude external by it explain to or issue, the downplay to either try they instead, anti-Semitism; authors histories“Jewish”of Ukrainian modern are rarely “popular”explicitabout or political attitudethe of national 19 activists of Ukrainian with historical 1991- official the narrativepost Ukraine.Much more of is problematic issue Ibidem, p. 162. Ibidem, pp. 161-167. study-room, andkeptwriting[…] the for leave never would he any case, In poet. the bother not did apparently talks, noisy Jewish] is, [that then was crowded by Jews,At the time ofwho the poet’swere stay incoming [the city of] Pereyaslav,business the drawing to roomthe where house he worked nowowner and A. Kazachkovskii. Their In any case, the condemnation of Russian Empire and its national policy well agrees 146 th - 20 th centuries towards the Jews. The Jews. the towards centuries 145 Yet, he warns, “itis possible to th -18 th century. On the On century. th centuries, he centuries, th century 39 CEU eTD Collection istorii) 149 148 Potichnyj, 2 Political Thought,” was to stop this practice. See: Ivan L. Rudnytsky,“Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Nineteenth-CenturyDrahomanov alsoUkrainian believed declarations. thatJews anti-Semitic exploitedhis for the Ukrainian infamous people, became and the and aimpresent, ofand past legal emancipation,Ukrainian for in Jews him,of the role negative personage indeed condemned discrimination of the Jews by religious criteria, but firmly believed inasocially hard to refrainfrom the comment that Kostomarov is astrangest choice to support the authors’ point: this 147 finds itis impossible toacquit Petliura from responsibilitythe for pogroms. he Inthe end, declarations. oneofhisanti-Semitic quotes and often) was“contradictory,” republic in Symon 1919-1920 Petliura (whosename iswith associated pogromsthe most leader Nayman Ukrainian out that thethe of of the points Yet attitude also government. atamans” formally subordinated Ukrainianto the Army,butdiscredit trying to Ukrainian Volodymyr whoputthe blamefor pogroms Vynnychenko, the “black-hundredthe on politician (Nayman) Ukrainian the to refers author The anti-Bolshevik propaganda. 1918-1920: anarchy, social andcontradictions mental between city the countryside,and the Jews, and the authors of Ukrainian-Jewish histories couldnotavoid issue. this part anonymousonly military masses, butUkrainian inlooting took units murderof and the in when violence 20 anti-Jewish the Yet it to comes from most pogroms,the even though of them placetook in landsof the present-day Ukraine. arenever areacquitted inanalyzed ethnic texts, Ukrainians described Consequently, terms. mightthat have mutual the prevented understanding. forces external at hints time same at the but sentiments anti-Semitic nurtured intelligentsia emancipation. the support Ukrainian national aspirations received from the Jews, and recognition of from Ukrainian this recognition received of Jews,and the aspirations support national the F. Ya Gorovskii, Ya S. Khonigsman, A. Ya. Nayman, S. Ya. Yelizavetskii; Khonigsman, Nayman, Kostomarov indeed condemned discriminationof the Jews by religious criteria, but firmly believed in a . (It is [The Jews ofUkraine (Brief historical outline)] Part II (Kiev, 1995), pp. 15-23. The book is It noting, the worth participants that in ofpogroms inRussian empire, all the Ilya Kabanchik, writing about UkrainianIlya Kabanchik, Republicabout writingPeople’s of 1917-1918, underscores nd ed. (Edmonton, 1990), pp. 71-77. 147 The author admits that some unnamed representatives or Ukrainian or admitssome unnamed Theauthor representatives that The JewsUkraine of Ukrainian-Jewish inHistorical relations Perspective Yevrei Ukrainy, p.87. (Part II) lists various causes of during the Civil War in 148 th century the situation differs; now, not , ed. by Howard Aster and Peter Yevrei Ukrainy (kratkii ocherk 149 40 CEU eTD Collection were killed). He blames the Germans for organizing the pogroms, but points out that they but outthat points for pogroms, the organizing He blamesthe Germans were killed). 5000peopleaccomplices” cities, hementions in the other about (Among Ternopil pogrom Western Ukraine inearly July “with 1941, organized helpthe provocation of the by Hitlerites’ notdo attemptacquitto Ukrainians. Thus KhonigsmanpogromsYakov writes about in collaboration in the Holocaust. The other two books writes about it more orless explicitly and murderous. by pogrom the hadcommitted (Russian)Whitethe Army largest-scale andwere most the that believe researchers numerous, most Army the by were Ukrainian the perpetrated pogroms subordinates for participation inmurder the of Jews. shot his 92 toof he ordered that andunderscore preventpogroms spreadof the of Petliura to attempts They the describe propaganda.” without help Bolshevik the of the pogromsthe “not government. for“misfortune” Ukrainian the 151 150 the for war” Civil and revolution Volodymyr Hrynevych, who wrotedefeat of Ukrainian national movement.the chapterand concludes military participation that ledof Ukrainian in units eventually pogroms tothe “The Jews of pogroms helevel”) detail andvividness, writes about of great andpeasantry. In 1918-1920 Ukraine at the“Judeophobia”about of majoritythe of politiciansUkrainian (“especially of middle andlower time of the by support top-levelthe Ukrainian politicians HrushevskyiandVynnychenko.he Yet writes 153 152 Ibidem, p. 135. Ibidem, p. 131. Narysy Narysy As will be showed below, the below, be showed will As In contrast to the other authors, Ukrainian historians Liudmyla Hrynevych and Hrynevych Liudmyla historians Ukrainian authors, other the to contrast In , p. 129. , p. 132. 153 Survey Survey 150 , describe the pogroms not as a fault but as a display similar position in the issue of Ukrainian of issue inthe position similar display 151 Petliura, they argue, became associated with 152 The historians claim that, whereas the 41 CEU eTD Collection 158 157 UPA (p. 204). by OUN-indoctrinated policemen in 1943, apart from asingle case where he writes that some Jews foughtthe Ukrainian in the Insurgent Army; tobe sure, he does not mentionat all this military organization, joined en masse the police subordinated to the Nazi administration. Neitherdoes he mentionabout relationship of the Jews and inWesternunits Ukraine summerin 1941, many of which participated inanti-Jewish pogroms andjoined later 156 155 154 tradition, Ukrainian post-Soviet the and Soviet the with Along issue. contentious the mention barely Korohods’kyi Zhanna Kovba Yurii and authors its and resistance” The Holocaust property. for Jewish and their greed fate theJewish to population non-Jewish of indifference about city. tothe got Germans before the the Jewish cemetery seven on Jews shot Sambir, after who, “declared Sovietthe retreat, himself Ukrainianmethodically and police” of city Stary manUkrainian intheWestern caseof a Ukrainian ahorrifying herelates Instead, ideology nationalist of Ukrainian inextermination Jews. participation the was the of police of consequence Logical Poles.) the toward nationalists of Ukrainian radical hatred the documentsquotes testifying anti-Semitism to among the OUNleadership. (Healsomentions Organizationthe Ukrainian Nationalistsof (OUN)and the Nazi Germany, extensively and usually accomplices.” calls “local them apartYet, from mentioningis the Ukrainian specific he police, not collaborators aboutthe and happen serve rabble who occupiers.”the to of all and kind police, Ukrainian among from activists local by “the helped were actively Ibidem, p. 190. Ibidem, pp. 185-189. However,Kabanchik does not write about the role of the OUNorganization in Ibidem,of p. 143. militia Yvreyei v Unrainie v Yvreyei Yevrei Ukrainy neutral, indifferent attitude of the majority of population. without the support by the auxiliary police, without active help of all kind of accomplices […], without Hitlers’ executors would not have beenable to achieve total exterminationof the JewsUkraine in In contrast to this, in the between contacts prewar about writes He question. this in explicit more is Kabanchik 158 , Part II, pp. 129-131. , p. 189. Survey ’s chapter “The’s chapter Jewsof duringUkraine World WarII: 154 In general, he argues that 155 157 Healso writes 156 42 CEU eTD Collection written by Ivan Monolatii. Ivan by written approach is exemplified in one of the Ukrainians and as Jews ever-existing entities, andnotas communities in making.the This consider too, They, question. national the in perennialism - ones national Ukrainian with history. national Ukrainian on texts from differently quite traditions historical Jewish of elements books, dealtmajority.non-Jewish two within The other treat chapter, crucial this the write to an ahistory beJews inrepresents for which attempt acceptable Ukraine would of in whole book the However, relations. Ukrainian-Jewish of issues debated avoid to desire As it was already said, wereJews. onlybecausethey murdered Jewswere the specify that 159 appliedregion banks, Dnepraround the whole andwasnot to byethnic territory populated small arelatively “Ukraine” designated time atthe described, highlyis anachronistic: century late 18 of context Ukraine” inthe “Western yet very the term lands; Ukrainian Western Jews toescapedeath. manipulated by Nazis; the the second, those Ukrainians among whosometimes helped the mentionedwere in asunwilling who “Rescue”are first, only accomplices subchapter (!) the bytheNazis. exclusively wasperpetrated authors, these according to policy, anti-Ukrainian Jewsasapartof the extermination of they depict 164 163 162 161 160 Ibidem, p. 200. Ibidem, pp. 200-201. Ibidem, pp. 184-195. Ibidem, pp. 183-184. Narysy Narysy However, the analyzed narratives of Ukrainian-Jewish history feature amajor history share of analyzedUkrainian-Jewish narratives the However, is no doubt that this was a marginal part of Ukrainian society. It is impossible to establish how many Ukrainians participated inthe persecutionof the Jews. But there , p. 182. , p. 97. 162 Further on,Kovba andKorohods’kyi argue: Narys 164 This author treats Galician Jews as a national minority in minority national a as Jews Galician treats author This is a collective work, and not all its chapters display the same the display chapters its all not and work, collective a is Survey ’s chapter on inHabsburgEmpire, Jews the ’s chapteron 163 161 159 Ukrainian policemen Ukrainian 160 although later they later although TheHolocaust, 43 th CEU eTD Collection peoples – “victims of historical process, victims of oppressive regimes.” oppressive of victims process, historical of “victims – peoples two the between understanding mutual for called who Dziuba, Ivan dissident Ukrainian brought them each even mere closer two livingother than sidebyside. Hequotesthe andtheir own statehood wereoppressed by neighbors; their and thissimilarity must have fates – lacked peoples they hadsimilar two butinfactthe times;” even tragic were “dramatic, there relations Ukrainian-Jewish of history in the that admits Kabanchik Ilya Thus forces. identity byoriginnational firstplace. atthe determined demonstrates their status in subordinate narrative; in itthis general, reflects theidea of time same the at and history, Ukrainian of narrative the into Jews the include to author the 166 history historiography: Serhii Plokhy, 165 of Ukrainian proponents national cause. Ukrainians until beginningof the 20 the See, for example, the work which considers the difficult way of the term “Ukraine” into Ukrainian into “Ukraine” term of the way difficult the considers which work the example, for See, Yevrei v Ukrainie (Toronto: University of Press,Toronto 2005), pp. 168-170. The second similarity is that both the peoples are described as victims of of external victims as described are peoples the both is that similarity The second , p. 5. Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi and the writing ofUkrainian 165 th century, when the term was finally adopted by by the adopted finally was term the when century, In this particular case, such a perspective allows 166 44 CEU eTD Collection 60. 168 University Press,2005), pp. 251-274. century,” 167 Krakow suburb).In 1340Galiciathe by was overtaken king Polish the Kazimierz and III, within onein other the city,the and in ghetto walled one the Jewish communities: separate autocephalous church,Muslim and (From Jews.Tatars, 14 the Orthodoxgroups: Ruthenians, CatholicArmenians Germans, belonging totheir own principality, and from beginning very the it populated byvarious was ethnic and religious several one, national societies developed civil lines.” along competing were supplanted by new national ones. “As the result,” Hrytsak concludes, “instead of a single intermix; boundaries andin age,oldnot religiousandcultural structures the Modern and did social formed separate groups andethnic religious different Ages, theMiddle In experience.” multicultural failed “a of a story fact, in is, history city’s the that writes Lviv, of history culture. cosmopolitan a single into developed never however, which, traditions, ethnic numerous of city is a Lwow) (Lemberg, fifteen years has been reproducing interethnic boundaries existed for centuries.which Lviv last inthe commemoration public where Lviv, of case by the illustrated iswell level local the on Jewishhistory history and national of Ukrainian between representations the Separation Chapter 3.Lviv: Reconstructing the Ghetto Yaroslav Hrytsak, “Lviv: aMulticultural History through the Centuries,” See Philipp Ther, “War Versus Peace: Interethnic Relations in Lviv during the First Half of the Twentieth of the Half First the Lviv during in Relations Interethnic Peace: Versus “War Ther, SeePhilipp Lviv foundedwas in middle 13 Lviv: Lviv: A City theCrosscurrents in of Culture 167 Yaroslav Hrytsak, ina multicultural Yaroslav his to Hrytsak, prolegomena th century by the rulers of Galician-Volhynian of rulers the by century , ed.Czaplicka byJohn (Cambridge, MA:Harvard Lviv: ACityintheCrosscurrents th century, there were two 168 , p. 45 CEU eTD Collection 170 Crosscurrents 169 Jesuit-inspired pogrom of 1664 when dozens ofmurdered. were Jews andincludingcentury number of persecution,anti-Jewish riots religious of witnessed acases and 17 the hatred, into andcompetition intolerance Counterreformation religious turned and relationship Jews yetthe between in and Gentiles Lviv wasfarfrom idyllic. Jews.magistrate to give the up thetimes demanded and1655, both on otherthe hand.in TheleaderBohdan Khmelnyts’kyi,besieged Lviv 1648 Cossack who peasant and Cossack rebels on the one hand, and the predominantly thebetween Orthodox conflictof hostages becamethe TheJews wars. and Cossack uprisings Catholic elites of Poland and in ininterethnic coexistence ushered Polish Commonwealth of a decades-long period whichinthe churches, 17 early Greek-Catholic) (later andUniate Orthodox, Catholic, between confrontation religious population of city,the and eventually acquired and social demographical domination. themixed joined Poles time,Atthe Catholic lands. of crown the integral part an became later movement were abolished. By the time, the Jews of Lviv had already been well integrated well been already had Lviv of Jews the time, the By abolished. were movement number of social a and equality Joseph the Jews of Emperor religious acquired the by Patent Tolerance the rights. In 1867, toemancipation burden. increasedthe was,already in1789 road difficult Yethowever tax the last limitationsJews,initially often meant not new rights but the reestablishmentof of old social restrictionsJewish and rightsinbringing order relationshipthe between social different which,in the casegroups, of the and of their aimed at absolutism enlightened politics of Austrian The empire. province of newly created freedom of Ibidem, p 226. Waclaw Wierzhbieniec, “The Processes of Jewish Emancipation and Assimilation,” and Emancipation Jewish of Processes “The Wierzhbieniec, Waclaw Among the major events thatshaped the city’s history andinterethnic relations, was a After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Lviv became the capital of inAftera partition of Poland thefirst 1772,Lvivbecame thecapital Galiciaof – , pp. 225-226. th centuries brought an end to the relatively peaceful relatively the to end an brought centuries 169 170 He was denied twice; denied Hewas Lviv: ACity in the 46 th CEU eTD Collection burned. and looted were Jewish areaof residence in traditional the andhouses of dozens murdered, war, were it consequence of was an anti-Jewish The Jews, pogrom. whotook a neutral side during the “punished” immediate city; an the year, Poles recaptured samethe of the which till lasted November war, for Ukrainian-Polish of As the result military units. by Ukrainian capital,occupied projected was an allegedpoliticians proclaimed Western Ukrainian National Republic, andin afew days Lviv, as a disloyaltypass ahead antagonism. To of in 1918,Ukrainian Polishprocess, the state-building October to occupation, ensuing the and Ukrainian-PolishHabsburg empireexacerbated disintegration of Polish state. Aboutand Zionism, of none which dominated. 150trends, assimilationist pro-Polish and Jewspro-Austrian into apart fall in Lviv movement political were 174 173 1939). 172 171 in the struggle of Polish Ukrainian and nationalisms. Inlate 19 significantly improved their economic but and social status, could notand wouldcompete not Jews the (30-35%), to second place and the the Poles (15-20%).Thefirst place belonged(50-55%), among city’sgroups to national the overcome domination, Polish even though numerically only they occupied thirdthe place to tried Ukrainians (since and1867) province, influence theautonomous intheempire political their increase to strove Poles the Whereas aspirations. national Ruthenian/Ukrainian neighbors. non-Jewish their imperialinto society many and languagesthem of adopted (German and Polish) andculture of Ibidem, p. 238; Ther, “War Versus Peace,” p. 260. 232-238. ” pp. “Processes, Wierzbieniec, Hrytsak, percentage“Lviv”,The isapproximatep. 58. and to wholeregards the (1772- period ofAustrian rule Ibidem, pp. 226-232. The World War I, during which Lviv for several months Lviv Russian The World forwasunder several WarI,during which By By early 20 174 Although inthe reestablished Republic(1919-1939)suchmass of Polish cases th century, the city became a scene of conflicting Polish and 171 173 172 who after thefinal whoafter legal inemancipation 1867 th -early -early 20 th century, Jewish century, 47 CEU eTD Collection representations of of dominated. city the representations isnationalism issue; a inany debated upto beginningcase, the of 20 the of intheage imagery andethnic between anti-Modern developed prejudice continuity heretics. as Ruthenian Ortodox condemned time, same the at and, sentiments Jewish Sebastian Klonowicz, or descriptionthe of by city the Jan Alnpek) displayedanti- virulent “Roxolania” by poem the instance, city (for the about texts period, Renaissance the at Already of partiality andto one’s to,oreven owngroup restrained attitude condemnation of others. the Century Century to 1918,” 176 175 imagery beforeessential 1939, city’s part of the society. Polish into integration further by offered escalating political anti-Semitism and the promise of social advance and cultural achievement the between strained Jewswere the whereas animosity, toopen resentment from concealed variegated Poles and between Ukrainians relationship the never repeated, violence interethnic to be Jewish Poles and look for roast pork on the menu.”) like would Polish Jewswho “emancipated local of critical he the wasequally city. (However, in the Jews of large population traditional of Lviv with the appearance Asian” uncivilized himself “half- Jew,connected the (1808-1858), Franzos Karl-Emil aGerman-assimilated writer the Even one. as adesirable perceived wasararely palette multicultural the of element and even though the Jews were seen as an inherent element of the city’s past and present, this 179 a “European” outsider described Lviv asbeing rich strongand of by diversity.its position Ibidem, the p.89. from and Paris, and Vienna for Galicia left but ofBrody, city Galician the in born waswho 1939), 178 177 demarcated alongdemarcated lines, national andits heritage was newmeaning inassigned relations to Alois Woldan, “The Imagery of Lviv in Ukrainian, Polish, and Austrian Literatures: From the Sixteenth the From Literatures: Austrian and Polish, Ukrainian, in Lviv of Imagery “The Woldan, Alois p. 242. ” “Processes, Wierzbienec, Ibidem, p. 85. According to Woldan, the only exception is Austrian here the writer of JewishoriginJoseph Roth (1894- Ibidem, p. 77. According to Alois Woldan, the idea of multinational and multicultural Lviv was an was Lviv multicultural and multinational of idea the Woldan, Alois to According In the first half of the 20 Lviv: A City in the Crosscurrents th century, the city’s history and urban space were clearly were space urban and history city’s the century, 178 The presence of other groups was groups rarely celebrated, Thepresenceof other , p. 75. 176 175 yet this “multiculturalism” was rarely free rarely was “multiculturalism” this yet 179 th century century one-sided 177 The 48 CEU eTD Collection study. called Roza, the legend has no historical basis, but its different versions and interpretations deserve a special committed suicide morning.next Apartfrom synagogue’s the thefact that founderdaughter-in-law was indeed spend a night with an omnipotent Catholic bishop as a price for not turning183 the synagogue into a church, and 182 181 180 Vereschagin. by V.A. heritage history and city’s of the description of Lviv–a of Russianoccupation the memento waspublishedthere apeculiar In1915,inPetrograd histories. national of paradigms external incomparably lowerincomparably price for saving the synagogue.” an paid beauty “thewhich to according version, “less tragic” another, to refers also but saveitfrom Jesuits, herlife toby capturing the theandsacrificed synagogue hername to remnants.” “which Gothic synagogue the displays the description in to of and connection then, “exotic” types populating the city in the MiddleAges “already(the then Jews”),ubiquitous among the first, twice: mentioned Jewsare lands, the “Russian” all of “reunification” the synagogue of synagogue of Krakow suburb in(built 1632) andJewish butdescribes cemeteries, them Italian architect Paolo Romanoin 1584 and other landmarks of Jewish Lviv, such as the Great oldest synagogue ofLviv famous -the (“surrounded Rose bylegends”),Golden by an built the mentions briefly guide travel The culture. of national the asapart seen were that styles andheritage is history evaluatedbythe standardsof the architectural statehood, of Polish meaning in history the of fatherland.their In this history the text, Lviv isof closelybound to and heritage its of little knew but Ukrainians), (from city the defend to Poland of regions other camefrom who Polish soldiers, to andaddressed Orlowicz by Mieczyslaw written biases. andanti-women anti-Jewish author’s express the used to Ibidem, p. 79. A classical version of the legend tells of a beautiful Jewish woman Roza (Rose), who Ibidem, agreed to p. 78. Ibidem, p. 28. V. A. Vereschagin, In 1925, waspublishedthere first Polish-language the travel guide through city,the 182 Vereschagin briefly relates the “poetic” legend about aJewish woman who gave Staryi L’vov 180 In this high-quality illustrated book, written from written book, illustrated high-quality In perspective of the this [The [The Old Lviv] (St.Petersburg, 1915). 183 Thus the monument of architecture is of monument architecture Thusthe 181 49 CEU eTD Collection Majer (Meir) Balaban (1874-1941) reproved the Jews for not followingnot Majer (Meir) Balaban (1874-1941)reprovedtheJewsfor example the of other complain.used to asinAs late 1935, the prominent historian of Lviv and GalicianJewry Ukrainians and Poles, but this reaction was notso much belated as Jewish activists of the time have been a reaction to the virtual battle over the cityRuthenians-Ukrainians by expandingandcommerciallythe Jewishactive community. and its historyhouses in had been theancient street Rus’ka from allegedly (Ruthenian) taken over the wagedAlonglines,within Jewish the about same the hewrites the ghetto city the walls; too, there between Jewish district.” HisJewish district.” mentioning of legend related the is brief and neutral. Golden Rose synagogue with reverence, as “majestic”a building and a“spiritual center of the the Modernanti-Jewish pogroms samethe describes Krypyakevych and condemns time, early one of the two traditional areas of Jewish residence – Krakow (Zhovkva) suburb: (Zhovkva) – Krakow residence of Jewish areas traditional the of two one invaders in theinitially Ukrainian Lviv. Thisishow he describes demographicalthe history of 188 187 186 Lviv (richly illustrated)] (Lviv: Prosvita, 1932). 185 166, 168 172. 184 Lviv” Hrushevs’kyi important and an historian Ukrainian himself, in his“Historical walks through nationally consistent as its Russian and Polish predecessors. Ivan Krypyakevych, a disciple of minimal. considered categories. in esthetic mostly Ibidem, p. 80-81. Ibidem, p. 61. Ibidem, p. 14. Ivan Krypyakevych, Mieczyslaw Orlowicz, 185 The of attempts Jewish todefineauthors anddescribeheritage Jewish of Lviv might from the main Zhovkivs’ka street to the outskirts of the suburb. of the outskirts the to street Zhovkivs’ka main the from number, later began multiplying, and eventually got sonumerous that completely ousted the Christians in few but were princes, [Galician-Volhynian] ofthe time the at present already were which Jews, The First Ukrainian through guide citythe only inappeared was 1932,but asmuch does mention the Jews as actors of the city’s history; yet he ascribes them a role of Istorychni prokhody po L’voivi (z bahat’ma ilustratsiyamy) Przewodnikpo Lwowie 184 Their historicvalue,for Their wasapparently Polish readers, [A Guide throughLviv], (Lwow-Warszawa,1925), 102, pp. 186 [Historical Walks Through 188 187 At 50 CEU eTD Collection September2001. www.judaica.kiev.ua/Conference/Conf2003/39.htm 20 the in Heritage Material and Spiritual ofJewish Fate “The Conference International konferentsiyi”Dolya yevreys’koyi dukhovnoyi material’noyi ta spadschyny v XXstolitti” the Domainof the Preservationof National-Cultural Heritage] siokhranenia natsyonal’no-culturnogoi naslediya” [The activity of JewishCommunal Organizations of Lviv in 190 Artand of Polish Jews] (Lwow, 1935). 189 andcemeteries preservation, heavily synagogues dominated. worth early Modern considered “monuments” the among Again, region. the of cities other and in Lviv art Jewish of monuments the describe and professional restore to task the with Heritage, Artistic Jewish hadthepriority.minded assimilatedJews,ethnography contemporary inhis andengravings Jewish drawings like-topics, on andopinion, that of as well, and in Jewish art Modern collected interested was time.AlthoughGoldstein the andbeen at Jewish had wayoflife,which the art rapidly to disappearing devoted traditional 90 percentis of content About European Jewry. material the book’s of the culture East was a - decadesstudiesof complained heritage, of resultneglectingGoldstein’s on Jewish two museum. The book “Culture and Art of Galician Jews,” – the same publication where Balaban projected the to them donate to intending use, domestic and religious of items collecting Maksymilian calledGoldstein (1885-1942) for the creation Jewish museumof and started decades in began earlier: heritage collector actually Jewish immovable two 1910, the museum Jewish religiousof of community. Collecting andcompiling inventory Judaica the of inantiquities. preserving nationalities as early as in1902.The “Alt book by Lemberg” Samuely Nathan a represents Jewish of Ethnography.) of measurements synagogues and arebeing tombstones, keptin library the of Lviv museum the fruit of the Committee’s work - about 20 voluminous albums full of photos and Halyna Hlembots’ka¸ “Deyatel’niost’ yevreyskikh obschestvennykh organizatsyi L’vova v oblasti v L’vova organizatsyi obschestvennykh yevreyskikh “Deyatel’niost’ Hlembots’ka¸ Halyna Ɇ aksymilian Goldstein, In 1925, Jewish community of the city organized the Committee for Preservation of As for publications, the first work devoted particularlyJewish devoted first As forwas published publications, the Lvivto work Ʉ arol Dresdner. 189 Ʉ ultura i sztuka luduzydowskiego naziemiach polskich However, a year before Lviv saw the opening of the visited on June 1 2007. June on visited MaterialymizhnarodnojiIX naukovoyi th century”].Kiev, 28-30 [Matherials of the 9 190 (Today, [Culture 51 th CEU eTD Collection Enlightenment inand emancipation Empire. Habsburg Hecharacterized traditional Jews and among Jewish communities of the region.) its lost dominance Khmelnyts’kyi,Lviv drastically byBohdan siege Cossack wars the and 17 193 192 191 community in Jewish biggest the role as aparamount Balaban, played Lviv to Jewish history, according Ruthenian of Eastern-European context Inthe Jews. Ashkenazic advanced” “culturally of activities the lands, “the least,due to which its not and prosperity, significance “outpost of culture,” Western acquired city and mother an city as the heportrayed Franzos, Karl-Emil imagery of to “half-Asian” the contrast of Israel.”Balaban, who wrote a number aclassic map constitute Jewish inLviv. of sites of works on thethe cemetery, sometimes withearly the addition of the old Jewish district inModern Krakow suburb, depictswould in his book,history is the old Jewish Samuely which suffering, Jewish of history cemetery. with the connected site Another his attention. of Lviv Jewry.the Catholic In clergy. Thus the medievalthough he misspells the Cossack hetman’sJewish name), and with religious persecutionsghetto inspired by within theassociates Khmelnyts’kyi historicsufferings of bloody with Bohdan Jewish deeds (even city walls receives most of Jewish community of Lviv is the“one of oppression, endurance, and martyrdom.” women. Alois Woldan, contains toan early record of the famous legendwhose about the Golden Rose – the synagogue and the essay I refer by also city,in the tothe worksproduced on perspective national It other contrast camps. here, writes that for Samuely, the history of 194 th MajerBalaban, Ibidem, p. 87. Woldan, “The Imagery of Lviv,” p. 87. Ibidem, p. xxii. centuries] (Lwow: Nakladem funduszu konkursowego H.im. Wawelberga, 1906), pp. xv-xx. Himself highly assimilated to Polish culture, Balaban positively appraised Jewish appraised positively Balaban culture, Polish to assimilated highly Himself These landmarks Thesehave been landmarks studied popularized andfurther by thoroughly Majer Zydzi lwowsce naprzelomieXVI-go IXVII-go wieku 194 192 In the subsequent decades, the ghetto and ghetto the decades, subsequent the In [Lviv Jews at the turn of the 16 193 (However, after the 191 Samuely th and 52 CEU eTD Collection 196 1916), pp. 9-12. GaliciainRepublic andthe of Krakow 1772-1868](Lwow: Ksiegarni Nakladem Polskiej B. Polonieckiego, disproving legendelsewhere.) the whogave its the namesynagogue into detail great (even though he didmuch on work woman and pious generous the of sacrifice the legend about the Balaban relates work, In this ambivalence: brochure devoted to history the and heritage of Lviv Jewish exemplifies ghetto, this (“the in oldestsynagogue lands,”“a one in piece Ruthenian Ages”)his the of Middle anindispensableconstituted symbol Jewish identity.of The description Goldenthe of Rose for Balaban heritage, urban related alongthe with history, Jewish Modern medieval early and land where the synagogue had been built. Balaban believed that this 17 this that believed Balaban built. been had synagogue the where land the lawsuit betweenthe Jewishcommunity of Lviv and the orderof Jesuits who claimed their right on the plot of 195 Talmudic learning. “ossified” the to commandadherence and of forPolish poor andblamedthem and“boors,” Chasids - his contemporaries, and even those who lived acentury before him, as“simpletons” 198 forthe legend. 197 1909), p. 34. andin it to this way passed posterity.”the in it hiscemetery words, possessed,“Lviv buried[…] “pantheon”– the where, all good the building which, for him, had a “medieval or even Eastern appearance”, and the ancient Jewish Renaissance –the thesuburb synagogue of Great outside:the located totwoobjects work synagogues and communal institutions of the ghetto, and extends the geographical span of the MajerBalaban, MajerBalaban, Balaban, Ibidem, pp. 64-67.See also Balaban, long centuries. long Jewish life. The synagogue’ssynagogue] ancient walls emanateenclosedAll the history of the Jews inthe city coldness,is concentrated in this cramped courtyard [infront of the by thethe chill walls, of ages, theas shiverif symbolizing of the four the narrowness of ghetto and the sultriness of Dzielnica Dzieje Zydow w Iw Galicji Rzeczypospolitej Krakowskiej 1772-1868 Dzielnica zydowska. Jej dzieje i zabykti , pp. 98-99. 195 196 In short, he displayed no nostalgia for the past. And at the same time, Zydzi Lwowscy 197 In the same brochure, the author tells about other tells about author the brochure, thesame In 198 , where the historian gives an archival based account of account based archival an gives historian the where , [JewishDistrict. Its History Heritage]and (Lwow, th century historical event laid the basis [A History of the Jews 53 CEU eTD Collection city’s Polish community ceased to exist,was city’s preceded by Ukrainian-Polishceased to community conflict. a violentPolish the which of result the as Poland, and USSR the between population of transfer postwar The nationalists. andthe activeUkrainian radical role of local non-Jews, of mass participation the becamehundreds ofvictims, dueto possible Jewish claimed July 1941,which of pogroms means. nationalisms of the first half of the 20 of the city, completed the process of national of 100000 the of citythe homogenizationJews perishedin Holocaust.the of the Enthusiastsits of preservation Balaban – Majer and Maksymilian with along Goldstein, 98% urban space that rival perspective 200 City intheCrosscurrents 199 16 the war. As the from result, little very suffered city the of buildings todayother time, same At the destruction. Lvivintentional boasts of an almost intact urban architectural complex of houses still remind that the district once had been something else than it is nowadays. residential of doors the at few mezuzah openings a and Bet-Hamidrash, andthe synagogue former Great the of site the at spaces empty Rose, Golden the here, of ruins the better: fared relatively medieval ghetto theformer area of The knowledge. special without located be of the cemetery has been built up as a market, and the site of the destroyed synagogues site cannotThe photos. old on only seen be can presently which streets, whole even and exception), (with including suburb cemetery, synagogues Krakow of the a single all destroyed, the were Aharon Weiss, “Jewish Ukrainian Relations during the Holocaust,” the during Relations Ukrainian “Jewish Weiss, Aharon Culture,” of European Crosscurrents the in City A Lvov: Lwow, Leopolis, “Lviv, Czaplicka, John th -19 199 th The World WarII,which resulting indisappearanceof Polish and Jewish community Nearly exception,Jewish synagogues without cemeteries and of Lviv fallvictims to During and most the after World of War II, landmarksthe indicating theJewishnature centuries, which creates a stark contrast with the fate of the Jewish heritage. of Jewish fate the the with contrast astark creates which centuries, , pp.413-414. Yet ethnic cleansing of the city was not performed by external forces alone: anti- , p. 13. th century tried to, but could notimplement by their own Ukrainian-Jewish relations Historicalin Lviv: A 200 54 CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 201 publicthe “rebirth” offolk totherecent traditions construction of Ukrainian nationalists’ cultural activity, manifested through wereoften declarations andpolitical movement, Lviv has beenin homogenization. national late1980-ies, Since vanguard of the Ukrainian is only forsituation cultural demographical notthe the However, similar process. reason homogenized city. nowcanserve as Lviv a model of formerly multicultural a nationally the seven last decades, 6.400 (0,9%),Jews1,9(0,3%). Poles Russians (8,9%), 64.600 (88%), 639.000 follows: Ukrainians ass Lviv areestimated territories.” cultural in homogeneous way gave region of the to cultures heterogeneity “the prewarits Lviv lost 80%of population, approximately As the war, the of result pp. 304-306. 205 5 thousands. or 4 exceeds barely Lviv in the whole region, and the majority of them, apparently, are Lviv inhabitants. Still, the total number of Jews in of Jewish population might be higher: the charity organization Khesed Arye supports over 5.000 Jewish seniors 1.6% Jews and 1.2%Poles.) in livedinundisputed Ukrainians,16%Russians, there 1989, Lviv primacy the79,1% (in city last at acquired ethnicgroup Ukrainian,since thiscountryside this waspredominantly 1960-ies and 1970-ies lead influx tothe from of population and surroundingthe countryside, inthan little theprewaroneit. had and with continuity ButrapidofLviv urbanization in it incomparably smaller itsJewish community,of was USSR,Lviv reestablished although the from area core professionals,the of especially people, resettlement policy, encouraged which significantDue totheSovietcity’sdemographic constituted 35%. Russians population, while 44,2%of the in 1955,Ukrainians constituted group: ethnic any particular of representatives See http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Lviv/ Hrytsak, “Lviv,”p. 59. Czaplicka, “Lviv,” p. 13. Hrytsak, “Lviv,” p. 59. See: Kenney, Padraic “Lviv’s Central EuropeanRenaissance, 1987-1990,” In the cultural In cultural the domain, Ukrainianindependence,after especially Lviv a underwent The migration of population from areas inother period postwar the was limitednot to 203 Today, according to the census of 2001, main ethnic groups of maingroups ethnic the of census 2001, to according Today, 204 As the result of As theresult during demographicthe developments of the visitedJune 1 On 2007.Real number Lviv: City in the Crosscurrents, 201 whereas 205 from 202 55 CEU eTD Collection which look differently from Christian ones, and learns little their about meaning and purpose. can seecultobjects only visitor Judaism. essenceinto The the of insight provides any deep existent before the different religions inform advent wasto about inperiod, Soviet museum,the of purpose created the of scientific comprisingis items, ain atheism; exhibited section themuseum over thousand Judaism. The on thus the exhibit does not go into details or 206 17 of the Torah the of collection Ukraine Lviv Museumin stored ofcollection” interesting and thecomplete most The Jews. local History of heritage and history of Religion, whichinform to among hasaspecialpurpose the which about museums, noneof several thematic proudly distributed been had possesses Goldstein of collection the and museum Jewish city pre-war the of “the most significantEvidence this befoundto can inpermanentLviv museums. exhibitions publicof Collections in andits agendas inhabitants. of Lvivand contemporary to the completely past, the unrelated in located “the Jews,” to belonging assomething heritage Jewish isof Its therepresentation policy localthe of community;Jewish andthe shaping of “European” multicultural trend. identity memory; public city’s the of homogenization national factors: three by influenced pantheon on cemetery.Lychakiv historical the 209 forthcoming). Bartov, 208 207 heritage.” of choice now poses itself with regard question the choice, of a question wasoften past city’s in the nation and ethnicity to of question recognizing or rejecting aspects of “much the as Czaplickaargues, AsJohn either. escape nationalization of process the not the city’s broad See: http://www.khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1161553853 On the virtual and physical erasure of Jewish heritage in Western Ukraine, and Lviv in particular, see: Omer see: particular, in Lviv and Ukraine, Western in heritage of Jewish erasure physical and virtual the On Czaplicka, “Lviv,” p. 31. Lviv: Sightseeing Guide Erased: VanishingJewish Traces of in Present-Day Galicia Ukraine The first factor is the most powerful, but the least interesting for the detailed analysis. 207 The representation of Jewish heritage of beenhasyears,lastin heritage of 15 theLviv, TheJewish representation of (Lviv: TsentrYevropy, 1999),p. 438. t -20 th 206 c.” , visited on June 1 2007. Historical and architectural could heritage andarchitectural Historical 209 Only a small part of this collection, this of part small a Only (Princeton University University Press, (Princeton 208 56 CEU eTD Collection 210 Jews.” Galician of Culture and “History seminar Petryakova of Academic which, Art,” inJudaica and Center AprilJewish the 2007, organized “Fayina created has there recently instance, for Ethnography, of Museum the In collection;. collectionpart of largestthe pre-war only fewthe a areexhibited. of Judaica, artifacts any without In historical Museumthe comments. which inherited of Ethnography and Crafts, And even this watercolorpresence in the city’s past is a 19 is displayedmuseums. in a Inseries Lviv of Historyother 19 rich history of the Museum,Jews in this particular city. theIn all probability,only in theexhibit eyes of a visitor these objectsthat do not evoke somehowany association with the reminds of Jewish of Europe” Publishing House, 2003). Museumof History, ofEthnographyCrafts, Museum and of Religious History,privatecollections 211 of Eastern Galicia (From themid-19 “The Religion Ethnography, theexhibition of Jews Museum co-organized History of the and practices rejected by nationalist historical discourse and absent in the city sphere, such in public and city the absent discourse historical bynationalist rejected practices commemorative some moreover, history; Jewish world of context the into put being is Lviv of history Jewish Here, of communication. network its own areoutside its of activities results the invisible however and is, it small however community, Jewish local by the performed already mentioned and which can be briefly termed as the ghettoization of Jewish heritage. infactand samethat tothe which cataloguewaspublished the the English, testifies trend was published acatalogue. http://jn.com.ua/community/lvov_2504.html Images of a Vanished World: Exhibition catalogue from the collections of theLviv ArtGallery, Lviv Museum This does not mean that the museums’ workers do not realize the valueStill itis largestthe collection of Judaica permanently exhibited in Lviv public of the Significantly different strategy of the representation of Jewish past in Lviv has been has Lviv in past Jewish of representation the of strategy different Significantly 211 Yet the very title of very Yetthe of exhibition the title World”),(“Imagesa Vanished of th century depicting synagogue. century Golden Rose the watercolor th , visited on June 12007. June on visited , century to the first third of the 20 210 In 2003, LvivGallery, Art Museum the of th century views of the city, th century),” and century),” (Lviv: “Centre (Lviv: 57 CEU eTD Collection Halyts’ka Brama 214 5. 213 Halyts’ka Brama 212 Yakov Khonigsman and Ilya Kabanchikamong professors.the In1990, Professor Rudolf with resistance,”) Anti-Fascist and the Holocaust “The Israel,” of “History Ukraine,” Jews of “The history,” in Jewish period (“Biblical culture history and Jewish on courses selective several students the studies offered and in Jewish aspecial program ethnography opened Jewish in studies curriculum the Lviv university;of as the university result, the chair of War.Patriotic Nazis the in against Great the who fought Lviv, history the of Jewry,world significantly, and, Jewish storiesnumerous about soldiers in Jews of history on the materials arepublished there topics, among other this newspaper, which became long-livedone of mostthe Jewishperiodicalsformer in the Union. Soviet In and history”), pupils there“Jewishtraditions studied organized school aSunday for children(inearly yearsofthe100 society activity, about there memorialputting upa victimsthe to of war-timethe ghetto(1992),the society Jewish in base synagogue buildings the city. itselfableextant still inof two the one to 1988, there wasfounded Shalom Aleikhem Jewish Cultural Society, which was eventually and community Jewish newLviv was of first totake opportunities.among the On July 7 cultivated. been has War, Patriotic in Great the Union Soviet the of victory the of as thecelebration War II). 520 members andhad participation about the weeklymeetings andlectures Jews inof World adults, and a club of Jewish veterans of the Great Patriotic war (in 1990, the club comprised Teodor Mochuls’kyi, “Yevrei – veterany viyny u L’vovi” [“Jewish Veterans of the Great Patriotic War”] Patriotic Great ofthe Veterans [“Jewish uL’vovi” viyny veterany – “Yevrei Mochuls’kyi, Teodor B. Rechyster, “Yevreys’ka nedil’na shkola u L’vovi” [“Jewish SundayCommunity”] School Re-born inLviv”],of the [“Formation hromady” vidrodzhenoyi “Stanovlennia Parkhomovskyi, Arkadii In early 1990-ies, Lviv-based scholars of Jewish origin did some steps to introduced to some steps did origin Jewish of scholars Lviv-based In early 1990-ies, Perestroika enabled the revival of Jewish cultural and social activities in the USSR, 214 Since 1989,Shalom Aleikhem Society has been publishing amonthly “Shofar,” , p.25. , zhovten’-lystopad 1997,#10-11 (34-35), “Yevreyi L’vova”pp. 4-5. 213 Hebrew and Yiddish classes for Halyts’ka Brama 212 Apartfrom , p. 58 CEU eTD Collection 217 Events, Society, People] (Lvov, 1994) aretravel guides publishing The specialty house of Europe). Yeuropy” “Tsentr house (Centre lifeof communal scene 19 the Jewish of and Holocaust, the of site the tradition, cultural its specific with Jewry of Galician center the center), in cultural the oneroom occupies actually museum (which history, literarycommunal programs, such as a club for senior people, a club for those interested insociety, local several monthly,eponymous its runs own Theorganization publishes center. cultural a JewishArye wasfounded institution, in1993asa charity assumed butsoon theroleof communal library, andwhich a ismuseum looking afterof oldGalician Jewish people Jews.who live heritage.of virtual their reconstruction inIn the thecity andsmall the overviewregion. ofThus the historyKhesed ofwhich features combines of monographa scholarly and travel Melamed guide, provides an the Jews in the city, andand Vladimir –the author Melamed of about a book history the Jewsof inLviv. work, this heavily In relying on Balaban,had amongits collaborators Ilyaattempts Kabanchik, who wrote a school textbook of Jewish history,at refer dates back to 1997, and I have no information about the subsequent fate of this institution. this of fate subsequent the about 216 information no Ihave and 1997, to back dates refer 215 history. Jewish world and local on publications contains “Shofar,” to similarly which, bulletin, monthly eponymous and Political Studies of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Institute of National andintoof departmentJewish history atthe the culture was transformed eventually and of Jewish Education, Center Judaica and Lviv was later as which reorganized Myrs’kyi andfounded Yu.G.Shternberg for theRegional StudiesCenter of Jewish Issues, 218 See: http://www.hesed.lviv.ua/museum.html VladimirMelamed, ɊɭɞɨɥɶɮɆɢɪɫɶɤɢɣ See: http://www.hesed.lviv.ua/gazeta.html The “multicultural” strategy is primarilyThe “multicultural” by strategy represented publishing the of activity the Another culturally Jewishactive organization Lvivis Khesed Arye, mission primal of YevreiL’vovapolovina XIII– XX veka:obschestvo, Sobytiya, liudi “ 218 ȼɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɸɞɚʀɤɢɭɅɶɜɨɜɿ , visited on June 12007. June on visited , 216 , visited on June 12007. June on visited , th and 20 ,” Halyts’ka Brama, th centuries. The society publishes an 215 At different periods, the center the periods, different At p. 25. The The p.25. publication which to I 217 Lviv is represented as Lvivis represented [The Jews of Lviv: of Jews [The 59 CEU eTD Collection Antisemitism are mentioned in connection with the Modern age; and high development of development high and age; Modern the with connection in mentioned are Antisemitism and Zionism, Chasidism, Haskalah, The assimilation. against and rights of equality Lviv. AGuide. Text and Graphic idea: Yurii Biriuliov] (Lvov: Izdatel’stvo “Tsentr Yevropy”,2002), p. 1. 220 219 Talmudicscholarship. social and financial status; samethe time was markedby flourishingthe of culture and high Lviv Jewry of in representatives” text, achieved the “best centuries” the “golden the to Thus, according inhistory general. Jewish it with Lviv andconnects the history of Jewish city’s topography heritage.and built general of overview history the Lviv Jewsof enablesand them linkto thishistory with the brief with it ofLvivJewishcommunity, readers the provides primarily themembers among and distributed to directed Jewish press local inthe publications and non-Jewishfor audience, Unlike fragmented museum collections, episodic mentioning of Jewish topics in popular texts public. history forJewish general city available the information of of about a raresource to the generalguide. publication,sightseeing latter is Further, the since its Iwill guide. only contentrefer to close of since1988). Jewish cultural organizations activity the information alsoabout butwar, the destroyed during andcemeteries synagogues devoted to theold andrecenthistory of history Lviv Jews(mostly and reconstructions oflocal history, culture, and onlocaland it history; “Halyts’ka works publishesthebulletin Brama,” also to the devoted architectural heritage of Galicia. One of the issues of the bulletin was 221 Lvivother guides. among heritage built of Jewish coverage widest by the is characterized Yevropy,” “Tsentr Lviv: Sightseeing Guide Halyts’ka Brama, Yevreyskoye nasledie L’vova. Putevoditel’ The introduction to the brochure reminds the reader of the mostimportant periods of is and English, inRussianand Lviv” waspublished of “Jewish Heritage The brochure passim. 220 Later, materials related to the Jews were published ad a separate small totheJews adaseparate materialswere published Later, related 221 , passim. , The Austrian is period summed up the as struggle of for the Jews the . Tekst Igraficheskaya ideya: Yurii Biriuliov. [JewishHeritage of 219 The travel Thetravel Lviv, through guide publishedby 60 CEU eTD Collection it “forgets” about the memorial plaque on the wall near the Golden Rose ruins). near Golden Rose wall the memorial the on the about plaque it“forgets” (Similarly, spot. same the at situated presently victims Holocaust the to memorial modest the inform forgets to theabout brochure stood, oncehad theplacewhere Temple mentioning them, even if only in imagination. reconstruct invites thereadersto Holocaust, perished the of during district key the structures all that havingstated the The travel in in guide, destroyed 1942). and(constructed 1843-1846 Temple reformist the and prayer of houses Chasidic several including Judaism, modern-time of branches of numerous synagogues different weresituated suburb,there once, In Krakow and absent. ancient associations with the and which,drawings, evokes archival again, photos institutions. secular and religious well as as other district, the stopGolden brochure Rosesynagogue;with it, yetthe not synagogues does andtells other of to is the placedevoted The honorable Jewry. image of “traditional” with than the age rather 223 222 middle 19 suburb, bigger the itis portion of to devoted and streets the buildings whichemerged since Krakow in the district Jewish ancient equally the to proceeds and walls, city former the hopes without violating truth). the contemporary Lviv Jewry; yet wishful the alsoallowsthinking substituting problems with of situation actual the with than revisionism” “Ukraine-Jewish the of rhetoric the reverberates with more point last (This particularity. national their of development for and memory, legalized andintensified, while local the forJews strive both preserving theirhistorical became Ukraine, this process independent traditions. In toreviveUSSR setout destroyed the regionsfrom of the yetJews other history LvivJewry; of severed many-century author, the according the The Holocaust, to period. andjournalism Interwar the –with education, art, Ibidem, p. 4. Ibidem, pp. 1-3. Although the description of the city’s heritage starts with the medieval ghetto within ghetto medieval the with starts heritage city’s the of description the Although th century and are connected with the developments of the community in modern 223 Strangely, imaginarythe excludes present: the 222 The text is The by text accompanied 61 CEU eTD Collection 225 Ukrainian Relations,” p. 413. “Jewish Weiss, Aharon See: Schwartzbard. Sholom anarchist Jewish by the 1926 in killed was who Petliura, nationalists and the Nazis allegedly represented is as a retributionfor the death of the Ukrainian leaderSymon 224 or memory eitheraffect public to it beenunable Asfar,has past. the and crimes of conflicts opportunity integrate Jewish the to past into the city’s reminding history without about an shows it since future, in the trend important an into turn might publications other and “occupiers”). (“Fascists”, Nazis tothe ascribed train” death tothe victimsmasscamp; the been shooting of “had buried inhuge trenches”), or Jewish community of Lviv is describedimpersonally either Jews(the “had been by deported days.” “Petliura so-called the prisons of asthe site latter the locates map English-language asmall Only non-Jews. local of participation the mention to “Brygidki” and on Lontski Street. Nothing is said about the circumstances of the pogroms, not 1941 about 6000Jews were murderedin two pogroms place which took in prisonsthe and memory of the JewishThe last section tellscommunity about the Holocaust and specific places associated with the destruction of Lviv.guide Thus leadsthe readerthe reader learns the of section through penultimate years). The for 4 existed already hadit published brochure was the that Jewish already time bythe cemeteriesthough mentioned, even not is - inArye Khesed the at Julymuseum the – Jews Galician of the city, only one of which(Remarkably, in toculture onlymuseum the history theandspecifically city of the devoted still exists. brochure also serves the pre-waras Jewish museum leastat on papera and put togethervirtual the dispersed artifacts. Thus the museum of of collections Judaica inLvivmuseums. toreconstruct thecollection Theguideattempts of religious art and 19 traditions inlate Jewry Lviv of the of life local vibrant the at hints houses livingand shops, theaters, hospitals, of schools, list long Jewry. Yevreyskoye nasledie The anti-Jewish actionwhich took place inlate July 1941 is knownby this name because Ukrainian brochure inYevropy” this by“Tsentr multiculturalism promoted The retrospective various Jewish institutions:to The walk isdevoted communal the rest of historical the , p. 22-23. th - early 20 - early th century. A separate chapter of the brochure of chapter describes the Aseparate century. 225 224 Generally, extermination of the of extermination Generally, 62 CEU eTD Collection 227 anymore. garbage dumping for used being not had site 226 are dress” holiday in “clad Jews the calm: and is solemn district Jewish the Meanwhile, andcraftsmen. filled merchants with imagineis city busy to streets reader prompted the morning, Sabbath Onthe Christians. Jewsand the the between difference the emphasize community. Jewish the and administration city mutual the of satisfaction the apparently to present, the site upto onthe The fenceremains the Golden Rose remains,but also the memorial plaque to the Holocaust victims placed there. place for afewyears; in times but last the fence made not only visitors the forthe inaccessible motive protect mightfrom the ruinshavevandalizing, of beento step this have which taken metal fence. high The by atwo-meter Rosewereclosed anniversary, of Golden the ruins the of fate the in Jewish builtheritage its city. fall the the 750-ies In Lviv celebrated 2006, when rather than to her appearance. than to physical rather Jesuits in againstthe struggle the her anddetermination cunningness hererefers to “beautiful” epithet the community, the and to synagogue the in returning succeeded activewho woman an as isportrayed Nakhmanovich Rosa beauty, aself-sacrificial of instead details; “romantic” stood inwhich Rose, Golden is the therefers text further the with to ghetto synagogue the but suburb, Krakow within thein is, that Poltva,” river the hill and castle the “between is situated book in the district Jewish city. The legend the sites: different andconflates ascontemporaries, epochs different of personages represents of thehistory, Jewish of periods different Goldenmixes text remarkable This Lviv.” Jewish over “excursion Rose is related by textbook Ilya Kabanchik“the illustrates life of Jews in medieval Poland” by virtual the without its between non-Jewish and Jewish memory of the city. Aworkerof Khesed Arye,with whom Italked on May 6 2007, expressed satisfaction her that, atleast, the Yevrei v Ukrainie Curiously, the wall has been constructed from the both sides. The already mentioned already The sides. both the from constructed been has wall the Curiously, , p.25. 227 The time of the imaginary walk is chosen as to as is chosen walk imaginary the of time The 226 Accidentally, it symbolizes the wall 63 CEU eTD Collection of Ukrainian Cossack polity, the opening part of the museum exhibition is devoted the is to museumexhibition the of devoted of Cossack part opening polity,the Ukrainian remnants last the of abolition the after forfounded acity unexpectedly army. Quite imperial and Turlishagainst the its theland colonizing „oppressors” „liberation” by after Russian of Odessa history,is the according museum exhibition, to theUkrainian struggling people, protagonist the patterns: Soviet-nationalist the adheresto logic narrative Yet the commentary. verbal in and exhibits visual in both mentioned been has past city’s in the present Jewish public memory. non-Jewish and Jewish between separation a similar of degree to testify audiences non-Jewish for Jewish created and narratives inhistorical cities. both Yet history Jewish of representation Thus itidentity expectbe would and logical same to the politics the betweent difference nationalism is relativelypopulation is Russian either speakingbylingual,or low, in these aspects OdessaOne representsof major a starling centers contrastChapter 4.Odessa in Memory and Myth to Lviv.of „Other Ukraine” – the region walls. ghetto the where overwhelmingby more than even difference andreligious cultural essential by the divided domains separate majoritycommunities as two life of the andeveryday as aconfrontation, interaction their antagonists, of as represented are Gentiles and Jews.Jews the convert to Christians of the attempts 229 228 synagogue. the proceeding to data in the table represent the avereage of those on urban and rural parts of the region. of the parts rural and urban on 230 of those avereage the represent table the in data more to ethnic identification testifies than therefore to and linguisticaltongue,” situation.a „mother but spoken Moreover, language the not there is account no separate into takes data census the onOdessa,that noted and the See http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Odesa Ibidem, pp. 24-27. Visited on April 232007. In Odessa Museum of Local History, Local of Museum Odessa In 228 Listening to their talks, the reader learns about the failed the about learns reader the talks, their to Listening 230 unlike in the Museum of in Museum unlikein the of History the Lviv, 229 and the support of andsupport of Ukrainian the , visited on April 15 2007. It should be 64 CEU eTD Collection 231 exhibitions,modern but history of including Jews,the Odessalocal history, was also present place museum inthe asignificant occupied lifeinthe shtetl Jewish of representation history in ofRussianJewsand culture 19 to bring together the most substantial collection of artifacts and historical documents about the art and alsolead everyday life. Museum workers archival and library managed and research, traditional Jewish of items collecting at aimed Settlement of former Pale into the expeditions ethnographic museums, supported by city was the administration, which sponsored 19 the within nationalizinghistory. certainly paradigm the of reverbarate post-Soviet costume exhibited in museumthe might be legacy the of but nationalism,Ukrainian-Soviet ethnographic Ukrainian as well as cannons, and sabres Cossack hetmans, of portraits The narrative. historical nationalist Ukrainian the of element a crucial – hetmans and Cossacks Jewish culture. Jewish to authorities of Soviet attitude sympathetic the of manifestation last wasthe Saul Borovoy, November the according 1927,and tothe memoirOdessa-based Soviet-Jewish of historian anti-Semitism. The museum,named after Mendele Mokher-Seforim, was openedin symbolize the changes in Soviet policy towards the Jews –from the affirmative action stateto general description of civillians’the sufferings from German and Romanian occupiers. a topic extermination not constitute separate issubsumed and bya does of JewsinOdessa the andoccupation: of war the in interpretation the Soviet it completely remains However, terms. in neutral speak ideologically war the to about anattempt time andrepresents post-Soviet in journalists, wascreated military Soviet to partof museum,devoted the This latter war. Vera Solodova,“Odeskii muzey yevrejskoy kultury (1927-1941)” [Odessa Museum of JewishCulture] th In the museum exhibition, the Jews have been mentioned twice: for the first time, in firstfor the time, twice: mentioned been Jewshave the In themuseum exhibition, The history of Odessa Museum of Jewish Culture and the fate of its collection century population statistic, and for then in a separate exhibition on the Great Patriotic exhibition Great the on for theninaseparate and statistic, population century 231 Indeed, initially founded withinnetwork museum,the of the Soviet national th -20 th centuries. Accordingdescriptions, centuries. to visual 65 CEU eTD Collection the director of the library Vieta Maksimova, taken on April 23 2007. As Ms. Maksimova was proud to tell, 234 233 232 in premise. based same the library hasbeen withfounded OdessaPublicJewish since and 1993, was simultaneously active society, The ‘Moriah.’” of Learning Jewish House “The Communal titled officially Odessa museum of culture apparently Jewish perished. been apart of permanentthe exhibition of artifacts museum; this other and from documents in only “rediscovered” 1991. and finally till museum of1952 in Odessa archeological its depository the collection werekept part of ended war.A after the restored not exist was and to museum ceased the In 1941, been repressed.) upand Shalom Aleikhem.in (In the interim, four workers theof the museum in its first incarnation century,” aswell biographies had andas works literary of includingclassics, the same Mendele Museumrooms of life “reflectedthe museumexhibition of the masses in working Jewish 19 the of Historicalinpiled A new placemuseum a cellar. toopen attempt the took in1940.In anewlocation, 9 self-defense.) Jewish and pogroms Jewelry of (one projectsby the suggested museum the staff was materialscollecting on history the of in Kiev, where it was years itwas able torun several communal educational the projects: “The University program Moriah, , was receiving funding from the Joint Distribution Committee; due to this, for a few time,the wasJewishpersuade easy and proved in to issue).In1990-ies,this the society by library has beenGurvits, the Mayor(Eduard supported city the administration at of Odessa From the beginning,library center. the forOdessa Greekcultural example,the of to, contrast in general audience to was accessible library, public a of district basis the on library, created the that underscored She minority. a national to belonging Odessa in library public only My information about the library, “Moriah” society, and its museum of Judaica is based onthe interview Ibidem. with Ibidem. New Jewish museum in Odessa was opened onlyin 1995by a Jewish cultural society 234 233 As the library director Mrs. Maksimova proudly told, it was the Today, silver items of religious use from the collection have 232 Yet in collection museum wasclosed, Yet andits 1933 the 66 th CEU eTD Collection http://www.judaica.kiev.ua/Conference/conf2004/35-2004.htm Easternand Europe Collectionof Old Odessa], Materials of the 12 Anatoliy Drozdovskiy Yevreyskaya tema v chastnoy kollektsii staroy Odessy” [JewishTopics in a Private assembling materials onOdessa history related to various ethnic communities, and not exclusively Jews. See: 235 of youth Jewish Culture”sectiona the club with (1995-1998); “ Zionistmovement; Yiddish in culture and education Jewishmusic;1920-ies; and the revival and Odessaself-defense, Jewish room to thehistory pogroms, of Separate were devoted (activities organizations;Jewish institutions;of and Jewisheducational press). Jewish “Jewish Odessa” Jews); lifeOdessa of professional and city; cultural the into migration Jewish of (history in Odessa” “The Jews sections: thematic several comprised exhibition “Migdal.” society with Jewishcultural associated the collectors History of Odessa Jews“Migdal-Shorashim” wasfounded in 2002 by enthusiasts- the small temporary exhibition of publications about the history of Odessa Jews.) and has little local specific. (However, when I visited the museum in April 2007, I saw there a withconnected Jewishin life informs everyday its Odessa, mainly exhibition Judaism about few items a acquired private donations museum the dueto Even though literature. of religious acollection library,assembled in room the aseparate occupies museum,the which Gradually, Jewishbe assimilatedcould OdessanJewsabout traditions. usedtoeducate andsecular society a collection of Judaica – mostly ritual items that had nofunction). not do connectionprograms withthe and down, Odessa cut been has Joint the from funding but (Presently, history. Jewish of sites Zionist devoted to for children; several study groups activists); and excursions regular tothe were lectures the recalled, Maksimova Mrs. (as in Odessa Jews of history the about lectures –amongincluded“discussion” discussion topicsthe others, from local history); series of The biggest part of the exhibits comes from the private collection of Anatolii Drozdovski, who has been has who Drozdovski, of Anatolii collection private the from comes exhibits ofthe part biggest The Another Jewish museum in Odessa is of a completely different nature. Museum of the of Museum nature. different acompletely of is Odessa in museum Jewish Another In 1995, the Jewish community of Baltimore, a twin city of Odessa, donated to the – Jewish LocalHistory Collecting”,and th International Conference “Jewish history Cultureand Centralin , visited onJune 4 2007. 235 Initially, the museum the Initially, Biesieda ” (in Russian, ” (in 67 CEU eTD Collection “The least historical” city was simultaneously the most advanced in all social processes in all social advanced most the simultaneously was city historical” least “The status. Odessa’s indicates by exceptional Yet Dubnov unwittingly also superlative useof the and, future. for for consequently, total Jewish the insignificance of Jewish the past city the meant all historian these of for the world; Jewish with traditional the lackthe connection of historical of all cities,” all of historical religious denominations lived side by side. specific ambience a recreate to goal was Another its future. about raise question the to and condition, present of itseverydayand Jewishcommunity between flourishingOdessa of former the represent contrast the to life have ofdifferent periods been arranged in exhibitions) documents the (mostly old sameas the in old Odessa, observedhas artifacts and inthe museumfrom been very start) the Instead, abandoned. wherestrictly was not (which principle chronological therefore and Jews,” Odessa of history people of and recent old “an juxtaposition of analytic aimsat different newexhibition web-page,the museum’s ethnicrenew the exhibition. As Mikhail Rashkovetskii, the museum’s director, explains on theand repairwhich allowed to themuseumin premise flat (aprivate a 19 http://www.migdal.ru/article.php?artid=8882 237 http://www.migdal.ru/migdal.php?artid=1582 236 attention,mentioned although were andillustrated by a few exhibits. less even received time Soviet the of campaigns anti-Semitic and Holocaust The items ritual religious life of Odessa Jews – old photos of local synagogues, fragments of tombstones, and of lifeJewish communal in 1990-ies of – 2000-s.Only asmall exhibitionthe part to referred 238 University of Washington Press,1999), p. 70. Mikhail Rashkovetskiy,“Tol’ko li proshloye?” [Is it only the Past?] Jews] of Odessa History Museumof [The yevreyev Odessy” istorii “Muzei See: Quoted in Steven J. Zipperstein, J. Steven in Quoted In 2005,the museum received agrantfrom London-basedthe Rothschild Foundation, When patriarch the of historiographyJewish Dubnov Simon called Odessa “the least 238 he referred the city’s relatively young age, commercial nature, and nature, youngage,commercial city’s he the relatively referred Imagining Russian Jewry: Memory, History,Identity , visidet onJune 1 2007. , visited on June 1 2007. 237 th 236 century building), and to and building), century (Seattle and London: and (Seattle 68 CEU eTD Collection became a destination for numerous Jewish immigrants from whowould from Austrian Galicia, Jewishimmigrants for numerous a destination became from pogroms of 1881 and1905.Apart of inhabitants the ofSettlement, Odessa Pale the status, freeport of the loss the war and Crimean the after decline economic by either significantly affected not was growth this and non-Jewish, than faster grew Odessa 620.143 (32,25%). (25,22%);403.815 (34.41%);in in 55.378 to219.300 1912 –200.000to 1897 –138.935to in 116.700 (14,5%); – 1880 total the was of 17.000 to population to Jewish in ratio the 1861 4.000 at(11,5%); of 35.000 estimated the in1815the Jewswere Odessa Jewish(10%); were itself, be can by illustrated followingthe statistics: in 1795, 240 of 2349inhabitantsthe of 239 world.the in Jews of concentration largest of the boast even could once Herlihy, Patricia to according and, of Settlement, Pale the city within largest became the soon Odessa regulations, restrictive and grain duetofactwhich profitedthe on influx trade, Jews limitedthe that of was not by indevelopmentfast Becauseof Lithuania. of and city,residence Belarus’, the the Volhynia, of places former from their masses ofJews large attracted city the center, urban growing andarapidly ininternational trade actively engaged Asfree port a Russian empire. into popular memory. in aliveis well place asanexceptional theOdessa imageof the that testify periodicals, of major Russian-Jewish Contemporary authors. publications, including local Jewish in reflected self-consciousness ofRussian Jewry century,since late19-th and in literary works brought tothe traditional worldJewish by modernization. Odessa’s uniqueness has been 241 240 Patricia Herlihy, Ibidem, p. 198. Ibidem, p. 242. The city Odessa wasfounded of after in1794,soon theincorporation of lands Polish 239 The fast growth of Jewish population in Odessa, as well as the growth of the city Odessa: Istoriya mista Istoriya Odessa: 240 The increase was both absolute and relativeof population bothabsolute –Jewish was Theincrease [Odessa: History of the City] (Kyiv: Krytyka,1999), p. 127. 241 or even by the by even or 69 CEU eTD Collection including luxury stores in the city center,” also belonged to Jewish owners. shops, of city’s largeretail number the “a time itstrade; –grain at the of wealth source dominantin majorthe field of Odessa’s economic activity, andprofited from biggestthe 19 the by followed end in hadbeen a newrise of 1860-ies the until city’s ininternational trade role in argues AsPatriciahistory declineevents. hercomprehensive Herlihy Odessa, the of of the has been repeated in has been repeated of writings local contemporary historians. marked end “golden the Odessa; the age” of of blowfor city’s the well-being. some According to turn-of-the-20 resulted in the flooding of market with cheap laborforce of the former peasants, was a serious the rise of other world centers of agricultural productions, and the abolition of serfdom, which war, theCrimean after Seatrade Black the on imposed restrictions the Admittedly, advance. and offast opportunities social enrichment Odessa occupations, offered unprecedented choice of narrow andvery hierarchy its social settled with shtetl, declining economically and meantOdessa,” Indeed,overpopulated lifewhich opulence. the the unlike of forJews. live, the particularly place agood to Odessa was 246 245 Odessa] 244 243 242 but also to the residence, Jewish fact of places traditional the in that, conditions economical of worsening the to foronly the most part of the 19 city border Brody. the of there through usually come Arbel (Bet Hatefutsoth, Tel Aviv, 2002), Aviv, Tel Hatefutsoth, (Bet Arbel Steven J. Zipperstein, “How the things were done were done inOdessa,” done were done were things the “How Zipperstein, J. Steven Herlihy, pp.198-221. For instance, in the popular Ibidem, p.130. work by Oleg Gubar' Ibidem, p. 127. th (Odessa:Kinotsentr, 1994), pp.8-10. Yet apparently the trauma in urban memory was greater than the actual impact of of impact thanthese actual memory in the was greater apparently urban trauma Yet the In one of his works, Steven Zipperstein quotes live “to in Steven In hisone Yiddish of the likeGod Zipperstein quotes works, saying century. 245 According Zipperstein,the to bythe 1860-ies, Jewishmerchants became pp. 75-76. 100 voprosov "zaOdessu" 243 this view of the city’s prosperity and decline th 242 century and even in early 20 in early even and century Such a steady increase testifies not increasetestifies a steady Such 244 Homage to Odessa th [One [One Hindred Questions about -century 1860-ies-century works, 246 , ed. By By Rachel , ed. th century 70 CEU eTD Collection popularization in the sensational press and literature, Odessa in becamea literature, known as popularization city and sensational press the of to due more even and East), Far Russian the to Switzerland from expanses vast the Golden Hand –awoman inwho early 20 their names everyday life.real made from figures Odessa Partly whoowing tooriginated criminal and familiar city’s of port the integral part unexpectedly,were an far not and prostitution, Contraband outside activity. criminal dynamic of site a was also Odessa time, the of megalopolis A real their native city (for instance, the notorious Son’kahefelt embarrassment there: the the words of his hero well-to-do describes hisimpression visitingJewishof apoor dwelling and communal burying assistance. without theirown dead poor Jewish mortality in dataprovided the byZipperstein, side of rate According to “Odessadream.” the families was very high, and a large number of them could not even afford 247 shop, in the customers no was there when even up stand to demanded bad orcustomers, eitherget upearlier theirmasters laterthan and whowere goto whohadto level, subsistence reached barely income whose bylegislation, regulated were not hours working whose women” end men marginal “economically - Salesclerks salesclerks. was sellinglabor,it hard loaders their noless physical work of or port exhausting serviceof Russian by Michael R. Katz (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 50. 249 248 Zipperstein, VladimirJabotinsky, Zipperstein, “How the things were done,” p. 76. upstairs, and they would ones be the ‘putting on airs.’ aboutborn[…] you tobe mighthave beenliving here today,this dismal cellar, in envying the boys persistently: alittle slipof had good the book Lord’speninthe occurred of reckoning you when were It had a feature I encountered afeature It had hadn’t two-storey before:a cellar[…] One banalthoughtkept nagging me At the same time, the overwhelming majority of Odessan Jews made their living by madeliving their Jews majority Odessan of same overwhelming Atthe time, the Imagining Russian Jewry The Five.ANovel ofJewishin Turn-of-the-Century Life Odessa , p. 66. th century run a whole thieve syndicate was active in was active syndicate run awhole thieve century 249 248 Vladimir Jabotinski, through the through Jabotinski, Vladimir 247 exemplified the other the exemplified . Translated from Translated . 71 CEU eTD Collection Ukrainian folk songs of folkUkrainian for period: songsof theimpoverishedthe whoflooded Odessa peasants after Eldorado, city the freedom,of andwealth, all finds sensual possible pleasures, its in parallel down on looked their from colleagues shtetl. the believe a fictional account of Mendele Mokher Seforim, even Jewish beggars in Odessa the empire, and the variety of possible occupations much elsewhere. much than wider occupations variety empire, the and possible the of devaluation of labor, earnings of hired in workers Odessa were higher than in any city other of subsequent and serfdom of abolition the after even is that Significant there. succeed to madeWhatmany itworking andlivingstandards. managed newcomers still wasthat different dwellers. Odessa among safety encounter with crime, if even only newspaperon pages, couldhave contributedtothesense of some of its romantic Odessa. Jewish of connotations; representation for the yet it Odessa beliefis theeditors’ inmemoir whichindicates thieves, relevance topicthe about of the hard to assume that everyday direct or indirect 254 Litografiya"Tekhnik", 1911; Odessa:reprint Lasmi, 1992), pp. 174-176. (Moskva,1961), p. 488. 251 University press, 2005), p. 48. 250 Russian empire. turn-of-the-20 Anna and publicationsnumerous Misiukdraws author of corresponded history onthecity the its “Shomrey regular fame. Thusin newspaper Shabos,” Odessa Jewish acontemporary thieves. 253 252 Mendele Mocher-Seforim, Mendele Anna Misiuk, “S grantom po Odessie,” [With a Grant through Odessa] Sylvester. P. Roshanna Dorotea Atlas, Ilya Shykhtman, “Tramvay v dietstvo,” [The Tram into Childhood] However, Odessa was not exceptional among the cities of Russian empire for its bad for empire ofRussian cities the among exceptional not Odessawas However, 250 Today some local historians feel not entirely at ease with this aspect of city’s the of aspect this with ease at entirely not feel historians local some Today th -century police statistic to dispel the myth of Odessa as a criminal capital of Staraya Odesa: yeye druz'yainiedrugi 251 On the other hand, the preceding issue of the same newspaper contains a contains issue newspaper same of the preceding hand, the Onthe other The TalesofOldOdessa:Crime aCityof Thieves andCivilty in Malienkii cheloviechek, PutieshestvieVeniamina Tretiego, Fishka Khromoy 252 The myth of criminal Odessa, it seems, still bears still seems, it Odessa, criminal of myth The [OldOdessa, Friendsits Enemies]and (Odessa, Tipo- 254 Interestingly, the image of as of image Odessa the Interestingly, Shomrey Shabos, Shomrey Shabos, 8 July 2005, p. 11. 15 July 2005, p. 11. (Chicago: Illinois (Chicago: 253 If to we are 72 CEU eTD Collection 256 her book her 255 concludes Fishke, well deserves proverbialthe fires of hell burning forty miles it.around topography isof destroyed, shtetl the causing confusion and alienation. The unholy city, mikva like anordinary basin, sacral arereducedobjects totheprofane, and thesymbolical Odessa isnotonly impious,is it barely Jewish at all. looks likesynagogue If a church, and a “translucent clear water, just simple wear notausual mantle”); injust but“a baths of is kind a there dress Odessa ritual (mikva), water, like any other water, the water and rabbi the cantor andboth a choirthe sings; instead, most time; of the keepssilence cantor you can drink.” bizarre: theserviceis in a reformist bya characterized synagogue lacktotal of decency (the unrecognizable importantmarkersand look Jewish In thepresence of city, most even the villages. native their in seen never had they money the spentearn abolitionthe serfdom, of to city plenty both and the to provided opportunities of 258 257 and non-Jewish dwellings. Jewish between distinguish to impossible is it all, of top the on and, inaccessible, look houses houses.his utmostFishke, distress to nativein Tothe contrast of shtetl andGlupsk, Odessan disorientation of a such newcomer, who feels lost on the wide streets among unusually high modernity. ironically novel “Fishke Mendele the Mocher-Seforim Lame” the the In describes Mendele Mocher-Seforim, Mendele See the essay by Dorotea Atlas, “Staraya Odessa I russkoye obschestvo” [Old Odessa and Russian society], in Ibidem, p. 498. Ibidem, p. 491. here, - then thiswould have beena city, real and it wouldhave looked decently. beards, womendo not wear wigs[…] Disgusting sight! But ourhad Jews, Jews the from Glupsklived boulevard of yours, there are men walking withlocals women be oncalled their peoplearm! What at all?a shame! Do people Jews shavedress theirthe way they do, do people live this way? Look, on the It is true that Odessa is a beautiful city… But, unfortunately, there are no people here! Tell me, can the can me, Tell here! people no are there unfortunately, But, city… beautiful a is Odessa that true is It To many newcomers, Odessa becomes the place of their first encounter with encounter first of their theplace becomes Odessa To many newcomers, Staraya Odesa: yeye druz'ya i niedrugi Malen’kii chelovechek 256 Yet Odessan people annoy the hero even more than buildings: than more even hero the annoy people Odessan Yet ,pp.164-177. . Pp.. 483-484. 255 257 258 73 CEU eTD Collection Press, 1986), pp. 71-72. 260 259 strata). social higher of first all, by and adopted, visibleof signs of andculture,European suchaslanguage dress higherof (those social strata, alreadytrends, mentioned, wasJewish itself which manifestedacculturation, in adoption the such and of One fashion. incoming patterns, for trends, became cultural Odessa thegates international subjects, and of alarge percentage trade as aportcity international with active innovations. Indeed, ontheway moreof more advanced European,and cultured, beingmore cosmopolitan city, Odessa has been juxtaposed to the provincial regions of Russian empire for actually founded in OdessaJudaism reformist first famous in the Brody (the synagogue, was synagogue country, the in 1841), but also only reformed not spreadof the this with is Connected assimilation. and acculturation, another aspect of the myth of Odessa. As a opera and pressmuch by the opera were more among produced masses popular Jewish than works forms alongpatterns.also ownpopularEuropean production cultural one’s of beyond this mass Jewishbourgeoisie: was activeof consumption andlater European culture, or emigrated. of centers Russian empire, (Shimon Dubnov, Ahad Ha-Am)lived in Odessa, evenif finally hadthey toleaveit for bigger scholarship and Aleikhem), Shalom Seforim), Mokher (Mendele Abramovich Shalom thought (such Leon Vladimir as literature Jabotinsky), or Pinsker, (Hayim NachmanBialik, mostfigures acriticalJewry political Indeed,influent mass.” Russian of soon constituted of that modern Jewish nationalism flocked to Odessa in secondthe partof 19 the “Teachers, public figures and writers who had absorbed the spirit of the Haskalah and later on See: Steven Zipperstein, Steven See: On Jewish intellectual life of Odessa, see: Dan Miron, In the 19 the In Among Russian all Odessa cities, wasin vanguard the Jewish modernization, of Another manifestation of this process was less illustrious, but its impact went far went impact its but illustrious, less was process this of manifestation Another th century, Odessa became a site of vibrant modern Jewish cultural life: modern cultural becamea Jewish of vibrant site century,Odessa The JewsOdessa: of ACultural History 259 “ The Odessa Sages Odessa The (Stanford, California: Stanford University Stanford California: (Stanford, , ” Homage to Odessa Homage to th century and century , pp. 58-62. 260 Theater, 74 CEU eTD Collection exception, there is not a single book with Jewish content in the whole house. whole in the content Jewish with book a single not is there exception, 266 265 264 261 settled break to unwillingness mere by but decency, of asense by even not ancestors, her of by loves; religionherRussian position andnot the attachment yetsheexplains officer she to the older daughtercitizens: fellow Christian their from Jews the that wall ofinvisible an theremains life, family in the Milgroms refuses to baptize laws. by keep athomenotdietary required the dishes do even in order to be ableattend not observetheSabbath, asynagogue. Certainly,M|ilgromsthey do and seemneverto to marry the hisloves youth, reading andoften German quotes Romantic poets. wealthy and havecultured; even not father,whothe opportunity did agood for in education is family The Odessa. in acculturation Jewish of phenomenon the epitomizes Jabotinskyl, asnovels. were red articles popular –a author columnist of policethe chronicle inalocal newspaper, whosesensational and successful a truly encounter we Jabotinsky, Vladimir by Five” “The novel in the Instead, of a beggar. than that lessadmirable whose fate waseven poet, or Jewish writer Odessan beingrecognized. without streets city the in walk could Mocher-Seforim Mendele time, of the renown Jewish writer the that claimed who author, a contemporary quotes scholars itself. The in neverOdessa and elsewhere, but intellectuals in the city, in fact, feltisolated; their fame might be great, and the audience wide, Jewish topics, serious of avoidance and sensationalism, entertainment, for thirst materialism, due notoriousto the writers Odessan out and that points high-brow Zipperstein scholars. 263 262 Ibidem, p. 75. Ibidem, p. 30. Ibidem, p. 18. Zipperstein, Jabotinsky, Mocher-Seforim, Mendel The assimilated Jewish family of Milgrom, whose fate is fate by inthenovel family Jewish of The Milgrom, whose depicted assimilated The Five The Imagining Russian Jewry , pp. 65-67. Malen’kii chelovechek 263 , p. 73. 261 , pp. 484-487. Mendele himself ironically himself ironically Mendele a describes penniless 266 Still, religion, however irrelevant however religion, Still, 264 Yet, with the only 265 The 262 75 CEU eTD Collection much much ineven landscape imaginary of the in significance city’s donotmeanthe texts, Incontemporary symbolic Odessa’s synagogues geography. little their lost objects sacral origin, with but religion with not associated being As nationality project. of with a assimilationist diedthe consequence together surviving the family. childof only the and youngest the of conversion “rational” by ends novel the together: Jewishness of status in a new role. It is no more than a symbol importance acquires religion desacralized this, the dueto paradoxically, Yet their Jewishness. of belonging to Jewry – and no less: raised to the http://www.moria.farlep.net/vjodessa/ru/index.html 269 268 267 other old buildings boundaries. social 270 that the “decline” of Odessa was “most fascinating”, and even “sublime.” For the nationalist Jabotinsky, cosmopolitanism was synonymous to decline, yet he admits other. of each cultural enrichment tothe interacted, peacefully communities ethnic different novel is full of nostalgia for the old Odessa of which “no trace” has been left: Odessa where aside,the plot Yet tragic assimilation. Russian Jewish on verdict the seals cause, Jabotinsky as a betrayal, the lastassimilated to Russianact society and high culture, he still ofdepicts the conversion of a younga hero Greek tragedy. greatly Himself wasRussian. Odessa” in of-the-century life turn describe “Jewish to he chose Thus from a perspective of time and Zionist Primorskii Boulevard.) The Internet project of the Odessan Jewish cultural society “Moria” seems to be an exception. See: exception. bean to seems “Moria” society cultural Jewish Odessan the of project Internet The Ibidem, p. 193. Ibidem, p. 53. Jabotinsky, p.199. Gradually customstheir rubbedother upagainst each and they ceased owntheir regarding sacred altars next[…] the than interesting more one fascinating, so one every and each converged, tribes ten Even novel though Jabotinsky’s was written decades after heleftRussia, the language the symbol of Jewishness, the denominational attribution can be got rid of, with of, rid be got can attribution denominational the Jewishness, of symbol 267 269 For other Jewish heroes of the novel religion is no more then a sign of sign a then more no is religion novel the of heroes Jewish other For (and sometimes even less than such tourist landmarks as the opera or 268 Yet this symbolical role of Judaism lasted not for long, and Jewish , visited on 15 April 2007. April 15 on , visited Odessa, and receive little more attention than 270 In Odessa, In 76 CEU eTD Collection before national regeneration. before national step necessary as andobjectively itunavoidable wasimportant nationalistteleology, of point disintegration of national life was an obviously undesirablefrom yet condition; vantage the islands”, own their on living people “all wanted words, his own to according who, politician and writer the For of as “disintegration.” affair state this describes Jabotinsky Interestingly, language that disappeared as a result of the divine wrath. of divine asaresultdisappeared the language that also a commonexisted before thetowerofBabylon from even was destroyed,had apart but, there been those, language,had languages different that holds interpretation Second multitude. the by replaced then was “comprehensiblewhich language, primeval single a existed there first, the to According story. biblical the of and accessible between them can be bybest illustrated to metaphor the of Babylonian languages.confusion of everyone”;transformation multiethnic ofcosmopolitan into space,and Odessa the national difference and it was irretrievable with idealoss share the of perspectives Both Jabotinsky’s. connected the this of nationalistthe And sin.forthem, “disintegration” would mean exactly to opposite the unconscious adherents of this view tend to idealize “old Odessa” as normala society innocent is consciousof in factthat in and Nothing time,unexpected the and particular. inOdessa the of Europe societies in multiethnic all peaceful anendcoexistence brought to that nationalism Language and Myth of the ‘Odessan Tales’] ‘Odessan of the Myth and Language 273 272 271 normal condition. For cosmopolitan-minded audience,it was the end of a Golden Age. a return alsoto the but aloss, languagewas common of the latter view: disappearance the Yohanan Petrovsky-Stern, Yohanan “IsaakVavilonskii:Yazyk ‘Odesskikh Imif rasskazov’ ofBabylon: ”[Isaak the Ibidem, p.199. Ibidem, p 198. hold sacred, you neighbor thinks is rubbish, and that you neighbor isn’t a thief or a vagrant or athief isn’t neighbor you that and rubbish, is thinks neighbor you sacred, hold in such a serious manner; they gradually discovered a very important secret in the world: that what you Yohanan Petrovsky-Stern points out that in the Midrash there are two interpretations two are there Midrash in the that out points Petrovsky-Stern Yohanan Yet widespread is another perspective, according to which itto of rising the was exactly widespreadis perspective, according Yet another 272 Yehupets , Issue 13, Kiev,2003, pp. 88-89. 273 Jabotinsky seems to be closer to be closer to seems Jabotinsky . 271 77 CEU eTD Collection governess. 279 278 277 276 275 274 letter pronounce the couldn’t Muscovite –but[…] “wellup” brought offspring of a wealthy family,Jewish whospeak“tried toRussian as a again Ukrainian…” languages. Here we can hear Yiddish, Hebrew, Ukrainian, urban Russian and rural Russian, immortalized language, by Odessan “Odessa Tales.” is “always Babel, of a mixture by of language Babel’s “pre-Babylonian”Odessa,reconstruct represented Isaak attempt to Jewish heroes, and at the “accent” of of others. “accent” the andat heroes, Jewish it indirectly,at correctRussianthe languageby his only of of out cultured pointing some to refers novel, in his Jabotinsky, myth. Odessa creating for responsible those by even praised himself means nothing else but“Babylon.” language.” Babylon of a risible franca[…], analog Yiddish, Hebrew,Russian dialect forms, Babel creates a unique language – aportlingua between languages, and strictrules about languages[…]within intermingling By Ukrainian, which manyso itsof inhabitants spoke.” in way colorful distinctive, the agreed, critics its even as was, times, Soviet and imperial in inRussia places from other emphatically clearly it and apart, set seemed to “what present: with joviality and, most of all, uniqueness of Odessa.) fascination from rules, restrictive liberation many cultures, of interaction creative Jabotinsky: by Odessa of image nostalgic the with incommon much is there Petrovsky-Stern by language Ibidem, p. 21. Jabotinsky, p. 18. p. 81. Odessa,” in Done Were Things “How the Zipperstein, Steven Ibidem, p. 88. Ibidem, p. 95. Ibidem, p. 93. According to the sophisticated interpretation of Petrovsky-Stern, there was at least one least at was there Petrovsky-Stern, of interpretation sophisticated the to According Indeed, Odessa language has become a vital element of the myth of avital Odessan has become the up to element Indeed, Odessalanguage 279 Even Babel wasambivalent Odessanvernacular: about “Odessa isahorrible 274 “It is “It asif and had heroes narrators Babel’s noideaboundaries about 277 276 This colorful speech, however, was not always 278 (Curiously, in this characterization of Babel’s of characterization in this (Curiously, At the same time, he pokes funa certain at he Atpokes sametime, the 275 And the very name the writer chose for chose writer the name very the And r ,” and blamed for it hisFrench 78 CEU eTD Collection me to the city? Deribasovskaya [street] speaking Ukrainian?” me city? [street] tothe Deribasovskaya if fateeverbrings “Whatwill I seethere asksrhetorically: Shekhter emigration, decades of the after city native his visit to unwillingness his Explaining town. provincial an ordinary Ukrainian havingprovince), that, lost this language togetherwith Jews,the Odessa into turned to alien completely was this all view, his (in city the with associated life of love and form Ukraine." Richardson claims that, to reassert local identitydistinct in oppositioncultured, to thecosmopolitan, “Russian, as locals the by conceived is Odessa level, national the on dominates which discourse, nationalist Ukrainian with contrast In space." national from "asdistinct city the of asense members generate club the that argues “MyOdessa,” club a field research in Odessa,identity inlead Tanya Theanthropologist politics. Richardson,2002and2003conducted who walking through state- against forresistance resource as asymbolic used been still has Odessa of cosmopolitan the city streets with mythicalthough languagehas history Odessa long themyth(or history become literature), of members of the historical thought immigrantsince languagethe 1987, claims him according that of Odessa Jews, who, to with nostalgiaits and loss. acultured activistindeplore DavidShekhter, the 1980-ies, andan its in remember but particular, with Jewry only Odessa Odessaingeneral,not language with http://club.sunround.com/22/22dshechter_estgorod.htm Ukraine. of Southern 281 anative became heroin Jewish originally “Nanny,” sitcom American ofthe remake Russian become a humorous language which occupies traditional the place of a ‘Jewish’ speech: in the highly successful Ukrainian speakers (orsimply Russian speakers from Ukraine), in contemporary Russian culture mass have Southern Ukraine. Curiously,Ukrainian accent and incorrect linguistic forms brought into Russian by former the origin of phrase; first the yet second –“tudoyu the siudoyu” I aUkrainianism, –is stillwidespread in 280 differences,’ and ‘ great say‘two people difference,’ of saying ‘agreat Instead It’s acommon knowledge. town. David Shekhter, “Yest’ gorod kotoryi nie vizhu vo snie,” [There is a City which I don’t Dream about] Quoted in: Presently, there seem to be no danger of a radical Ukrainization of Odessa. Yet, even Yet, Odessa. of Ukrainization aradical of danger no be seem to there Presently, Yet other authors, who associated thisYet otherauthors, mixture literary of defyingrules linguisticany in Yiddish but Homage Odessa to tuda isiuda had to , p. 85. My ownvery modest linguistic knowledge does not allow me recognize speak Russian, was so important for the air of freedom, humor, ’ they pronounce ‘ , visited onApril 15 2007. tudoyu isiudoyu tudoyu 281 .’” 280 79 CEU eTD Collection Odessa.” 282 past of certain ethnic groups, such as Jews and Greeks, reconnect it to the city. nationalizing from oflocal amateurs pressureabove,history hidden Odessa previously revive Jews have passed the whole course of the “Short History of Jewish People,” and managed to and People,” Jewish of History the“Short of course whole the passed Jews have Odessan years hundred two for that intense so been has it but short; been has follows, she Jewish ifpeople, notfor Palestinianthe movementfounded in Odessa? The history of Odessa, flourishingend did not with persecution and What destruction? wouldhave happened tothe long andtragic history of stateless Was therea existence? single exception when a period of asks,happened whattoall famousthose centers?Weren’t they short aintermissionjust in the Jewish politicalproduce by Karakina sohighly autonomous bodies, Dubnov.praised Yet, city the neither did caliphate; Cordoba asmediaeval such andlearning, Jewish culture of any center renown measure upto Odessa cannot that concedes She city’s ahistoricity. the Dubnov’s ideaof an to antithesis represents Heranswer Jewsmean for Odessa?” do the What for Jews? the mean “WhatOdessa does principal questions: two civilization” addresses paradigm in disappeared Russian and Ukrainian-Jewish writings. assimilation – certainly belong not does tothe topics of priority since theassimilationist high popularmemory feature -avery Jewish degree of contemporary Odessa Jewsthis of in yet was rootof others; thisthe all feature fact, very to oblivion. In has become subject in lifeOdessa of Jewish feature an essential However, audience. findreceptive Odessa still even criminal Odessa, cultured Odessa, Odessa,Zionist –cosmopolitan image city’s unique Tanya Richardson, “Walking Streets, Talking History: The Making of Making The History: Talking Streets, “Walking Richardson, Tanya Yelena Karakina, in the preface to the conference volume “Odessa andJewish “Odessa volume in conference the to preface the Karakina, Yelena Many features deemed characteristic for Odessa a century ago still contribute to the to contribute agostill a century Odessa for deemed characteristic Many features Ethnology 44(1)2005, pp. 13-33. 282 80 CEU eTD Collection “Odessa I Yevreyskaya tsyvilizatsyia” 283 Jew. conscious learn the most important lesson from this history – the aliah is a duty of every historically literature, which created specific components of Odessa myth. In the local identity myth.Jewish local the In ofOdessa specificwhich components created literature, Russian-Jewish and Russian of tradition rich the on mainly but Lviv, of case the in as Jewry, of Zionism. Both the modes dwell not on medieval history and the imagery of traditional Odessa in relation to the world history of Jewish people, and represents the city as a birthplace promoted by the locals who emphasizelittle role. belonging The second, origin andplayed religious ethnic cosmopolitan where city, their Jewish identity overtwo all others, competitive makes sense of narratives30.000), about itat about library of Jewish estimated the director the talk, of city Jews inthe (in a private Odessa. liveOdessa Evenif is number region there 15.000Jews. thantheactual smaller number this According1944 whenOdessa wasdeclaredJudenfrei. to the for thethat neverhas Jewishbeen period the soof population Odessa of small,1942- except first, Odessa admits bitterly Mr.Rashkovetskii Jews Odessa of History of Museum the of director Yet the alwaysa separate was religious a to (each belonging kindergarten aJewish and Jewish schools two in Ukraine), active presently community), and a state and Progressive, (Orthodox, Chasidic“KhabadLiubavich” persuasions –thethree of Judaism secondary school with teaching of Hebrew. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/urban-rural/Odesa relatives. younger 287 have might people old of these a part least at that assumed and alone, Odessa in people 286 285 284 visited onApril 15 2007. Yelena Karakina, “Spasatel’naya lodka,” [The Saving Boat] Saving [The lodka,” “Spasatel’naya Karakina, Yelena According to the According to census the of 2001, the populationof was Odessa at1.029.000, estimated see: Mrs. Maksimova told thatat the local charity organization “Khesed” there are registered 9.000 old Jewish Rashkovietskii, “Tol’ko li Proshloye?” This data based on the referred interview with Mrs. Maksimova. Today, in Odessa there are 13 Jewish organizations, three religious communities religious in three organizations, Today, are13Jewish Odessa there In response to the official nationalizing narrative,local Jewish population developed 286 in a 1million megalopolis they a tinyconstitute minority. 283 (Odessa,2004), http://www.migdal.ru/book-chapter.php?chapid=4828 285 According to the last census, in the whole in the census, last the to According 1-ya Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya , visited on June 4 2007. 287 284 81 , CEU eTD Collection been applied to the study been study tothe applied identity of inpolitics its post-Soviet Ukraine,value heuristic is has myth notion of the fact that the Despite collectivities. wider within dominance group’s the serves to the group cohesion and political legitimization of the group’s elite, and sometimes of origin,explain ismyth, myth which to group the in theparticularly, relationship of question nationalism, historical writing, and social anthropology. One of the intermediary concept used narratives,collective which identities beand historical can found literature on inscholarly local historical representations - the cases of Jewish history of Odessa and Lviv. of study by the supplemented been has narratives historical national of analysis the levels; therefore, of range a at identities majority and minority of negotiation the of explication narratives forhierarchyan establishingnarratives,provides opportunity andfor the of in national and regional local, of history features Jewish Tracing specific past. contentious usethe ofhistory inbuilding identity of ethnictwo communities sharewhich complicated and museum independenceexhibitions since Ukrainian inproduced 1991.Mainissueaddressedis addressed popular the i.e. to audience, textbooks, travel generalhistoricalguides, surveys, and The covers ofthe thesis Jews ofinrepresentation past Ukrainian historical narratives Conclusion symbols. historical symbols orethnographical over dominate purely narratives, these components The first chapter examines main theoretical approaches to the relationship between relationship tothe approaches main theoretical examines The firstchapter 82 CEU eTD Collection comprehensive publication write history ahistorically-to on an Ukrainian-Jewish attemptand for was Thisbook university students. Nayman first the asatextbook inearly 1990-ies Historical outline” by written Ukrainian-Jewish historians Yakov Khonigsman andAleksandr general histories of Ukrainian Jewry.and historical popular Excepting writings. publications,are there anti-Semitic The such three two-volume textbook “The Jews of Ukraine:which have been sinceindependence,published and whichby their genre belong textbooks to Brief logic. narrative toits adhering still but nationalistrevise paradigm, the to attempt as an andNatalia Yakovenko Hrytsak paradigm of history inUkrainian post-Sovietthe period; and written histories by Yaroslav narrative master nationalist the of re-import of channel as the served which Magocsi, andPaul-Robert Subtelny Orest authors Ukrainian-Canadian volumes of English-language national history.Among thesources are contemporary surveys history,includingof Ukrainian Ukrainian of in narratives the topics of Jewish representation of the analysis to the devoted nation and histories of a smaller scale. the of history the on texts general between and histories, national and identity national of projects betweenthe relations establishing enables master-narrative conceptof particular, the establishing formal and social In actual projected analysisofhistorical through relations texts. itmethodological andallows purposes, avoidingessentialist since for the provides traps tool for ischosen narrative of concept the Instead, thethesis. of context in the optional inessentialistuncleargroupness relations to makes status approaches it constructionist and to historical/anthropological writings of its decades,three ambivalence last the yet and the in popular became even memory of collective Theconcept social collectives. and historical texts between interaction of explain mechanism not the it does since limited, Second subchapter deals with general accounts of the history of in Ukraine, Jews history the ofthe of accounts with deals general subchapter Second is subchapter First History,” Ukrainian-Jewish of „Master-Narratives chapter In the 83 CEU eTD Collection and circulating among Lviv Jews, as well as the museum of Galician Jews created byandfor Jewscreated Galician of museum as the well Jews, as Lviv and among circulating by produced city the of andhistory heritage Jewish hand, on texts the other publications. On hand,mentionedin above topics tabooed the are well Jewish pressand local the present resists to and complies800 000city’s its population, conducts own ofmemory,politics in various aspects, which, with the nationalizing pressure of violence Holocaust. of andextermination Jewsduringthe the the dominantin anti-Jewish Ukrainians some of complicity of group.issues painful avoid to helps also “alien” On the one the “ossified”historical and cultural distance between the audience and the Jews hasimage been emphasized, and As result, the usually age,are omitted. Modern atthe ofespecially community, Jewish local Jewry perpetuated.life and traditional with religious mostly connected artifacts cover non-Jewish audience to exhibition addressed cultureRepresentation of the Jews, whiledemographically Ukrainiandominant community.Lviv, and literature In museum travel references of theto historicalgraphic example of multiculturalappropriating multiethnic and history by politically the and Jews changesas “ancient” affecting the and of sake of“mutual ethnicthe “rapprochement” understanding” andtwo groups. the for accounts historical from issues contented of elimination revisionism: Ukrainian-Jewish as thebook background. Still whole diverse with complies trend profession the termed as represent and origin ethnic different have authors its accordingly, monograph; collective book, last The perspective. History,” represents“World courses “History and secondary of Ukraine” school asasupplement tothe designed the most consistent text written from anti-Assimilationist and Zionist Ukrainian society. Another publication,Another society.Ukrainian multi-ethnic in the minorities national of one as identity Ukrainian-Jewish of project based Meanwhile, the Jewish community of Lviv, comprising some 6000 people among the 6000people among some comprising Lviv, community of Jewish Meanwhile, the Western Ukrainian city of Lviv, case is of which the analyzed inChapter3provides a A Survey of History and Culture of the Jews in Ukraine the Jews in History andCultureof A Survey of The Jews inUkraine:Atextbook The , by , Kabanchik,Ilya , is as a 84 CEU eTD Collection narratives they dominate over purely historical symbols. This rich symbolic tradition symbolic rich This symbols. historical purely over dominate they narratives identity in in and inthechapter since detail, local Jewish the areanalyzed These components Russian whichliterature, and specific Russian-Jewish created components myth.of Odessa history and the imagery of traditional Jewry, as in Lviv, but primarily on the rich medieval nottradition rely on narratives the Zionism. city the Both of as abirthplace and represents of some local Jewish activists, makesethnic origin andThe belonging religious areinsignificant. second by narrative, promoted sense of Odessa in relation where city, been acosmopolitan has Odessa first, the to Odessa. According about narratives to the world history of Jews, two mixed of of biggerorigin,much developed people part anda ofJewishpeople percentage history. nationalizing post-Soviet the with comply unwillingly or willingly which patterns, nationalist present in the city’s past In in from publicexclusion Jewish topics of museum, Lviv,the Jewish space. unlike the the has been mentioned yet same to of the local degree museum testifies history, exhibition of andthe the of theliterature narrative logic adheres in travel forpublic, particular, general created narratives 4,historical inChapter demonstrated to the Soviet-been has it as Yet, history. Jewish of representation the and politics identity regards Lviv to as havesupport of nationalism beenastarling contrast Odessa could Ukrainian Russian-speakingthe being population in overwhelming majority, and the relatively to low butmight develop into animportant of public memory in future. the present, the to up insignificant rather been have to seems – multiculturalism – city in the past onLvivdiscourse medieval The – ghetto. thirdshapes trend that representation the Jewish of non-Jewish in done been has it as orienteer chronological-spatial same the with Jewish” “the imagery Jews,the of connecting oriented traditionally local community,the reproduce Jewish In response to local isIn response official line, the to among there which a population, small its mapof the ethno-political particularparticularly,Ukraine, situation to Due to on 85 CEU eTD Collection public space. Yet the Jewish “separatist” historical narrative shares important aspect with aspect the important shares narrative historical Jewish“separatist” the Yet public space. non-Jewish the from absent being of price the pays but Jews, local the among mobilization does not comply with itis dominantthe arguablymore discourse, in efficient identity- trend Sincethis projects. commemorative and in education dominates communal The latter Ukrainian-Jewish history, and by is supported a number of leading Ukrainian intellectuals. Jewish identity. former trend The finds in its expression issues contentious understating of a distinctive of reconstruction and for preservation argue who activists by thecommunal hand,hand,by theUkrainian intelligentsiaculture, other and, into Jewish the assimilated on nationalizing least history a partamong at of Ukrainian population. byof paradigm the dissatisfaction tothe Yetits presence testify product. an imported as looks andby few texts, asfar,hasbeenrepresented trend, latter the In Ukraine, uniformity. over diversity values multiculturalism insignificant, socially as differences religious cosmopolitanism, and multiculturalism.Whereas cosmopolitanism downplays ethnic and influence already local historical narratives and might play a bigger role in – future the histories,in but which national absent still trend, are two becauseitexactly defining allowed comparison of representation the on of Jewish topicsnational andlocal level hasbeen useful included heritageethnic hasbeen cost losing atthe of potential. their The subversive other- of elements some histories, local of level the at statehood, for striving Ukrainians’ of master-narrative the with incompatible as out left effectively been has past this level, national atthe Whereas theJews. including minorities, ethnic of past the of representation space. in non-Jewish public minority Jewish alienation the of tothe only testifies itin of thesis the Yet nowhere. context isitthe and everywhere location, both chronological spatial or Odessahasnoparticular sinceJewish results: somewhatunexpected produced On the Jewish side, two divergent trends can be distinguished, represented, on one on represented, distinguished, be can trends divergent two side, Jewish the On State-promoted Ukrainization of history has been exerting twofold influence on 86 CEU eTD Collection University forthcoming).University Press, 7. ed. By Werner New Sollors (NewYork: York University Press, 1996). 6. (Lwow,1909).Heritage] 5. of 16 the 4. Polskiej B.1916). Polonieckiego, History in of Jews the 1772-1868](Lwow:Nakladem andthe of Krakow Galicia Republic Ksiegarni 3. (Odessa, Tipo-Litografiya "Tekhnik", 1911; reprintOdessa: Lasmi, 1992). 2. Nationalism, revisededition (London, NewYork:Verso,1991). 1. Bibliography of geneticbelonginga to group, and not asa result of social and historic processes. as consequence direct identities are national ethnic and represented one: nationalistUkrainian Bartov, Omer. Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine (Princeton Ukraine Present-Day in Galicia Jewish of Traces Vanishing Erased: Omer. Bartov, A Classical Reader, of Theories Ethnicity: and Groups Boundaries”, “Ethnic Frederik.Barth, Balaban, Mayer Dzielnica zydowska. Jej dziejei zabykti [Jewish District. 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