DOCSLIB.ORG

The Importance of the Gubernaculum in Testicular Migration During the Human Fetal Period ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Importance of the Gubernaculum in Testicular Migration During the Human Fetal Period ______ Vol. 40 (6): 722-729, November - December, 2014 REVIEW ARTICLE doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.06.02 The importance of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period _______________________________________________ Luciano A. Favorito1, Suelen F. Costa1, Helce R. Julio-Junior1, Francisco J. B. Sampaio1 1Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO ______________________________________________________________ ______________________ Objectives: The objective of this review is to study the role of the gubernaculum in the Key words: testicular migration process during the human fetal period. Testicular Diseases; Materials and Methods: We performed a descriptive review of the literature about the Cryptorchidism; Embryology; role of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period. Fetus; Testis Results: In the first phase of testicular migration, the gubernaculum enlarges to hold the testis near the groin and in the second phase the gubernaculum migrates across Int Braz J Urol. 2014; 40: 722-9 the pubic region to reach the scrotum. The proximal portion of the gubernaculum is attached to the testis and epididymis and the presence of multiple insertions in the dis- _____________________ tal gubernaculum is extremely rare. The presence of muscle and nerves in the human gubernaculum is very poor. The gubernaculum of patients with cryptorchidism has Submitted for publication: more fibrous tissue and less collagen and when the patients are submitted to hormonal June 20, 2014 _____________________ treatment, the gubernaculum components alter significantly. Conclusions: The gubernaculum presents significant structural modifications during Accepted after revision: testicular migration in human fetuses. October 31, 2014 INTRODUCTION gubernaculum’s development (1, 11). The guberna- culum seems to be the most important anatomi- Testicular migration is a complex process cal structure in the testicular migration process, of relevant importance for the comprehension by means of contraction and shortening, thus of cryptorchidism. During the human fetal pe- imposing traction strength on the testis (1). riod, the testes migrate from the abdomen to the The objective of this review is to study the scrotum, traversing the abdominal wall and the role of the gubernaculum in the process of tes- inguinal canal between the 15th and the 28th ticular migration during the human fetal period. week post-conception (WPC) (1-4). Several the- ories have been developed to explain testicular MATERIAL AND METHODS migration. The most accepted ones are: (a) the increase in the intra-abdominal pressure (5); (b) In this study we carried out a review of the development of the epididymis, spermatic the Pubmed, Embase and Scielo databases about vessels, deferent ducts and inguinal canal (6-8); the role of the gubernaculum in testicular mi- (c) the stimulus originating in the genito-femoral gration published in the past 40 years by using nerve (9); (d) the hormonal stimulus originating the key expressions “gubernaculum testis” and in the placental gonadotrophin and the testoste- “testicular migration”. We found several papers rone produced by the fetal testes (10); and (e) the in these databases and we included only papers 722 IBJU | GUBERNACULUM AND TESTICULAR MIGRATION in English and excluded case reports, editorials region to reach the scrotum. The androgens sti- and opinions of specialists. mulate growth and differentiation of the muscular part of the gubernaculum bulb, which facilitates RESULTS the movement of the gubernaculum through the inguinal region by the traction resulting from Testicular migration happens in two dis- this growth (6, 12, 15, 16). The gubernaculum has tinct phases: the first phase corresponds to the tes- its own nerve supply, the genito-femoral nerve ticular migration from the abdomen to the internal (GFN), descending on the anteromedial surface of inguinal ring, and the second phase corresponds the psoas muscle from L1-L2 segments (17). The to the transition of the testes through the inguinal second phase of testicular descent is regulated canal until their definitive arrival at the scrotum by androgens and calcitonin gene-related pepti- (1-3). In the first phase, the gubernaculum enlar- de (CGRP), released by the sensory nucleus of the ges to hold the testes near the groin, regulated by genitofemoral nerve (GFN) (10, 18). In rodents, the insulin-like 3 (INLS-3) (12, 13). INSL-3 is secreted active proliferation of the gubernacular tip and by the Leydig cells and controls gubernaculum cremaster muscle, the muscle’s rhythmic contrac- swelling via its receptor, LGR8 (leucine-rich repe- tion, and the chemotactic gradient provided by at containing G protein-coupled receptor 8, also the CGRP together result in migration of the tes- known as GREAT or relaxin receptor 2), a pro- tes into the scrotum. The importance of this me- cess resulting in thickening of the gubernaculum chanism is corroborated by experimental models because of increases in water, glycosaminoglycan where the sectioning of the genitofemoral nerve and hyaluronic acid content (11-14) (Figure-1). leads to cryptorchidism (1, 15, 18). In the second phase of testicular migra- The moment when testicular migration be- tion, the gubernaculum migrates across the pubic gins is controversial. Backhouse (2) reported that Figure 1 - Image of a male fetus aged 22 weeks post-conception with both testes situated in the abdomen. The abdominal wall was dissected to show the position of the testis (T) above the internal ring (IR). The figure shows the gubernaculum (G) and the bladder (B). 723 IBJU | GUBERNACULUM AND TESTICULAR MIGRATION this process starts at about the 24th week post-con- gubernaculum, slowly penetrating its mesenchy- ception, while Heyns (3) and Sampaio & Favorito mal substance. This invagination occurs bilate- (4) described cases where the migration process rally and is considered as the start of the vaginal started as early as the 17th week. An aspect that process. Some authors consider this phenomenon various authors report is that the passage of the to be “active”, involving the invasion of the gu- testis through the inguinal canal occurs very qui- bernaculum by mesothelial cells (19), while others ckly (2-4). Heyns (3) found only 2.6% of the testes advocate that this phenomenon is “passive” and examined in his sample located in the inguinal ca- secondary to the increase in intra-abdominal nal, while Sampaio & Favorito (4), in a sample of pressure (6, 20). 71 human fetuses, found 20.5% of the testes loca- The growth of the vaginal process divides ted there. Furthermore, 73.3% of these testes were the gubernaculum into three parts: (a) the main in fetuses with ages between 21 and 25 WPC, in- gubernaculum, which corresponds to the portion dicating that in this period the migration through covered by the visceral layer of the peritoneum of the inguinal canal intensifies. In the same study, the vaginal process; (b) the vaginal gubernaculum, all the fetuses older than 30 weeks already showd which corresponds to the portion that externally the testes in the scrotum. Other authors, however, surrounds the parietal portion of the vaginal pro- report that the testicular migration is only com- cess, and (c) the infra-vaginal gubernaculum, that pleted after the 32nd week post-conception (1-3). corresponds to the caudal region of the guberna- culum, which has not been invaded by the vaginal Gubernaculum Testis process (19-21). The gubernaculum starts to develop in the Both the gubernaculum and vaginal pro- human fetus during the sixth week of gestation, cess change in harmony during testicular migra- the same period when the germinative cells are tion. The maintenance of this undifferentiated me- arriving at the genital ridge (1, 19). senchyme along the inguinal canal and scrotum is In the eighth week of gestation, the testis essential for the downward extension of the vagi- and mesonephros are linked to the posterior ab- nal process to occur, during which it follows the domen wall by a peritoneal fold. As the mesone- pathway created by dilation of the gubernaculum, phros degenerates, the portion of this fold cranial forming the canal through which the testis will to the testis, called the diaphragmatic ligament, reach the scrotum (1, 2, 19, 21). also degenerates, turning into the cranial portion The gubernaculum is a cylindrical struc- of the gonadal mesentery. This structure is called ture, covered by a peritoneum on all sides except the caudal gonadal ligament, which gives rise to the posterior, where the testicular vessels and vas the gubernaculum testis (3, 19). deferens pass. Macroscopically, it looks like the Cranially, the gubernaculum approaches Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord. Histologi- the mesonephric duct, while distally it approaches cally, it is composed of undifferentiated cells with the inguinal region. At this moment, the future elongated shape, surrounded by a large quantity inguinal canal is still only a space in the mus- of extracellular material, where it is impossible to culature of the anterior abdominal wall, where identify smooth or striated muscle cells except in only mesenchyme tissue exists. In this region, the its distal end and in the peripheral portion (22). genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve crosses the abdominal wall and descends to the scrotum Proximal Gubernaculum where it will innervate the cremaster muscle, and The proximal portion of the gubernaculum
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive System
    27 The Reproductive System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The reproductive system is designed to perpetuate the species • The male produces gametes called sperm cells • The female produces gametes called ova • The joining of a sperm cell and an ovum is fertilization • Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Overview of the Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Spongy urethra (penile urethra) • Seminal gland • Prostate gland • Bulbo-urethral gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I Pubic symphysis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Seminal gland Membranous urethra Rectum Corpus cavernosum Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens Penis Bulbo-urethral gland Epididymis Anus Testis External urethral orifice Scrotum Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • The Testes • Testes hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
    SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Cavitry
    Embryology Endo, Energy, and Repro 2017-2018 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Janine Prange-Kiel, Ph.D. Office: L1.106, Phone: 83117 Email: [email protected] LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • Name the structures in kidney development that contribute to the development of the reproductive organs. • Predict how the presence or absence of the Y chromosome and the expression of the SRY gene would influence the development of the gonads. • Predict how the presence or absence of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and anit- Mullerian hormone would influence the development of the genital ducts and indifferent primordia of the external genitalia. I. Introduction In general, the function of the genital (reproductive) system in males and females is the formation, nurture, and transport of germ cells. In females, an additional function is to provide the proper milieu for the fetal development after conception. Like the urinary system, the genital system derives from intermediate mesoderm. The development of these two systems is tightly interwoven as structures that develop as parts of the urinary system gain function in the genital system. In the adult, the sexual organs differ between males and females. The early genital system, however, is similar in both sexes, and the sexual differentiation of this initially indifferent, bipotential system starts only in the seventh week of embryonic development. The details on how sexual differentiation is determined will be discussed below, but it is worth mentioning here that irregularities in this process result in disorders of sexual differentiation (DSDs). DSDs occur in approximately 1 in 4,500 live births and will be discussed in a separate lecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Communication Clinical and Pathological
    Reprod Dom Anim 45, 368–372 (2010); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01495.x ISSN 0936-6768 Short Communication Clinical and Pathological Findings of a Sac-like Formation in the Tunica Vaginalis of a Nelore (Bos indicus) Bull J Chaco´n1 and A Berrocal2,* 1Section of Andrology, Research Program on Applied Animal Andrology; 2Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad, Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica Contents and abnormalities in the ejaculate compared with A seven-month-old purebred Nelore calf was diagnosed with a normal bulls (Chaco´n et al. 1999; Chaco´n 2001). bilateral finger-shaped swelling although more prominent at Regarding the tunica vaginalis in the bull, abnormal- the left side of the scrotum, located longitudinal and parallel to ities reported in this serosa are mainly limited to epididymis corpus. The finding was present from 7 months of conditions such as hydrocele and adherences within age up to castration (performed at 25 months of age). Scrotal tunica layers secondary to orchitis. Blom and Christen- circumference, testicular and epididymis consistency and sen (1958) described also the presence of cyst like symmetry as well as seminal quality were normal during the formations (paradidymis), in the funiculus spermaticus follow-up period. The ultrasonographic appearance of the scrotal wall, pampiniform plexus, gonad and epididymis was (mesorchium), presumable derived from remnants of the normal. However, an anechoic region surrounded by a wall mesonephric duct. It is unknown that sac-like forma- forming a sac-like structure with a blind end at its dorsal pole tions in the tunica vaginalis of the bull or any other was seen on the swelling area.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductionreview
    REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals R P Amann and D N R Veeramachaneni Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683, USA Correspondence should be addressed to R P Amann; Email: [email protected] Abstract Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2–12%) than in cattle or sheep (%1%).
    [Show full text]
  • Genital System • Anatomically, the Genital System Is Subdivided Into
    Genital system • Anatomically, the genital system is subdivided into: 1- sex glands ( Testis and Ovary). 2- duct system ( male or female duct system) 3- external genitalia ( scrotum and penis in male, vulva in female) . • Embryollogically, from the time of fertilization the sex of the embryo can be determined genetically (male XY and female XX). • In early stage of development the sex of embryo cannot be differentiated anatomically or histologically, this stage is termed indifferent stage. • Later on ,sex hormones induce differentiation into male or female and in the same time the structure of the other sex degenerate. Indifferent Stage:- • In this stage the sex of the embryo cannot be differentiated anatomically or histologically. • This stage includes development of : - - gonads. - duct system - external genitalia. A- Gonads 1. Due to enlargement of mesonephros, it bulges ventrolaterally into the coelum forming a longitudinal urogenital ridge. 2. This ridge subdivided longitudinally into a lateral urinary ridge and medial genital ridge. 2. The genital (gonadal) ridge or gonad results from proliferation of celomatic epithelium. 3. This celomatic epithelium forms sex cord which project in the underlying mesenchyme . 4. The primordial germ cells which are located between the endodermal cells of the yolk sac, migrate through the mesentery of the hind gut to be located in the sex cord of the gonads. 5. Therefore the gonad has three types of cells: -Primordial germ cells. -celomatic cells -mesenchymal cells. B- Duct system • Both male and female embryos have initially two pairs of genital ducts: Mesonephric and Paramesonephric. 1. Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct: • The Mesonephric duct and tubules remain after degeneration of mesonephros forming the male duct system.
    [Show full text]
  • Transverse Plane Through the Scrotum and Inguinal Canal
    UNDERSTANDING THE CRYPTORCHID Transverse Plane through the This section is designed to make the procedure of castration and Scrotum and Inguinal Canal crytorchidectomy easier to understand. Some oversimplification of the embryology of the testis and the assumption that readers are familiar with anatomical and developmental terminology is required for brevity. The following is not intended to be a detailed discussion of the embryology of male development in the horse, but a simplified version pointing out some important factors in the surgical anatomy of cryptorchid castrations. For more detailed information, please refer to the selected bibliography at the end of this section. Anatomy and Anatomical Terminology The word “cryptorchid” is used to describe any testis that is not in the scrotum. There are three types of cryptorchids. 1. Inguinal 2. Abdominal 3. Incomplete In the normal juvenile or adult male horse the testis is found in the scrotum. A peritoneal process, the “vaginal tunic” (or just “the Note that the tunic and the peritoneal tunic”) passes through the inguinal canal and surrounds the blood lining are one continuous structure. and nerve supply to the testis, as well as the vas deferens, and surrounds testis and epididymis in the scrotum. (The blood vessels are branches of the testicular artery and vein, which leave the caudal aorta and vena cava in the dorsal lumbar region, near the kidneys.) The inguinal canal in the horse is relatively longer than in other species and runs between a deep and a superficial hole in the body wall. These are called the “internal inguinal ring” and the “external inguinal ring”, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesoderm Divided Into Three Main Types - Paraxial (Somite) - Intermediate - Lateral (Somatic and Splanchnic)
    Mesoderm Divided into three main types - Paraxial (somite) - Intermediate - Lateral (somatic and splanchnic) Fates of Mesoderm Paraxial - Dermis of skin - Axial Skeleton - Axial and limb muscles/tendons Intermediate - Urogenital system (kidney and gonads) Lateral - Somatic inner body wall (connective), pelvis, limb bones (parietal) - Splanchnic heart and vasculature (visceral) Paraxial (somitic) Mesoderm Head Region - Head mesoderm + neural crest forms: skeleton, muscles, and conntective tissue of the face and skull Trunk Region - Forms somites, which will produce: muscle, bone and dermis Two Cell Types: Epithelial: regular, simple sheet of cells, immobile Mesenchyma: irregular and migratory These two cell types can undergo transformation into one another. Somitogenisis (Somite Formation) Somites form progressively from cranial to caudal end of the notochord in a sequential fashion. One closes before the next forms. Somite Differentiation The somite splits into the epithelial dermamyotome (dermis/muscle) and the messenchymal sclerotome (skeletal). The somite is all paraxial mesoderm. Somite location determines the fate of its associates derma/myo/sclerotomes. Intermediate Mesoderm Urogenital system: - Kidneys - Gonads - Reproductive Duct Systems Runs alongside the paraxial mesoderm. Urogenital System Along mesonephric duct: - Pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - Pronephros fall away as gonad develops on ventral-medial side of mesonephros. - Metanephrogenic mesenchyme gives rise to kidney. The mesonephric duct will become the Wolffian duct forming at the nephric bud. The Mullerian duct forms via an invagination on the dorsal side of the nephric duct. The gonad will degenerate one of the two ducts depending on the hormones it produces. XX degenerates Wolffian duct – no testosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) not produced, and Mullerian duct can develop in addition to female reproductive organs (ovaries, vagina) XY degenerates Mullerian duct – testosterone, AMH produced, Wolffian duct continues as male reproductive organs (testes, penis) develop.
    [Show full text]
  • Renal Development
    RENAL DEVELOPMENT Jon Barasch M.D., Ph.D. Telephone: 305-1890 e-mail: [email protected] SUGGESTED READING: Larsen, 3rd edition, pp 265 (first three paragraphs) - 266, 268-276 and figure 10-10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: You should be able to: 1. Describe the three kidneys that are produced during development and know what happens to each one. 2. Explain what is meant by ‘reciprocal induction’ and why it poses problems in interpreting experiments in developing kidney. 3. Describe the stages of nephron formation from the renal vesicle. 4. Discuss the regulators of mesenchymal to epithelial transition in the intermediate mesoderm and metanephric mesenchyme and name three molecules mediating conversion. 5. Describe branching morphogenesis and name the three patterns in the developing metanephros. 6. Discuss three key important ligands and their receptors. 7. Discuss the classification of congenital renal abnormalities that are associated with urological abnormalities and the possible underlying mechanisms for their association. SUMMARY: The urogenital system derives from mesenchymal cells by a process of conversion to epithelia. The development of the kidney relies on three mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis. 1. Some newborn epithelia migrate extensively (Wolffian duct), 2. some undergo branching morphogenesis (ureteric bud) and 3. some produce highly segmented tubules (nephrons). GLOSSARY: Angiotensin II: your favorite vasoconstrictor and regulator of proximal tubule reclamation of NaCl and water by receptor type 1. Receptor type-2 modulates cell growth and seems to play a role in congenital abnormalities. Arcade: a tubule of ureteric bud that induces a few nephrons simultaneously. The nephrons join to a common drainage called a connecting tubule that feeds into the ureteric’s collecting duct.
    [Show full text]
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
    [Show full text]
  • Jemds.Com Case Report
    Jemds.com Case Report FEMALE HYDROCELE- A RARE CASE Ramchandra G. Naniwadekar1, Pratik Dhananjay Ajagekar2 1Professor, Department of General Surgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Karad. 2Resident, Department of General Surgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Karad. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Naniwadekar RG, Ajagekar PD. Female hydrocele- a rare case. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2017;6(95): 7058-7059, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1531 CASE PRESENTATION PATHOLOGICAL DISCUSSION We present to you a 30-year-old female with swelling in the Surgery revealed that the cystic mass included a serous right inguinal region since 6 months, which gradually component extending from the right inguinal canal to the increased in size and was not associated with any other pubis adherent to the round ligament of the uterus. High complaints. The swelling becomes prominent on standing, ligation at the deep inguinal ring and excision of the cystic coughing or straining on lifting weights, and disappears on lesion was performed. The repair of the hernia defect was lying down. There was no complaint of any chronic cough or done by mesh plasty. Pathologically, the excised sac correlated constipation or bladder outlet obstruction. On physical with the findings of Hydrocele of Canal of Nuck. A final examination, there was a single 3 x 4 cm round to oval swelling diagnosis of hydrocele of the Canal of Nuck was made. in the right inguinal region which was extending from the Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient was inguinal region upto the labia majora. Swelling was soft cystic eventually discharged.
    [Show full text]