DOCSLIB.ORG

Pelvis and Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pelvis and Contents Pelvis and Contents Reproductive Organs and System www.smso.net • 2 Pelvic = Coxal = Innominate Bony Pelvis bones fused together • Each Pelvic bone – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis – 3 par tjitfts join to form acetbltabulum • Sacrum and Coccyx help create pelvis and form pelvic cavity • Function – attaches lower limb to axial skeleton – supports viscera – transmits weiggppyht of upper body Pg 187 Use lab work to www.smso.netlearn bony landmarks of pelvis • True Pelvis Contents of Pelvic – below pelvic brim Cavity – space contains • part colon • rectum • bladder • uterus/ovaries (()females) • False Pelvis – iliac blades – above pelvic brim – contains abdominal organs – attachment for muscles + ligaments to body wall • Pelvic Diaphragm = www.smso.netlevator ani + coccygeus m Sexual Dimorphism in Pelvis Female Male • Cavity is broad, shallow • Cavity is narrow, deep • Pelvic inlet oval + outlet • Smaller inlet + outlet round • Bones heavier, thicker • Bones are lighter, thinner • Pubic angle more acute • Pubic angle larger • Coccyx less flexible, more • Coccyx more flexible, curved straighter • Ischial tuberosities longer, • Ischial tuberosities face more medially shorter, more everted www.smso.net Sexual Dimorphism in Pelvis pg 189 www.smso.net Perineum •Diamond-shaped area between – Pubic symphysis (anteriorly) – Coccyx (posteriorly) – Ischial tuberosities (laterally) • Males contain – Scrotum, root of penis, anus • Females contain – External genitalia, anus www.smso.net pg 744 Development of Reproductive Organs • Gonadal ridge: forms in embryo at 5 weeks and gives rise to gonads • Both ducts are ppyresent in embryo-onlyyp one develops! – Wolffian ducts: form male ducts • vas deferens, epididymis – Mullerian ducts: form female ducts • uterus, oviduct, vagina • Externalilidlfl genitalia develops from same structures – Labioscrotal swelling: Scrotum = Labia major – Urethlfldhral folds: Penile Ureth ra = Labi a mi nor – Genital tubercle: www.smso.netPenis = Clitoris Development of Reproductive Structures www.smso.net Mouse development Pg 703 Male Development • Male fetus – Testes descend partially at 3 months , finish at 7 months into scrotum – Vaginal Process : outpocketing of peritoneum forms tunica vaginalis – Gubernaculum: fibrous cord; attaches bottom of scrotum to testes – Testes Descent: ppyartly due to shortenin g of gubernaculum, final descent due to testosterone and maybe increase in intra-abdominal pressure www.smso.net Female Development • Ovaries descend into pelvis • Vaginal process: outpocketing of peritoneum guides descent • Gubernaculum: guides descent of ovaries; attached to labia major – caudal portion = round ligament of uterus – cranial portion = ovarian ligament www.smso.net Puberty: period where reproductive organs grow and can reproduce • Females = around 11 • Males = around 13 – breasts enlarge – scrotum + testes enlarge – increase subcutaneous fat – enlargement of larynx in hips and breasts – increase in body size, – ha ir in pubi c and axill ary muscultlature region – hair in facial, pubic, – oily skin axillaryyg regions – menstruation (1-2 years – oily skin later) www.smso.net Reproductive System Geniliitalia = sex organs Primary = Gonads: ovaries, testes Secondary = Accessory: glands, ducts, external genitalia Female Male pgwww.smso.net 5 Female Reproductive System •Primaryyg Sex Organs – Ovaries = gonads • Accessoryyg Sex Organs – External Genitalia = vulva • Labia major + minor • MbiMons pubis • Clitoris – Ducts • Uterine tube = oviducts •Vagina – Glan ds www.smso.net • Greater vestibular gland pg 684 • Ovaries (paired) – produce and store ova (eggs) – Produce estrogen FlFemale – Tunica albuginea - surrounds each ovary Reproductive –Germinal epithelium-external to tunica albuginea (= mesothelium) Anatomy • Arterial Supply – Ovarian & branches of uterine a. • Ligaments – Ovarian ligament • connects ovaries to uterine wall (medial) – Suspensory ligament • connects ovaries to pelvic wall (lateral) – Broad ligament • supports uterus, oviducts – Round Ligament (part of broad) www.smso.net • Attaches uterus to labia majorum pg 685 Oogenesis: production of eggs (ova) • Stem cells = oogonia undergo Mitosis – all of f emal e’ s oogoni a prod uced whil e f et us • Oogonia begin Meiosis I are called primary oocytes (2n) • Meiosis I is stalled before birth • During ovulation, Meiosis I completed and Meiosis II begins • Once Meiosis II begins , primary oocytes now called secondary oocytes (n) • Meiosis II is comppppggleted when sperm penetrates egg • When Meiosis II is completed, secondary oocyte is now called ovum (egg) • Meiosis II results in 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies (degenerate) www.smso.net Oogenesis www.smso.net Pg 688 • Uterine Tubes = Oviducts = Fallopian Tubes – from near ovaries to uterus – Run lateral (ovary) to medial (uterus) – Infundibulum: lateral, funnel-shaped portion • Fim brae on edges – Ampulla: expanded portion distal to infundibulum • Usual site for fertilization – Isthmus: narrow medial portion – Visceral Peritoneum, Smooth Muscle, Ciliated Epithelium • Movement of Ova in Oviduct – receives oocyte after ovulation – peristaltic waves – cilia lining tube – contitains cell llts to nouri ihsh ova • Ectopic pregnancy: implantationwww.smso.net of zygote outside of uterus Female Reproductive Anatomy www.smso.net pg 685 •Uterus Female –3 Layers • perimetrium Reproductive • myometrium • endometrium Anatomy –Anatomy • fundus • body • isthmus • cervix – Location • anterior to rectum • postiterior t tblddo bladder •Vagina – Inferior to uterus – External adventitia –Muscularis – Mucosal rugae – vaginal orifice pg 685 www.smso.net • Hymen: extension of mucosa = incomplete wall pg 694 Female External Genitalia • Mons pubis: fatty pad over pubic symphysis • Labia major: fatty skin folds • LbiLabia mi nor: smaller, h ai rl ess f old s inside labia major – Fourchette = junction of labia minora – Central tendon = perineal body – Vestibule: created by labia minor; opening for urethra and vagina • Clitoris: superior to vestibule – crura, prepuce, corpus cavernosum – NOOi corpus spongiosum • Bulbs of Vestibule: erectile tissue surroundinggg vaginal orifice • Greater vestibular glands: either side of www.smso.net vaginal opening; secrete mucus Female Reproductive Anatomy • Innervation: branches of Pudendal nerve ((ypghypogastric p lexus & p elvic s planchnic nerves ) • Arterial Supply: – Uterine arteries (from internal iliac) + arcuate branches of = uterus – Ovarian arteries (from abdominal aorta) + ovarian branches of uterine arteries = ovaries www.smso.net Fertilization: sperm meets egg Path of sperm: Seminiferous tubulesÆtubulus rectus Ærete testisÆefferent ductulesÆ duct of epididymisÆ vas deferensÆ urethraÆfemale’s vaginaÆ uterusÆoviduct Path of egg: ovaryÆperitoneal cavityÆinfundibulum (oviduct) Æoviduct The meeting: Sperm + egg meet in uterine tube Æsperm penetrates egg = fertilization ZygoteÆuterus for implantation in uterine wall www.smso.net Male Reproductive StSystem • Primary Sex Organs –testes • Accessoryyg Sex Organs – External Genitalia •penis • scrotum –Ducts • Epididymis – efferent ductules – Duct of epididymis • vas deferens – ejjyaculatory duct • urethra – Glands • semin al vesic le pg 672 •prostate www.smso.net • bulbourethral • Scrotum Male – sac of skin + superficial fascia Reproducti ve – contains testes • Associated Muscles Anatomy – Dartos: inside skin of scrotum • Smooth muscle • wrinkles skin = warm – CtCremaster: extdittends into scrotum from spermatic cord • Fibers from internal oblique • elevates testes = warm • lower testes = cool • Tunica vaginalis = light sac – covering each testis • Tunica albuginea = fibrous – deep to tunica vaginalis www.smso.net pg 673 – divides testes into lobules Male Reproductive Anatomy: Testes & Ducts • Seminiferous Tubules – make-up testes – location of spermatogenesis – div ided i nt o l ob ul es • Tubulus Rectus – convergence of seminiferous tubules • Rete Testis – network of branching tubes – leads to epididymis www.smso.net pg 674 • Epididymis – gain ability to swim here – smoothlljlih muscle layer = ejaculation –HEAD • Efferent ductules: tube from rete testis to duct of eppyididymis • Ciliated simple columnar epithelium – BODY & TAIL • Duct of epididymis: highly coiled , leads into vas deferens • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/stereocilia – resorb excess testicular fluid – transfer nutrients to sperm in lumen • Vas Deferens – tube from duct of epididymis to ejaculatory duct – ejaculatory duct leads to urethra • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium & lamina propria • Thick muscularis • Adventitia – Vasectomy-cut vas deferens, closewww.smso.net off end Male Reproductive Ducts www.smso.net pg 674 Male Reproductive Ducts www.smso.net Cell Division • Mitosis: cell division with chromosome duplication and division Æ2 daughter cells = parent – Have Diploid = 2n number of chromosomes – Occurs in body (somatic) cells • Meiosis = Reduction Division: cell division resulting in cells having half the number of chromosomes as parent – Have Haploid = n number of chromosomes – OiOccurs in sex ce lls www.smso.net Spermatogenesis: production of sperm • Stem cells = Spermatogonia (2n) • Undergo Mitosis – Type A spermatogonia = precursor cells (2n) – Type B spermatogonia = primary spermatocytes (2n) • Primary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis I 2 secondary spermatocytes (n) • 2 Second()ddary spermatocytes (n) undergo Meiiiosis II 4 spermatids (n) • Spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm) – Head (()pacrosome), midpiece, tail – Controlled
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Feasibility of Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia
    STUDY OF FEASIBILITY OF LAPAROSCOPIC INGUINAL HERNIA SURGERY IN TAIPING HOSPITAL BY DR HASSLINDA BINTI ABU HASSAN M.D (UNIMAS) DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF MASTERS OF MEDICINE (GENERAL SURGERY) UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2010 [ii] II . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks, gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals, without whom my dissertation would have not been possible: School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia and Department of Surgery, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kubang Kerian for granting me the approval to proceed with the study. Dr Syed Hassan Syed Aziz ,my supervisor for his guidance, beneficial advice and assistant to ensure successful completion of this dissertation. Dr Zulkarnain Hasan, my co-supervisor for his patience, guidance and encouragement on helping me to complete this study. Dr Zainal Mahamood, the previous Head of Department of Surgery, our current Head Dr Mohd Nor Gohar Rahman and all the lecturers in Department of Surgery, HUSM for their continuous support and encouragement. Prof Dr Syed Hatim for his knowledge and guidance in statistics and analysis. Dr. Vimal K.Vasudeavan and Dr Umasangar Ramasamy, my field supervisor and co- supervisor in Hospital Taiping whom has given undivided attention and support, supervision and assistant in the preparation of this study and throughout the duration of the program. [iii] Not forgotten, my colleagues from Hospital Taiping,Dr Satkunan Mark and Dr Calvin Dinash for helping me with the data collection, patient recruitment and follow up of the case study. My course mates, Dr Nik Marila, Dr Ismazizi, Dr Syauki and Dr Ainilhayat for their great assistance and encouragement upon completing these hard tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductionreview
    REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals R P Amann and D N R Veeramachaneni Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683, USA Correspondence should be addressed to R P Amann; Email: [email protected] Abstract Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2–12%) than in cattle or sheep (%1%).
    [Show full text]
  • Genital System • Anatomically, the Genital System Is Subdivided Into
    Genital system • Anatomically, the genital system is subdivided into: 1- sex glands ( Testis and Ovary). 2- duct system ( male or female duct system) 3- external genitalia ( scrotum and penis in male, vulva in female) . • Embryollogically, from the time of fertilization the sex of the embryo can be determined genetically (male XY and female XX). • In early stage of development the sex of embryo cannot be differentiated anatomically or histologically, this stage is termed indifferent stage. • Later on ,sex hormones induce differentiation into male or female and in the same time the structure of the other sex degenerate. Indifferent Stage:- • In this stage the sex of the embryo cannot be differentiated anatomically or histologically. • This stage includes development of : - - gonads. - duct system - external genitalia. A- Gonads 1. Due to enlargement of mesonephros, it bulges ventrolaterally into the coelum forming a longitudinal urogenital ridge. 2. This ridge subdivided longitudinally into a lateral urinary ridge and medial genital ridge. 2. The genital (gonadal) ridge or gonad results from proliferation of celomatic epithelium. 3. This celomatic epithelium forms sex cord which project in the underlying mesenchyme . 4. The primordial germ cells which are located between the endodermal cells of the yolk sac, migrate through the mesentery of the hind gut to be located in the sex cord of the gonads. 5. Therefore the gonad has three types of cells: -Primordial germ cells. -celomatic cells -mesenchymal cells. B- Duct system • Both male and female embryos have initially two pairs of genital ducts: Mesonephric and Paramesonephric. 1. Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct: • The Mesonephric duct and tubules remain after degeneration of mesonephros forming the male duct system.
    [Show full text]
  • Transverse Plane Through the Scrotum and Inguinal Canal
    UNDERSTANDING THE CRYPTORCHID Transverse Plane through the This section is designed to make the procedure of castration and Scrotum and Inguinal Canal crytorchidectomy easier to understand. Some oversimplification of the embryology of the testis and the assumption that readers are familiar with anatomical and developmental terminology is required for brevity. The following is not intended to be a detailed discussion of the embryology of male development in the horse, but a simplified version pointing out some important factors in the surgical anatomy of cryptorchid castrations. For more detailed information, please refer to the selected bibliography at the end of this section. Anatomy and Anatomical Terminology The word “cryptorchid” is used to describe any testis that is not in the scrotum. There are three types of cryptorchids. 1. Inguinal 2. Abdominal 3. Incomplete In the normal juvenile or adult male horse the testis is found in the scrotum. A peritoneal process, the “vaginal tunic” (or just “the Note that the tunic and the peritoneal tunic”) passes through the inguinal canal and surrounds the blood lining are one continuous structure. and nerve supply to the testis, as well as the vas deferens, and surrounds testis and epididymis in the scrotum. (The blood vessels are branches of the testicular artery and vein, which leave the caudal aorta and vena cava in the dorsal lumbar region, near the kidneys.) The inguinal canal in the horse is relatively longer than in other species and runs between a deep and a superficial hole in the body wall. These are called the “internal inguinal ring” and the “external inguinal ring”, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of the Gubernaculum in Testicular Migration During the Human Fetal Period ______
    Vol. 40 (6): 722-729, November - December, 2014 REVIEW ARTICLE doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.06.02 The importance of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period _______________________________________________ Luciano A. Favorito1, Suelen F. Costa1, Helce R. Julio-Junior1, Francisco J. B. Sampaio1 1Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO ______________________________________________________________ ______________________ Objectives: The objective of this review is to study the role of the gubernaculum in the Key words: testicular migration process during the human fetal period. Testicular Diseases; Materials and Methods: We performed a descriptive review of the literature about the Cryptorchidism; Embryology; role of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal period. Fetus; Testis Results: In the first phase of testicular migration, the gubernaculum enlarges to hold the testis near the groin and in the second phase the gubernaculum migrates across Int Braz J Urol. 2014; 40: 722-9 the pubic region to reach the scrotum. The proximal portion of the gubernaculum is attached to the testis and epididymis and the presence of multiple insertions in the dis- _____________________ tal gubernaculum is extremely rare. The presence of muscle and nerves in the human gubernaculum is very poor. The gubernaculum of patients with cryptorchidism has Submitted for publication: more fibrous tissue and less collagen and when the patients are submitted to hormonal June 20, 2014 _____________________ treatment, the gubernaculum components alter significantly. Conclusions: The gubernaculum presents significant structural modifications during Accepted after revision: testicular migration in human fetuses. October 31, 2014 INTRODUCTION gubernaculum’s development (1, 11).
    [Show full text]
  • Scrotal Rejuvenation
    Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2316 Scrotal Rejuvenation Philip R. Cohen 1 1. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego Corresponding author: Philip R. Cohen, [email protected] Abstract Genital rejuvenation is applicable not only to women (vaginal rejuvenation) but also to men (scrotal rejuvenation). There is an increased awareness, reflected by the number of published medical papers, of vaginal rejuvenation; however, rejuvenation of the scrotum has not received similar attention in the medical literature. Scrotal rejuvenation includes treatment of hair-associated scrotal changes (alopecia and hypertrichosis), morphology-associated scrotal changes (wrinkling and laxity), and vascular-associated scrotal changes (angiokeratomas). Rejuvenation of the scrotum potentially may utilize medical therapy, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, for scrotal alopecia and conservative modalities, such as depilatories and electrolysis, for scrotal hypertrichosis. Lasers and energy-based devices may be efficacious for scrotal hypertrichosis and scrotal angiokeratomas. Surgical intervention is the mainstay of therapy for scrotal laxity; however, absorbable suspension sutures are postulated as a potential intervention to provide an adequate scrotal lift. Hair transplantation for scrotal alopecia and injection of botulinum toxin into the dartos muscle for scrotal wrinkling are hypothesized as possible treatments for these conditions. The interest in scrotal rejuvenation is likely to increase as men and their
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 27 *Lecture Powerpoint
    Chapter 27 *Lecture PowerPoint The Male Reproductive System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • Our genes live on in our offspring • This chapter will focus on some general aspects of human reproductive biology and the role of the male in reproduction 27-2 Sexual Reproduction and Development • Expected Learning Outcomes – Identify the most fundamental biological distinction between male and female. – Define primary sex organs, secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics. – Explain the role of the sex chromosomes in determining sex. 27-3 Sexual Reproduction and Development Cont. – Explain how the Y chromosome determines the response of the fetal gonad to prenatal hormones. – Identify which of the male and female external genitalia are homologous to each other. – Describe the descent of the gonads and explain why it is important. 27-4 The Two Sexes • Essence of sexual reproduction: biparental, meaning offspring receives genes from two parents – Offspring is not genetically identical to either one – We will die, but our genes will live on in a different container—that is, our offspring • Gametes (sex cells) produced by each parent • Zygote (fertilized egg) has combination of both parents’ genes 27-5 The Two Sexes • Male and female gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form a zygote (fertilized egg) – One gamete has motility: sperm (spermatozoon)
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary System
    Urinary System NOTE: Urine production requires an increased capillary surface area (glomeruli), epithelial tubules to collect plasma filtrate and extract desirable constituents, and a duct system to convey urine away from the body. Intermediate mesoderm: NOTE: lateral mesoderm: somite neural ectoderm All mesoderm is derived splanchnic groove from primary mesenchyme that somatic migrated through the primitive streak. Intermediate mesoderm is situated between somites and lateral mesoderm (somatic and intermediate mesoderm endoderm notochord coelom splanchnic mesoderm bordering (becomes urogenital ridge) the coelom). Intermediate mesoderm (including adjacent coelom mesothelium) forms a urogenital ridge, con- sisting of a laterally-positioned nephrogenic cord (that becomes kidneys & ureter) and a medially- positioned gonadal ridge (for ovary/testis & female/male genital tract formation). Urinary & genital systems have a common embryonic origin; also, they share common ducts. Kidneys: mesonephric duct • three kidneys develop metanephros chronologically, in cranial- pronephros mesonephric tubules caudal sequence, from each bilateral nephrogenic cord mesonephros • the three kidneys are designated: Nephrogenic Cord (left) pro—, meso—, and meta—, respectively. cloaca • the pronephros and mesonephros have a similar development: — nephrogenic cord mesoderm undergoes segmentation, — segments become tubules that drain into a duct — eventually the tubules disintegrate. 1] Pronephros—consists of (7-8) primitive spinal ganglion tubules and a pronephric duct that grows caudal- ly and terminates in the cloaca. The tubules soon degenerate, but the pronephric duct persists as the neural mesonephric duct. tube somite NOTE notochord • The pronephros is not functional, except in sheep. mesonephric • The mesonephros is functional in only some mammals tubule (related to placental layers). However, the mesonephros aorta becomes the functional kidney of adult fish & amphibians.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology of the Testis Vas Efferentia Seminiferous Tubule 6-12 Tubules
    Structure of Spermatic Cord the Testis Vas Deferens Caput Epididymis Endocrinology of the Testis Vas Efferentia Seminiferous Tubule 6-12 tubules John Parrish Tunica Albuginea Corpus Epididymis References: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology Rete Testis (within the mediastinum) Cauda Epididymis Seminiferous Mediastinum Tubule Rete Testis Spermatogonia Primary Spermatocyte Seminiferous Tubule Sertoli Cells Myoid Cells »Support spermatogenesis Secondary Spermatocyte Leydig Cells »Testosterone Round Spermatids synthesis Spermatozoa Basement Membrane The Testis Capillary Sertoli Cell Germ Cell Migration Migration begins by the 4 week of gestation in cow and human. 1 Migration from endoderm through mesoderm. XY Male Y Chromosome Circulating Androgen SRY, SOX9 Testes develop • Sex Hormone Binding Globulin - 44% • Albumin - 54% (1000 fold less affinity than Leydig Cells Sertoli Cells SHBG) Differentiate Differentiate • Free - 2% SF-1 SF-1 5a-red Bioavailable Testosterone = free + albumin bound Testosterone DHT AMH AR AR SHBG is made in Liver Development of AMHR Development ABP is made in Sertoli Cells of Wollfian penis scrotum and Ducts Degeneration of accessory Both also bind estradiol Mullerian Duct sex glands Undifferentiated Gonad AMH AMH 2 Differentiated Reproductive Tracts Testicular Development Mesonephric Duct Mesonephric Tubules Female Male (Wolffian Duct) Rete Tubules Mullerian Duct Tunica Undifferentiated Albuginea Sex Chords Mesonephric Tubules Primary Sex Chords in Fetal Testis Rete Tubules Pre-Sertoli - AMH Wolffian Duct Leydig Cells - Testosterone Mullerian Duct Primary, Epithelial or Medullary Sex Chords Tunica • Primordial germ cells Gonocyte Albuginea (gonocytes) • Pre-Sertoli Cells FSH on Sertoli Cells Hypothalamus • estradiol GnRH • inhibin Negative Feedback • ABP • tight junctions • growth factors • Hypothalamus Ant. Pituitary Negative Feedback of » Testosterone conversion to Estradiol Estradiol and Inhibin » Androgen receptor is less important Negative To • Anterior Pituitary LH FSH Epid.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 27 Lecture Outline
    Chapter 27 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction • Our genes live on in our offspring • This chapter will focus on some general aspects of human reproductive biology and the role of the male in reproduction 27-2 Sexual Reproduction and Development • Expected Learning Outcomes – Identify the most fundamental biological distinction between male and female. – Define primary sex organs, secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics. – Explain the role of the sex chromosomes in determining sex. 27-3 Sexual Reproduction and Development (Continued) – Explain how the Y chromosome determines the response of the fetal gonad to prenatal hormones. – Identify which of the male and female external genitalia are homologous to each other. – Describe the descent of the gonads and explain why it is important. 27-4 The Two Sexes • Sexual reproduction is biparental, meaning offspring receives genes from two parents – Offspring is not genetically identical to either one – We will die, but our genes will live on in a different container—that is, our offspring • Gametes (sex cells) produced by each parent • Zygote (fertilized egg) has combination of both parents’ genes 27-5 The Two Sexes • Male and female gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form a zygote (fertilized egg) – One gamete has motility: sperm (spermatozoon) • Parent producing sperm considered male • Parent
    [Show full text]