Pelvis and Contents Reproductive Organs and System www.smso.net • 2 Pelvic = Coxal = Innominate Bony Pelvis bones fused together • Each Pelvic bone – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis – 3 par tjitfts join to form acetbltabulum • Sacrum and Coccyx help create pelvis and form pelvic cavity • Function – attaches lower limb to axial skeleton – supports viscera – transmits weiggppyht of upper body Pg 187 Use lab work to www.smso.netlearn bony landmarks of pelvis • True Pelvis Contents of Pelvic – below pelvic brim Cavity – space contains • part colon • rectum • bladder • uterus/ovaries (()females) • False Pelvis – iliac blades – above pelvic brim – contains abdominal organs – attachment for muscles + ligaments to body wall • Pelvic Diaphragm = www.smso.netlevator ani + coccygeus m Sexual Dimorphism in Pelvis Female Male • Cavity is broad, shallow • Cavity is narrow, deep • Pelvic inlet oval + outlet • Smaller inlet + outlet round • Bones heavier, thicker • Bones are lighter, thinner • Pubic angle more acute • Pubic angle larger • Coccyx less flexible, more • Coccyx more flexible, curved straighter • Ischial tuberosities longer, • Ischial tuberosities face more medially shorter, more everted www.smso.net Sexual Dimorphism in Pelvis pg 189 www.smso.net Perineum •Diamond-shaped area between – Pubic symphysis (anteriorly) – Coccyx (posteriorly) – Ischial tuberosities (laterally) • Males contain – Scrotum, root of penis, anus • Females contain – External genitalia, anus www.smso.net pg 744 Development of Reproductive Organs • Gonadal ridge: forms in embryo at 5 weeks and gives rise to gonads • Both ducts are ppyresent in embryo-onlyyp one develops! – Wolffian ducts: form male ducts • vas deferens, epididymis – Mullerian ducts: form female ducts • uterus, oviduct, vagina • Externalilidlfl genitalia develops from same structures – Labioscrotal swelling: Scrotum = Labia major – Urethlfldhral folds: Penile Ureth ra = Labi a mi nor – Genital tubercle: www.smso.netPenis = Clitoris Development of Reproductive Structures www.smso.net Mouse development Pg 703 Male Development • Male fetus – Testes descend partially at 3 months , finish at 7 months into scrotum – Vaginal Process : outpocketing of peritoneum forms tunica vaginalis – Gubernaculum: fibrous cord; attaches bottom of scrotum to testes – Testes Descent: ppyartly due to shortenin g of gubernaculum, final descent due to testosterone and maybe increase in intra-abdominal pressure www.smso.net Female Development • Ovaries descend into pelvis • Vaginal process: outpocketing of peritoneum guides descent • Gubernaculum: guides descent of ovaries; attached to labia major – caudal portion = round ligament of uterus – cranial portion = ovarian ligament www.smso.net Puberty: period where reproductive organs grow and can reproduce • Females = around 11 • Males = around 13 – breasts enlarge – scrotum + testes enlarge – increase subcutaneous fat – enlargement of larynx in hips and breasts – increase in body size, – ha ir in pubi c and axill ary muscultlature region – hair in facial, pubic, – oily skin axillaryyg regions – menstruation (1-2 years – oily skin later) www.smso.net Reproductive System Geniliitalia = sex organs Primary = Gonads: ovaries, testes Secondary = Accessory: glands, ducts, external genitalia Female Male pgwww.smso.net 5 Female Reproductive System •Primaryyg Sex Organs – Ovaries = gonads • Accessoryyg Sex Organs – External Genitalia = vulva • Labia major + minor • MbiMons pubis • Clitoris – Ducts • Uterine tube = oviducts •Vagina – Glan ds www.smso.net • Greater vestibular gland pg 684 • Ovaries (paired) – produce and store ova (eggs) – Produce estrogen FlFemale – Tunica albuginea - surrounds each ovary Reproductive –Germinal epithelium-external to tunica albuginea (= mesothelium) Anatomy • Arterial Supply – Ovarian & branches of uterine a. • Ligaments – Ovarian ligament • connects ovaries to uterine wall (medial) – Suspensory ligament • connects ovaries to pelvic wall (lateral) – Broad ligament • supports uterus, oviducts – Round Ligament (part of broad) www.smso.net • Attaches uterus to labia majorum pg 685 Oogenesis: production of eggs (ova) • Stem cells = oogonia undergo Mitosis – all of f emal e’ s oogoni a prod uced whil e f et us • Oogonia begin Meiosis I are called primary oocytes (2n) • Meiosis I is stalled before birth • During ovulation, Meiosis I completed and Meiosis II begins • Once Meiosis II begins , primary oocytes now called secondary oocytes (n) • Meiosis II is comppppggleted when sperm penetrates egg • When Meiosis II is completed, secondary oocyte is now called ovum (egg) • Meiosis II results in 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies (degenerate) www.smso.net Oogenesis www.smso.net Pg 688 • Uterine Tubes = Oviducts = Fallopian Tubes – from near ovaries to uterus – Run lateral (ovary) to medial (uterus) – Infundibulum: lateral, funnel-shaped portion • Fim brae on edges – Ampulla: expanded portion distal to infundibulum • Usual site for fertilization – Isthmus: narrow medial portion – Visceral Peritoneum, Smooth Muscle, Ciliated Epithelium • Movement of Ova in Oviduct – receives oocyte after ovulation – peristaltic waves – cilia lining tube – contitains cell llts to nouri ihsh ova • Ectopic pregnancy: implantationwww.smso.net of zygote outside of uterus Female Reproductive Anatomy www.smso.net pg 685 •Uterus Female –3 Layers • perimetrium Reproductive • myometrium • endometrium Anatomy –Anatomy • fundus • body • isthmus • cervix – Location • anterior to rectum • postiterior t tblddo bladder •Vagina – Inferior to uterus – External adventitia –Muscularis – Mucosal rugae – vaginal orifice pg 685 www.smso.net • Hymen: extension of mucosa = incomplete wall pg 694 Female External Genitalia • Mons pubis: fatty pad over pubic symphysis • Labia major: fatty skin folds • LbiLabia mi nor: smaller, h ai rl ess f old s inside labia major – Fourchette = junction of labia minora – Central tendon = perineal body – Vestibule: created by labia minor; opening for urethra and vagina • Clitoris: superior to vestibule – crura, prepuce, corpus cavernosum – NOOi corpus spongiosum • Bulbs of Vestibule: erectile tissue surroundinggg vaginal orifice • Greater vestibular glands: either side of www.smso.net vaginal opening; secrete mucus Female Reproductive Anatomy • Innervation: branches of Pudendal nerve ((ypghypogastric p lexus & p elvic s planchnic nerves ) • Arterial Supply: – Uterine arteries (from internal iliac) + arcuate branches of = uterus – Ovarian arteries (from abdominal aorta) + ovarian branches of uterine arteries = ovaries www.smso.net Fertilization: sperm meets egg Path of sperm: Seminiferous tubulesÆtubulus rectus Ærete testisÆefferent ductulesÆ duct of epididymisÆ vas deferensÆ urethraÆfemale’s vaginaÆ uterusÆoviduct Path of egg: ovaryÆperitoneal cavityÆinfundibulum (oviduct) Æoviduct The meeting: Sperm + egg meet in uterine tube Æsperm penetrates egg = fertilization ZygoteÆuterus for implantation in uterine wall www.smso.net Male Reproductive StSystem • Primary Sex Organs –testes • Accessoryyg Sex Organs – External Genitalia •penis • scrotum –Ducts • Epididymis – efferent ductules – Duct of epididymis • vas deferens – ejjyaculatory duct • urethra – Glands • semin al vesic le pg 672 •prostate www.smso.net • bulbourethral • Scrotum Male – sac of skin + superficial fascia Reproducti ve – contains testes • Associated Muscles Anatomy – Dartos: inside skin of scrotum • Smooth muscle • wrinkles skin = warm – CtCremaster: extdittends into scrotum from spermatic cord • Fibers from internal oblique • elevates testes = warm • lower testes = cool • Tunica vaginalis = light sac – covering each testis • Tunica albuginea = fibrous – deep to tunica vaginalis www.smso.net pg 673 – divides testes into lobules Male Reproductive Anatomy: Testes & Ducts • Seminiferous Tubules – make-up testes – location of spermatogenesis – div ided i nt o l ob ul es • Tubulus Rectus – convergence of seminiferous tubules • Rete Testis – network of branching tubes – leads to epididymis www.smso.net pg 674 • Epididymis – gain ability to swim here – smoothlljlih muscle layer = ejaculation –HEAD • Efferent ductules: tube from rete testis to duct of eppyididymis • Ciliated simple columnar epithelium – BODY & TAIL • Duct of epididymis: highly coiled , leads into vas deferens • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/stereocilia – resorb excess testicular fluid – transfer nutrients to sperm in lumen • Vas Deferens – tube from duct of epididymis to ejaculatory duct – ejaculatory duct leads to urethra • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium & lamina propria • Thick muscularis • Adventitia – Vasectomy-cut vas deferens, closewww.smso.net off end Male Reproductive Ducts www.smso.net pg 674 Male Reproductive Ducts www.smso.net Cell Division • Mitosis: cell division with chromosome duplication and division Æ2 daughter cells = parent – Have Diploid = 2n number of chromosomes – Occurs in body (somatic) cells • Meiosis = Reduction Division: cell division resulting in cells having half the number of chromosomes as parent – Have Haploid = n number of chromosomes – OiOccurs in sex ce lls www.smso.net Spermatogenesis: production of sperm • Stem cells = Spermatogonia (2n) • Undergo Mitosis – Type A spermatogonia = precursor cells (2n) – Type B spermatogonia = primary spermatocytes (2n) • Primary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis I 2 secondary spermatocytes (n) • 2 Second()ddary spermatocytes (n) undergo Meiiiosis II 4 spermatids (n) • Spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm) – Head (()pacrosome), midpiece, tail – Controlled