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The German Question and the International Order (1943-8): an English School Approach

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The German Question and the International Order (1943-8): an English School Approach Lewkowicz, Nicolas Abel (2008) The German question and the international order (1943-8): an English school approach. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11168/1/479269.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information, please contact [email protected] The German Question and the International Order (1943-8): an English School approach Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History October 2007 Nicolas Abel Lewkowicz LLB(Hons), BA (Hons), NIA (Birkbeck College, University of London) Pg iox ry 1' lrs. ý++wwr. cmýrsesaý? ABSTRACT Using the interpretative framework of the English School of international relations, the thesis explores the extent to which the inter-Allied treatment of the German Question during the 1943-8 period influenced the making of the post-war international order. Linking international relations theory with historical research, the thesis reinstates the importance of the resolution of the German Question as the most influential issue in the development of the post-war international order. The thesis explores the institutionalisation of international relations and the dynamic interaction of the legal, consensual and conflictual elements involved in the treatment of the German Question, portraying them as the main informative aspects of the origins of the Cold War international order. Employing the `trilateral approach' espoused by Martin Wight, the thesis tackles the Realist aspects of the treatment of the German Question by analysing superpower interaction in relation to the enforcement of their structural interests and the socialisation of conflict at occupation and diplomatic level. The thesis evaluates the transformation which occurred in Germany and the post-war international order due to the inter-Allied work on denazification. The thesis also analyses the Rationalist aspects of superpower interaction, with particular emphasis on the legal and diplomatic framework which sustained not only the treatment of the German Question but also the general context of inter-Allied relations. The main conclusion of the thesis is that by restricting superpower intervention to specific spheres of influence, the treatment of the German Question contributed to the creation of a `pluralist plus' international order which inhibited a systemic disruption of the bipolar settlement imposed by the main Allies. The German Question and the International Order (1943-8): an English School approach Abstract Table of contents p. i Acknowledgments p. vi Select Bibliography p. viii Abbreviations and acronyms p. xxxiii INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the German Question and the Making of the Post-War International Order (1943-8) p. 1 Chapter 1: The Practical Association framework between the Allies during World War Two 1.1 The nature of the practical association framework p. 17 1.2 Military cooperation p. 23 1.3 Legal and diplomatic cooperation p. 37 1.4 The dismemberment of Germany p. 44 1.5 The issue of reparations p. 61 1.6 The post-war occupation of Germany p. 68 1.7 Conclusion p. 72 Chapter 2: The German Question, American and Soviet structural interests, and the origins of the Cold War 2.1 Introduction p.76 2.2 US interests in Western Europe and the revival of Germany p. 83 2.3 Ideology and the enforcement of US structural interests p. 104 2.4 Soviet security interests in Eastern Europe p. 110 2.5 Soviet ideology in the making of structural conflict p. 123 11 2.6 Conclusion p. 133 Chapter 3: The German Question, the social construction of conflict and the origins of the Cold War 3.1 Introduction p. 138 3.2 The zonal occupation and the spectrum of conflict p. 141 3.3 The issue of economic principles and the breakdown of four-power control p. 150 3.4 Conclusion p. 172 Chapter 4: The German Question and the `primary institutions' of the post-war international order 4.1 The English School's concept of `primary institutions' and the German Question p. 179 4.2 Intervention as a primary institution of the post-war international order p. 186 4.3 Coexistence as a primary institution of the post-war international order p. 204 4.4 Conclusion p. 210 Chapter 5: The treatment of the German Question: the Revolutionist context 5.1 The concept of `revolutionism' in the treatment of the German Question p. 213 5.2 The denazification of Germany p. 218 5.3 Conclusions p. 241 Chapter 6: The German Question (1943-8) and the transformation of `international society' 6.1 The English School's concept of `international society' and the German Question p. 247 6.2 The political emasculation of Germany. p. 249 6.2 The German Question and the ideological divide of the post-war international society. p.251 6.4 The institutionalisation of the post-war international order p. 259 iv 6.5 The German Question and the expansion of international society p. 263 6.6 Conclusion p. 265 CONCLUSION: the German Question, the English School and the origins of the Cold War p. 270 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the School of History at Nottingham University for providing the opportunity and funding to undertake this study. I wish to thank my supervisor, Professor John W Young. He supported this project since the very beginning and gave me the freedom to explore the historical and theoretical aspects of the German Question while providing me with invaluable support and guidance. My gratitude goes to the members of staff at Lenton Grove, especially Dr Richard Gaunt, Dr Andre Cobbing, Dr Nick Thomas, Dr Chris Goto-Jones and Dr Sheryllynne Haggerty who entrusted me with the wonderful task of teaching history seminars at the School of History of Nottingham University. Dr Nigel Aston opened the doors of the School of Historical Studies at Leicester University for me. During my time as a MA tutor at Leicester, many an afternoon were spent charting the German Question. Those afternoons contributed in a significant manner to the outcome of this project. Dr Karl Wilds of the German Department at Nottingham University gave me the chance to teach seminars on the Brandt chancellorship and I am grateful for being given such an opportunity. My thanks go Dr Peter Cunich at Hong Kong University, Dr Brad Williams at the National University of Singapore, Professor Helen Meller of Nottingham University and Professor Barry Buzan of the London School of Economics for giving me the chance to present papers on various aspects of the German Question during my time as a doctoral student. My acknowledgment and thanks also go to the staff at the British Library, the Library of Congress in Washington DC and the libraries of the London School of Economics vi and Political Science, Birkbeck College, University College London and the University of Nottingham. I acknowledge Crown Copyright for materials consulted at the National Archives (Kew Gardens, London). I also acknowledge the National Archives (Washington DC), for letting me comb their State, SWNCC and Treasury files. I am thankful for the assistanceprovided by their staff, particularly Matt Olson at College Park, MD. I would like to extend particular thanks to my lecturers and teachers at Birkbeck College (University of London), my alma mater, which provided me, in nocte consilium, with the best training anyone could hope for in the fields of history, philosophy and politics, particularly Dr. Geoffrey Thomas, Dr. Bill Tompson, Dr. Mark Cain and Dr. Jan Hancock. I also thank my dear wife Sarah, for patiently putting up with my absence during research trips and my oftentimes absent-minded behaviour during the writing of thesis. I should also like to thank my parents who have been a source of comfort and support throughout my time as a PhD student. I dedicate this work to them, for their unfaltering support, limitless understanding and enduring love. vii SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES 1). Archival sources a. ) National Archives, Kew Gardens, London FO 371,945 CAB 130,129 b. ) National Archives, College Park, Maryland US Treasury, `Suggested Post-Surrender Program', September 1,1944, RG 107, ASW 370.8, Germany, MMNA. State Files 59 General Records Department of the of the Treasury-Records of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. Re: monetary and international affairs Chronological file of HD White- Nov 1934-Apr 1946 Miscellaneous German Files 1943-54 E1174. E SWNCC Files 15,269,257,327,303,309,283 Interdepartmental and Intradepartmental Committee SWNCC- Decimal File 1944-49 Box 65 2). Official Publications Beate Ruhm von Oppen (ed), Documents of Germany under 0awpation 1945-1954.
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