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DEA Nanja 2019 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etude Approfondies (D.E.A) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale Présenté par : NANJARISOA Olinirina Prisca (Maître-ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 11 Mars 2015 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Prof. Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Rapporteurs : Prof. Vololoniaina JEANNODA Dr. Maria VORONTSOVA Examinateur: Dr.Hélène RALIMANANA Photo de couverture : Savane herbeuse à Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E. Hubb de la NAP du massif d’Itremo UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etude Approfondies (D.E.A) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale Inventaire taxonomique des Poaceae de la Nouvelle Aire Protégée du massif d’Itremo Présenté par : NANJARISOA Olinirina Prisca (Maître-ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 11 Mars 2015 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président: Prof. Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Rapporteurs : Prof. Vololoniaina JEANNODA Dr. Maria VORONTSOVA Examinateur: Dr.Hélène RALIMANANA REMERCIEMENTS Nous aimerions exprimer notre reconnaissance et notre gratitude aux personnes et institutions sans l’aide desquelles ce mémoire n’aurait pu voir le jour. Nos remerciements vont : - Au Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, enseignant chercheur au sein du département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo qui a bien voulu accepter de présider cette soutenance. - Au Professeur Vololoniaina JEANNODA, enseignant chercheur au sein du département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a bien voulu consacrer une partie de son temps précieux pour suivre de près ce travail aussi bien sur le terrain que pendant la rédaction du mémoire et qui nous fait l’honneur d’en être le rapporteur. - Au Docteur Maria VORONTSOVA, Taxonomiste spécialiste des Poaceae au sein du Royal Botanic Gardens Kew qui nous a proposé le sujet de ce mémoire, nous a encadré sur le terrain et nous a fait bénéficier de ses conseils et critiques constructifs tout au long de l’étude. Merci de nous avoir initiés au monde fascinant des Poaceae. - Au Docteur Hélène RALIMANANA, « Team Manager » de Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, qui a malgré ses lourdes responsabilités, a bien voulu examiner ce travail. - Au Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, à Amar-Franses Foster-Jenkins Trust via Emily Holmes Memorial Scholarship Fund, au Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, qui nous ont fourni les moyens financiers, matériels et techniques necéssaires pour l’élaboration de ce travail. - A tous les enseignants de la Faculté des Sciences qui nous ont transmis leurs savoirs et connaissances. - A tout le personnel du KMCC, qui nous a preté main forte pour la réalisation de ce travail. - A tous les responsables de l’herbarium de Tsimbazaza (PBZT) et de Royal Botanic Gardens Kew qui nous ont permis de faire les identifications au sein de leur département. Un grand merci à toute la famille et aux collègues, pour leurs soutiens, leurs compréhensions et leurs confiances. -A tous ceux que nous ne pouvons pas citer, et qui a contribué de loin ou de près à l’élaboration de ce mémoir. Qu’ils trouvent ici nos vifs remerciements. SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS SOMMAIRE LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES CARTES LISTE DES PLANCHES LISTE DES PHOTOS LISTE DES ANNEXES LISTE DES ACRONYMES CODE INTERNATIONAL DES HERBARIA GLOSSAIRE INTRODUCITION PARTIE I: GENERALITES SUR LA FAMILLE DES POACEAE I.1. POSITION SYSTEMATIQUE DES POACEAE ...................................................... 5 I.2. DESCRIPTION MORPHOLOGIQUE...................................................................... 8 I.2.1. Appareil végétatif ........................................................................................................ 9 Port............................................................................................................................... 9 Tige ............................................................................................................................ 10 Feuille ........................................................................................................................ 11 Système racinaire : ..................................................................................................... 12 I.2.2. Appareil reproducteur ................................................................................................ 12 Epillet : ...................................................................................................................... 13 Inflorescence .............................................................................................................. 14 Fruits : ........................................................................................................................ 16 I.2.3. Les éléments utiles et essentiels pour l’identification des Poaceae ........................... 16 i Epillet......................................................................................................................... 16 Ligule ......................................................................................................................... 17 Inflorescence .............................................................................................................. 17 I.3. PHYSIOLOGIE : TYPE DE PHOTOSYNTHESE ................................................. 17 PARTIE II: PRESENTATION DU MILIEU D'ETUDE II.1. LOCALISATION DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE ........................................................... 18 II.2. MILIEU ABIOTIQUE ................................................................................................ 19 II.2.1. Relief et géologie .................................................................................................. 19 II.2.2. Sol ......................................................................................................................... 19 II.2.3. Hydrographie ......................................................................................................... 19 II.2.4. Bioclimat ............................................................................................................... 20 II.3. MILIEU BIOTIQUE................................................................................................... 21 II.3.1. Faune ...................................................................................................................... 21 II.3.2. Flore et végétation .................................................................................................. 21 PARTIE III: MATERIELS ET METHODES III.1. MATERIELS ........................................................................................................... 28 III.1.1. Matériels de terrains : ............................................................................................. 28 III.1.2. Matériels de laboratoire : ....................................................................................... 28 III.1.3. Ouvrages d’identification : .................................................................................... 28 III.1.4. Bases de données BRAHMS (Botanical Research And Herbarium Management System) 28 III.2. METHODE D’ETUDE ........................................................................................... 29 III.2.1. Bibliographie .......................................................................................................... 29 III.2.2. Descente sur le terrain ............................................................................................ 30 III.2.2.1. Collecte des herbiers .......................................................................................... 30 III.2.2.2. Collecte des échantillons en gel de silice ........................................................... 32 III.2.2.3. Etudes des habitats ............................................................................................. 32 III.2.3. Travaux en laboratoire : Identification des échantillons ....................................... 32 ii III.2.4. Clé de détermination ............................................................................................. 33 III.2.5. Compilation des bases de données sur BRAHMS ................................................ 33 III.2.6. Illustration ............................................................................................................. 34 III.2.7. Traitement des données ......................................................................................... 35 Analyse Factorielle de Correspondance (AFC) ......................................................... 35 Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP) ................................................................ 35 PARTIE IV: RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS IV.1. ETUDE TAXONOMIQUE .................................................................................... 37 IV.1.1. Diversité des graminées de la NAP du massif d’itremo ....................................... 37 IV.1.1.1. Sous-familles .................................................................................................. 37 IV.1.1.2. Genre .............................................................................................................. 39 IV.1.1.3. Espèce ............................................................................................................
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