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ETUDE DE LA DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE DES POACEAE MALGACHES : Cas Du Parc National D’Isalo

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ETUDE DE LA DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE DES POACEAE MALGACHES : Cas Du Parc National D’Isalo UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE MENTION : BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) ETUDE DE LA DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE DES POACEAE MALGACHES : Cas Du Parc National d’Isalo Présenté par RAKOTOMALALA Nantenaina Herizo Soutenu publiquement le 07 Août 2019 devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Prof. Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Rapporteurs : Prof. Vololoniaina JEANNODA Dr Maria VORONTSOVA Examinateurs : Dr Hélène RALIMANANA Dr Mijoro RAKOTOARINIVO UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE MENTION : BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) ETUDE DE LA DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE DES POACEAE MALGACHES : Cas Du Parc National d’Isalo Présenté par RAKOTOMALALA Nantenaina Herizo Soutenu publiquement le 07 Août 2019 devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Prof. Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Rapporteurs : Prof. Vololoniaina JEANNODA Dr Maria VORONTSOVA Examinateurs : Dr Hélène RALIMANANA Dr Mijoro RAKOTOARINIVO Photo de couverture : groupe d’Hyparrhenia rufa, fréquent dans le circuit Malaso, Isalo. Crédit photo: DAVID RABEHEVITRA © 2018. Remerciement Grâce soit rendue à Dieu primordialement car c’est par son amour miséricordieux et sa bénédiction que je suis arrivée au terme de ce mémoire. La présente étude est le fruit de la collaboration entre l’Université d’Antananarivo, la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, le Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG) Kew et le Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre (KMCC). Ainsi j’adresse mes sincères gratitudes au personnel et aux enseignants de ces institutions, ainsi qu’à toutes les personnes qui ont contribué de loin et de près leur aide dans la réalisation de cette étude. Ainsi je remercie : Les membres du jury : ❖ Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, Enseignant-Chercheur, Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’a fait un grand honneur de présider le jury et qui a apporté des critiques très instructives sur la présentation de cette étude grâce à ses expériences sur la rédaction scientifique. Je vous témoigne ma sincère gratitude. ❖ Professeur Vololoniaina JEANNODA, Enseignant-Chercheur, Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a montré la volonté de diriger cette recherche et de m’encadrer durant la réalisation de cette étude, depuis le terrain jusqu’à sa présentation, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités. Veuillez accepter mes sincères remerciements, Madame. ❖ Docteur Maria VORONTSOVA, Botaniste et Chercheur, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Londres, qui m’a accordée confiance et support durant la réalisation de cette recherche. Je la remercie de m’avoir supervisée et d’avoir eu l’amabilité de me transmettre ses connaissances sur les Poaceae de Madagascar. Je vous adresse mes remerciements les plus sincères. ❖ Docteur Hélène RALIMANANA, Chercheur et team leader, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew ; qui a assuré l’organisation administrative de cette recherche, et qui accepté sans hésitation à examiner cette étude toute en apportant les améliorations possibles. Veuillez recevoir mes reconnaissances les plus vives, Madame. ❖ Docteur Mijoro RAKOTOARINIVO, Maître de conférences, Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Facultés des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a consacré son temps à examiner ce mémoire malgré ses occupations. Je lui suis humblement reconnaissante pour ses précieux critiques et conseils qui ont significativement permis d’améliorer ce mémoire. Je vous adresse ma reconnaissance le plus profond, Monsieur. Le Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre (KMCC), ainsi que son personnel, qui m’ont accueillie, m’ont rendue service, et m’ont conseillée lors la réalisation de cette recherche, particulièrement à : ❖ David RABEHEVITRA, Chercheur, botaniste et photographe, qui nous a accompagnés durant les travaux sur terrain et a réalisé la prise et le traitement de quelques photos presentées dans le présent manuscrit. Veuillez accepter mes vifs remerciements. ❖ Andotiana Mihaja ANDRIAMANOHERA, Chercheur et botaniste, qui nous a également apportés son aide et son assistance lors des travaux sur terrain, et qui n’a pas hésité à donner des conseils amélioratifs à ce travail. Qu’elle croit à ma sincère reconnaissance. ❖ Lova Cédrique SOLOFONDRANOHATRA, Etudiante chercheur de l’Université d’Antananarivo qui fait sa thèse de Doctorat sur l’Ecologie des savanes malgaches, qui a offert son assistance technique et instructive, et a été toujours partante pour discuter ou pour échanger des idées sur la réalisation de cette recherche, malgré ses occupations. Qu’elle croit à ma sincère gratitude. ❖ Tatamo RANAIVOMANANA, Chauffeur : sans lui, nous n’avons pas pu effectuer les inventaires sur terrain. Il a fait preuve d’effort en nous conduisant à Isalo et dans les différents sites de collectes, des plus faciles aux plus difficiles à franchir. Je vous suis vraiment reconnaissante. ❖ L’équipe responsable de la base de données de KMCC : Linah RABARIVOLA, Henintsoa RAZANAJATOVO, Velosoa RAZAFINIARY, qui m’a apprise à servir le logiciel BRAHMS et m’a donnée la base de données nécessaire requise dans cette recherche. Je vous remercie du fond du cœur. Le Département Flore au sein du Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza (PBZT) et son personnel, qui ont contribué par leur assistance dans cette étude, particulièrement : ❖ Docteur Solohery Jean Victor RAPANARIVO, Chercheur et chef du département Flore, qui m’a accueillie au sein de l’Herbarium et le laboratoire de TAN afin que je puisse effectuer l’identification de mes spécimens. Veuillez accepter mes vifs remerciements. ❖ Madame Jacqueline RAZANATSOA, Botaniste et technicien qui a participé aux collectes de données sur terrain et a transmis ses acquis sur le mode de collecte et le maniement des spécimens d’herbiers. Je vous remercie sincèrement. ❖ Monsieur Rokiman LETSARA, Botaniste et Chercheur, qui m’a accueillie au sein du laboratoire de CAS et m’a apprise les techniques d’usage du microscope utilisé lors de l’identification des spécimens. Veuillez accepter mes vifs remerciements, Monsieur. J’adresse aussi une particulière reconnaissance à Monsieur Roger Lala ANDRIAMIARISOA, Chercheur et illustrateur botanique basé au sein de Missouri Botanical Gardens Madagascar qui m’a volontairement donnée conseils et m’a apprise les techniques sur l’illustration botanique. Qu’il croit à ma sincère gratitude. J’adresse encore et également mes vifs remerciements au personnel du Madagascar National Parks Ranohira, particulièrement : ❖ Monsieur Ranaivojaona RANDRIANTSITOHAINA, Responsable du site, qui nous a accueillis et donnés l’autorisation de recherche dans le parc, et a supervisé notre investigation à Isalo. Je vous remercie de votre collaboration, Monsieur. ❖ Messieurs Ivon TOVONDRAINY et Noel RANDRIANASOLO, Agents du MNP Ranohira, qui ont prouvé leur sympathie et leur motivation de nous assister et aider durant notre séjour de collecte à Isalo. Sans eux, je n’ai pas pu réussir à récolter tous ces spécimens. Je vous suis de tout cœur reconnaissante. Je tiens aussi à adresser mes profonds remerciements à tous les Enseignants-Chercheurs de la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Université d’Antananarivo, qui nous ont formés durant les années d’études à devenir des chercheurs. Je vous suis sincèrement reconnaissante. Je tiens également à remercier ma grand-mère (Bebe Henriette, paix à son âme), mes parents, mes frères (Nambinina, Nasandratra et Naliniaina), ma tante et mon oncle, ainsi que toute la famille pour leurs soutiens spirituels, moraux et matériels durant mes années d’étude. Sans vous je n’ai pas pu réussir et achever mes études, je vous suis à jamais reconnaissante ! Et finalement, je remercie mes meilleurs amis MIHARIVOLA Hasina Norbert, et Radoniaina RAKOTOMANANDRIANA, qui m’ont toujours soutenue et encouragée. Merci mes amis ! Et merci à tous TABLE DE MATIERES LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................................... i LISTE DES PHOTOS...................................................................................................................... i LISTE DES TABLEAUX................................................................................................................ i LISTE DES ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................ii GLOSSAIRE....................................................................................................................................ii I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 I. MILIEU D’ÉTUDE ................................................................................................................. 4 II.1.1 - Localisation et rattachement administratif ................................................................................ 4 II.1.2 - Climat ........................................................................................................................................ 5 II.1.3 - Géomorphologie et topographie ...............................................................................................
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