Britain 1945-1955
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WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch The ‘responsible’ woman: the BBC and women’s radio 1945- 1955 Kristin Skoog Faculty of Media, Arts and Design This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2010. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] THE ‘RESPONSIBLE’ WOMAN: THE BBC AND WOMEN’S RADIO 1945-1955 K. SKOOG PhD 2010 THE „RESPONSIBLE‟ WOMAN: THE BBC AND WOMEN‟S RADIO 1945-1955 KRISTIN SKOOG A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2010 ABSTRACT The BBC‟s women‟s radio in the British post-war period (1945 – 1955) is still a very much neglected area of historical research, although the BBC after the Second World War continued to produce many talks and programmes that were specifically aimed at women, such as the factual Woman’s Hour (1946) and the fictional Mrs. Dale’s Diary (1948). By building on archival research conducted mainly at the BBC Written Archives Centre, and further work carried out at the Mass Observation Archive, this thesis addresses the production side, as well as the text, and the audience; in a sense a very multifaceted approach. Focus has been laid on women‟s programmes such as Woman’s Hour and Mrs. Dale’s Diary. But other talks and discussions have also been considered not necessarily with just a focus on women. Throughout the research the editorial process has been of major interest; the thinking behind; the production process. The thesis will demonstrate the importance played by BBC women‟s programmes in this period but also in the general development of British broadcasting. The thesis also offers a detailed insight into the internal culture of the BBC, and its women‟s programmes, at a time when questions about culture and taste were surfacing. The thesis will therefore be an original contribution to knowledge to British broadcasting history, but due to its interdisciplinary nature using radio as a „Historian‟, this work is further challenging previous assumptions about the post-war housewife, and the perception of the immediate post-war years as a particular stifling and conservative period, with no feminism. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank the various bodies and people that have made this research possible. My first debt is to Jacqueline Kavanagh, Jeff Walden, and other staff at the BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park, Reading. I am very grateful for all the help and advice you offered. I would also like to thank the Trustees of the Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex, for access to another valuable source: British everyday life. For access to other material I would like to thank the British Library Sound Archive, and by kind permission of the Principal and Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, I should also thank the Lady Margaret Hall Archives. I am also grateful to Karin Nordberg and Alexander Badenoch for enabling me access to their work. This research project also involved tracking down some of the women that were working at the BBC during the period of investigation. I have spoken to a few former members of BBC staff, and others connected with the BBC, and would thus like to thank Jocelyn Ferguson, John Tydeman, Alec Nisbett, Ron Stickley, Jeremy Stevenson, Roger Sansom, Robin Reynolds and Peter Gearing for providing useful information. I wish to thank the women who agreed to be interviewed: Monica Sims, Kay Ennals, Shirley Dixon and Betty Davies. A special thanks to the University of Westminster and particularly members of the Communications and Media Research Institute, who have provided extra support. A special thanks to my supervisory team: Dr. David Hendy and Professor Jean Seaton, thank you for reading drafts, providing helpful comments and advice, and for continued encouragement and enthusiasm! I wish to acknowledge Kate Murphy for advice and stimulating discussions. I am also grateful for the support and encouragement from my family and friends (in Sweden and London), and Leon Brown for sharing the ups and downs. Finally I am eternally grateful to two women, Brita and Ingegerd, for encouraging my interest in history and particularly the post-war period, and it is to them I dedicate this thesis. DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Kristin Skoog, hereby declare that all the material contained in this thesis is my own work. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP INTRODUCTORY NOTE ..................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: Post-war Britain Revisited: an overview .................................................................. 4 Post-war Britain .................................................................................................................................................. 4 The reassessment of the Post-war Woman........................................................................................................ 23 Media, Women and the Domestic ..................................................................................................................... 33 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER TWO: Researching Broadcasting History? ........................................................................ 68 From the Specific to the Multifaceted ............................................................................................................... 69 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 79 In the Archive ................................................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER THREE: Getting it wrong, getting it right: Housewives on Air ........................................ 90 Putting the Housewife into Focus ..................................................................................................................... 95 The Citizen asks .............................................................................................................................................. 112 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER FOUR: The Voice of the Post-war Woman: Woman’s Hour .......................................... 130 A Strive for Autonomy and Recognition ........................................................................................................ 137 Neither Worker nor Housewife but Citizen .................................................................................................... 155 The Woman‟s Hour Listener........................................................................................................................... 170 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER FIVE: Mrs. Dale‟s Diary: between Art and Life ............................................................. 187 Female Taste and Drama Standards ................................................................................................................ 192 Radio Addicts ................................................................................................................................................. 197 Private and Public Worlds .............................................................................................................................. 213 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 229 CHAPTER SIX: Conclusions and Afterthoughts ............................................................................... 235 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................................... 247 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 251 INTRODUCTORY NOTE In 1956, Janet Quigley, the former editor of BBC‟s Woman’s Hour, now the Chief Assistant in the BBC Talks Department, organised the annual conference of the International Association of Radio Women, which was held in London at the