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Management of Acid Sulfate Soils by Groundwater Manipulation Bruce Geoffrey Blunden University of Wollongong

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Management of Acid Sulfate Soils by Groundwater Manipulation Bruce Geoffrey Blunden University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2000 Management of acid sulfate soils by groundwater manipulation Bruce Geoffrey Blunden University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Blunden, Bruce Geoffrey, Management of acid sulfate soils by groundwater manipulation, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2000. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1834 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] MANAGEMENT OF ACID SULFATE SOILS BY GROUNDWATER MANIPULATION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by BRUCE GEOFFREY BLUNDEN B.Nat Res. (Hons), M.Eng. Faculty of Engineering October 2000 AFFIRMATION I, Bruce Blunden, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Bruce Blunden. n PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THIS RESEARCH Blunden, B. and Indraratna, B. (2000). Evaluation of Surface and Groundwater Management Strategies for Drained Sulfidic Soil using Numerical Models. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38, 569-590 Blunden, B. and Indraratna, B. (2000). Pyrite Oxidation Model for Assessing Groundwater management Strategies in Acid Sulphate Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, (in press). Indraratna, B. and Blunden, B. (1999). Nature and Properties of Acid Sulphate Soils in Drained Coastal lowland in NSW, Australian Geomechanics Journal, 34(1), 61-78. Blunden, B., Indraratna, B. and Morrison, J. (2000) Change in groundwater chemistry due to water table fluctuations in pyritic sediments. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, (in prep) Blunden, B., Indraratna, B. and Morrison, J. (2000) Management of acid generation in sulfidic soils by drain manipulation: a case study. Proceedings of ASSMAC Conference on the management of acid sulfate soils. ASSMAC, Wollongbar. Indraratna, B. and Blunden, B. (2000). Modeling of Acid Generation and Distribution in Pyritic Estuarine Soils. International Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Melbourne, November 2000. in Blunden, B. and Indraratna, B. (1999). Estuarine Acidification caused by Drainage of Pyritic Sediments in Coastal Lowlands. ASCE-CSCE Environmental Engineering Conference, Norfolk, Virginia, USA, July, pp. 131-140. Blunden, B. and Indraratna, B. (1999). Management of Acid Sulfate Soils in Drained Coastal Lowlands in Australia. 27th Annual CSCE Conference, Regina, Sasakatchewan, Canada, June, Vol. 2, pp. 317-326. Blunden, B., Indraratna, B. and Morrison, J. (1998). Problems of Acid Sulphate Soils and their Remediation by Watertable Management. 2nd International Conference on Environmental Management, University of Wollongong, pp. 583-590. Indraratna, B. and Blunden, B. (1997). Remediation of Acid Sulphate Soils by Management of Groundwater Table. Contaminated and Derelict Land, 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnics & the Environment, Krakow, Poland, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 324-333. Blunden, B., Indraratna, B. and Nethery A. (1997). Effect of Groundwater Table on Acid Sulphate Soil Remediation, First ANZ Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, Melbourne (November), Balkema, pp. 549-554. IV DEDICATION My friend, colleague and supervisor Dr Andrew Nethery (NSW Environment Protection Authority, South Coast Region) was instrumental in the development, implementation and the success of this research project in collaboration with University of Wollongong researchers. His enthusiasm and support for this research and other projects related to improving the management of acid sulfate soils was the catalyst for much of the current work being carried out in the Shoalhaven River floodplain. During 1999 Andrew was stricken by a debilitating brain injury. The nature, severity and suddenness of his conditions has saddened everyone who enjoyed his friendly encouragement and professional support. He is keenly missed. This research and the ongoing improvements to the management of coastal floodplains emanating from this work are dedicated to Andrew. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The success of this research is in no small part attributed to the excellent collaboration and professionalism of all the team involved in this project. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Professor Buddhima Indraratna and Professor John Morrison who have cheerfully guided me through the highs and lows of this PhD. Post­ graduate study was made to be a pleasure through their invaluable technical advice, diligent editorial assistance and consistent positive encouragement throughout my term at University. Mr John Downey (Shoalhaven City Council) has also provided excellent technical and practical supervision of this project, in addition to creating awareness of acid sulfate soils issues in the south coast community. This research would not have been possible without the generous support of the Morris, Stuart, Carolin and the Miller families. Having a research study performed on their working farms has been a trial in more ways than one. I thank you all for your good humour, persistence and observations throughout this work. Numerous people have provided technical assistance during field sampling and laboratory testing. Life in the field had always been educating and enjoyable with Roy Lawrie and Narwash Haddad (NSW Agriculture) who have contributed beyond the call of duty in drilling piezometers and taking so many soil samples. Similarly, Ian Laird (UOW) provided excellent technical assistance in the field and laboratory. Joanne George, Norm Gall and Matthew Clark (UOW) have given generous assistance in the chemistry laboratories. Thankyou to the staff led by Graham Lancaster of the laboratories at Southern Cross University for assistance with soil chemical testing. A fantastic effort by the maintenance staff at Shoalhaven City Council greatly assisted in repairing the weirs after the August 1998 floods. Roy Foley, Narayan Pradhan and others at the EPA Analytical Chemistry Laboratories performed much of the routine water quality testing. VI Special thanks goes to my father and unpaid technical sidekick Graham Blunden who has made all sorts of novel gadgets and walked hundreds of kilometres with me making routine field monitoring much more efficient and enjoyable. My mother, Gwen, has also encouraged and supported me through this project. Ongoing technical discussions with Dr Ric Morris, Mr Richard Bush (Southern Cross University) and fellow members of the ASSMAC Technical Coordinating Committee have provided valuable insight and information towards this research. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided through the Australian Postgraduate Award (Industry) scholarship administered by the DEETYA, the ASSPRO funding provided by the NSW Government through NSW Agriculture and the monitory contribution of Shoalhaven City Council. My loving and long suffering partner Jennifer Bean can now look forward to getting a life as we both move to the next stage in our lives together. Thankyou for your endless support, advice and encouragement through these years of study. vn ABSTRACT The effectiveness of manipulating drain water levels using weirs in flood mitigation drains to improve the groundwater and drain water quality was investigated for agricultural land affected by previously oxidised acid sulfate soil near Berry on the South Coast of New South Wales. Groundwater elevation data measured prior to the installation of the weirs showed that significant groundwater drawdown was caused by the low water level in the drains. Drawdown from the drains, in conjunction with high rates of evapotranspiration, caused the groundwater elevation to fall into the pyritic soil causing the oxidation of pyrite and the generation of acidic oxidation products. The high hydraulic gradient caused by the low water level in the drains facilitated the rapid transport of these acidic oxidation products into the drains for discharge into a nearby waterway. Installation of the weirs promoted higher groundwater elevations by reducing the influence of groundwater drawdown from the drain. The lower hydraulic gradients established under the influence of the higher drain water level maintained by the weir reduced the rate of discharge of acidic oxidation products from the groundwater to the drain. In addition to the assessment of installing weirs in drains to manipulate the groundwater table, numerical simulations combining groundwater flow and pyrite oxidation models were used to predict the magnitude and distribution of pyrite oxidation for various boundary conditions that simulate potential groundwater management strategies. Application of these simulation models shows that substantial reductions in the volume of pyritic soil exposed to oxidising conditions can be achieved by maintaining a higher water level in the drains and/or applying regular irrigation. The rate of acid generation was also investigated in the laboratory by maintaining samples at a constant suction for a specific length of time. Simple multiple regression equations can predict the magnitude and rate of acid generation accurately
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