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Copper in the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Trade Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900

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Copper in the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Trade Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900 Copper in the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Trade Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900 Edited by Hans Ulrich Vogel VOLUME 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mmf Copper in the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Trade Edited by Keiko Nagase-Reimer LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: From “Scroll with views of the Dutch Factory and Chinese Quarter in Nagasaki 唐館図 蘭館図絵巻” drawn by Ishizaki Yūshi 石崎融思. Courtesy of Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture 長崎歴史文化博物館. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Nagase-Reimer, Keiko. Title: Copper in the early modern Sino-Japanese trade / edited by Keiko Nagase-Reimer. Description: Leiden : Brill, 2016. | Series: Monies, markets, and finance in East Asia, 1600-1900, ISSN 2210-2876 ; volume 7 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015029107| ISBN 9789004299450 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9789004304512 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Copper industry and trade—Japan—History. | Copper industry and trade—China—History. | Japan—Commerce—China—History. | China--Commerce—Japan—History. | Japan—Economic conditions—1600–1868. Classification: LCC HD9539.C7 J323 2016 | DDC 382/.4566930952—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015029107 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2210-2876 isbn 978-90-04-29945-0 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30451-2 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Dedicated to Professor Nakayama Shigeru 中山茂 1928–2014 ∵ Contents Foreword ix Regine Mathias Acknowledgements xi Keiko Nagase-Reimer Notes xiii List of Figures, Tables and Maps xiv Glossary xvii About the Contributors xxiii Main Copper Transportation Routes in Japan and China xxv 1 Introduction 1 Keiko Nagase-Reimer 2 Copper in Edo-Period Japan 10 Imai Noriko 3 The Akita Domain and Osaka Merchant Houses at the Time of the Establishment of the Meiwa Copper Agency 32 Iwasaki Yoshinori 4 “There’s Method in the Madness”: A New Approach to the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Copper Trade 52 Keiko Nagase-Reimer 5 Copper Administratioin Reform and Copper Imports from Japan in the Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty 72 Liu Shiuh-Feng 6 The Trade in Dried Marine Products from Nagasaki to China during the Edo Period 118 Matsuura Akira 7 The Import of Chinese Sugar in the Nagasaki Junk Trade and Its Impact 157 Matsuura Akira viii contents 8 Imports and Exports of Books by Chinese Junks in the Edo Period 175 Matsuura Akira References 197 Index of Names 219 Index of Places 223 Foreword The project “Monies, Markets and Finance in China and East Asia, 1600– 1900,” funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG: Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft) and led by Hans Ulrich Vogel of the Institute for Chinese Studies at the University of Tuebingen, started in 2005. This project included the involvement of scholars not only from the field of Chinese stud- ies, but also of Japanese studies, history of economics, history of technology, and geography in Germany and abroad. As part of this project, the Japanese History Section of the Faculty of East Asian Studies at the Ruhr University Bochum was responsible for researching the production, transportation and export of Japanese copper. This book is one of the results of that research. When we started the research project, our project team at the Ruhr University Bochum saw it as a great chance to learn more about a whole range of topics: about the history of mining in Japan, the technologies it used and its political and social environment; about the development of a market for minerals and metals in Japan and in neighbouring countries; and about Sino- Japanese trade during the Edo period (1600–1868) and its impact on both sides. Even though research on each of these topics had been done in Japan—and to a much lesser extent in the West—they were mostly treated as separate enti- ties. There was hardly any effort to pursue questions that linked production, market conditions and trade to each other. In the field of mining history, our main topic during the first phase of the project, this fragmentation became even more apparent. Most books and arti- cles on this topic focus on regions or on individual mines. This has remained the dominant perspective in mining history far into the modern period. Even one of the foremost mining historians in Japan, Kobata Atsushi (1905–2001), rarely attempted to go beyond a regional approach to establish a national or international perspective on Japanese mining. The lack of such a comprehen- sive mining history probably reflects the state of the written and visual sources: they are scattered among numerous archives, museums, libraries and private holdings. That makes it very difficult to obtain a bigger picture. But it also shows the difficulties that the field faces in Japan if it is to become a research subject on its own, like “Montangeschichte” (mining history) in Germany and in other European countries. When we started out, we hoped to be able to contribute to the compila- tion of such a comprehensive mining history. But in the course of our research we realised that the vast amount of sources and other materials would not allow us to implement this idea within the framework of the project. So we x foreword focused on various aspects of mining, mining technology, transport, etc. In the project’s second phase, we further elaborated the links between production, market conditions and trade within Japan by following the trail of copper from the mines to Nagasaki, and from there to China. At the same time, we widened our perspective by including research by Japanese colleagues on other prod- ucts traded between China and Japan, such as sugar, dried marine products and books, and by analysing the function of these products and their interac- tion with copper in the exchange of goods. The articles in this book, includ- ing those by Japanese colleagues that appear for the first time in English here, present some of the results and insights gained from these studies. They show that some ideas about the dominating power of the Shogunate and the mecha- nisms of trade and finance in the Edo period have to be reassessed. Working with colleagues from Tuebingen, Heidelberg, and various places in China, Japan and worldwide for six years has been an extremely gratifying experience for me and, I am sure, for all those involved in the project. Thanks to the tireless efforts of Hans Ulrich Vogel the various groups and participants remained in close contact with each other throughout the whole period. We all profited greatly from ideas and advice from other members of the research group, but also from external specialists who were invited to our meetings and workshops. One of those who were a great help during the whole six years was Prof. Nakayama Shigeru, a well-known specialist on the Japanese history of science and technology. A cosmopolitan, he served on the project’s advisory board and, despite his busy schedule, came to all our conferences. He was an inspiring and reliable mentor who provided us with valuable advice and support. It was a great shock when we heard of his death in May 2014. We deeply mourn this great scholar, whose death is a loss for us and all his many friends, colleagues and former students all over the world. This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Nakayama Shigeru. Regine Mathias Bochum, November 2014 Acknowledgements This book is an outcome of the research carried out at Ruhr University Bochum within the framework of the project entitled “Monies, Markets and Finance in China and East Asia, 1600–1900” that was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Two of the authors, Iwasaki Yoshinori and Matsuura Akira, participated in one of our international workshops spon- sored by the DFG, the Baden-Württemberg Association for the Advancement of Cooperation with the People’s Republic of China (Baden-Württembergische China-Gesellschaft, Konstanz), the German-East Asian Forum of Sciences and Humanities (Deutsch-Ostasiatisches Wissenschaftsforum, Tübingen), and Universitätsbund Tübingen—Vereinigung der Freunde der Universität Tübingen. These workshops gave scholars the opportunity to exchange ideas and inspiration in a cordial atmosphere. I would like to express my gratitude firstly to Hans Ulrich Vogel and to the scholars of this project, especially Shan Kunqin and Alexander Jost, as well as to all the sponsors of these international workshops and for making them such a success. Liu Shiuh-Feng and Imai Noriko were unfortunately not able to take part in the workshops, but they kindly made their essays available for this volume. Thanks are also due to Michael Thornton, Karen Finney-Kellerhoff, Sabine Prüfer, Eriko Ogihara-Schuck and Benjamin Stürmer for translating the Japanese essays into English and for proofreading the English texts. In editing this volume, I received a great deal of support from Dagmar Reinders, Pierre Kemper and Takeda Yuhono.
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