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! ! Crafting)Identities! ! ! Crafting)Identities! Tableware(for(the!Meiji%Emperor! ! ! Mary!Anne!Redfern! ! ! Submitted!for!the!degree!of!Doctor!of!Philosophy! ! University!of!East!Anglia! School!of!Art,!Media!and!American!Studies! Dec.!2015! ! This!copy!of!the!thesis!has!been!supplied!on!condition!that!anyone!who!consults!it!is!understood!to! recognise!that!its!copyright!rests!with!the!author!and!that!use!of!any!information!derived!there!from! must!be!in!accordance!with!current!UK!Copyright!Law.!In!addition,!any!quotation!or!extract!must! include!full!attribution.!! Abstract( ! As!Japan!struggled!to!free!itself!of!the!‘unequal!treaties’!imposed!upon!it!by! foreign!powers!in!the!midOnineteenth!century,!the!Meiji!Emperor!(1868–1912)!was! also!seeking!to!establish!his!position!as!ruler!in!the!eyes!of!both!the!citizens!of! Japan!and!audiences!overseas.!While!the!country!embarked!on!a!period!of! widespread!modernisation!along!Western!lines,!building!railroads!and!factories,! educating!the!masses!and!developing!strong!armed!forces,!the!emperor!himself! emerged!from!the!seclusion!previously!expected!of!Japan’s!imperial!figurehead,! greeting!foreign!visitors!according!to!European!models!of!etiquette!and!hosting! lavish!WesternOstyle!banquets.!! Bridging!both!Western!and!Japanese!dining!styles,!and!featuring!pieces! produced!in!Japan!and!Europe!during!the!first!half!of!the!Meiji!era,!this!study! examines!the!ceramic!tableware!of!the!imperial!court!and!the!documentary!sources! that!record!its!commissioning!and!use.!Historically!neglected,!the!study!of!MeijiOera! ceramics!as!it!has!developed!over!recent!years!is!dominated!by!exportOfocused! narratives.!By!way!of!redressing!this!balance,!this!thesis!focuses!on!the!emperor!as! consumer!before!turning!to!consider!the!career!of!Arita!potter!Tsuji!Katsuzō!(1848– 1929),!a!maker!of!imperial!tableware,!to!explore!an!alternate!aspect!of!the!role! played!by!ceramics!within!MeijiOera!Japan.!Reconstructing!the!strategies!that!lay! behind!the!selection!of!imperial!tableware!and!examining!how!it!was!then!used,!I! argue!that!these!objects!were!employed!to!craft!the!identity!of!Japan’s!new!ruler.! Connecting!the!emperor!to!rulers!of!centuries!past!and!to!those!of!distant!lands! through!their!design!and!in!the!material!practices!of!their!use,!ceramics!set!on!the! imperial!table!positioned!the!Meiji!Emperor!as!sovereign!and!invited!others!to!do! the!same.! ! ! ! 2! Table(of(Contents( ! ! List(of(Tables(.........................................................................................................(5( List(of(Illustrations(................................................................................................(6( Acknowledgements(............................................................................................(12( Introduction(.......................................................................................................(14( Prologue(.............................................................................................................(39( Chapter(1:(And(then(there(was(a(Banquet(...........................................................(40( 1.1! Picturing(the(Promulgation(...............................................................................(42! 1.2! Constructing(the(Banquet(.................................................................................(50! 1.3! Tableware(in(the(Banquet(of(Nations(................................................................(73! Chapter(2:(Tableware(for(the(Imperial(Palace(.....................................................(77( 2.1! Kinri%Goyōtōki(...................................................................................................(80! 2.2! Reshaping(Material(Legacies(.............................................................................(99! 2.3! Imperial(Tableware(.........................................................................................(114! Chapter(3:(Imported(Identities(...........................................................................(116( 3.1! Porcelain(Abandoned?(....................................................................................(120! 3.2! Minton(for(the(Meiji(Emperor(.........................................................................(128! 3.3! Questioning(an(‘English(Dinner(Table’(.............................................................(141! 3.4! Brought(by(Ships(.............................................................................................(147! Chapter(4:(Redefining(Yōshokki(.........................................................................(150( 4.1! Export(Domesticated(......................................................................................(152! 4.2! Reflecting(an(Imperial(Past(.............................................................................(165! 4.3! Edo(Inflections(................................................................................................(178! 4.4! Different(By(Design(.........................................................................................(184! Chapter(5:(Constructing(an(Emperor(..................................................................(187( 5.1! Dining(with(the(Mikado(..................................................................................(190! 5.2! Beyond(the(Imperial(Table(..............................................................................(204! 5.3! Ceramics(in(Succession(...................................................................................(217! 5.4! Vessels(of(Meaning(and(Association(...............................................................(227! Chapter(6:(Making(Kunaishō%Goyōtashi(.............................................................(229( 6.1! By(Descent(or(by(Decree(.................................................................................(231! 6.2! Adaptation(and(Cooperation(..........................................................................(239! 6.3! ‘This(Greatest(Honour’(....................................................................................(251! 6.4! A(Meeting(of(Maker(and(Emperor(...................................................................(257! Conclusions(.......................................................................................................(259( Bibliography(......................................................................................................(264( ! ! ( ( ! 3! Table&of&Contents:&Appendices& ! ! Appendix&1:&Tables&...............................................................................................&4" Appendix&2:&Figures&............................................................................................&15" Appendix&3:&Sources&..........................................................................................&139" Appendix&4:&Surveys&..........................................................................................&214" &&" & & ! 4" List(of(Tables( Tables!are!in!the!appendices;!page!numbers!refer!to!that!volume.! ! No.( Title( Page( 2.1! Dishes!declared!obsolete,!1875! 5! 3.1! Tableware!commissioned!from!Garrard,!1875–1876! 6! 3.2! Tableware!commissioned!from!Hunt!and!Roskell,!c.1875! 7! 3.3! Tableware!commissioned!from!Mortlock!and!Son,!1875–1876! 7! 3.4! Tableware!with!paulownia!crest,!Seiji!Kaisha!estimate,!1880! 8! 4.1! Tableware!commissioned!from!Seiji!Kaisha,!1887! 9! 4.2! Tableware!with!underglazeOblue!design,!Seiji!Kaisha!estimate,!1880! 10! 5.1! Tableware!exhibited!by!Imperial!Household!Ministry,!1885! 10! 5.2! Tableware!exhibited,!1885,!compared!with!Seiji!Kaisha!estimate,!1880! 11! 5.3! Tableware!for!imperial!family,!1887! 12! 6.1! Production!roles!at!Seiji!Kaisha,!1879! 13! 6.2! Estimates!for!tableware,!Seiji!Kaisha!and!Kōransha,!1880! 13! 6.3! Companies!awarded!title!Kunaishō)Goyōtashi,!1891–1900! 14! ! ! ! ! ! 5! List(of(Illustrations( Figures!are!in!the!appendices;!page!numbers!refer!to!that!volume.! ! No.( Title( Page( 1.1! ‘Rites!Conducted!by!the!Emperor!at!the!Palace!Sanctuary’! 16! 1.2! ‘The!Promulgation!of!the!Constitution’! 16! 1.3! ‘The!Emperor!Attending!the!Military!Review’! 17! 1.4! ‘Imperial!Banquet!in!the!Hōmeiden’! 17! 1.5! ‘Observing!the!Bugaku!Performance’! 18! 1.6! ‘Imperial!Banquet!in!the!Minami!Tamari!no!Ma’! 18! 1.7! ‘Imperial!Banquet!in!the!Kita!Tamari!no!Ma’! 19! 1.8! ‘Imperial!Banquet!on!the!Upper!Floor!of!the!Imperial!Household!Ministry'! 19! 1.9! Diagram!of!Throne!Room!! 20! 1.10! ‘Promulgation!of!the!Constitution’! 20! 1.11! Promulgation!of!the!Constitution!in!Throne!Room,!New!Imperial!Palace’! 20! 1.12! ‘Promulgation!of!the!Constitution’! 21! 1.13! ‘Military!Review!at!Aoyama’! 21! 1.14! Portrait!of!Meiji!Emperor! 22! 1.15! Portrait!of!Meiji!Emperor! 22! 1.16! Promulgation!of!the!Constitution! 22! 1.17! Imperial!Carriage! 22! 1.18! ‘Celebratory!Banquet!at!the!New!Palace’!! 23! 1.19! Kamishimo)Uniform!! 23! 1.20! Ikan)Uniform!! 23! 1.21! Civil!Servants’!Court!Attire,!1872! 24! 1.22! Seating!Plan!for!Dinner!with!King!Kalakaua! 24! 1.23! Seating!Plan!from!Journal!of!King!Kalakaua!! 25! 1.24! Princes!at!Constitution!Banquets! 25! 1.25! Uniforms!for!Footmen!! 26! 1.26! Uniforms!for!Footmen!! 26! 1.27! Plan,!Meiji!Palace! 27! 1.28! Interior!View,!Hōmeiden! 28! 1.29! Exterior!View,!Hōmeiden! 28! 1.30! Design!for!Ceiling!Frieze! 29! 1.31! Ceiling,!Hōmeiden! 29! 1.32! Sideboard,!Hōmeiden! 29! 1.33! ‘Sketch!of!General!Design!for!Reception!Rooms!at!H.I.M.’s!Residence’! 30! 1.34! ‘Plan!of!Reception!Rooms!at!H.I.M.’s!Temporary!Palace’! 30! 1.35! ‘Reception!Rooms!Akasaka,!Longitudinal!Section!of!Main!Drawing!Room’!!
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