第四紀研究 (The Quaternary Research) 42 (6) p. 427-439 Dec. 2003

Review

The Relationship between Culture and Environment of

the Upper in Southern

Bao-quan Cai*1 and Keiichi Takahashi*2

The area of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China can be divided into five regions: the Area south of Wuling; Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Region; West Plateau Region; Sichuan Basin the Hilly Regions south of the Yangtze River; the Plain of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. Regional differences of cultural features and economic forms of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China are consistent with the change of "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" assemblages, and display a close relationship between culture and environment during that time.

Key Words: Culture and Environment, Upper Paleolithic, Southern China, Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna

I. Introduction II. Regional differences of cultural features Cultures of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China are complex and diverse. Some scholars The analysis of differences in cultural fea- have summarized the types and techniques of tures should cover every aspect of cultural stone artifacts (Zhang, 1983, 1988; Huang, 1989; meaning. With regard to the relationship be- Li, 1993) or made general discussions in terms tween culture and environment, not all cultur- of the environmental evolution and cultural al factors are related to the environment; development of the entire Pleistocene (Wang, while some are closely related, others are the 1997). In this article a detailed analysis is made reflection of man's initiatives. According to the of the cultures of the upper Paleolithic and production needs at that time, ancient man mammalian assemblages of this period with would have chosen suitable stone materials for a view to detecting any relationships which making tools. For instance, gravel is the first- might exist between culture and environment choice raw material for making chopping tools, during this period in Southern China. while the gravel or calculus of flint is the ideal The analysis is based on the rich cultural material for making small stone artifacts, be- sites and mammalian fossil sites, and incorpo- cause this kind of stone is usually smaller in rates the latest absolute dating results of these size, pure in quality and hard and brittle so sites, with a time range of around 40,000- that it can be easily struck into flakes. The 9,000 years ago and a spatial dimension of characteristic of stone-flake blanks is limited to 99°-122°E and 21°-32°N (excluding Taiwan various stone materials, and this property will and Tibet). determine to a great extent the size of tools and the types of made or repaired by

Received January 24, 2003. Accepted May 10, 2003. *1 Department of History , Xiamen University. Xiamen, The Peoples Republic of China. E-mail: *2 Cultural History and Geoscience Research Group , Scientific Research Department, Lake Biwa Museum. 1091 Oroshimo Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-0001, Japan. 428 B. Cai and K. Takahashi Dec. 2003 men. The tool size and type assemblage of 1986) and Chuandong (Zhang, 1983) of stone artifacts reflects ancient man's produc- Puding, Guizhou Province; Laolongdong cave tion activities. Different environments deter- of Eshan (Bai, 1998), Zhangkoudong cave of mine different production patterns, and also Yiliang (Hu, 1995) and Longtanshan of Cheng- determine different economic forms. When the gong (Hu, 1977), Yunnan Province. These sites environment is suitable for food gathering, are located at 960-2, 170m above sea level. large choppers play a dominant role among The common features of stone artifacts are man's tools. In comparison, when the environ- that the stone materials are composed of ment is suitable for hunting, small scrapers and quartz, flint stone and silica; the percussion points comprise the major stone artifacts. with hammers plays a major role in flaking, Therefore, cultural factors such as the type of while the bipolar technique plays a minor role stone materials, tool size and type assemblage or is used only occasionally; tools are small or are closely associated with the environment, medium-small in general and mostly retouched while man's objectives will play a major role in by flakes, with scrapers being the main form, flake production and repairing skill. Hence the followed by choppers and points; the use of analysis and comparison of cultural features flakes accounts for a certain proportion in this should take into account the environment- case, moreover, there is still some bone arti- related cultural factors mentioned above as fact. They all contained features typical of "Ma'anshan (Zhang as blanks for stone artifacts and economic Culture" , 1988), primarily forms. characterized by a hunting economy, which Prior to the analysis: The criterion to judge existed 30,000-10,000 years ago. Caohai site the age of the sites is the existing dating data, in Weining County, Guizhou (Wu et al., 1983), of though sometimes this does not tally with the the same period in the same region is regarded boundary (i.e. the upper or the lower limit) of as another regional cultural pattern because its the site's age; the data of the cave sites' age in stone artifacts are large or medium-sized, only the region of Guangdong Province and Guan- scrapers and points existed, and the forms are gxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, especially very simple without any use of flakes (Zhang, the error of 14C dating value estimated from 1988). However the range of tools' length is shells, is large, and therefore more-reliable 40-73mm, and actually they are medium dating data was adopted for reference (Li, S., small-sized tools and not large medium-sized; 1991). The type of stone materials, tool size and furthermore, the stone artifacts present in nod- blanks for stone artifacts all refer to the ular strata of siderite ore, while siderite ore was numerically dominant items, e. g. in cases formed in the lentic reduction environment. where pebble tools are discussed, it does not Why do the stone artifacts co-occur within necessarily imply that there are no flake stone these sedimentary strata? Considering the artifacts present (Li, Y., 1991). In some regions fragmentary mammal fossils, we think that the there are less data about the sites of stone cultural relics were transported and selected artifacts. These problems might affect the by man, and hence the evidence is insufficient analysis of differences of cultural features and upon which to separate the Caohai site from "Ma'anshan Culture" and to regard it as anoth- therefore the conclusions drawn here are pre- liminary. er distinct regional cultural pattern. Based on the analysis of related cultural In the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Region the "Maomaodong Culture" replaced the "Ma'an- factors noted above, it is clear that regional differences existed in the cultural features of shan Culture". The characteristic of stone arti- the upper Paleolithic in Southern China, and facts of this culture is that stone materials that these can be grouped into five distinct consist of sandstone and silicic chalkstone regions as follows (Fig. 1). gravel; flakes were made primarily by a sharp- The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau sites of the angle bipolar technique; large medium-sized upper Paleolithic include Ma'anshan of Tongzi flake stone artifacts account for a major por- (Zhang, 1988), Baiyanjiaodong cave (Li and Cai, tion of tools, with retouching to the fracture 2003年12月 Culture and environment of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China 429

Fig. 1 The regional differences of the upper Paleolithic culture in Southern China

side being the main means; there were many the "Maomaodong Culture" can be categorized scrapers and points and some choppers, and as "post Paleolithic". Obviously, the distribu- some striking gravel and bone or antler imple- tion of the "Maomaodong Culture" is centered ments. They show that this culture was at the around southwest Guizhou and its influence stage of the economy of hunter-gatherers. The covers the entire Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau distribution range of the "Maomaodong Cul- Region. The age is early Holocene. Only Da- ture" was once thought to be limited within banqiao site in Kunming, Yunnan Province is southwest Guizhou (Zhang, 1988). However, peculiar with regard to the "post Paleolithic" the culture was subsequently discovered in sites in the early Holocene in the Yunnan- Laolongdong cave (Bai, 1998), Zhangkoudong Guizhou Plateau Region (Yang, 1993). All the cave (Hu, 1995), and Tangzigou and Maludong stone artifacts of Dabanqiao site are small- in Yunnan (Zhang, 1991), and in the west sized, and flakes are made primarily by a bipo- part of Yuanshui drainage area in Hunan Prov- lar technique. We think that Dabanqiao site ince (Yuan, 1992). Owing to its period of exist- was a place where stone artifacts were pro- ence, from around 10,000-7,000 years ago, duced, because among the 616 pieces of stone 430 B. Cai and K. Takahashi Dec. 2003

Fig. 2 Stone artifacts from Fulin site(富 林 遺 跡)

artifacts unearthed, only 14 pieces belong to tools (accounting for 2.3%). Therefore, any conclusion drawn from an analysis based on these stone artifacts will not reflect the genu- ine cultural features. The "Fulin Culture" represented West Si- chuan Plateau Region in the upper Paleolithic. It has been found that the two sites, namely Fulin (Zhang, 1977) and Shizishan (Chen, 1991) in , Sichuan Province, face Fig. 3 Stone artifacts from Tongliang site(銅 梁 遺 跡) each other from opposite sides of the river, at an altitude of 790m above sea level. This cul- ture is characterized by small flake stone arti- facts made from flint stone, quartz, agate and other materials. The type of stone artifacts is centered on food gathering and supplemented simple, such as scrapers, points and gravers, by hunting during a period around 40,000- and the length is usually under 30mm. Here, 13,000 years ago. a hard hammering technique was important There are very few cultural sites of the upper in making flakes, and the bipolar technique Paleolithic in the Hilly Regions south of the played only a minor role. Equal emphasis was Yangtze River. These that are present occur put on both flake artifacts and core artifacts, from the first and the second-class terraces of indicating a hunting economy about 20,000 Yuanshui drainage area in west Hunan Prov- years ago (Fig. 2). ince (Yuan, 1992), the second-class terrace of Sichuan Basin, which was represented by the Yuanhe River in central Jiangxi Province (Li et "Tongliang Culture" during this period , is al., 1994) and Lianhuachishan of Zhangzhou in located at 170-270m above sea level. It in- south Fujian Province (Zhang, 1996). The loca- cludes sites such as Zhangertang in Tongliang tion of these sites varied from tens of meters to (Li and Zhang, 1981), Locality B of Man 300m above sea level. Large choppers and (Li and Zhang, 1984), Taohuaxi in Chongqing small scrapers and points were present. Both (Li, 1992) and Migongdong in Wushan of the flake stone artifacts and pebble tools were east basin (Huang and Xu, 2000). The culture found. Features of artifacts from these sites was characterized by large-medium sized stone show a close similarity to the "Tongliang Cul- artifacts made of quartzite gravel; flakes made ture", and it is presently reasonable to regard with a hard hammering technique; types of the cultural features in the Hilly Regions south stone artifacts include choppers, scrapers and of the Yangtze River during the upper Paleo- points (Fig. 3). The quantity of flake stone lithic as being "Tongliang Culture". artifacts is large, displaying an economy During the upper Paleolithic the Plain of the 2003年12月 Culture and environment of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China 431

Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze stone and agate were present. They are also River was represented by the "Sanshan Cul- typical of the small stone tool tradition, which ture" in Taihu Lake area. This culture is might be seen as one integral of the characterized by small sized flake stone arti- "Sanshan Culture" . facts made of flint. Flake was made mainly by Culture in the Area south of Wuling during a hard hammering technique, whereas the bi- the upper Paleolithic was divided into two polar technique was less important. The types stages. The early stage existed over 26,000- of stone artifacts included scrapers, points, 35,000 years ago, as found in the accumulation awls, drills, choppers, gravers and used flakes including "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" which (Fig. 4), reflecting an economy in which fishing did not include any testaceans, represented by played a main role supplemented by hunting. Baojiyan in Guilin (Wang et al., 1982a) and As such, the food gathering economy played a Bailiandong cave (lower) in Liuzhou (Zhou, minor role. In Lashu village, Huaining County 1994) (about 123-210m above sea level), Gu- of Anhui Province (Han, 1993) and Jigongshan, angxi Province. Baojiyan site had been de- Jiangling County of Hubei Province (Wang, stroyed before it was found. Based on the 12 1997), scrapers and points made of quartz, flint pieces of stone artifacts made of sandstone it seems that large pebble tools played a main role (Fig. 5), and reflect the characteristics of a food gathering economy. The latest stage was found in "cultural accumulation which in- cluded testaceans", coexisting with modern fauna. These sites include: Sanjiaoyan, Dao- xian in Hunan Province (Yuan, 1991); Dushi- zi, Yangchun (Qiu et al., 1982) and Huangyan- dong cave, Fengkai (Song et al., 1983) in Guang- dong Province; Miaoyan, Guilin (Chen, 1999); Lower Dalongtan (He et al., 1983), Bailiandong cave (middle), and Liuzhou in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. These sites are all locat- Fig. 4 Stone artifacts from Sanshandao site(三 山 島 ed in areas less than 210m above sea level. 遺 跡) Large pebble tools mostly made of sandstone gravel were used. Choppers are dominant, sup- plemented by some scrapers and points. A

Fig. 5 Stone artifacts from Baojiyan site(宝 積 岩 遺 跡) 432 B. Cai and K. Takahashi Dec. 2003 hard hammering technique played a main not emerge at the same time in a certain area, role. In addition to crafted stone artifacts, there the change occurred as shown. Such differ- still existed bone artifacts, horn, mussel wares, ences should not be a consequence of differ- polished stone artifacts and perforating ences in taphonomy or collection, but should gravel, displaying the features of an economy reflect instead the absence of certain species at centered around food gathering and supple- that time in these areas. The second factor to mented by hunting and fishing which exist- be considered is whether faunal assemblages ed 18,000-9,000 years ago. existed with environmental indicator species, Although there are differences in cultural such as apes or temperate zone (North China) features between the two stages in the Area animals. Based on these two factors, fossils in south of Wuling during the upper Paleolithic, related sites are listed in Table 1 for compari- they are extremely similar with regard to the son. We also analyze and explain the change manufacture of stone artifacts, production and the reasons for it with regard to the fea- taking place only in Liuzhou region, repres- tures of the fauna assemblages supplemented ented by Bailiandong and Dalongtan. Further- by the result of pollen analysis. We have ob- more, they also differ to some degree: apart served that the mammalian assemblages also from containing respectively the relevant present regional variations, and can likewise characteristics of the two stages, there exist- be subdivided into the same five areas (Table ed many small sized scrapers and points made 1). of flint stone and silica stone materials. The Fossil sites recognized in the Yunnan-Gui- reason for this peculiarity in Liuzhou region zhou Plateau during the upper Paleolithic are is still under discussion. as follows. In Guizhou, these are upper Bai- yanjiaodong cave, Puding (Li and Cai, 1986), III. The change of the mammalian Ma'anshan, Tongzi (Zhang, 1988), and Caohai assemblages with the environ- site, Weining (Wu, 1983); in Yunnan these are ment Laolongdong cave, Eshan (Bai, 1998), Lower Han and Xu (1989) conducted a detailed anal- Zhangkoudong cave, Yiliang (Bai, 1998), Xiao- ysis of the zoogeography of the Pleistocene mididong cave, Yuanmou (Pan et al., 1991), San- in Southern China, and established that the jiacun (Qiu et al., 1984) and Longtanshan (Hu, "Ailuropoda -Stegodon fauna" was distributed in 1977; Zhog et al., 1996),Chenggong. (Geographi- these areas during the middle-late Pleistocene cally, two places, namely Xianrendong cave and was relatively stable. But does this mean in Xichou and Jiulongkou in Maguan of the that there was no change? Here we shall dis- southeast slope of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, cuss in particular whether there is any change belong to the Area south of the Wuling Re- of the features of the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon gion.) fauna" in different regions during the upper In view of the animal fossils at these sites, Paleolithic, and the environment reflected by the typical members of "Ailuropoda-Stegodon any such changes. In order to ensure the accu- fauna" assemblages in Yunnan-Guizhou Pla- racy of the analysis, only those fossil sites with teau in this period display a fragmentary fea- absolute dating results (40,000-9,000 years ture. In Guizhou Crocuta crocuta ultima was ago) were referred to as data resources. only found at the upper part of Baiyanjiaodong We posit there are two factors to consider cave, while in Yunnan Ailuropoda melanoleuca when assessing any change of mammalian as- was found only in Sanjiacun and Megatapirus semblages. One essential factor is the frequen- asgustus was found only in Laolongdong cave. cy of occurrence among Ailuropoda melano- A fragmentary distribution of typical members leuca, Stegodon orientalis, Megatapirus asgus- of the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna", with an tus, Rhinoceros sinensis, Crocuta crocuta ultima occurrence frequency of only 45%, was evi- in different regions. The frequency of occur- dent. There are no northern animals present, rence is generally high because these are domi- and apes were found only at the Laolongdong nant species in the fauna; when they did cave site. Mammalian assemblages of San- 2003年12月 Culture and environment of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China 433

Table 1 The variation of "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" assemblages of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China

jiacun were typical of subtropical forest in Hanyuan County (Zhang, 1977; Cheng, 1991). animals (Qiu et al., 1984), and a small number of These sites shared several common features: spore-pollen statistics indicated a dry and cool no Ailuropoda, Stegodon and Megatapirus, and climate at that time (Yang, 1993; Pan et al., a very low occurrence of Rhinoceros sinensis 1991). and Crocuta crocuta ultima. Apart from the In Sichuan there are marked differences in southern animals, such as Muntiacus, Hystris, the fossil assemblages between two large geo- Rhinoptithecus and Ursus thibetanus, in Luhuo graphic units. In the middle part of West there existed a large number of northern Sichuan Plateau there are sites such as animals such as Marmota, Lepus, Myospalax, Xialatuo and Guanmenniang in , Gazella, Ovis and Equus hemionus. However, in and in the southeastern part there are sites the southeast region only Gazella belongs to such as Da'erwa and Qinglonggou in Yanyuan the northern-type fauna. As such, during this County (Zong et al., 1996), Fulin and Shizishan period these faunas reflect the northern China 434 B. Cai and K. Takahashi Dec. 2003 fauna features (in the middle region) and the the entire Sichuan Basin and the Hilly Regions North-South transitional fauna assemblages south of the Yangtze River are the center of the (in the southeast region) of West Sichuan Pla- distribution of the typical "Ailuropoda-Steg- teau. Most of the members in the assemblage odon fauna". Typical members occur at fre- are grassland animals, although some forest quencies of 72%. Neither apes, nor any north- animals are also present. Among the northern ern animals except for Cricetulus existed in animals there are high-mountain and cold- Longjindong cave, which is suitable for the tolerant animals. Few animals were found in survival of the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna". the Fulin and Shizishan sites, and the plant This region was hot and humid, covered by fossils from these two sites indicate a dry cli- medium and north subtropical forests and mate, mild in winter and hot in summer. bushes, and with many lakes and rivers. Tongliang and Ziyang Man sites (Li and The fossil sites of the Plain of the Middle and Zhang, 1981, 1984) in Sichuan Basin are quite Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River include different from those in the West Sichuan Pla- Lianhuadong cave in Dantu (Li et al., 1982), teau. Stegodon orientalis, Rhinoceros sinensis, Danyang (Pei, 1940), Shenxiandong cave in Megatapirus asgustus and Crocuta crocuta Lishui (Li and Lei, 1980) and Sanshandao in ultima were all present and only Ailuropoda Taihu Lake area (Zhang et al., 1987). Although melanoleuca was absent. There are no northern Crocuta crocuta ultima was present at all the animals or primates. Plant fossils and the sites, and Megatapirus asgustus and Rhinoce- result of pollen analysis in Tongliang indicate ros sinensis were only found in Danyang, a mild and humid climate characterized by a Ailuropoda and Stegodon were absent, with an subtropical deciduous and broadleaf evergreen occurrence frequency of typical members of mixed forest (Zhang et al., 1982). The large 30%. Instead there occurred certain northern quantities of pollen and leaf fossils of Fagus sp. faund types, such as Scaptochirus moschatus, reflect its dominance here, and indicate a cold Cricetulus, Palaeoloxodon, Ursus arctos and and umid climate (Zhang et al., 1982). The Lynx. These taxa reflect a low temperature results of pollen analysis of Ziyang Man site environment at that time, the invasion of indicate the environment there to have been northern animals, and the retrreat of Ai- identical with that at Tongliang. luropoda and Stegodon to the south. Most of The faunas of the Hilly Regions south of the the animals in these regions like to live near Yangtze River, Hunan's Luosixuanshandong water, bushes, or in forest. Only Scaptochirus cave in Jishou (Wang et al., 1982 b), Tang- moschatus prefers a drier environment. This beicundong cave in Daoxian (Chen, 1986), and indicates a humid and mild but sometimes cool Jiangxi's Zhushanyuandong cave in Pingxiang climate at this time. (Li et al., 1992) are typical of the "Ailuropoda- The prominent feature of the Area south of Stegodon fauna". Crocuta crocuta ultima is Wuling is the presence of apes in the mamma- absent only from Luosixuanshandong cave, lian fauna assemblages during this period. while in Tangbeicundong cave located at a Apes such as Hylobates and Pongo are typically more-southerly latitude Hylobates is present. tropical or south subtropical forest-inhabiting In Fujian Province, Yanzidong cave in Jiangle, species. During the upper Paleolithic they Hulidong cave in Qinliu and No. 1-2 pit of occurred throughout Guangxi Province, and Longjindong cave also contain typical "Ai- are present in Tangbeicundong cave of Hunan, luropoda-Stegodon fauna". Only Crocuta crocuta northeast Guangxi, Xianrendong cave and ultima is absent. The spore-pollen statistics Jiulongkou of Yunnan nearby west Guangxi, indicate the presence of subtropical broadleaf and Yunfu and Luoding of Guangdong (Gu, evergreen forest in the middle and west of 1986; Gu et al., 1987), east Guangxi. The distri- Fujian during this time (You and Cai, 1996). bution range of apes extends to the south of With the exception of Hylobates in Tang- Wuling, to the east of the Yunnan-Guizhou beicundong cave, which geographically is a Plateau and, to the west of the Beijiang- constituent part of the Area south of Wuling, Zhujiang Rivers, within a range of 104°30'- 2003年12月 Culture and environment of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China 435

114°E and below 25°30'N. The feature of the the stone artifact assemblages and the regional "Ailuropoda -Stegodon fauna" in the upper Pale- variation of the f aunal assemblages from the olithic was "typical members plus apes", with upper Paleolithic in Southern China. The var- the frequency of occurrence of typical mem- iation of faunal assemblages and the alterna- bers reaching 83% and without any northern tion of faunas were mainly a result of differ- animals, indicating a south subtropical cli- ences in temperature, moisture, latitude and mate, high in temperature and humidity, with height above sea level. It is clear that the ample water resources. changes of cultural features are also closely Historically, the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon related with the environment. fauna" in the various regions of South China Geographically, the West Sichuan Plateau evolved into modern fauna at different times. was part of Southern China and indicated a For instance, the evolution took place at about location high above sea level and at a compar- 18,000 years ago in the Area south of Wuling, atively high latitude. Topographically, this earlier than at the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. area consisted of a series of plateaus, high Between 18,000-11,000 years ago mammals mountains and gorges. No "Ailuropoda-Steg- were already showing features of modern odon fauna" was observed in this region. In- fauna in areas such as Dashiki in Yang Hun stead, a Northern China fauna (middle and and Huangyandong cave in Fengkai, Guang- northern parts) and a fauna transitional (south- dong and in Miaoyan in Guilin, Guangxi Prov- eastern part) between these of the South and ince. However, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau the North (Zong et al., 1996) was present, in- was still characterized by an "Ailuropoda- dicating a grassland environment which was Stegodon fauna". The faunal alternation of the comparatively dry-cold or cool. In such an Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau occurred at about environment, ancient man relied primarily on 10,000-11,000 years ago. For instance, by the hunting, hence the emergence of small scrap- late "Chuandong Culture", "Maomaodong" in ers, points and gravers and the lack of chopp- Xingyi Guizhou and Dabanqiao in Kunming, ing tools, which were typical of the "Fulin Cul- Yunnan Province, was already showing fea- ture". tures of modern fauna. At a low latitude and altitude, the Area south Apart from the earlier replacement of the of Wuling consisted largely of hills facing the "Ailuropoda -Stegodon fauna" by modern fauna , sea. The f aunal assemblage was characterized another feature of the Area south of Wuling is by a normal distribution of typical members of the presence in the strata of 18,000-11,000 the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" and the pres- years ago of large numbers of gastropod shells ence of apes. The region experienced a south- discarded by ancient man after eating the ern subtropical climate with a high tempera- fleshy portion. This has formed a characteris- ture and humidity environment, which re- tic "brown cultural accumulation containing sulted in ancient man's production activities testaceans" which covers the "yellow accumu- being centered on food gathering, with hunt- lation" containing "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" ing playing only a minor role. Therefore, large but which did not include any testacean. Both choppers became the most important forms of of them not only have a relationship of "early stone artifacts, followed by scrapers and and late", but also illustrate the consistency points. Such an economic form continued until between the regular distribution ranges of the peak of the last Ice Age, about 18,000 years "typical membe rs plus apes" of "Ailuropoda- ago. Afterwards, as temperature and sea level Stegodon fauna" and "brown cultural accumula- rose, the southern parts of Wuling became tion containing testaceans". hotter and more humid, shellfish and fish flourished, the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" IV. The relationship between culture was replaced by modern fauna, and large and environment animals which humans could hunt became The feature mentioned above illustrates the scarcer, forcing people to turn to the water for consistency between the regional differences of whelks and clams for food. Therefore, about 436 B. Cai and K. Takahashi Dec. 2003

18,000 years ago, the focus of economic life characterized by the absence of Ailuropoda and shifted from food gathering alone to an equal Stegodon and the presence of certain northern emphasis on food gathering and fishing and animals. This indicates a humid, mild and hunting, and "shellfish fishing" became an sometimes cool north subtropical-warm tem- important part of the economic life in the perate climate, and a landscape covered with Area south of Wuling and continued until the ear- forest and grassland. In such an environment, ly Holocene; as a new tool, a cracking and an economic form typical of the "Sanshan Cul- hammering tool was added to crack open ture" and centered around fishing and hunting shells. emerged, with small scrapers and points be- Located between the two above-mentioned coming the major stone artifacts. regions, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau showed Different environments provided humans a fragmentary distribution of typical members with different conditions in which they had to of the "Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna" at a low survive. When the environment changed, frequency of occurrence of 45%. This area humans had to adapt themselves to the new experienced low temperature and humidity, environment, necessitating a change in objec- mild dryness, a shortage of water resources tives and results of their economy and produc- and was covered by a vegetation of grassland tion activities. Such changes would inevitably, and forest. These features together resulted in result in changes in the type of tools produced. the primary role of hunting for ancient man The findings of this article support this view- and a minor role of food gathering; therefore, point. it showed cultural features typical of the "Ma'anshan Culture" Acknowledgements , with extensive use of small and medium-small sized scrapers and We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. points and limited use of chopping tools. To- Hiroyuki Sato of Institute of Environmental wards the end of the Pleistocene, the climate Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, changed to hot and humid and the broadleaf The University of Tokyo and Yumiko Mura- evergreens located in areas at low altitude and kami of the Department of , latitude started to extend northwards and to Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University higher altitudes. The fauna evolved into a for their useful advice. Dr. Andrew Rossiter of modern one. The changed environment pro- Lake Biwa Museum helped by correcting the mpted humans to adjust their production ac- English. tivities; hence, the food gathering economy References played a greater role and larger tools typical of the "Maomaodong Culture" emerged. Bai, Z. (1998) A preliminary study on the prehistoric Sichuan Basin-the Hilly Regions south of site of Laolongdong. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 17, 212-229. (C+E) the Yangtze River was located southerly and at Chen, C., Zhang, Z., Wang, M., Gu, W. and Yao, D. low altitude. This region was the distribution (1987) Sanshan Culture. Bull. Nanjing Mus, 9, 7-20. center for the typical "Ailuropoda-Stegodon (C) fauna", with an occurrence frequency of the Chen, S. (1999) The excavation of study of Miaoyan typical members reaching 72%. This region cave site in Guilin. Yingde City Museum et al. (eds.) Treatises of International Conference on Mesolithic was covered by medium-north subtropical Culture: 150-165, Peoples Publishing House of forests and bushes, and was hot and humid, Guangdong. (C+E) with many lakes and rivers. These conditions Chen, Q. (1991) The Shizishan Paleolithic site in prompted a primary role for food gathering Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province. Acta An- and a minor role for hunting, hence the emerg- thropologica Sinica, 10, 42-49. (C+E) Chen, X. (1986) New materials of Pleistocene mamma- ence of the large and medium-sized choppers lian fossil found in Hunan Province. Vertebr. and scrapers typical of the "Tongliang Cul- Palasiatica, 24, 242-244. (C+E) ture". Gu, Y. (1986) Preliminary research on the fossil The fauna of the Plain of the Middle and gibbon of Pleistocene China. Acta Anthropologica Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River was Sinica, 5, 208-219. (C+E) 2003年12月 Culture and environment of the upper Paleolithic in Southern China 437

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中国南部 にお ける後期 旧石器 時代 の文化 と環境 の関係

蔡 保 全*1・ 高 橋 啓 一*2

〔要 旨 〕

台 湾,チ ベ ッ ト を 除 く 中 国 南 部(99° ～122°E,21° ～ 分 け られ て い る が,人 び と の生 活 は狩 猟 よ り も採 集 生 活 32°)の 後 期 旧 石 器 時 代(40,000～9,000年 前)に お け る が 中 心 で あ っ た た め,大 形 の チ ョ ッパ ー が 重 要 で あ っ

文 化 と環 境 の 関 係 に つ い て,従 来 の 研 究 を ま と め た. た.

石 器 な ど の 文 化 遺 物 に 基 づ い て,こ の 時 代 の 中 国 南 部 先 に あ げ た2つ の地 域 の間 に あ る雲 南-貴 州 高 原 地 域 は5つ の 文 化 地 域 に分 け る こ と が で き る.そ れ ら は,雲 で は,ス テ ゴ ド ン-パ ンダ動 物 群 の 要 素 が45%ほ ど見 ら

南-貴 州 高 原 地 域(Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Region), れ た が,そ れ は この地 域 の中 で は低 温 ・湿度 で あ る こ と

西 四 川 高 原 地 域(West Sichuan Plateau Region),四 を示 して お り,低 地 は森 と草 原 で 覆 われ て い た.こ の 地 川 盆 地-長 江 南 部 丘 陵 地 域(Sichuan Basin-the Hilly 域 で 見 ら れ る30,000～10,000年 前 ご ろ の 馬 鞍 山 文 化 Regions south of the Yangtze River),長 江 の 中 ・下 流 (Ma'anshan Culture)で は,小 形 か ら中 形 の ス ク レ イ

平 野 部(The Plain of the Middle and Lower Reaches パ ー,尖 頭 器,少 数 の チ ョ ッ ピ ング ツ ー ルが 見 られ る. of the Yangtze River),五 嶺 南 部 地 域(the Area south 更 新 世 の終 わ り ごろ に見 られ る気 候 の温 暖 化 に伴 って, of Wuling)で あ る.一 方,こ の 地 域 の 中 ～ 後 期 更 新 世 の 常 緑 広 葉 樹 が よ り北 あ る い は よ り高 い高 度 に まで 広 が っ 地 層 か ら は,ス テ ゴ ド ン-パ ン ダ 動 物 群 が 発 見 さ れ て い た た め,採 集 は大 きな役 割 を果 たす よ うに な り,10,000 る が,そ れ ら も ま た 地 域 ご と に 動 物 種 の 組 み 合 わ せ が 異 ～7 ,000年 前 の 猫 猫 洞 文 化(Maomaodong Culture)か な っ て い る.動 物 群 集 の 違 い は,お も に 温 度 や 湿 度,緯 らは大 形 の石 器 が発 見 さ れ る よ うに な った.

度 や 高 度 と も 関 係 し て 起 こ っ て い る. 四川 盆 地-長 江南 部 丘 陵地 域 は低 地 帯 で あ り,ス テ ゴ こ の 論 文 で は,5つ の 文 化 地 域 で 見 ら れ る 道 具 の 特 色 ドン-パ ン ダ動 物 相 の 中心 地 域 で も あ る.こ の地 域 は亜 の 違 い が,動 物 相 の 違 い と よ く一 致 して い る こ と を 紹 介 熱 帯 林 の 中北 部 の植 生 で ブ ッ シ ュ もあ り,暖 か く湿 潤 した. で,多 くの川 や 湖 が あ った.生 活 は採 集 が 中心 で狩 猟 の

例 え ば,西 四 川 高 原 地 域 は 高 度 が 高 く,中 国 南 部 の 中 役 割 は小 さか った.そ の た め,40,000～13,000年 前 ころ で は や や 高 い 緯 度 に 位 置 す る.こ こ で は,ス テ ゴ ド ン-パ の 銅 梁 文 化(Tongliang Culture)で は 大 ～ 中 形 の ン ダ 動 物 群 は 見 られ ず,中 国 北 部 の 動 物 相 と 北 部 と 南 部 チ ョッパ ー とス ク レイ パ ーが 見 られ た. の 遷 移 的 な 動 物 相 が 見 られ る.発 見 さ れ た 動 物 種 は,比 長 江 の 中 ・下流 平 野 部 で は,パ ン ダや ス テ ゴ ドンは見

較 的 冷 涼 で 乾 燥 し た 草 原 性 の も の が 多 く見 られ る.こ の られず,む し ろ北 部 の 動 物群 で あ った.植 生 的 に は湿 潤 地 域 で 見 ら れ た2万 年 前 ご ろ の 富 林 文 化(Fulin Cul- で,時 々 冷 涼 な 亜 熱 帯 北 部 か ら暖温 帯 の気 候下 で の森 と ture)で は,狩 猟 生 活 を 中 心 と し て お り,そ の 道 具 に は 草 原 に 覆 わ れ て い た.こ の 地 域 に み ら れ た 三 山 文 化

小 さ な ス ク レ イ パ ー,尖 頭 器,彫 刻 刀 な ど を 使 い, (Sanshan Culture)は 小 形 ス ク レイ パ ー と大 形 の 尖 頭 チ ョ ッ ピ ン グ ツ ー ル を 欠 い て い た. 器 を使 う漁 携 と狩 猟 の 文 化 だ っ た.

緯 度 的 に も低 く,高 度 も低 い 五 嶺 南 部 地 域 に は,典 型 こ の よ う に,中 国 南 部 で 見 られ る文 化 遺 物 の形 態 は,

的 な ス テ ゴ ド ン-パ ン ダ 動 物 群 が 生 息 し て い た.亜 熱 帯 気 候 や植 生 に制 限 を受 け た動 物 相 の 違 い とよ く対 応 して

南 部 の 気 候 で,高 い 温 度 と 湿 度 が あ っ た.35,000～ お り,そ れ ぞ れ の文 化 を形 成 して いた. 26,000年 以 上 前 と18,000～9,000年 前 の2つ の 時 代 に

*1厦 門 大 学 歴 史 系 考 古 教 研 室 福 建 省厦 大 海 濱 東 区17-403 ,361005中国.E-mail: *2滋 賀 県 立 琵 琶 湖 博 物 館 研 究 部 環 境 史 研 究 領 域 〒525-0001草 津 市 下 物 町1091 .