Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
G. Faninger
Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung 26/2006 Imprint:
Owner and Publisher: Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Radetzkystraße 2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Responsibility and Coordination: Division for Energy and Environmental Technologies Head: Michael Paula
This publication series can be ordered via http://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.at or at
Projektfabrik Waldhör Währingerstraße 121/3 A-1180 Vienna, Austria Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
Gerhard Faninger, Prof., Dr. Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, iff, University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Austrian Delegate in the IEA/OECD Renewable Energy Working Party
Austrian National Report 2005
For the IEA-Working Party on Renewable Energy Technologies
Klagenfurt, December 2005
On behalf of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology
CONTENT
1. Renewable Sources of Energy and Technologies 5
2. Conditions for the Market Deployment of Renewables in Austria 6
3. The Competence of the Austrian Industry in Renewable Energy Technologies 17
4. The Role of Renewables in the Austrian Energy Supply 22
5. Development of Energy Supply in Austria 36
6. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria 46
6.1. Hydropower 47
6.2. Bioenergy 52 6.2.1. Solid Biomass 54 6.2.2. Liquid Biomass 55 6.2.3. Bio-gas 55 6.2.4. Installed Electrical Load of Bio-energy Products 55
6.3. Solar Energy and Technologies 64 6.3.1. Solar Heat and Solar Thermal Technologies 65 6.3.2. Solar Electricity and Solar Electricity Technologies 69
6.4. Geothermal Energy 72
6.5. Wind Energy 74
6.6. Ambient Heat and Heat Pump Technologies 77
References 81
ANNEX: Information on Energy Supply in Austria: 1990 – 2004 83
3 4 Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
1. Renewable Sources of Energy and Technologies
Renewable Energy is energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.
Included in the definition of renewable energy sources, Renewables is energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean resources, and bio fuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Commercial markets for Renewables are today: Hydropower, Bioenergy, Solar Heating and Cooling, Solar Thermal Power Plants, Photovoltaic, Wind Energy and Geothermal Energy; Fig. 1.
The substitution of fossil fuels with Renewables leads to significant reduction of CO2 emissions and to a diversification of supply resources and therefore to a greater security of energy supply. Renewables support the development of a sustainable energy system as a requirement for economic sustainable development. On the political level, this fact was reflected in a continuous promotion of Renewables through Austria’s energy, research and promotional policies – including subsidies.
Renewable Energy Comes in Many Forms
• Electricity generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean resources. • Heat generated from solar thermal, geothermal and biomass resources. • Biofuels and hydrogen obtained from renewable resources.
Figure 1: Renewable Energy Sources for Energy Supply
5 2. Conditions for the Market Deployment of Renewables in Austria
Austria is among the top countries in Europe using Renewables; Fig. 2.1 to 2.6. Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 show the contribution of Renewables to the total primary energy supply, TPES, in OECD Member States and European countries. Renewables contributes to the total energy supply in Austria about 21.3%. The average annual percent change of Renewables to TPES was in the time period 1990 – 2004 1.3%; Fig. 2.3. Renewables share to electricity production amounts in the year 2004 to 65.0%, compared to OECD/Europe of 18.2%; Fig. 2.4 and Fig. 2.5. The share of electricity productions from “other” Renewables (excluding hydro-power) was 3.4% in 2003. The electricity production by Eco-Power Plants amounts in the year 2004 5433 GWh, from which were produced 73.38% with Small Hydropower, followed with 17.04% with Wind-energy, and 5.76% with solid biomass and renewable waste; Fig. 2.7.
Hydropower and biomass are the major renewable energy sources. Beside of these recourses, Austria is one of the pioneering countries in the thermal use of solar energy, the production of biodiesel, and the use of ambient heat. Combined with the increasing use of Renewables, the design and production of hydro-power plants, solar thermal installations, biomass boilers as well as the manufacturing of components for the use of wind energy and photovoltaic increased in the past years.
Both the extension and the use of Renewables have also created other positive effects e.g. technological innovations. The industry producing the facilities for the use of Renewables belongs to the most dynamic sectors of the Austrian economy. This guarantees regional value added and secure jobs not only today, and offers excellent chances for the future.
Tax system for the Promotion of a Sustainable Energy System
In the context of Austria’s sustainability policy, the tax system was adjusted for the requirements of sustainable energy system (1996). More than 10% of this tax revenue is made available to the federal provinces for the implementation of energy-saving and environmental- protection measures, which also include measures to promote the market deployment of Renewables. On the European level, the preconditions for an “ecologisation” and harmonisation of the Member States’ tax systems were created by the political consensus on the “EU Energy Tax Directive”. Austria has already anticipated most of the required adjustments with its new tax on coal and the increase in diesel tax.
Green Electricity Act
In the course of the gradual liberalisation of the EU’s internal energy market and the full liberalisation of the Austrian energy market, the legal conditions for the generation of electricity from Renewables have been further developed in the past years. The 2002 Green Electricity Act introduces a uniform purchase and compensation obligation for “green electricity facilities” for all of Austria. Green electricity facilities are based on solar energy, wind, biomass, biogas, landfill and sewage sludge gas as well as geothermal energy and particular types of wastes. By 2008, a share of 4% of these energy sources in the overall supply of electricity to the end consumer (final consumption) has to be gradually reached. The same support scheme is used for electricity production from small hydropower stations (<10 kW), whereby it was determined to raise their share in electricity generation to 9% by 2008. The aim of measures is to reach the target share of 78.1% of the electricity generation from Renewables of Austrian gross domestic consumption, as defined in the EU directive on the
6 promotion of electricity from Renewables in the internal electricity market (2001). Other changes include:
x The certificate system for small-scale hydroelectric power stations expired at the end of 2002. x As of 1 January 2003, there was no longer a quota obligation for the network operators and no compensation payments. x All operators of green plants have the right to a listing of the certification of origin by the network operators. x The electricity identification system, which specifies the source of energy used for electricity generation on consumer bills, will be standardised after a transitional period up to 1 July 2004 and then all electricity suppliers must identify a standard composition on consumer bills (“standard dealer mix”).
The Act guarantees payment of feed-in tariffs for thirteen years at the following rates (per kWh):
x Small hydro power, depending upon the amount of electricity fed into the grid: from € 0.0315 to € 0.0568 for existing plants, from € 0.0331 to € 0.0596 for refurbished plants, from € 0.0378 to € 0.0625 for new plants. x PV: € 0.47 for plants > 20 kWpeak, € 0.60 for plants < 20 kWpeak. x Wind: € 0.078 for new plants. x Geothermal: € 0.07. x Wood chips: € 0.102 to € 0.16. x Waste with high bio-share: € 0.027 to € 0.128. x Co-firing in fossil fuel plants: € 0.03 to € 0.065. x Bio-fuels: € 0.1 for plants > 200 kW, € 0.13 for plants < 200 kW. x Biogas: € 0.0725 to € 0.165. x Landfill gas: € 0.03 for plants > 1 MW, € 0.06 for plants < 1 MW.
The actual situation concerning green electricity production and feed-in tariffs are documented in Fig. 2.8 to Fig. 2.10. The average feed-in tariffs by green electricity production are documented in Fig. 2.8. The green-electricity budget for 2004 was 301.924 million Euros (Fig. 2.9) and budget for 2005 is estimated with 284 million Euros (Fig. 2.10).
Bio-fuels for the Transport Sector
Within the new Austrian legislation, biodiesel is added up to 5 % to the fossil diesel since October 2005. This share is related to 440,000 tonnes biodiesel per year, from which 55,000 tonnes are produced in Austria up to now. Therefore, about 90% of biodiesel has to be imported. It is the goal of the Austrian Energy Policy to produce the full requirements for the Austrian Transport sector - with public support - in Austria latest in 2007.
Other Promotion Measures for Market Deployment of Renewables
In addition to “tax revenue” and “green electricity support”, the market penetration of Renewables in Austria is supported by a large number of other promotion instruments as housing and agricultural subsidies as well as financial support for business and industry. For example, the market penetration of Renewables in housing (domestic, commercial and industry) was supported by subsidies of about 50 million Euros in 2004. Also research
7 promotion funds of about 10 million Euros promoted activities in the field of Renewables in 2004 – from basic scientific work to market launch.
Federal grants and incentives for renewable energy producers such as firms, associations and public entities are administered primarily by the “Kommunalkredit”. These federal grants typically constitute 30% of eligible costs and are granted to entrepreneurs investing in small hydro plants, modern biomass-based heating systems which include small networks for district heating, biogas, sewage gas, geothermal systems, heat pumps, solar thermal above 10 m2, photovoltaic and wind installations. These grants can also be combined with financial support from the local governments (“Länder”) to cover 66% of costs.
Public Expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration
The public expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) in Austria is illustrated in Fig. 2.11 for the time period 1977 – 2004. The maximum RD&D budget was in the year 1985 with 33.548 million Euros, the minimum budget in the year 1990 with 10.000 million Euros. In 2004 the RD&D budget reached with 33.534 million Euros the second best value.
Approximately 28.5% of Austria's federal energy R&D budget in 2004 was allocated specifically to renewable sources (39.7% in 2003); Fig. 2.12a and Fig. 2.12b. The public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D are documented for 2003 in Figure 2.13a and Figure 2.13b for 2004. This funding was split in 2004 to 75.4% for biomass, 8.4% for Solar Thermal, 6.1% for Solar Electric (PV), 4.4% for Wind-energy, 2.9% for Geothermal and 2.8% for Hydro-power; Fig. 2.13b.
Summarising, by constantly stepping up Renewables in Austria a domestic sales market as well as stable investment and innovation framework conditions for the further development of Renewables was created. These favourable framework conditions in Austria facilitated not only in the introduction of Renewables technologies to the market but also formed the basis for the domestic economy to develop further internationally outstanding position in the areas of Renewables technologies.
But the reasons for the positive market development for Renewables is not only the continual promotion by means of Austria’s energy, research and promotional policies (including subsidies), but also the traditionally strong environmental awareness of the Austrian citizens, who have supported the idea of using Renewables right from the outset.
8 Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) in OECD and in Austria: 2003 and 2004
21.3 25 2003 19.8 2004 20
15
6.7 6.8 10 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.6
5 Renewables/TPES, % Renewables/TPES,
0 OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.1: Contribution of Renewables to total primary energy supply In OECD-Member States: 2003 and 2004
Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) in Europe 2004 80 70.7 70
60
50 40.1 40
30 24.7 21.3 22.9 20 14.2 14.9 Renewables/TPES, % Renewables/TPES, 13.7
10 5.8 5.9 5.2 5.9 4.9 6.2 2.9 3.9 3.6 3.7 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.9 1.3 0
9 d y y d g s y d ria m ce n n ly r d a t iu lic ark a ece ar u ain den n b m lan an e g la Ita o rw land tugal e la us u in n Ir b lan o o r ublic Sp r gdom EU-1 A elg n Fr Gr u Iceland r P p n B ep F erm H e N Po Sw R De G th itze xem d Ki u Ne Sw e ech L it z n C Slovak Re U IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.2: Contribution of Renewables to total primary energy supply In EU-Member States: 2004
9 Average Annual Percent Change of Renewables/TPES: 1990 - 2004 1,4 1.3 1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4 0.2 0,2
Renewables/TPES, % 0,0 OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria -0,2 -0.1 -0.2 -0,4 IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.3: Average annual change of Renewables to total primary energy supply In OECD-Member States: 1990 - 2004
Share of Electricity Production from Renewables in OECD and in Austria: 2003 and 2004
62.9 65.0 70,0 2003 60,0 2004
50,0
40,0
30,0 18.2 14.9 15.1 16.9 15.1 14.8 20,0
10,0 Share of Renewables, % Renewables, of Share 0,0 OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.4: Share of electricity production from Renewables In OECD-Member States: 2003 and 2004
10 Share of Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources in Europe 2004, % 120
99.9 99.4 100
80 65.0 60 54.6 45.8 40 29.3 27.2 24.4 17.5 19.2 20 13.7 13.7
Share from Renewables, % Renewables, Share from 11.3 9.2 9.8 5.5 6.8 5.4 1.7 3.0 2.8 1.9 3.4 0
a ic y d s d al n d m -19 ri l ark aly d n g ai o st b gary an It way lan u lgium u m rance man n Irl lan r Sp d EU F r o er g A ep en Finland e Greeceu Iceland mbourger N Pola Sweden n Be D G H e Portu tz eth ux Swi ech R L N vak Republic z o C Sl United Ki IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.5: Share of electricity production from Renewables In EU-Member States: 2004 Share of Electricity Production from "Other" Renewable Energy Sources in Europe 2004, % Excluding Hydro 20 18.1 18 16.5 16 14 12 11.5 10 8 5.9 6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.0 4 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.4 2 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 Share from "Other" Renewables, % Renewables, "Other" from Share
y y m ic k y d rg s y al ic m l ar ce ce n l ain o iu n gar la Ital wa land p g ub m ra ree n Ir land r o tug ub S EU-19 p F bou r r p weden gd Austria Finland G Iceland m e No P o e n Bel Den German Hu P R S xe Ki u Neth ak Switzerland ech Re L v ited z n C Slo U IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.6: Share of electricity production from “other” Renewables In EU-Member States: 2004
11 Green Electricity Production in Austria 2004 (Electricity Production by Eco-Power Plants)
Total: 5,433 GWh Small Hydropower 73.38% Wind energy 17.04%
Biomass, solid, and waste 5.76%
Biomass,gaseous 1.86%
Biomass, liquid 0.33% Geothermal energy Digester and 0.04% sewer gas E-Control 1.36% Solar energy, PV 0.22%
Figure 2.7: Electricity production from eco-power plants In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
Average Tariffs for Green Electricity in Austria 2004
Average Tariffs for all Green Electricity Production: 5.56 Cent/kWh Cent/kWh
70,00 65.31 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 12.54 12.94 4.36 7.73 9.14 6.84 7.18 10,00 0,00
l id ic a us ta ower o lgas rm p , sol se a e s , liquid ropower s os d ind as ga p s, as s W m s m hotovol i Geoth io P D B Bio ioma Small Hy B
Figure 2.8: Average feed-in tariffs for green electricity production In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
12 Green Electricity Tariffs in million Euro (net) in Austria 2004 Total: 301.924 million Euro
Biomass, solid, Wind energy and waste 23.70% Small Hydropower 9.47% 57.63%
Biomass, gaseous 4.19%
Biomass, liquid 0.77% Geothermal energy Digester and Solar energy, PV 0.06% E-Control sewer gas 2.50% 1.67%
Figure 2.9: Green electricity budget In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
Green Electricity Tariffs in million Euro (net) in Austria Estimates for 2005
Photovoltaic Other 9 Mio €; 3% 6 Mio €; 2% Windpower Biogas 79 Mio €; 28% 22 Mio €; 8%
Biomass, solid; 43 Mio €; 15%
Fossil Cogeneration Small Plant Hydropower 68 Mio €; 24% 57 Mio €; 20% Gesamt 2005: 284 million € E-Control
Figure 2.10: Green electricity budget In Austria: Estimates for 2005 (Source: E-Control)
13 Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria: 1977 - 2004 40
35 Other Cross-Cutting Technologies 30 Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Power & Storage Technologies
25 Nuclear Fusion
20 Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels
15 Conservation
10
Expenditures, million Euro/year Expenditures, 5
0 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria: 1977 - 2004 100%
90%
80%
70% Other Cross-Cutting Technologies 60% Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Power & Storage Technologies 50% Nuclear Fusion 40% Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels 30% Conservation
20% ShareEnergy Sectors, of % 10%
0% 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 2.11: Public expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration In Austria: 1977 – 2004 (Source: BMVIT-G. Faninger, 1977 – 2002, Austrian Energy Agency, 2003 – 2004)
14 Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria 2003
Other Cross Conservation Cutting 20.3% 10.8% Power & Storage 15.8% Fossil Fuels 1.8%
Nuclear 11.6% Renewables 39.7%
BMVIT Total 2003: 24.982 Million Euro
Figure 2.12a: Public expenditures for energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2003 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria 2004
Other Cross Cutting Conservation 8.9% 29.3% Power & Storage 22.4%
Fossil Fuels 1.3% Nuclear Renewables 9.6% 28.5%
BMVIT Total 2004: 33.533 Million Euro
Figure 2.12b: Public expenditures for energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2004 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
15 Public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D in Austria 2003
Hydro-Power 3,4% Geothermal 0,1% Solar Thermal 21,5%
Solar Electric (PV) 13,2% Biomass 53,3%
Wind-Energy Total 2003:9.913 million Euros 8,5%
Figure 2.13a: Public expenditures for renewable energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2003 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
Public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D in Austria 2004
Hydro-Power Solar Thermal 2,8% Geothermal 8,4% 2,9%
Solar Electric (PV) 6,1% Wind-Energy 4,4%
Biomass 75,4%
Total 2004:9.544 million Euros
Figure 2.13b: Public expenditures for renewable energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2004 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
16 3. The Competence of the Austrian Industry in Renewable Energy Technologies
The promotion efforts resulted in the creation of a domestic sales market and stable investment and innovation conditions for a further development of renewable energy technologies.
The sector of industry constructing and producing the facilities for the use of renewable energy sources is one of the fastest growing sectors in Austria. Sales, value added and employments in the business sector of Renewable energy technologies are reported in /4/. The following 9 renewable energy technologies which are relevant for Austria are analyzed and documented: biomass (solid, gas and liquids), geothermal energy, small hydro power, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, heat pumps and wind power. For these technologies the aspects of sales, value added and employment are estimated; Fig. 3.1 to Fig. 3.3. The results of the study show the importance of these technologies for Austria. In the year 2004 sales in the context of above specified technologies reach the value of 1.46 billion Euros. The corresponding value added was 1.04 billion Euros. The total number of jobs (full time equivalent) created by the production and installation of renewable energy technologies was 13600 and for this reason, these technologies have a strong impact on the national job market. In addition 19.110 jobs were created through the use of the equipment, from which belong to the employment of the biomass preparation for energy use.
The impact of renewable energy technologies on climate protection is also to point out. The reduction of CO2-emissions caused by renewable energy technologies in Austria in the year 2004 was 11.9 million tons. Even in case of consideration of total life cycle emissions of technologies there are remaining reductions of 10.8 million tons CO2 /4/.
A moderate scenario for the year 2012 show, that there is a high additional emission saving potential in Austria. In case of continuous political efforts for research and development and the diffusion of technologies there can be a net reduction of CO2-emissions in 2012 of about 15 million tons. The fictitious monetary value of the savings in the year 2004 is equivalent to 216 million Euro and can be interpreted as an additional value added of renewable energy technologies. Concluding from present study results, renewable energy technologies developed to a multi dimensional and weighty factor in Austrian’s political economy. Beside the economic and climate protecting effect these technologies show a lot of positive structural effects.
Respective technologies are appropriate for decentralized applications and therefore a high value for rural areas is implicated. Regionally created jobs, regional value added the reduction of necessary transport of persons and goods and the increasing security of energy service provision by decentralized units are some of the additional positive effects of renewable energy technologies. In this sense renewable energy technologies provide a major contribution to sustainable development of Austrians society. Austrians energy policy has the big chance to force this development by supporting research and development and the diffusion of these technologies.
Austrian enterprises are today technological pioneers on the worlds market, especially in the area of solar collectors and components for hydro-power plants and photovoltaic Systems (e.g. inverters). Austria also plays a pioneering role concerning the utilisation of biogas in
17 large facilities that use energy crops as substrate. In the field of heat pump production, Austrian companies assume a leading position concerning efficiency and quality.
Austria’s excellent position on the export markets constitutes a great opportunity for Austrian companies and their employees.
The remarkable market development of renewable energy technologies in Austria has only been possible because Austrian firms have in co-operation with research centres developed cost-effective technologies, especially for solar thermal and solar electric (photovoltaic) applications (including equipment like inverters, modules for solar cells) as well as wind energy converters and advanced environmentally-friendly biomass heating systems with optimised combustion technology. Especially test results led to technical improvements in renewable energy technologies as well as the basis for a common standardisation.
18 Sales in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical 600 560
500
400
300 232 173 200 138 106 107 Sales, Mio Euros Mio Sales, 81 100 35 29
0 Biomass, Biomass, Biomass, Hydropower, Solar Photovoltaic Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps solid liquid gaseous <10 kW Thermal secundary 130 8 19 32 24 54 7 40 25 indirect 153 9 21 36 30 61 8 45 29 direct 277 18 41 70 51 117 14 88 53
Sales in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Total 2004: Wind-Electricity; 173 Mio Euro; 11.8% 1,461 Mio Euro Biomass, solid; 560 Mio Euro; 38.3%
Heat Pumps; 107 Mio Euro; 7.3%
Solar Heat; 232 Mio Euro; 15.9%
Biomass, liquid; 35 Mio Euro; 2.4% Solar Electricity (PV); 106 Mio Euro; 7.3% Biomass, gaseous; 81 Mio Euro; 5.5% Hydropower Geothermal; smaller 10 kW; 29 Mio Euro; 2.0% 138 Mio Euro; 9.4% Source: EEG-TU Wien/WKO
Figure 3.1: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Sales (Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
19 Added Value in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical 450 419 400 350 300 250 200 164 126 150 102 66 100 59 60 26 22 Added Value, Mio Euros Mio Added Value, 50 0 Biomass, Biomass, Biomass, Hydropower, Solar Photovoltaic Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps solid liquid gaseous <10 kW Thermal secundary 9761424143852915 indirect 1157162717436 3318 direct 207 13 30 51 29 83 11 64 33
Added Value in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Wind-Electricity; Total 2004: 126 Mio Euro; 12.07% 1,044 Mio Euro Biomass, solid; 419 Mio Euro; 40.13%
Heat Pumps; 66 Mio Euro; 6,32%
Solar Heat; 164 Mio Euro; 15.17%
Biomass, liquid; 26 Mio Euro; 2.49% Solar Electricity (PV); 61 Mio Euro; 5.84% Biomass, gaseous; Hydropower Geothermal; 59 Mio Euro; 5.65% smaller 10kW; 21 Mio Euro; 2.01% 102 Mio Euro; 9.77% Source: EEG-TU Wien/WKO
Figure 3.2: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Added value (Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
20 Jobs (Full Time Equivalent) in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical 6000 5487
5000
4000
3000 2262 Jobs 1720 2000 1108 811 709 897 1000 351 218 0 Biomass, Biomass, Biomass, Hydropower, Solar Photovoltaic Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps solid liquid gaseous <10 kW Thermal secundary 1765 108 251 429 257 691 88 531 279 indirect 1258 76 176 213 165 516 39 371 205 direct 2464 167 384 466 287 1055 91 818 413
Jobs (Full Time Equivalent) in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Total 2004: Wind-Electricity; 13,564 Jobs 1,720 jobs; 12.68% Biomass, solid; 5,487 jobs; 40.45%
Heat Pumps; 897 jobs; 6.61%
Solar Heat; 2,262 jobs; 16.68% Biomass, liquid; Solar Electricity 351 jobs; 2.59% (PV); Hydropower Biomass, gaseous; 709 jobs; 5.23% 811 jobs; 5.98% smaller 10 kW; Geothermal; 1,108 jobs; 8.17% 219 jobs; 1.61% Source: EEG TU Wien/WKO In addition 19,110 jobs were created through the use of the equipment, from which belong to the employment of the biomass preparation for energy use.
Figure 3.3: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Jobs (Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
21 4. The Role of Renewables in the Austrian Energy Supply
The Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources has a long tradition in Austria - due to the nature of its landscape. Since the middle of the 1970s, the contribution of Renewables to the energy supply in Austria has been steadily increasing; Fig. 4.1 to Fig. 4.4. Fig. 4.3 illustrates the market development of renewable energy supply in Austria from 1970 to 2003. All Renewables increased during this time period. The market deployment of the “other” Renewables from 1990 to 2004 shows Figure 4.4. There are a number of renewable energy and waste sources which are considered to be economically viable or approaching economic viability: hydro-power, solar-energy, geothermal-energy, wind-energy, solid biomass (fire wood, wood/biomass waste), biogas (landfill gas, sewage sludge gas), and liquid bio-fuels, as well as industrial and municipal solid waste. Besides hydropower, biomass and solar energy - used in the different ways - and for some places also wind energy are promising renewable energy sources for Austria. In 2003 the share of Renewables in total energy consumption (supply) amounts to an average of about 21.1%, of which 9.4% is accounted to hydro power and 10.7% to “other” Renewables (Bio- energy, Solar-thermal, Geothermal, Wind-energy, Photovoltaic); Fig. 4.5a and Fig. 4.5b. Austria is amongst the leaders when it comes to using renewable energy sources both the traditional and the “other” Renewables. About 93.8% of the contribution of “other” Renewables is shared by bioenergy, followed with 2.3% by ambient heat, 1.9% by solar thermal, 1.8% by wind-energy, 0.2% by geothermal and 0.02% by solar-electricity, PV; Fig. 4.6. The heat-/electricity output of solar-heat, solar electricity, wind-electricity and ambient heat is shown in Figure 4.7a and the installed heat/electrical load in Figure 4.7b. At the end of 2004 the heat/power output reached 12,243 TJ and the installed heat/power load was 3,282 MW.
The electricity production in Austria in the year 2004 is documented in Fig. 4.8 to Fig. 4.14. The total electricity production was in 2004 about 59,354 GWh, from which were produces 62% from hydro-power plants, 37% from thermal power plants and 1% from Renewables and non- renewable wastes; Fig. 4.8. To the electricity production in 2004 contributed 96.3% hydro-power plants, 3.1% was produced from “other” Renewables and 0.6% from non-renewable wastes; Fig. 4.9. The gross electricity production from “other” Renewables to the electricity supply in 2004 is shown in Fig. 4.10. About 1.210 GWh were produced. The electricity production from eco- power plants reached 286 GWh in 2002, 375 GWh in 2003 and 941 GWh in 2004; Fig. 4.11. The electrical capacity of electricity power plants with Renewables was in 2004 15,785 MWel, Fig. 4.12. Summarizing, the electricity production in Austria in the time period is illustrated in Fig. 4.13a and b. Fig. 4.14a illustrates the gross electricity and heat production (CHP-plants) and Fig. 14b the heat production by Renewables in 2004. Gross and final consumption of “other” Renewables are documented in Fig. 4.15a and Fig. 4.15b. Production/gross energy consumption of wood/wood waste/other solid wastes and of liquid bio-fuels is shown in Fig. 4.16a and Fig. 4.16b.
The market deployment of Renewables in Austria has been quite successful. Larger contributions of renewable energy carriers in total energy consumption require more activities to reduce the energy demand within higher energy-efficiencies in all sectors of energy consumption. Especially the substitution of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources should be considered.
In terms of lessons learned, there was a certain tendency in the past to put too much emphasis on high-technology solutions in the end-user sector. Experience shows that intermediate- technology solutions which are reliable and easy to handle are of more importance, at least for 22 near-term applications and commercialisation. Sufficient experience and operational data exist now to ensure that renewable energy technologies are professionally designed and installed to provide optimum performance. Energy Consumption in Austria 1970 - 2004 1600000 Renewables & Electrical Energy 1400000 Gas Oil 1200000 Coal 1000000
800000
600000
400000
Energy Consumption, TJ 200000
0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.1: Gross energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Renewable Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004
350000
300000 Other Renewables
250000 Hydro-Power
200000
150000
100000
50000 Gross Energy Supply, TJ Supply, Energy Gross
0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.2: Gross hydro- and other renewable energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2003 (Source: Statistik Austria)
23 Gross Renewable Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2003 350000
300000
250000 Hydropower
Solarenergy, Ambient heat, 200000 Windenergy, Geothermal Biomass and Biofuel 150000 Fuel Wood 100000 Energy Supply, TJ Supply, Energy Solid Waste (Industrial and Municipal) 50000
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Figure 4.3: Gross Renewables energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2003 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria: 1990 - 2004 Without Biofuels 180000
160000 Other Biogas
140000 Sludge Gas Landfill Gas 120000 Gas from Biomass 100000 Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Wastes
80000 Municipal Waste (non-renewable) Municipal Waste (renewable) 60000 Municipal Waste
Gross Consumption,Gross TJ 40000 Industrial Waste (non-renewable)
20000 Solar Thermal Geothermal 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.4: Gross “other” Renewables energy supply In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
24 Share of Renewables on Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004
26,0
24,0
22,0
20,0
18,0
16,0
14,0 Share of Renewables, % 12,0
10,0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Figure 4.5a: Share of Renewables on energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Share of Renewables on Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
Share of Renewables, % 2,0 Hydro-Power Other Renewables
0,0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.5b: Share of hydropower and other Renewables on energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
25 Contribution of "Other" Renewables to Energy Supply in Austria 2004
Geothermal Ambient Heat 0.23% Wind-Electricity 2.28% 1.78% Solar-Electricity (PV) Solar Thermal 0.02% 1.90%
Bioenergy Total 2004: 93.79% 187,519 TJ
Figure 4.6: Contribution of „Other“ Renewables to energy supply In Austria 2004
26 Heat- and Electricity Output of Solar Energy-, Wind Energy- and Heat Pump Technologies in Austria 2004
Solar-Heat 29.1% Wind-Electricity 35.6%
Solar-Electricity (PV) 0.4% Ambient Heat 34.9% Total: 12,243 TJ/year
Fig. 4.7a: Heat-/electricity-output of solar energy-, wind energy, and heat pump technologies In Austria 2004
Heat- and Electrical Load of Solar Energy-, Wind Energy- and Heat Pump Technologies in Austria 2004
Wind Electricity 18.5%
Ambient Heat 21.9%
Solar Heat 59.0% Solar Electricity (PV) 0.6% Total: 3 282 MW
Fig. 4.7b: Heat-/electrical load of solar energy-, wind energy, and heat pump technologies In Austria 2004
27 Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Contribution of Hydropower and "Other" Renewables
Other Renewables; 1 209.530 GWh; 3%
Total 2004: Hydropower; 38,421 GWh 37 211.569 GWh; =138,316 TJ 97%
Figure 4.8: Electricity production from Hydropower and “Other” Renewables In Austria 2004
Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Contribution of Renewables and Non-renewable Waste
Other Non-renewable Renewables; Wastes; 1 209.530 GWh; 225.871 GWh; 3,1% 0,6%
Hydropower; Total 2004: 37 211.569 GWh; 38,647 GWh 96,3% =139,129 TJ
Figure 4.9: Contribution of Renewables and Non-renewable wastes on electricity production In Austria 2004
28 Gross Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Share of "Other" Renewables
Other biogas Liquid Biofuels Geothermal 0.53% 0.05% 0.16% Sewage sludge gas 0.35% Solar Photovoltaics Landfill gas 0.93% Wood/Wood 0.33% wastes/Other Solid Wastes 14.08%
Municipal Wastes (renewable) Wind 7.18% 76.39% Total 2004: 1 210 GWh Statistik Austria = 4 356 TJ
Figure 4.10: Share of „Other“ Renewables on electricity production In Austria 2004
Green Electricity Production in Austria: 2002 - 2004 1.000 941 900 800 700 600 500 375 400 286 300 200 Electricity Production, GWh 100 0 E-Control 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.11: Green electricity production In Austria 2002 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
29 Electrical Capacity of Electricity Power plants in Austria 2004 Share of Renewables
Wood/ Hydropower Municipal Wastes; Wood wastes/ pumped storage; 364 MW; 2.31% Other Solid Wastes; 2.543 MW; 16.11% 766 MW; 4.85% Wind; Hydropower <1 MW; 560 MW; 3.55% 112 MW; 0.71% Hydropower Solar Photovoltaic; 1-10 MW; 9 MW; 0.06% 738 MW; 4.68%
Hydropower Total 2004: > 10 MW; Statistik Austria 10.693 MW; 67.74% 15,785 MWel
Figure 4.12: Electrical capacity of power plants in Austria 2004: Share of Renewables
30 Electricity Production in Austria: 1975 - 2004
70000 Green Electricity 60000 Thermal Power Hydropower 50000
40000
30000 GWh/year
20000
10000
0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1989 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 E-Control
Figure 4.13a: Electricity production In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Production in Austria: 1975 - 2004 Share of Energy Sources/Production
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Green Electricity 30 Thermal Power 20 Hydropower 10 Share of Energy Sources, % Sources, of Energy Share 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1989 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 E-Control
Figure 4.13b: Share of power plants on electricity production In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
31 Gross Electricity and Heat Production by Renewables in Austria 2004 CHP Plants
Liquid Biofuels; Industrial wastes Municipal Wastes 375 TJ; 0.32% (non-renewable); (renewable); 3,322 TJ; 2.86% 14,168 TJ; 12.21% Other biogas; 2,840 TJ; 2.45%
Municipal Wastes (non-renewable); 22,632 TJ; 19.50%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes; Total 2004: 72,716 TJ; 62.66% 116,053 TJ
Figure 4.14a: Gross electricity and heat production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Heat Production by Renewables in Austria 2004 Solar thermal; Liquid Biofuels; Geothermal; 3,561 TJ; 2.21% 607 TJ; 0.38% 793 TJ; 0.49% Other biogas; Industrial wastes 800 TJ; 0.50% (non-renewable); 12,469 TJ; 7.75% Municipal Wastes Sewage sludge gas; (renewable); 492 TJ; 0.31% 2,480 TJ; 1.54%
Municipal Wastes (non-renewable); 5,101 TJ; 3.17% Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes; Total 2004: 134,564 TJ; 83.65% 160,867 TJ
Figure 4.14b: Gross heat production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
32 Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria 2004 Geothermal Energy; 793 TJ; Other Biogas; 0.49% 607 TJ; 0.38% Solar Thermal; Industrial Wastes (non-renewable); Sewage sludge 3,561 TJ; 2.21% 12,469 TJ; 7.75% gas; 800 TJ; 0.50% Landfill Gas; Municipal Wastes 492 TJ; 0.31% (renewable); 2,480 TJ; 1.54%
Municipal Wastes (non-renewable); 5,101 TJ; 3.17%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes; Total 2004: 134,564 TJ; 83.65% 160,867 TJ
Figure 4.15a: Gross consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Final Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria 2004
Solar Thermal; Geothermal Energy; 3,561 TJ; 3.11% 269; 0.24% Industrial Wastes (non-renewable); 9,378 TJ; 8.19% Other Biogas; 322 TJ; 0.28%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes; Total 2004: 100,934 TJ; 88.18% 114,446 TJ
Figure 4.15b: Final consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
33 Production of Wood/Wood Wastes/ Other Solid Wastes in Austria: 1990 - 2004
160000 Other Solid Wastes 140000 Black liquor Other vegetal materials and waste 120000 Wood
100000
80000
60000 Production, TJ Production, 40000
20000
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.16a: Production of wood/wood wastes and other solid wastes In Austria: 1990 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Production/Gross Consumption of Liquid Biofuels in Austria: 1990 - 2004
30000
24,583 25000 22,000 21,000 21,000 20,000 20000 18,000 16,000 15,000 15000 14,000
11,000 10000 9,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 7,000
5000
Production/Gross Consumption, Tonnes Consumption, Production/Gross 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.16b: Production of liquid bio-fuels In Austria: 1990 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
34 Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria: 1990 - 2004 Without Biofuels 180000
160000 Other Biogas
140000 Sludge Gas Landfill Gas 120000 Gas from Biomass 100000 Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Wastes
80000 Municipal Waste (non-renewable) Municipal Waste (renewable) 60000 Municipal Waste
Gross Consumption, TJ Consumption, Gross 40000 Industrial Waste (non-renewable)
20000 Solar Thermal Geothermal 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 4.16c: Gross consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria: 1990 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
35 5. Development of Energy Supply in Austria
The development of energy consumption in Austria in the time period 1970 – 2004 is illustrated in Fig. 5.1. Gross energy / final energy consumption as well as the contribution of Renewables in energy supply increased: gross energy consumption with 75.02% (related to an average annual change rate of 2.21%), final energy consumption with 90.51% (related to an average annual change rate of 2.66%) and the contribution of Renewables in energy supply with 146.29% (related to an average annual change rate of 4.30%); Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2. Also the share of Renewables in energy supply increased from 15.53% in the year 1970 to 21.86% in the year 2004 (related to gross energy consumption) and from 21.50% in 1970 to 27.79% in 2004 (related to final energy consumption).
Even if Renewables production has increased remarkable since 1970, the share of Renewables in energy supply did not growth at the same level. This means that Renewables just could keep pace with the overall increase in energy demand but more needs to be done to expand their shares in the fuel mix.
The gross-consumption of Renewables and wastes from 1990 – 2004 is shown in Fig. 5.3, and the share of Renewables and wastes in the energy consumption in the year 2004 in Fig. 5.4.
The gross energy supply related to energy sources is shown in Fig. 5.5a for 2003 and in Fig. 5.5b for 2004. Oil is dominating with about 43%, followed by gas with 23% and Renewables with about 21%. Fig. 5.6a and Fig. 5.6b illustrate the final energy supply for 2004 and 2004.
The gross energy consumption in Austria from 1970 to 2004 and related to energy sectors is shown in Fig. 5.7a and in Fig. 5.7b. Fig.5.8a and Fig. 5.8b show the share of energy consumption sectors in the year 2003 and 2004. The largest energy consumer with about 30% is the transportation sector, followed from the production and household sectors with both about 27%- 28%, the energy service sector with about 12% and the agriculture sector with about 2.4%. The market development of energy supply in the different supply sectors is illustrated in Fig. 5.9a, and in the year 2004 in Fig. 5.9b. The transportation sector is leading with 31.8%, follows by space heating, air-conditioning and hot water preparation with 29.3%.
The total electricity supply was in 2003 62,916 GWh (Fig. 5.10a) and in 2004 64,776 GWh; Fig. 5.10b. The grid losses are of about 5.2% to 5.3% and the internal electricity supply of about 3.1% to 3.2%.
The market development as well as the electricity production in Austria from 1970 to 2004 is characterized in Chapter 4.
36 Gross- and Final- Energy Consumption in Austria: 1970 - 2004
1600000 Gross-Energy Consumption 1400000 Final-Energy Consumption 1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000 2004: Gross-Energy Consumption: 1 394,573 TJ
Energy Consumption, TJ Consumption, Energy 200000 Final-Energy Consumption: 1 079,718 TJ 0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
The Change of Energy Consumption in Austria 1970 - 2004 Gross-, Final-Energy and Renewables Consumption Energy Consumption, TJ 1970 1990 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 796822 1052150 1394573 Final-Energy Consumption 575725 773760 1079718 Renewables Consumption 123770 210196 304829 Change in Energy Consumption, TJ 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 597751 255328 342423 Final-Energy Consumption 521069 198035 323034 Renewables Consumption 181059 86426 94633 Change in Energy Consumption, TJ 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 597751 255328 342423 Final-Energy Consumption 503993 198035 305958 Renewables Consumption 181059 86426 94633 Change in Energy Consumption, % 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 75,02 32,04 32,55 Final-Energy Consumption 87,54 34,40 39,54 Renewables Consumption 146,29 69,83 45,02 Average Annual Change in Energy Consumption, % 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 2,21 1,6 2,33 Final-Energy Consumption 2,66 1,72 2,98 Renewables Consumption 4,30 3,49 3,22 Share of Renewables , % 1970 1990 2004 Gross-Energy Consumption 15,53 19,98 21,86 Final-Energy Consumption 21,5 19,99 28,23 Figure 5.1: Energy consumption In Austria: 1970 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
37 Energy Consumption in Austria Changes 1970 - 2004 Gross- and Final-Energy Consumption & Renewables Consumption
700.000 597,751 Gross Energy 600.000 521,069 Final Energy 500.000 Renewables
400.000 342,423 323,034
300.000 255,328 181,059 198,035 200.000 86,426 94,633 100.000 Energy Consumption, TJ
0 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Time Period
Energy Consumption in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Average Annual Change Rate Gross Energy and Final Energy & Renewables Consumption
5,00 Gross Energy 4.33 4,50 Final Energy 4,00 Renewables 3.49 3,50 3.22 2.98 3,00 2.66 2,50 2.21 2.33 2,00 1.60 1.72
Change/%/year 1,50 Average Annual 1,00 0,50 0,00 1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004 Time Period
Figure 5.2: Average annual change in energy consumption In Austria: 1970 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
38 Renewables and Waste Consumption in Austria: 1990 - 2004
450000
400000
350000 Non-renewable Wastes 300000 Ambient Heat 250000 Solar Electricity Wind Electricity 200000 Geothermal Solar Thermal 150000 Bioenergy 100000 Hydro-Power Energy Consumption, TJ 50000
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 5.3: Renewables and waste consumption In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Renewables and Waste Consumption in Austria 2004
Ambient Heat 1.08% Non-renewable Solar Electricity Wastes 0.01% 15.41% Hydro-Power Wind Electricity 36.91% 0.85% Geothermal 0.20%
Solar Thermal 0.90%
Bioenergy 44.63% Total Consumption 2004: 394,073 TJ
Figure 5.4: Renewables and waste consumption In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
39 Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2003, TJ
Electricity; 20,209 TJ; 1.5% Coal; Renewables; 172,163 TJ; 12.4% 281,794 TJ; 20.3%
Oil; Gas; 593,438 TJ; 42.8% 319,481 TJ; 23.0% Total 2003: 1 387,085 TJ
Figure 5.5a: Gross energy supply in Austria 2003 Related to energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004, TJ
Electricity; 11,089 TJ; 0.8% Renewables; Coal; 300,083 TJ; 21.5% 165,834 TJ; 11.9%
Gas; Oil; 322,260 TJ; 23.1% 595,306 TJ; 42.7% Total 2004: 1 394,573 TJ
Figure 5.5b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
40 Final Energy Supply in Austria 2003, TJ
Coal; Electricity; 29,135 TJ; 2.7% 199,298 TJ; 18.6%
District Heat; 54,653 TJ; 5.1%
Renewables; 119,753 TJ; 11.2%
Oil; 483,910 TJ; 45.2% Total 2003: Gas; 183,768 TJ; 17.2% 1 070,517 TJ
Figure 5.6a: Final energy supply in Austria 2003 Related to energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
Final Energy Supply in Austria 2004, TJ
Coal; Electricity; 25.714 TJ; 2,4% 203.556 TJ; 18,9%
District Heat; 54.091 TJ; 5,0%
Oil; 479.319 TJ; 44,4% Renewables; 119.190 TJ; 11,0%
Gas; 197.849 TJ; 18,3% Total 2004: 1,079.719 TJ
Figure 5.6b: Final energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
41 Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
1200000
1000000
800000 Households Energy Service 600000 Transportation Production Agriculture 400000 Gross Energy Supply, TJ
200000
0 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 5.7a: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Related to energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Share of Energy Supply Sectors 100%
80%
60% Households Energy Service Transportation 40% Production Agriculture
20% Share of Energy Sectors, % Sectors, Energy of Share
0% 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Figure 5.7b: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Share of energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
42 Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2003 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
Agriculture; Production; Households; 297,113 24,337 TJ; 2.3% 295,738 TJ; 27.6% TJ; 27.8%
Energy Service; 132,108 TJ; 12.3% Transportation; 321,220 TJ; 30.0% Total 2003: 1 070,516 TJ
Figure 5.8a: Gross energy supply in Austria 2003 Share of energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
Households; 292,488 Agriculture; 25,399 TJ; 2.4% TJ; 27.1% Production; 301,680 TJ; 27.9%
Energy Service; 126,846 TJ; 11.7% Transportation; 333,305 TJ; 30.9% Total 2004: 1 079,718 TJ
Figure 5.8b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Share of energy supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
43 Gross Energy Supply in Austria 1995 - 2004 Related to Supply Sectors 1200000
1000000
800000 Electro-chemistry Non-mobile Engines 600000 Industry Furnaces Steam Production Lighting & EDV 400000 Space Heating, Airconditioning, Hot Water Transportation Gross Energy Supply, TJ Supply, Energy Gross 200000
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 5.9a: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1994 - 2004 Related to supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria) Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004 Related to Supply Sectors
Electro-chemistry; 1,708 TJ; 0.2% Non-mobile Engines; Transportation; 146,316 TJ; 13.6% 343,678 TJ; 31.8%
Industry Furnaces; 155,997 TJ; 14.4%
Steam Production; 81,854 TJ; 7.6%
Lighting & EDV; 33,623 TJ; 3.1% Space Heating, Airconditioning, Total 2005: Hot Water; 1 079,717 TJ 316,541 TJ; 29.3% Figure 5.9b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to supply sectors (Source: Statistik Austria)
44 Electricity Supply in Austria 2003
Internal Demand; 2 009 GWh; 3.2% Grid Losses; 3 292 GWh; 5.2%
Final Total 2003: 62 916 GWh Consumption; 57 615 GWh; 91.6% E-Control
Figure 5.10a: Electricity supply In Austria 2003 (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Supply in Austria 2004
Internal Demand; 1 999 GWh; 3.1%
Grid Losses; 3 423 GWh; 5.3%
Final Total 2004: 64 776 GWh Consumption; 59 354 GWh; 91.6% E-Control
Figure 5.10b: Electricity supply In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
45 6. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria
46 6.1. Hydropower
Hydro-Power: Hydro refers to potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants. Hydro includes also the output from pumped storage plants.
Hydropower Technologies in Austria
47 Hydro-power is the most commonly used of all Renewables for power generation in Austria. About 70% of the exploitable hydro-power sites have been harnessed. The exploitable potential for hydro-power in Austria is estimated to be 58% of the present average electricity generation per year. Some more “green” electricity production can be realised within rehabilitated, modernized or redeveloped small hydropower plants.
Hydro-power is also one of the most cost effective sources of Renewables, and offers significant benefits such as flood control, irrigation, potable water etc.
New technology developments in the area of hydro-power technologies have allowed the efficiency of these plants to rise, while the environmental impact of them has been significantly reduced. Small hydro-power plants can be used competitively as distributed or captive power where there is sufficient resource, or as bulk power.
The market deployment of electricity production by hydro-power plants in Austria is shown in Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2, and the actual situation (end of 2004) in Fig. 6.3. The contribution of hydro-power for electricity production was at the end of 2004 37,200 GWh (135,720 TJ), from which were produced 85% from hydro-power plants 10 MW, 7% 1 – 10 MW, 1% smaller 1 M, and 7% production from pumped storage; Fig. 6.3. The installed hydropower load is shown in Fig. 6.4a for the time period 1990 – 2004 and in Fig. 6.4b in detail from 1999 – 2004. Table 1 illustrates the gross electricity production by hydropower and “other” Renewables in 2004.
More information about electricity production in Austria is provided in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.
48 Electricity Production by Hydropower in Austria: 1990 - 2004 50000
43 528 45000 41 746 41 837 42 057 39 462 38 020 38 477 38 716 40000 36 894 37 293 36 082 35 580 35 292 35000 32 492 32 728 30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Hydro Electricity Production, GWh Production, Electricity Hydro 0
Source: E-Contro1990 l 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.1: Electricity production by hydro-power plants In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Production by Hydropower in Austria: 1990 - 2004 46000
44000
42000
40000
38000
36000
34000
32000
Hydro Electricity Production, GWh Production, Electricity Hydro 30000
Source: E-Control 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2: Electricity production by hydro-power plants In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control)
49 Hydro-Power Plants in Austria Gross Electricity Production 2004
Hydro-Power, Production from < 1 MW; pumped storage; 489 GWh; 1% Hydro-Power, 2 543 GWh; 7% 1 to < 10 MW; 2 793 GWh; 7%
Total 2004: Hydro-Power, 37 700 GWh Statistik Austria larger 10 MW; 31 876 GWh; 85%
Figure 6.3: Gross electricity production from hydro-power plants In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Installed Hydro-Power Load in Austria: 1990 - 2004 15000
14086 el 14000
13750
13000
12262 12000 11648 11533 11547 11181 11239 11304 11026 11095 11550 10947 11444 11000 11367 Installed Power Load, MW Power Load, Installed
10000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Figure 6.4a: Installed hydropower load In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
50 Installed Hydro-Power Load in Austria: 1999 - 2004
16000 13,750 14,086
el 14000 11,648 11,547 11,550 12,262 12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
Installed Load, MW Load, Installed 2000
0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Production from pumped storage 3.568 3.568 3.568 3.568 3.568 2.543 Hydro, > 10 MW 7.237 7.136 7.139 7.147 8.675 10.693 Hydro, 1 to < 10 MW 561 561 561 1.083 740 738 Hydro, < 1 MW 282 282 282 464 767 112
Figure 6.4b: Installed hydropower load In Austria: 1999 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Electricity Production by Renewables in Austria 2004 Power Plant MWh/year Share, % Hydropower 37.700.239 96,3322 Geothermal 1.976 0,0050 Solar Photovoltaics 11.307 0,0289 Wind 923.915 2,3608 Industrial wastes (non-renewable) 25.320 0,0647 Municipal Wastes (renewable) 86.819 0,2218 Municipal Wastes (non-renewable) 200.551 0,5125 Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes 170.300 0,4352 Landfill gas 3.938 0,0101 Sewage sludge gas 4.248 0,0109 Other biogas 6.390 0,0163 Liquid Biofuels 637 0,0016 Total 39.135.640 100
Table 1: Gross electricity production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
51 6.2. Bioenergy
Bioenergy: Bioenergy is solar energy captured by plants through photosynthesis and fixed in carbohydrate material.
Biomass Technologies in Austria
52 The term “bioenergy” is used for biomass energy systems that produce heat and / or electricity and “bio fuels” for liquid fuels for transportation. Bioenergy products are offered in form of firewood, bark and wood chips from the forests and as remnants of the wood processing industry. In many ways biomass can be considered as a form of stored solar energy. The energy of the sun is “captured” through the process of photosynthesis in growing plants. There is a vital difference between energy production from fossil fuels and from biomass. Burning fossil fuels releases CO2, which has been locked up for millions of years in the ground and will require many more millions of years to return back to the ground. By contrast, burning biomass simply returns to the atmosphere the CO2 that was absorbed as the plant grew over a relatively short period of time and there is no net release of CO2 if the cycle of growth and harvest is sustained. Using biomass as a fuel means that carbon dioxide (CO2) that was absorbed from the air while the plant was growing is released back into the air when the fuel is burned. The system is said to be “carbon neutral”. Providing the balance is maintained between the plant growth and biomass use, the system is sustainable and helps combat climate change. On the other hand, deforestation cannot be considered “carbon neutral”. For managing eco-systems for bioenergy production good and environmental sensible forest management is essential.
In reality bioenergy products are not strictly “carbon neutral” because energy is needed for production and transport of fire wood, barks and wood chips. But the environmentally relevant CO2-emissions are low compared with the CO2-emissions of fossil energy sources (e.g. about 6 to 43 g CO2/kWh for solid biomass products compared with 247 g CO2/kWh (gas) to 452 (lignite) g CO2/kWh). Bio-fuels depend on hydrocarbon fuels to the degree that they are agriculturally produced, result in soil impoverishment and hence are neither really carbon-free nor limitless. The issue requires further research to prioritise among them.
There are different categories of Bioenergy-products: x Solid Biomass: Covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat production or electricity generation. It comprises: fire wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes. x Fire Wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes: Covers purpose-grown energy crops (poplar, willow etc.), a multitude of woody materials generated by an industrial process (wood/paper industry in particular) or provided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, black liquor etc.) as well as wastes such as straw, rice husks, nut shells, poultry litter, crushed grape dregs etc. Combustion is the preferred technology for these solid wastes. x Biogas: A gas composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass, comprising landfill gas, formed by the digestion of land filled wastes, sewage sludge gas, produced from the anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge, and other biogas, such as biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries and of wastes in abattoirs, breweries and other agro- food industries. x Liquid bio-fuels: cover bio-ethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or biodegradable fraction of waste), biodiesel (a diesel quality liquid fuel produced from biomass or used fried oils), bio-methanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), bio-dimethylether (a diesel quality fuel produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste) and bio-oil (a pyrolysis oil fuel produced from biomass).
53 x Renewable wastes: Cover renewable industrial waste, municipal solid waste (waste produced by households, hospitals etc.).
The market deployment of bio-energy consumption in Austria is illustrated for the time period from 1980 until 2004 in Fig. 6.2.1. In 2004 about 175,882 TJ were produced from bio-energy, from which 34.5% comes from fuel wood and also 34.5% from industrial waste, followed with 19.2% from wood waste and 9.3% from other solid biomass; Fig. 6.2.2.
6.2.1. Solid Biomass
Solid biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. Included are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), animal materials/wastes, sulphite lyes (also known as black liquor, this is sludge that contains the lignin digested from wood for paper making), and other solid biomass.
The market deployment of consumption of fuel wood, wood waste and other solid biomass is illustrated for the time period 1980 – 2004 in Fig. 6.2.3 to Fig. 6.2.5. Other Renewables and waste are non-specified combustible Renewables and wastes associated with one or more of the following four products: industrial waste, municipal waste, solid biomass and biogas. Energy sources are reported as non- specified when national administrations are unable to break down the data into the different products (especially in earlier years of the time series), or when data are confidential.
The renewable solid waste consumption in Austria from 1980 to 2004 is documented in Fig. 6.2.6. Renewable municipal waste consists of the biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power. It comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including biodegradable hospital waste.
Renewable industrial waste consists of solid, liquid and gaseous products combusted directly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or power and that are not reported in the category solid biomass; Fig. 6.2.7.
Non-renewable municipal waste consists of the non-biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power. It comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including non-biodegradable hospital waste; Fig. 6.2.8.
The market deployment of biomass-heating systems was actively supported by R&D efforts to improve combustion technology for domestic heating, industrial process heat applications and district heating. Also the operating comfort of biomass boilers could be improved by features of full automatic operation and a similar comfort as oil or gas fired boilers: wood chips and pellets boilers. Since 1989 about 4138 of biomass heating systems were installed in Austria; Fig. 6.2.9a and Fig. 6.2.9b. The annual increasing rate of pellets boilers is since the last three years more than 30% per year.
54 6.2.2. Liquid Biomass
Liquid biomass includes fuels and bio-additives such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel, bio-methanol and bio-dimethylether.
Along with the use of forestry products for bioenergy, agricultural biomass production has also received significant attention. Most progress has been made in the field of biodiesel.
The shortage of mineral oil supply led to two major bio-fuel projects after 1979. The construction of 80,000 t/year ethanol plant and the development of the biodiesel technology were planned. Whereas the ethanol project could not be realized due to the changed economic framework, the biodiesel project has developed successfully. Biodiesel has been examined in collaboration with science, economy and administration in laboratories, pilot projects, on the test bench and in fleet tests. Initially rape seed and sunflower oil were tested as raw materials, but later on cost-efficient used frying fat was also used successfully. In recent years, a market for neat biodiesel has developed.
In 1991 the world’s first industrial plant for the production of biodiesel at Mureck/Styria, was founded. One of the main advantages of biodiesel production technique applied is its high flexibility with regard to the quality of the raw materials used. Even low-cost used cooking oil as well as animal fats may be processed without the addition of expensive and unused plant fats. By-products such as glycerine and solid fertilizers that are created in the course of production are sufficiently acceptable to be sold and thus contribute to the profitability and economic efficiency of biodiesel production.
The biodiesel production in Austria is shown in Figure 6.2.10. The bio-fuel production in 2004 was about 28.000 tonnes.
6.2.3. Bio-gas
Biogas is derived principally from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass and solid wastes and is combusted to produce heat and/or power. Included in this category are landfill gas and sludge gas (sewage gas and gas from animal slurries) and other biogas.
Biogas has also received a lot of attention and the number of biogas plants is increasing both in agriculture and in waste management.
The market deployment biogas consumption is shown in Fig. 6.2.11, from landfill gas in Fig. 6.2.12 and from sewage sludge gas in Fig. 6.2.13.
6.2.4. Installed Electrical Load of Bio-energy Products
The installed electrical load of wood/wood waste and other solid wastes in Austria is illustrated for the time period 1990 – 2004 in Fig. 6.2.14 and for municipal wastes in Fig. 6.2.15.
55 Bioenergy Gross-Consumption in Austria 1980 - 2004
200000 Municipial Solid Waste 180000 (renewable) 160000 Industrial Waste 140000 Sewage Sludge Gas 120000 Landfill Gas 100000 80000 Biogas
60000 Other Solid Biomass 40000 Wood Waste 20000 Gross-Energy Consumption, TJ 0 Fuel Wood
4 4 84 86 88 9 96 98 0 9 1980 1982 19 19 1 1990 1992 19 19 19 2000 2002 20
Figure 6.2.1: Bioenergy gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Bioenergy Gross-Consumption, TJ, in Austria 2004
Municipial Solid Waste (renewable) 1.4% Fuel Wood Industrial Waste 34.5% 34.5%
Sewage Sludge Gas 0.4% Wood Waste 19.2%
Landfill Gas Biogas Other Solid Biomass 0.3% Total 2004: 0.3% 9.3% 175,882 TJ
Figure 6.2.2: Bioenergy gross consumption In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
56 Fuel Wood Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000 2000: 24 902 TJ 2001: 30 848 TJ 30000 2002: 27 029 TJ 2003: 34 349 TJ 20000 2004: 33 741 TJ
Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy 10000
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.3: Fuel wood gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Wood Waste Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
35000
30000 2000: 24 902 TJ 2001: 30 848 TJ 25000 2002: 27 029 TJ 2003: 34 349 TJ 20000 2004: 33 741 TJ
15000
10000
5000 Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Figure 6.2.4: Wood waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
57 Other Solid Biomass Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
25000
2000: 4 352 TJ 20000 2001: 5 357 TJ 2002: 9 516 TJ 2003: 13 538 TJ 15000 2004: 16 305 TJ
10000
5000 Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.5: Other solid biomasses gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Municipal Solid Waste (renewable) Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
3000 2000: 1 765 TJ 2500 2001: 1 803 TJ 2002: 1 868 TJ 2000 2003: 2 210 TJ 2004: 2 481 TJ 1500
1000
Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy 500
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.6: Renewable municipal gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria) 58 Industrial Waste Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
80000
70000
60000
50000 2000: 58 624 TJ 40000 2001: 64 482 TJ 2002: 60 782 TJ 30000 2003: 63 872 TJ 20000 2004: 60 734 TJ
Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy 10000
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.7: Renewable industrial waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Non-renewable Solid Waste Gross- Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
6000 2000: 2 755 TJ 5000 2001: 2 806 TJ 2002: 3 047 TJ 4000 2003: 3 574 TJ 2004: 5 100 TJ 3000
2000
1000 Energy Consumption, TJ/year
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.8: Non-renewable solid waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
59 Wood Chips and Pellets-Heating Systems in Austria Yearly Installed Heat Load: 1989 - 2004
600
larger MW 500 100 - 1 000 kW 222 400 smaller 100 kW 125 131 300 71 90 116 91 94 112 105 70 67 200 68 101 96 54 75 19 35 46 252 53 44 43 222 100 39 54 197 191 34 40 36 37 53 156 46 130 Installed Heat Load, MW/year 29 102 110 75 69 70,5 41 49 60 59 59 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure: 6.2.9a: Market deployment of wood chips and pellets heating systems In Austria: 1989 – 2004 (Source: Niederösterreichische Landwirtschaftskammer)
Wood Chips and Pellets-Heatingsystems in Austria: Installed Heat Load:1989 - 2004 (Cumulative Data) 4500
4000
3500
3000 larger MW
2500 100 - 1 000 kW
2000 smaller 100 kW
Heat Load, MW Load, Heat 1500
1000
500
0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure: 6.2.9b: Market deployment of wood chips and pellets heating systems In Austria: 1989 – 2004 (Source: Niederösterreichische Landwirtschaftskammer)
60 Biodiesel Production in Austria: 1994 - 2004 Tonnes per year
90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000
Biodiesel production, tonnes/year 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Sunflower oil 500 400 400 Used frying fat 2300 2500 3400 4500 4500 4500 4500 Rape seed oil 77000 14700 17000 22000 20500 15600 23100 24200 24200 24200 24200
2002 - 2004: Estimated data
Figure 6.2.10: Biodiesel production In Austria: 1994 – 2004 (Source: BLT-Wieselburg) Biogas Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
700
600 2000: 337 TJ 500 2001: 253 TJ 2002: 281 TJ 400 2003: 322 TJ 2004: 607 TJ 300
200
100 Energy Consumption, TJ/year Consumption, Energy
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.11: Biogas gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
61 Landfill Gas Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
900
800 2000: 457 TJ 700 2001: 859 TJ 600 2002: 381 TJ 2003: 527 TJ 500 2004: 492 TJ 400
300
200
Energy Consumption, TJ/year Energy Consumption, 100
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.12: Landfill gas gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Sewage Sludge Gas Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
900 800 700 2000: 791 TJ 600 2001: 725 TJ 500 2002: 721 TJ 2003: 745 TJ 400 2004: 789 TJ 300
200 100 Energy Consumption, TJ/year Energy Consumption, 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.13: Sewage sludge gas consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
62 Installed Electrical Load of Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Waste in Austria: 1990 - 2004 900 787 780 800 747 766 766 766 766
700 607 609 600 544 500 400 400 400 412 412 400
300
200 Electrical Load, MW el Load, Electrical
100
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Figure 6.2.14: Installed electrical load of wood/wood waste and other solid wastes In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Installed Electrical Load of Municipal Waste in Austria: 1990 - 2004
400 364 364
el 350
300
250
200
150
100
Installed Electrical Load, MW Load, Electrical Installed 50 66666613 14 9 12 12 12 12 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.2.15: Installed electrical load of municipal waste In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
63 6.3. Solar Energy and Technologies
Solar Energy:
Solar energy is generated deep in the interior of the sun by nuclear fusion reactions, is carried to its surface by high-energy radiation and then to Earth and down through the atmosphere by sunlight, that is electromagnetic radiation primarily in the visible and infra-red.
Solar technologies use solar radiation to produce both heat (Solar Thermal Technologies) and electricity (Solar Electric Technologies, Photovoltaic).
Solar thermal and electric transformation inputs into heat and electricity production are estimated on the basis of 100% efficiency (based on the IEA methodology that the first energy form downstream in the production energy is considered the primary supply).
Solar Thermal Technologies in Austria Photovoltaic Technologies in Austria
64 6.3.1. Solar Heat and Solar Thermal Technologies
The conversion of solar radiation in heat occurs through collectors. There are two types of collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating collectors. In case of non-concentrating collectors the global radiation (direct beam and diffuse radiation) can be fully utilized. In case of concentrating collector systems – parabolic and cylindrical collector type with point and line focussing mirrors - only the direct beam of the radiation can be used by optical installations with which the irradiation is concentrated on the absorber thus increasing the intensity of radiation on the absorber. The concentrator is equipped with a tracking device, which, in effect, ensures that it "follows the sun" continuously.
The choose of a collector-type depends from the application, e.g. the required temperature. Flat-plate collectors operates at temperatures up to 150°C, concentrating collectors at temperatures above 200°C, up to more than 1000°C for process heat and thermal electricity production.
Concentrating collector systems are preferably used in regions with more than 2500 annual sunshine hours.
Solar thermal systems for low- and medium temperature applications are mainly based on non-concentrating collectors: selective coated flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube- collectors. This type of collector allows the conversion of the global solar radiation and therefore can be used also in regions with low direct solar radiation e.g. lower sunshine hours. In Austria, flat-plate collectors are on the market. Typically applications are swimming pool heating, solar heating and cooling of buildings, drying of crops – mainly biomass products - and process heating below 200 °C.
The development of large-scale collectors with up to 15 m² absorber area has not only reduced the costs for the collectors and for the installation but also the problems arising when connecting the pipes by means of prefabricated collector modules were reduced by more than 30%.
With the rapid market development of solar thermal systems, new firms for collector production were formed and the export rates increased in the last years remarkable.
Sustainable Solar Buildings
The hot water preparation in new buildings is today standard in Austria. In the area of building renovation, solar systems for hot water preparation are attractive on the market. Especially ineffective heating systems for hot water preparation outside the heating season have been replaced by solar hot water preparation. Thus pollutant emissions through heating (wood, coal, oil boilers) could be reduced and at the same time a high comfort in hot water preparation could be reached.
The use of solar energy for space heating in buildings can be justified in the case of low energy buildings (new buildings) with a maximum design temperature of the heating distribution system of 40°C. Quite satisfactory technologies and approaches exist for heating systems. Combined solar heating systems increased remarkable since 2001. Today, about 20% of the installed solar thermal systems are connected to the heating system. Favourite solar combined heating systems are solar assisted biomass and ground-coupled heat pump systems.
65 Practical research in and demonstration of solar thermal systems in both new and renovated buildings have resulted in a number of economical and marketable solutions with solar thermal utilisation in the building sector: Sustainable Solar Buildings.
The market deployment of solar thermal collectors is shown in Figure 6.3.1.1 and the actual solar collector area in operation in Figurer 6.3.1.2. Figure 6.3.1.1 illustrates the positive market introduction of solar thermal systems in Austria. At the end of 2004 about 2.8 million m² collector area were in operation, from which 77.5% are glazed collectors, 1.3% vacuum- tube collectors and 21.2% unglazed plastic absorbers; Figure 6.3.1.2.
The development of useful heat output and the installed thermal load are shown in Figure 6.3.1.3 and Figure 6.3.1.4. At the end of 2004 about 3,561 TJ useful heat were contributed from solar thermal systems to the energy supply in Austria; Figure 6.3.1.3. The installed heat load of solar thermal systems in operation reached at the end of 2004 1,938 MW; Figure 6.3.1.4.
66 Installed Collector Area in Austria: 1975 - 2004 Cumulative Data 3500000
Plastic Absorber 3000000 Vacuum Collector 2500000 Glazed Collector
2000000
1500000
1000000 Installed Collector Area, m² Area, Collector Installed
500000
0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1989 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.3.1.1: Installed collector area In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Solar Collector Area in Operation in Austria 2004
Plastic absorber Vacuum collector 21.2% 1.3%
Glazed collector 77.5% Total: 2 769,000 m²
Figure 6.3.1.2: Solar collector area in operation In Austria 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
67 Solar Thermal Systems in Operation in Austria Heat Output in TJ: 1990 - 2004
4000 3 561 3500 3 309 3 070 3000 2 856 2 863
2 445 2500 2 274 2 032 2000 1 763 1 494 1500 1 242 1 044 Heat Output, TJ Output, Heat 1000 864 694 546 500
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.3.1.3: Heat output of solar thermal systems in operation In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger) Solar Thermal Systems in Operation in Austria
Installed Heat Load in MW (thermal) : 1990 - 2004
2500
2000 1 885 1 938 (thermal) 1 752 1 638 1 525 1500 1 405 1 309 1 173 1 020 1000 868 726 611 507 409 500 323 Installed Heat Load, MW Load, Heat Installed
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.3.1.4: Installed heat load of solar thermal systems in operation In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
68 6.3.2. Solar Electricity and Solar Electricity Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV) systems use semiconductor materials to convert sunlight directly into electricity. They can be used separately or in hybrid form, in combination with another generating option such as other Renewables or fossil fuels.
For Solar Electricity Systems (Photovoltaic Systems) there exist a number of market targets for near-term and large scale opportunities. These include PV stand-alone and grid-connected distributed generation, both in building-integrated configurations, and in utility support configurations. Several different variants of solar PV technology exist (e.g. single- and multicrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride), and it is currently unclear which will dominate in the future. Efficiencies as well as costs of PV technologies increased in the last decade, but there is left a potential for further development, especially for cost reductions.
An increasing market share for photovoltaic applications has been observed in Austria in the last years. The future use of photovoltaic power generation systems in Austria is of special interest in connection with grid-connected systems including, for example, small rooftop installations. For the market deployment of small grid-connected photovoltaic systems, the roof or facades of buildings will be preferred to central installations.
As there has been no extension to the 15 MW cap allocated to feed-in tariff support – which reached in March 2003 – the only new initiates have been capital support grants funded by the Provinces (“Länder”). Upper Austria, with a grant level up to 65%, has had a reasonable uptake, but similar measures in Vienna and Lower Austria with lower grant levels (up to 40%) have received no applications in 2004.
The market deployment of photovoltaic systems in Austria from the very beginning up to 2004 is shown in Figure 6.3.2.1. At the end of 2004 about 19,180 kW(peak) were installed in Austria, from which 86% are grid-connected and 14% stand-alone systems. The electrical output is shown in Figure 6.3.2.2 for all installed PV-systems and in Figure 6.3.2.3 only for grid-connected PV-systems. The annual electricity production from PV-systems was in 2004 12.818 GWh for all PV-systems, and 11.7 GWh (42,3 TJ) only for grid-connected systems.
69 Photovoltaic Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004
Cumulative Installed Load in kW (peak) 25000
19 180 20000 Stand alone Grid connected
(peak) 16 833
15000
10 341 10000
6 120 Installed Load, kW Load, Installed 4 890 5000 3 602 2 861 2 208 1 361 1 739 769 1 063 525 0 until 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1992 Grid connected 187 346 453 586 831 1.196 1.648 2.189 3.219 4.263 8.357 14.660 16.493 Stand alone 338 423 610 775 908 1.012 1.213 1.413 1.671 1.857 1.984 2.173 2.687
Figure 6.3.2.1: Installed electrical load of photovoltaic systems In Austria: 1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger) Photovoltaic Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004 Electrical Output in MWh/year 14000 12 818
11 307 12000
10000
8000 6 774
6000
3 778 4000 2 960 2 124 Electrical Output, MWh/year Output, Electrical 1 659 2000 1 256 567 727 955 416 268 0 until199 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2 Grid connected, MWh 133 246 323 417 592 852 1.173 1.559 2.292 3.035 5.950 10.438 11.743 Stand alone, MWh 135 169 244 310 363 405 485 565 668 743 794 869 1.075
Figure 6.3.2.2: Electrical output in MWh of photovoltaic systems In Austria: 1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
70 Electricity Production from Grid-connected Photovoltaic-Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004
45 42.275 40 37.577 35 30
25 21.421 20 15 10.927 10 8.251 5.611 4.224 5 2.130 3.066 0.479 0.887 1.161 1.502 Electicity Production, TJ/year 0
1 02 993 994 003 004 1 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200 20 2 2 il1992 nt u
Figure 6.3.2.3: Electrical output in TJ of grid-connected photovoltaic systems In Austria: 1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
71 6.4. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy: Per definition, geothermal energy is the energy in form of heat below the earth’s surface, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites as well as for electricity generation using dry steam or high enthalpy brine after flashing and directly as heat for district heating, agriculture etc.
Beside electric power generation, geothermal energy is today used in Austria for district heating, as well as for heating (and cooling) of individual buildings, including offices, shops, small residential houses, etc.
Promising areas for exploiting geothermal energy in Austria are only some areas in Austria: South Styrian/Burgenland and Upper Austrian where some geothermal district heating systems are situated.
The gross-consumption of geothermal energy from 1990 – 2004 is shown in Fig. 6.4.1, the final energy consumption in Fig. 6.4.2 and the geothermal output in public heat/electricity plants in Fig. 6.4.3. At the end of 2004 the gross consumption amounts to 793 TJ, the final consumption to 269 TJ and the total geothermal output in public heat/electricity plants was 524 TJ.
Gross Consumption of Geothermal Energy in Austria: 1980 - 2004
900 800 2000: 569 TJ 2001: 590 TJ 700 2002: 725 TJ 600 2003: 794 TJ 2004: 793 TJ 500 400 300 200 100 Energy Consumption, TJ/year Energy 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.4.1: Gross geothermal energy consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
72 Geothermal Final Energy Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004 350
300 2000: 191 TJ 250 2001: 212 TJ 2002: 336 TJ 200 2003: 267 TJ 2004: 269 TJ 150
100
50 Energy Consumption, TJ/year 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.4.2: Geothermal final energy consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Geothermal Energy Output in Austria: 1980 - 2004 600 Public Heat plants 500 Public Electricity plants 400 Total Geothermal Energy Output: 300 2000: 378 TJ 2001: 378 TJ 200 2002: 389 TJ Energy Output,TJ 2003: 527 TJ 100 2004: 524 TJ
0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Statistik Austria
Figure 6.4.3: Geothermal energy output from public heat/electricity plants In Austria: 1980 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
73 6.5. Wind Energy
Wind energy: Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines. Atmospheric wind is created by sunlight, the energy of which is converted into the movement of air via convection in the atmosphere and evaporation over oceans.
Wind Energy Technologies in Austria
74 The market of today for Wind Energy Technologies is bulk grid power. This focus results from the increasing size of the machines, which has come from the drive for increased efficiency, as well as increased power output per installation.
With new technologies the market penetration of wind energy converters becomes successful in the last five years.
The market for wind-power increased since 2001 and reached 606 MW(electric) at the end of 2004; Figure 6.4.1. The electricity production was in 2004 926 GWh, Figure 6.4.2, related to 3,334 TJ; Figure 6.4.3.
Electrical Installed Load of Wind Power in Austria: 1990 - 2004
700 606 600
500 electrical 415 400
300
200 139 94 Installed Load, MW 100 77 19 27 35 1 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 IG-Windkraft
Figure 6.4.1: Installed electrical load of wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: IG-Windkraft)
75 Electricity Production of Wind Energy Converters in Austria: 1990 - 2004 1000 926.0 900 800 700 600 500 400 366.0 300 202.9 200 172.2
Electricity Production, GWh 100 45.4 50.6 66.8 0.7 4.6 20.2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Statistik Austria
Figure 6.4.2: Electricity production from wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control/Statistik Austria)
Electricity Production of Wind Energy Converters in Austria: 1990 - 2004
3500 3 333.6
3000
2500
2000
1500 1 317.6
1000 730.5 619.9 500
Electricity Production, TJ/year Production, Electricity 240.3 163.6 182.0 72.8 1.1 2.7 16.7 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.4.3: Electricity production from wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (TJ) (Source: E-Control/Statistik Austria)
76 6.6. Ambient Heat and Heat Pump Technologies
Ambient heat:
Renewable and locally available energy source from outside air, ventilation air, the ground, water (ground, lake, sea, sewage) and from waste heat for the production of useful heat
Heat pump technologies:
Heat pump technologies different types are using the ambient heat for useful heat production.
Heat PumpTechnologies in Austria
77 Heat pump technologies are widely used for the production of heat for space heating and/or space cooling of residential and commercial buildings, water heating, refrigeration and industrial processes. In many industrial processes, heat pumps are applied to recover process waste heat.
Heat pump technologies use different heat source types. Ambient air, ventilation air, the ground, water (ground, lake, sea, sewage) and waste heat can all be used as heat sources for residential applications. Air is often used as the heat source for the reversible heat pumps providing cooling in the summer as well as heating in the winter. In colder and moderate climates, the ground is a very suitable heat source since its temperature is relatively stable throughout the year. Ground-coupled heat pumps show increasing popularity in countries such as Austria.
The performance of heat pumps is usually described as the Coefficient Of Performance (COP), which is the ratio of useful heat produced to the drive energy of the heat pump. The Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) is the average COP taken over one heating season. through ground ducts.
Heat pump technologies using the ambient heat as a renewable and locally available energy source for the production of useful heat are generally environmentally attractive. The main environmental impact of this technology is that they can reduce emissions by displacing some fossil fuels through the energy production. Displacing emissions is seen as the most important environmental benefit of heat pump technologies.
The market deployment of heat pump systems in Austria is positive and characterised in Figure 6.6.1. At the end of 2004 about 154,283 heat pump systems were in operation, from which 73.2% are used for hot water preparation, 24.9% for space heating, 1.3% for swimming pools and 0.6% for air-conditioning; Figure 6.6.2.
The renewable energy source for heat pumps is ambient heat, which was utilised with 1,674 TJ in 1990 and with 4,273 TJ in 2004; Figure 6.6.3. The heat load of ambient heat, utilised by heat pump technologies was at the end of 2004 719 MW(thermal); Figure 6.6.4.
Ambient heat - utilised by heat pump technologies - is besides solar radiation an interesting energy source for heat production.
78 Installed Heat Pump Technologies in Austria: 1975 - 2004 (Cumulative Data) 200000 180000 160000 140000 Swimming Pool 120000 Air Conditioning 100000 Space Heating 80000 Hot Water 60000
Heat Pump Systems 40000 20000 0 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Figure 6.6.1: Installed heat pump technologies In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Heat Pump Technologies in Operation in Austria: 2004 Installed 1984 - 2004
Swimming Pool Space Heating 1.3% 24.9%
Air Conditioning 0.6%
Hot Water 73.2% Total: 154,283 Systems
Figure 6.6.2: Installed heat pump technologies In Austria 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
79 With Heat Pumpes utilised Ambient Heat in Austria: 1990 - 2004 4500 4 273 4 003 4000 3 773 3 589 3 395 3500 3 240 2 826 3000 2 671 2 520 2 368 2500 2 201 2 221 2 001 1 830 2000 1 674 1500
1000 Used Ambient Heat, TJ 500
0
90 95 98 03 9 991 992 993 994 9 996 997 9 999 000 001 002 0 004 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Figure 6.6.3: With heat pump technologies In Austria utilised ambient heat: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Utilised Ambient Heat Load in Austria: 1990 - 2004
800 719 700 674 635 604 572 600 545 (thermal) 476 500 450 424 399 400 370 374 337 308 282 300
200 Ambient Heat Load, MW Heat Load, Ambient 100
0
0 5 0 99 991 992 993 99 996 997 998 00 001 002 003 1 1 1 1 1994 1 1 1 1 1999 2 2 2 2 2004
Figure 6.6.4: With heat pump technologies In Austria utilised heat load: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
80 References:
/1/ Statistik Austria: Energiebilanzen 1970 – 2003. Bittermann, W.: Statistik Austria. Wien, Januar 2005 http://www.statistik.at
/2/ E-Control: http://www.E-control.at
/3/ Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. Wörgetter, M. et al.: BLT-Wieselburg, Austria. 2004 IEA-Statistics: Renewable Information 2005. EA/OECD, Paris. June 2005
/4/ „Technologien zur Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energieträger - wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für Österreich“. Biermayr et. All, TU Vienna, Energy Economics Group (EEG). On contract of "Umbrella Organization Energy Climate Protection", Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (WKÖ). November 2005
/5/ Austrian Energy Agency. Vienna
/6/ Der Thermische Solarmarkt in Österreich 2004. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005. http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/7/ Der Photovoltaikmarkt in Österreich 2003. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005. http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/8/ Der Wärmepumpenmarkt in Österreich 2004. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005. http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/9/ Biomasse – Heizungserhebung 2004. Furtner, K. und Haneder, H. NÖ Landes-Landwirtschaftskammer, Abteilung Betriebswirtschaft und Technik. Wiener Straße 64, 3100 St. Pölten. Eigenverlag. http://www.landwirtschaftskammer.at.
/10/ IG Windkraft-Austrian Wind Energy Association. http:// www.igwindkraft.at.
81 82 ANNEX
Information on Energy Supply in Austria: 1990 – 2004
83 Energy Information on Solar Heat, Ambient Heat, Solar-Electricity and Wind Electricity in Austria: 1990 -2004
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Solar Heat Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe) 0,01305 0,01659 0,02064 0,02494 0,02966 0,03568 0,04211 0,04854 0,05430 0,05840 0,06821 0,06837 0,07334 0,07905 0,08506 Heat Output (GWh) 151,745 192,907 240,022 290,057 344,963 414,953 489,718 564,574 631,550 679,228 793,300 795,200 852,900 919,3 989,2 Heat Output (TJ) 546,282 694,465 864,079 1044,205 1241,867 1493,831 1762,985 2032,466 2273,580 2445,221 2855,880 2862,720 3070,440 3309,48 3561,12 Total Capacity (MW) 322,991 409,140 506,997 610,787 725,924 868,318 1020,008 1172,566 1308,692 1404,780 1525,447 1637,970 1752,490 1885,2239 1938,3504 Ambient Heat Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe) 0,03999 0,04370 0,04780 0,05256 0,05304 0,05656 0,06018 0,06380 0,06751 0,07739 0,08108 0,08573 0,09011 0,09561 0,10206 Ambient Heat (GWh) 465,101 508,289 555,906 611,275 616,812 657,785 699,866 741,946 785,134 900,000 943,000 997,000 1048,000 1112,000 1187,000 Ambient Heat (TJ) 1674,362 1829,839 2001,262 2200,591 2220,523 2368,027 2519,517 2671,007 2826,483 3240,000 3394,800 3589,200 3772,800 4003,200 4273,200 Ambient Heat, Total Capacity, MW 281,879 308,054 336,913 370,470 373,826 398,658 424,161 449,664 475,839 545,455 571,515 604,242 635,152 673,939 719,394 Solar Electricity Grid-connected Electrical Output (GWh) 0,000 0,000 0,133 0,246 0,323 0,417 0,592 0,852 1,173 1,559 2,292 3,035 5,950 10,438 11,743 Electrical Output (TJ) 0,000 0,000 0,479 0,887 1,161 1,502 2,130 3,066 4,224 5,611 8,251 10,927 21,421 37,577 42,275 Total Capacity (MW) 0,000 0,000 0,187 0,346 0,453 0,586 0,831 1,196 1,648 2,189 3,219 4,263 8,357 14,660 16,493 Stand-alone Electrical Output (GWh) 0,000 0,000 0,135 0,169 0,244 0,310 0,363 0,405 0,485 0,565 0,668 0,743 0,794 0,869 1,075 Electrical Output (TJ) 0,000 0,000 0,487 0,609 0,878 1,116 1,308 1,457 1,747 2,035 2,406 2,674 2,857 3,129 3,869 Total Capacity (MW) 0,000 0,000 0,338 0,423 0,610 0,775 0,908 1,012 1,213 1,413 1,671 1,857 1,984 2,173 2,687 Solar Electricity, Total Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe) 0,00000 0,00000 0,00002 0,00004 0,00005 0,00006 0,00008 0,00011 0,00014 0,00018 0,00025 0,00032 0,00058 0,00097 0,00110 Electrical Output (GWh) 0,000 0,000 0,268 0,416 0,567 0,727 0,955 1,256 1,659 2,124 2,960 3,778 6,744 11,307 12,818 Electrical Output (TJ) 0,000 0,000 0,965 1,496 2,040 2,618 3,438 4,523 5,971 7,646 10,657 13,601 24,278 40,706 46,144 Total Capacity (MW) 0,000 0,000 0,525 0,769 1,063 1,361 1,739 2,208 2,861 3,602 4,890 6,120 10,341 16,833 19,180 Wind Electricity Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe) 0,000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00003 0,00006 0,00040 0,00174 0,00391 0,00435 0,00574 0,01481 0,01745 0,03148 0,07964 Electrical Output (GWh) 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,300 0,745 4,637 20,219 45,448 50,556 66,754 172,195 202,905 366,000 926,000 Electrical Output (TJ) 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,004 1,080 2,682 16,693 72,788 163,613 182,002 240,314 619,902 730,458 1.317,600 3.333,600 Total Capacity (MW) 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,320 0,780 11,800 20,310 31,570 44,020 77,207 94,000 139,000 415,000 606,170
Energy Information on Geothermal, Bioenergy and Non-renewable Waste in Austria: 1990 -2004
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Geothermal 151 151 151 151 151 173 212 220 283 517 569 590 725 794 793
Bioenergy Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid W 94.299 102.749 99.936 104.291 100.478 106.779 113.705 113.611 108.034 119.738 111.633 123.583 119.682 134.297 134.564 Gas from Biomass 0 0 0 708 726 849 1.014 1.263 1.269 1.588 1.586 1.837 1.383 1.594 1.899 Landfill Gas 0 0 0 77 88 195 307 524 527 524 457 859 381 527 492 Sludge Gas 0 0 0 631 638 619 668 691 715 714 792 725 721 745 800 Other Biogas 0000035394827350337253281322607 Municipal Waste (renewable) 917 1.101 1.324 1.429 1.452 1.486 1.812 1.860 1.817 1.717 1.765 1.803 1.868 2.211 2.480
Liquif Biofuels (tonnes)0000000000000024.583
Non-renewable Waste Industrial Waste (non-renewable) 6.576 7.180 8.525 6.015 6.704 7.005 9.246 8.227 7.503 9.598 8.454 8.908 10.826 11.853 12.469 Municipal Waste (non-renewable) 1.497 1.797 2.161 2.331 2.371 2.425 2.957 3.034 2.965 2.802 2.755 2.806 3.047 3.574 5.101
84 Energy Information on Hydro-Power Production in Austria: 1990-2004 (GWh)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1989 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Hydropower 32.492 32.728 36.082 38.020 36.894 38.477 35.580 37.293 38.716 41.746 43.528 41.837 42.057 35.292 39.462 Thermal Power 17.921 18.756 15.098 14.655 16.415 18.110 19.255 19.557 18.721 18.623 18.270 20.416 20.328 24.552 24.231 Green Electricity 286 375 941 Total 50.413 51.484 51.180 52.674 53.309 56.587 54.835 56.851 57.437 60.369 61.798 62.253 62.671 60.219 64.634
Conversions Factors for Energy 1 GWh = 3,6 TJ = 0,000086 Mtoe (8,6*10-5) 1 TJ = 0,2778 GWh = 0,00002388 Mtoe (2,388*10-5)
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