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Toxic Influence of Diazinon As an Organophosphate Pesticide on Parameters of Dry Matter Degradability According to in Situ Technique M

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Toxic Influence of Diazinon As an Organophosphate Pesticide on Parameters of Dry Matter Degradability According to in Situ Technique M International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 229 Toxic Influence of Diazinon as an Organophosphate Pesticide on Parameters of Dry Matter Degradability According to in Situ Technique M. Kazemi*, A. M. Tahmasbi, R. Valizadeh, A. A. Naserian Department of Animal Science, Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract-- Many feed and forages are exposed to low, medium metabolizing phosphate insecticides in vitro. Parathion was or high levels of organophosphorous (OP) pesticides. It is unclear reduced to aminoparathion by bovine rumen fluid. Kutches et whether these exposures (for example diazinon as an OP al. [15] reported that toxaphene was the most inhibitory of the pesticide) impact dry matter degradability parameters. So, pesticides tested and resulted in greater decreases of the in different levels (0, 0.7, 2.8 and 5.6 mg) of diazinon as an OP vitro dry matter disappearance, volatile fatty acids and rumen pesticide with different levels of calcium bentonite (CB) (0 and 100 mg) as a toxin binder were tested for their toxicological protozoa. Inhibitory effects of OP pesticides such as effects on in vitro dry matter disappearance. Also we investigated phosphomidon, chlorpyrifos and phosalone on tetrahymena whether CB can inactivate the probably deleterious effects of Spp. Were reported by Hoskin et al. [10]. Dauterman et al. [7] contaminated forage with diazinon in the situ procedure or not. treated rats and cattle with radioactive dimethoate and The study indicated that effect of diazinon with adding the analyzed blood, tissue, milk, and excreta. The insecticide was different levels was significant (p<0.05) for the entire estimated rapidly metabolized and excreted. Plapp and Casida [18] parameters exception “a” fraction and dry matter degradability incubated an OP pesticide, Trolene, with bovine rumen fluid after 24 h incubation. Also effect of CB on entire estimated and showed hydrolysis at the phosphorus-oxygen methyl parameters for dry matter degradability was insignificant group to yield phenyl phosphoric acids. Ahmed et al. [1] exception dry matter degradability after 48 h incubation. It seems toxicological effect of diazinon on slowly degradable demonstrated that bovine rumen fluid hydrolyzed many OP fraction (b) and potentially degradable fraction (a+b) was highest pesticides, particularly parathion. Oxidation reactions in the than other estimated parameters and the most decreasing for rumen fluid were of little importance, and reduction reactions these parameters was recorded at 5.6 mg of diazinon. were of great significance in metabolizing these compounds. Dauterman et al. [7] suggested that rumen microorganisms Index Term-- Diazinon, organophosphorus pesticides, dissimilate malathion by phosphatase action to dimethyl degradability, dry matter. phosphate and 0, 0-dimethyl phosphorothioate. In animal especially ruminant, there are three general types of antidotes I. INTRODUCTION for poisons. First, a mechanical antidote is one that binds a Most of animal feeds are grown using pesticides. Chemical poison in the gut and prevents absorption of the poison. control of weeds, insects and other pests has increased Second, a chemical antidote stimulates the body such that the agricultural productivity. However, these economic benefits poison is metabolized and detoxified at a faster rate. Third, a are not without risk to animal health and environmental physiologic antidote counteracts the toxic effects of the poison damage. Feed and fodder offered to animals are often [14]. Microbially mediated decomposition is the major, and contaminated with pesticide residues [20] and after feeding, sometimes the only, mechanism of partial removal or these residues assimilated into the body systems of the modification of OP pesticides in rumen. Bentonite is an animals [19]. The occurrence of pesticides residues in milk of inorganic material with great ability for increasing absorption ruminants is a matter of public health concern, since milk and and for base exchange [22]. Bentonite absorbs toxic dairy products are widely consumed by infants, children and productions of digestion and decreases the accumulation of adults throughout the world. Also the toxins in the water and toxic substances in tissues, thus decreasing the occurrence of feed transfer to animal products and then these contaminated internal disorders [11]. Clays (such as bentonite) are products are eaten by humans [3], so it can be deleterious assemblies of tetrahedral layers of silicate units and octahedral effects in the future for them. Also these pollutants can enter layers of aluminates’ units which result in planar sheets. Thus, the food chain. Diazinon is a widely used toxicant in a number adsorbents are constrained to diffuse in two-dimensional space of OP pesticides. Degradation rates after release to the in contrast to three-dimensional reaction volume [12].In the environment vary extensively between substances, with half other hand, bentonites are clays with prevailing life from minutes to many years. Many factors such as type of montmorillonite of the smectite group, and can be considered feed [26,13] antibiotics [5] and pesticides [15] affect the alternative raw materials. Their good capability to bind water rumen microbes and hence their food fermentation and mineral nutrients and protect them from washing up is a characteristics. Cook [6] found bovine rumen fluid active in useful prerequisite for enhancement of soil fertility [24]. 128206-5353- IJBAS-IJENS @ December 2012 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 230 Among various cleanup technologies, the adsorption by some Ruminal disappearance at each incubation time was calculated toxin binder such as bentonite is one of the well-established as the difference between the residues and original samples. In and effective techniques. Research with toxin binders has been each incubation time, five replications were used for each conducted for over 20 years, and yet products are not yet sample of forage. approved for the marketplace and information for producers is limited. Toxin binders have been evaluated using both in vitro Calculation and statistical analysis and in vivo systems. In vitro evaluations have been useful as a The DM degradation data were fitted to the exponential screening method for potential binder products, providing an equation p = a + b (1-e-ct) (Ørskov and McDonald, [17]) where idea of binding affinity and capacity. Growth and milk p = DM disappearance in rumen at time t, a = the rapidly production from ruminants is dependent upon the digestion of soluble fraction, b = the insoluble but fermentable fraction, c = feed by the microorganisms in the rumen. OP pesticides below the constant rate of degradation of b (%h -1). EDMD was the toxic levels in animals may cause suboptimal performance calculated applying the equation of Ørskov & McDonald [17]: or carry over of residues in livestock products, in vitro EDMD = a + (bc / (c+k)), where k = the rumen outflow rate fermentations techniques help to determine nutritive value of (at level of 2, 3 and 4% per h). A 4×2 factorial design was feeds and can be used to evaluate potential chemical toxicity applied for data analysis with a completely randomized design to the ruminants. The objective of this experiment was to for experimental basal using the Statistical Analysis System determinate the poisonous effects of diazinon as an OP and (SAS) program General Linear Model procedure (SAS, 9.1). whether CB is able to prevent the probably toxicological Significant means were compared; using the Duncan’s effects of diazinon on rumen degradability parameters in the multiple range tests. Mean differences were considered rumen environment or not. significant at P < 0.05. Standard errors of means were calculated from the residual mean square in the analysis of II. MATERIAL AND METHODS variance. Samples and chemical analysis Analytical grade of diazinon (98.3 % pure), an insecticide and III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION acaricide, was chosen. Since the percent dissolubility of The DM, CP, EE, Ash, NDF and ADF of applied alfalfa, were diazinon is more in acetone than in any other solvent (Fluka 26.5, 21.9, 2, 9.4, 45 and 33% respectively. Also Effect of Co., America), acetone was used as the solvent. Different diazinon with or without CB on some parameters of dry matter levels of diazinon (0.7, 2.8 and 5.6 mg per 5g of 2mm degradability, effective degradability of dry matter with screened alfalfa silage) was dissolved in acetone and then different passage rate and dry matter degradability after two sprayed to each nylon bag. The solvent was allowed to incubated different times was shown in table I and II. The evaporate off. Also to control group, acetone was added alone. results indicated that diazinon had not any significant effect on Alfalfa silage sample were dried at 60°C in oven dryer for 48h “a” and dry matter disappearance after 24h incubation as a and then milled with 2mm mesh screen. The ash content was result of in situ application, but there was a significant effect ◦ . determined after 8 h oxidation at 525 C Crude protein (CP) for dry matter degradability after 48h incubation (p<0.05), (Kjeltec 2300 Auotoanalyzer, Foss Tecator AB, Hoganas, b(p<0.01), c(p<0.05), a+b(p<0.05) and EDMD with different Sweden) were analyzed by a standard Kjeldahl method. k rate(p<0.05). Application of CB only resulted in increasing Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber of dry matter degradability after 48h incubation than to control (ADF) contents were determined according to Van Soest et al. group. Only significant interaction effect was found for [25]. Fat content was determined by ether extraction (AOAC, “EDMD” parameters (p<0.05). Generally, at 5.6 mg level, [2]). diazinon was more potent than other levels in decreasing the in situ dry matter parameters.
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