CTSA Project Cultivates Fish Fit for Kings

Vol. 11 No. 2 Winter 2000 ISSN: 1053-590X

The Oceanic Institute and the University of Hawaii 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795

CTSA project cultivates fish fit for kings

In old Hawaii, Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) could be enjoyed only by members of the Alii (royalty). Thanks in large part to efforts by a project funded by CTSA, this delicious fish (known in Hawaii as moi) is available at your neighborhood supermarkets and restaurants. The Oceanic Institute has joined with the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, the University of Hawaii, the State of Hawaii Aquaculture Development From bucket... Program, and the Anuenue Fisheries ...to buffet! Research Center to conduct the project. This type of collaborative endeavor Moi fingerlings grow out reflects CTSA’s focus on funding projects to make a delicious meal. that utilize the best scientists and facilities in the country. The project’s overall goal supports technical and economic information • Moi ($0.14/each) - end of April, July, development and expansion of the Pacific needed to establish farms and evaluate the Oct. 2000, and the end of Jan. 2001 threadfin and milkfish industries in profitability of operations. • Awa ($0.02/each) - during July, Aug., Hawaii. The initial focus was on Although Pacific threadfin are Sept., and Oct. 2000 conducting seed production and growout considered a high-quality product, many To request fingerlings, submit a letter research, and providing farm production consumers in both local and export of intent, together with a brief description support. These efforts supplied the markets are not familiar with the fish. The of the type of system in which the fish project addressed this problem by will be cultured, no later than one month providing fish to media events and food prior to the fish distribution date. Mail to: festivals for evaluation and exposure to Angelos Apeitos What is the best large numbers of people. These efforts, c/o The Oceanic Institute along with the creation of pomotional 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy. feed for my brochures have been very successful in Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 promoting this delicious fish well beyond Responses to requests will be based ornamental fish? Hawaii. on farm site qualifications, years in the For farmers interested in cultivating program, availability of data, and likeli- See page 4 Pacific threadfin or milkfish, the project hood of success. Qualified farms will will distribute approximately 250,000 moi receive a number of fish proportionate to and 100,000 milkfish (awa) fingerlings current production levels. during the 2000/2001 calendar year based If you have questions, please call on the following distribution schedule: Dr. Anthony Ostrowski at (808) 259-3109. 2 Letter from Board approves projects the director for CTSA Year 13

The CTSA Board of Directors held their annual meeting on December 2, 1999 where the key item on the agenda was to review and vote on the CTSA’s thirteenth annual plan of work. Board members, who represent educational and research institutions throughout the region, approved the following seven proposals for submission to USDA. Greetings to our long-time and new 1. Library Aquaculture Workstation readers of CTSA Regional Notes. We (Pacific Regional Aquaculture Information Service for Education) - Year 13 thought our first issue of the year 2000 would be a good time to give our quar- 2. Aquaculture Extension and Training Support for the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands - terly newsletter a brand new look. In this Year 12 issue, you’ll find updates on CTSA 3. National Coordinator for Aquaculture New Animal Drug Applications - Year Five activities, new publications, and our technical report, AquaTips. Your feedback, 4. Disease Management in Hawaiian Aquaculture - Year Seven comments, and suggestions are very 5. Marine Food Fish Seedstock Production -Year Two important to us as we strive to fill Regional Notes with information that 6. Aquaculture of Marine Ornamental Species, Year One will help each of you in whatever role you 7. Publications play in this wide world of aquaculture. As we move forward, we will The approved plan of work was submitted to the U.S. Department of Agriculture continue to explore new ways to Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service for review and final strengthen our program. Building on approval. Projects will begin June 1, 2000, pending USDA approval. CTSA’s solid foundation, we will focus on finding innovative and collaborative ways to support and develop aquaculture throughout our region. Two new CTSA publications We encourage you to become a part of this exciting process. Together, we can available achieve our dream of creating an aquaculture industry that is second to none. The latest CTSA publications available information on this popular freshwater cover the cultivation techniques for two ornamental. Brian Cole, Paul Kotol and very different species–the Black-lip pearl Michael Haring co-authored the manual, oyster and the Lemon tetra. which was produced by the CTSA project, Those interested in learning more Expansion and Diversification of Fresh- about the cultivation of black pearls will water Tropical Fish Culture. The manual REGIONAL NOTES is published find the information they need in CTSA includes important information on four times per year by the publication #141, Producing Pearls using taxonomy, water quality, reproductive Center for Tropical and Subtropical the Black-lip Pearl Oyster (Pinctada biology, and recommended feeds. Aquaculture under a grant from the margaritifera). Simon Ellis, CTSA In addition to CTSA funding, the U.S. Department of Agriculture. extension agent for the U.S. Affiliated projects producing the publications also Pacific Islands, and Maria Haws, Ph.D., received support from Hawaii Sea Grant, Editor: Jean McAuliffe Pearl Oyster Specialist at the University of the Hawaii State Aquaculture Develop- Center for Tropical Hawaii at Hilo co-authored the publica- ment program, and the College of and Subtropical Aquaculture The Oceanic Institute tion in the CTSA’s popular Aquafarmer Micronesia. 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway Information Sheet format. The publication CTSA publications can be down- Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 covers everything from farm construction loaded in Adobe Acrobat format from the Phone: (808) 259-3167 and maintenance to harvesting and CTSA home page at http://library.kcc. Fax: (808) 259-8395 marketing the pearls. hawaii.edu/CTSA. Or you may request a Email: [email protected] If cultivating freshwater ornamentals copy while supplies last by contacting www: http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/CTSA is more to your liking, CTSA Publication Alcian Clegg at the CTSA Administration #142, Spawning and Production of the Center by phone (808) 259-3168, by fax Lemon Tetra (Hyphessobrycon (808) 259-8395, or by email at Printed on recycled paper pulchripinnis) provides cultivation [email protected] 3 HAA holds second annual conference

Research met practice at the Hawaii Aquaculture Association If the proof is in the Conference 2000. More than one-hundred scientists, aquafarmers pudding, then Hawaii and others attended the February 24 event at Windward Commu- aquaculture’s best evidence of nity College. HAA’s second annual conference featured presenta- success was in the outstanding tions and papers spotlighting research directions of interest to pupus prepared by some of Hawaii aquaculturists. Discussions ranged from very specific Hawaii’s top restaurant chefs. studies on live feeds to systems approaches for solving various After a day of technical problems farmers face. The variety of topics alone suggests the discussions, sampling Chinese broad significance of aquaculture as an industry in Hawaii. catfish, apple snails, and shrimp Attendees had the opportunity to question researchers about was the reality check everyone details of their projects, and the researchers got valuable feed- needed and the confirmation Brad Argue of The Oceanic Institute back about the needs of local farmers. that efforts are worthwhile. enjoys a Taste of Hawaii Aquaculture The program opened with “Opportunities and Challenges for Mahalo to the farmers who the New Millennium.” Coordinated by HAA President Ron donated the product and to the chefs and their crews, who Weidenbach of Hawaii Fish Co., and Vernon Sato of Anuenue prepared the delicious foods. Fisheries, the introductory session presented new research at The For information on HAA or to obtain a membership Oceanic Institute and UH Sea Grant. A special feature was an application, please call (808) 587-0030. overview of CTSA’s role in Pacific Aquaculture by Cheng-Sheng Lee, Director. MAHALO to these fine chefs and restaurants Three more sessions filled the agenda as the top researchers for their support at the HAA from around the state presented their latest findings on a variety TASTE OF HAWAII AQUACULTURE! of topics of interest to aquaculturists. The sessions covered such Glenn Chu - Indigo Restaurant diverse areas as developments in hatchery and nursery technol- Mark Fitzek - Haleiwa Joe’s Seafood Grill ogy, growout and disease management, and emerging species Henry Holthaus - KCC Culinary Institute and technologies. Mike Longworth - Sam Choy’s BLC Rodney Uyehara - Chai’s Island Bistro

IAC lays foundation for CTSA Year 14

While the development, review and IAC. Members include representatives of approval of the CTSA Year 13 Plan of participating research institutions and Work will soon come to a close (pending state extension services, other state or CTSA Year 14 priority areas approval from USDA) the same process territorial public agencies as appropriate, has just begun for CTSA Year 14. and non-profit private research institu- • Management of Aquaculture Disease In February, members of the Industry tions. The TC addresses each priority area • Aquaculture Development for Advisory Council (IAC) gathered in with problem statements that include a the Pacific Islands Honolulu from the far reaches of the detailed description of the problem, • Black Pearl Culture in the Pacific CTSA region to determine the priority proposed project objectives, the plan to • Information Access (PRAISE) areas that will lay the foundation for the achieve the objectives, and specific • Marine Ornamentals Year 14 Plan of Work. Members of the questions to be addressed in the project. In • Freshwater Ornamentals IAC include commercial aquaculture the coming months, the recommended • Marine Food Fish Seedstock farmers, aquaculture suppliers, and Project Work Group members will Production members of government bodies and develop full proposals that will go through • Culture of Newly Settled Juvenile financial institutions. Members utilize the review and approval process before Coral Reef Fish with Different Feeds their direct knowledge of the problems as being submitted to the USDA in January • Marine Aquaria Container well as the potential of the aquaculture 2001 for final approval. Shipping Methodology industry as they review pre-proposals and Throughout this process, participants • Enhancing Coral Growth Using Low discuss the areas that present obstacles to work to stay focused on the needs of the Voltage Electrical Currents expanding aquaculture in the region. industry while using collaboration and The priority areas were presented to innovation to develop CTSA projects that the Technical Committee (TC), whose will move aquaculture forward in the members provide the research expertise years to come. needed to address the priorities set by the 4

What Is the Best Feed For My Ornamental Fish?

Harry Ako, Ph.D., Department of Environmental Biochemistry, University of Hawaii Clyde S. Tamaru, Ph.D., Sea Grant Extension Service, University of Hawaii

This article was written as part of the work for the project titled “Expansion and Diversification of Freshwater Tropical Fish Culture, Year Two,” which was funded in part by the Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture under a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service.

Introduction described later in this article. Two conclusions are obvious in this Developing a freshwater initial examination of the feed groups. The first was that all the ornamental fish industry in ornamental fish feeds are 10 to 60 times higher in price than the Hawaii is believed to be aquaculture feeds. Second, the prices for the ornamental feeds one means to diversify the vary widely, even though they are each formulated for the same agricultural output and species (koi). In comparison, the price variance among the food stimulate the state’s fish feeds is very low, in spite of the fact that each one is formu- stagnant economy. The lated for a different species (mahimahi, salmon, and catfish). Center for Tropical and Another major difference is that the ornamental feeds are Subtropical Aquaculture marketed in much smaller packages, (e.g., the largest being just supports freshwater over 0.5 kg). In contrast, the smallest commercial package of ornamental fish projects aquaculture feed is 22 kg. that address the challenges facing this fledgling Table 1. Comparison of Retail Prices for Ornamental industry in Hawaii. One Fish Feeds and Aquaculture Feeds question growers often ask researchers and extension Type of Feed US$ per Kg * Pterophyllum scalare agents is, “what is the best Japanese Staple 15.18 feed for my fish?” Japanese Gold 24.09 Unfortunately, most personnel are knowledgeable about the Japanese Spirulina 41.56 aquaculture feeds used for the culture of food fish, but have little "German" Pond Regular 24.16 information pertaining to ornamental fish. A closer examination "German" Pond Pigmented 28.60 of the feeds question has revealed that, from an aquaculture "German" Pond Spirulina 74.34 standpoint, very little information is actually available about the USA Koi Staple 26.01 nutritional requirements of the various ornamental fishes being USA Koi Color 27.96 cultured. Rather than focusing on a food to satisfy the feeding USA Koi Growth 29.77 requirements for the 1500 species reported to be included in the USA Flake (Staple) 14.00 ornamental fish industry (Chapman et al., 1997), this project work group took a different approach by testing feeds developed Mahimahi Feed 1.25 for food fish for their suitability as food for ornamental fishes. Salmon Fry 1.85 Catfish Chow 1.10 The following presents some of the findings resulting from a comparison between foods marketed for the freshwater ornamen- * Retail prices in Honolulu, Hawaii (1997) tal trade and feed marketed for the culture of food fish. Since the prices of the various feeds designed for one Prices of Various Feeds species varied significantly, one would logically presume Retail prices of nine feeds available for koi (Cyprinus carpio) differences in their efficacy. This assumption was tested using the were compared to prices of the few aquaculture feeds available in angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare with the intent of revealing a Hawaii. The prices were standardized in US dollars/kg (Table 1). suitable recommendation that could be provided to Hawaii’s USA flake (staple) is also included as it is used in a feeding trial freshwater ornamental fish farmers. 5

Comparison of Feeds on Growth and Survival coupled with the higher protein (both qualitative and quantita- Feeding experiments were carried out using 10-gallon glass tive) levels undoubtedly contributed to the observed differences aquaria equipped with a single sponge filter and aeration. Tanks in growth and warrants further investigation of the protein/lipid had an artificial light source on for 10 hours and off for 14 hours ratio. While the mahimahi and salmon fry feeds resulted in per day. Complete water changes were done at approximately 2- superior growth for angelfish, they also provided the added week intervals, and water chemistry measurements were done benefit of being approximately 10 times less expensive than the weekly. The angelfish (marble variety) were from multiple flake food used in the study. It would appear that feed perfor- broods approximately 8-9 weeks posthatch that were being mance (in terms of growth, survival and feed conversion) does reared within a single tank. Each treatment tank was stocked with not necessarily correlate with the price of the feed. a total of 50 angelfish. Throughout the feed trials, the fish were fed three times per day during the weekdays and twice per day Table 3. Feed trials with marble angelfish. on weekends. Each treatment group (i.e., feed) was replicated. Initial weights were 284 ± 69 mg and 300 ± 82 mg for Trial 1 Feeding to satiation was conducted by first offering a predeter- and Trial 2, respectively. Numbers with alphabetical suffixes mined amount of food. If the food had been consumed entirely in of a and b are significantly different (P<0.05). Numbers with alphabetical suffixes of c and d are significantly five to ten minutes, additional feed was provided. If residual feed different (P<0.01). remained, feeding was terminated for that particular feeding and the amount of food provided during the next feeding was FLAKE MAHIMAHI SALMON FRY TRIAL #1 decreased. The goal was to provide the minimum amount of food FEED FEED FEED necessary. The entire experiment was carried out for a duration of # of one month and replicated with a second group of angelfish fry. 2 2 2 For the feed experiment, only the USA Flake (Staple) was Replicates compared against two aquaculture feeds. A comparison of the # of composition of the feeds used in the experiment is presented in 25 25 25 Table 2. While there is a slightly higher crude protein content in Individuals the aquaculture feeds, the major difference appears in their fat Final Body (lipid) content. 525 ± 138 a 994 ± 269 b 858 ± 331b Weight (mg)

Final Body 3.1 ± 0.3 a 3.5 ± 0.3 b 3.5 ± 0.4 b Length (cm) Table 2. Proximate composition of various feeds used during the current investigation. Survival (%) 100 100 100

FLAKE MAHIMAHI SALMON FRY Minimum TRIAL #2 Minimum Treatment Crude Moisture Ash FEED FEED FEED Crude Fat Feed Protein (%) (%) # of (%) 2 2 2 (%) Replicates

# of 18 18 18 Flake Feed 45 4 8 19 Individuals

Final Body 504 ± 176 c 7981 ± 22 d 8940 ± 22 d Mahimahi Weight (mg) 56 14 - - Feed Final Body 3.2 ± 0.4 c 3.7 ± 0.4 d 3.7 ± 0.3 d Length (cm) Salmon 50 23 6 10 Fry Feed Survival (%) 94 100 100

A summary of initial and ending body weights of angelfish Palatability Trial With Angelfish fed the various test feeds is presented in Table 3. Results of this Understanding the underlying reasons why the marine fish feeds investigation demonstrate that the mahimahi feed and salmon fry were superior to the flake feed will require further investigation feed tested are superior for growing angelfish. The average feed as several factors may be involved. One possible explanation for conversion ratios for USA Flake (staple), mahimahi, and salmon the differences in growth observed in the previous experiment is feeds were 1.3, 0.8, and 0.8, respectively. The higher fat content a preference for a particular feed. It would follow that if a fish 6 Aqua Tips continued from page 5 eats more, it grows faster. To test this, a palatability experiment a long list of ingredients that combine to offer a suitable diet for was designed using angelfish (marble variety) from multiple almost every kind of ornamental fish. While this approach allows broods approximately 8-9 weeks posthatch that were being the manufacturer to satisfy a large consumer base, this “all reared within a single tank. Three, 10-gallon glass aquaria purpose” feed may not be suitable for fish that require a high- equipped with a single sponge biofilter and aeration were stocked protein or high-vegetable diet. Similarly, these “basic or staple” at 50 individuals per tank. Fish were offered a weighed amount diets appear to be designed to provide sustenance and not to of feed and if the angelfish ate all of the feed within 5-10 optimize the growth or reproduction important in the food fish minutes, they were provided an additional 0.3 g of feed and their industry. In contrast, formulated feeds used for food fishes are next meal was also increased by this amount. If feed particles designed for optimal growth at minimal cost. They are subjected remained after the time had elapsed, the amount of feed given to extensive testing to insure maximum performance. To meet was kept the same. Using this method, the quantity of feed this criteria, U.S. aquaculture feed manufacturers have focused provided morning and evening generally stabilized in a day, on feed for popular fishes worth their time and money, such as although there were occasional small variations (usually due to channel catfish, salmon, and trout. The obvious drawback to water temperature). Each week, the feeds provided to a group of aquaculture farmers raising ornamental fish is that they are fish were rotated among the tanks so that eventually, all fish in limited to feeds formulated for a limited number of fish species. each tank sampled each feed. Palatability experiments have also been carried out with koi For purposes of illustration, the actual levels of feed con- (Ako and Tamaru, 1997); swordtails (Ako et al., 1997); guppies sumed during each rotation is summarized below in Fig. 1. (Ako et al., 1998a); emperor tetra (Ako et.al., 1998b), and tinfoil barbs (Ako et al., 1998c) using a variety of flake and pelleted Figure 1. Summary of palatability trials of flake, diets. Consistent results were obtained in that each species mahimahi, and salmon feeds using the angelfish, exhibits preferences for a particular feed. This variation among (Pterophyllum scalare). species makes it difficult to recommend one feed that would be appropriate for multiple fish species and indicates a need for further investigation of the feed requirements of freshwater ornamental fish. This study contributed one conclusion that is significant to growers; the feeds developed for food fish, despite being much less expensive, have been shown to be as good as or even better than the feeds developed for ornamental fishes.

Literature Cited Ako, H. and C.S. Tamaru. 1997. Palatability and growth support- ing characteristics of Koi feeds. I‘a O Hawai‘i, Vol. 1997, Issue 6. Ako, H., D. Tagomori, K. Lum, C.S. Tamaru and R. Spencer. 1997. Palatability of different feeds using the swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, I‘a O Hawai‘i, Vol. 1997, Issue 10. Ako, H., T. Nishimura, and C.S. Tamaru. 1998. Palatability of flake feeds using the emperor tetra. I‘a O Hawai‘i, Volume 1998, Issue 5. Ako, H., T. Nishimura, and C.S. Tamaru. 1998. Testing palatability of flake feeds using the guppy. I‘a O Hawai‘i Volume 1998, Issue 6. Ako., H., T. Nishimura, and C.S. Tamaru. 1998. Testing palatabil- During all three rotations (i.e., three separate weeks) the ity of flake feeds using the tinfoil barbs. I‘a O Hawai‘i flake feed was consumed at significantly (P<0.05) lower levels Volume 1998, Issue 8. than the other two feeds tested. In general, the mahimahi and Chapman, F.A., S.A. Fitz-Coy, E.M. Thunberg and C.M. Adams. salmon fry feeds were consumed at equal rates indicating similar 1997. United States of America trade in ornamental fish. preferences by the angelfish for both feeds. The results clearly Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28:1-10. demonstrate that a preference for particular feeds exists, and is one factor that leads to the improved growth obtained when using the food fish feeds. Most brands of commercially available flake feeds are formulated for maintaining a host of freshwater ornamental fish species. The package labels on these feeds reveal 7

The Oceanic Institute offers free training

The Oceanic Institute is conducting a free, year-long finfish Training hatchery and growout training program thanks to funding from a participants Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Employ- (Matt O’Hare, Ron ment and Training Fund Program grant. The program, which Okazaki, Russel began in September 1999, has completed the hatchery training Phifer, and Richard but is continuing its growout training aspect. Ziesse with A few openings are still available for these growout training instructor Chris sessions, which will be conducted through a series of workshops Demarke) learn at selected aquaculture farms on Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, about the culture of and Oahu through August 2000. The workshops will teach rotifers; the first growout techniques for mullet, milkfish, and moi (Pacific live feed organism threadfin) along with providing training on improved farm that finfish larvae management. Applicants must have an ongoing aquaculture consume. operation, work at one, or be in the process of starting one. For more information about this training program contact Gary Karr via e-mail at [email protected] or by phone at (808) 259-3146 or by fax at (808) 259-5971.

Brown accepts post NASS presents aquaculture in Florida census data CTSA Technical Committee chair, Dr. Christopher Brown, will The USDA’s National Agriculture Statistics Services (NASS) has leave Hawaii after 11 years as professor and aquaculture recently published the Nation’s first census of aquaculture. coordinator at the University of Hawaii. In May, Dr. Brown will Available on the NASS Web site at www.usda.gov/nass, the move to Miami, Florida to begin his new job as Professor and census provides a valuable baseline that can be used to track the Director of the Marine Biology Program at Florida International progress of one of agriculture’s fastest-growing sectors. University (FIU), Florida State University’s Miami campus. This is the first time the NASS has included such extensive The FIU Marine data on aquaculture in its census of agriculture, which is taken Biology Program is every five years. The astonishing growth in the value of products currently under sold from the aquaculture sector – from $45 million in 1974 to development, which $978 million in 1998 – resulted in the critical need for accurate provides Dr. Brown CTSA wishes to thank statistics on many aspects of the industry. with the exciting Dr. Brown for his The statistics found in the census provide Congress with the opportunity to create information they need to develop, evaluate and change current a top-notch program numerous contributions to farm programs to benefit the aquaculture industry. Other national from the ground up CTSA and to Hawaii and state programs will find the information helpful in determin- (or should that be ing land use and water resource management policy. Private water up). His aquaculture over industry can also benefit by using the data to develop more responsibilities will the years. effective production and distribution systems for the aquaculture include recruiting community. new faculty, Especially valuable for busy farmers and researchers is the designing facilities, “Quick Facts of Aquaculture,” which displays pie charts and and setting up new graphics that provide a snapshot of such regional statistics as the undergraduate and value of aquaculture products sold, methods of aquaculture graduate curricula in marine biology. production used, and aquaculture farm count by region. Dr. Brown hopes to continue many of the productive For those without Web access, a printed copy of the census can collaborations and professional relationships that he has enjoyed be obtained by calling the NASS Order Desk at 1-800-999-6779. in Hawaii over the years. CTSA extends a sincere thank you to Dr. Brown for his numerous contributions to CTSA and to Hawaii aquaculture and looks forward to watching the exciting progress at the FIU Marine Biology Program under his guidance. The Center for Tropical and Subtropical region, the CTSA “region” encompasses other business concerns. The Technical Aquaculture (CTSA) is one of five tropical and subtropical species wherever Committee includes researchers, exten- regional aquaculture centers in the United they are cultured. Research projects span sion agents, and fisheries officers. Both States. Established by the U.S. Depart- the American Insular committees include ment of Agriculture, the centers integrate Pacific, using its representatives from individual and institutional expertise and extensive resource American Samoa, the resources in support of commercial base to meet the Commonwealth of the aquaculture development. CTSA was needs and concerns Northern Mariana established in 1986 and is jointly adminis- of the tropical Americans consumed Islands, the Federated tered by The Oceanic Institute and the aquaculture industry. States of Micronesia, University of Hawaii. The CTSA offices Each year’s 4.01 billion pounds Guam, Hawaii, the and staff are located at The Oceanic program is developed of domestic and imported Republic of Belau, Institute’s Makapu‘u Point site on by CTSA’s Industry and the Republic of windward Oahu. A Board of Directors is Advisory Council seafood in 1998. the Marshall Islands. responsible for overseeing the and Technical For further informa- programmatic functions of CTSA. Committee, reflect- U.S. Commerce Department’s tion on the CTSA The mission of CTSA is to support ing the Center’s mix National Oceanic and program, contact aquaculture research, development, of commercial and Atmospheric Administration Cheng-Sheng Lee, demonstration and extension education to scientific expertise. Ph.D., Executive enhance viable and profitable U.S. Council members represent financial Director, by phone (808) 259-3107, by aquaculture. Unlike the other centers, institutions, aquaculture and agriculture fax at (808) 259-8395 or by email at which work within a defined geographical enterprises, government agencies, and [email protected]

CENTER PRESORTED FOR STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE TROPICAL PAID AND HONOLULU HI SUBTROPICAL PERMIT NO. 1252 AQUACULTURE

The Oceanic Institute and the University of Hawaii 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway Waimanalo, HI 96795