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CPXX802 En.Pdf SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT PLAN FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY (SPSD II) Part 1: Sustainable production and consumption patterns FINAL REPORT T THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SECURING ELECTRICAL SUPPLY IN BELGIUM CP/XX/802 March 2006 Paula Souto Pérez – Joris Soens – Edwin Haesen Ronnie Belmans - Johan Driesen K. U. Leuven – ESAT / ELECTA Achim Woyte – Geert Palmers 3 E Jo Neyens Imec Pépin Tchouate U. C. L. Rue de la Science 8 Wetenschapsstraat 8 B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 – Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be Contact person: Mrs. Anne Fierens Secretariat: +32 (0)2 238 36 60 Neither the Belgian Science Policy nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference. Project CP/XX/802 – “The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium” Contents CONTENTS........................................................................................................ 3 TECHNICAL REPORT....................................................................................... 6 1 WORK PACKAGE 1: PROJECT COORDINATION (K.U.LEUVEN) ........... 6 2 WORK PACKAGE 2: INVENTORY OF ELECTRICAL ASPECTS INFLUENCING THE SECURITY OF THE SUPPLY (K.U.LEUVEN) ........... 7 2.1 Overview of electrical aspects that have impact on the security of supply in grids with renewable energy generation ....................................7 2.1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................7 2.1.2 Electrical aspects of security of supply.................................................7 3 WORK PACKAGE 3: CHARACTERISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH RESPECT TO SECURITY ASPECTS (PREDICTABILITY/ANCILLARY SERVICES) OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY..................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Solar power......................................................................................................20 3.2 Wind onshore...................................................................................................20 3.3 Wind offshore ..................................................................................................20 3.4 Biomass ............................................................................................................20 4 WORK PACKAGE 4: CHARACTERISATION OF MAINTAINABILITY / REPARABILITY / ACCESSIBILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERTERS (3E / K.U.LEUVEN).......................................................... 21 4.1 Availability and reliability of offshore wind farms......................................21 4.1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................21 4.1.2 Theoretical Concepts and Definitions.................................................21 4.1.3 Methodology.......................................................................................22 4.1.4 Availability of Existing Wind Farms..................................................24 4.1.5 Availability for the Belgian Continental Shelf ...................................25 SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns – Energy 3 Project CP/XX/802 – “The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium” 4.1.6 Analysis of Results .............................................................................27 4.1.7 Conclusions.........................................................................................28 5 WORK PACKAGE 5: ESTIMATION OF THE IMPACT OF POSSIBILITIES TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ANCILLARY SERVICES (K.U.LEUVEN) ........................................................................ 30 5.1 Ancillary services ............................................................................................30 5.1.1 Definitions...........................................................................................30 5.1.2 Analysis of the ancillary services .......................................................30 5.2 Safety and protection mechanisms ................................................................38 5.2.1 Unintentional islanding.......................................................................38 5.2.2 Selectivity ...........................................................................................39 5.2.3 Fault detection.....................................................................................39 5.3 Stability and ride-through behaviour ...........................................................40 5.3.1 Context................................................................................................40 5.3.2 Voltage dip ride-through requirements issued by TSOs.....................41 6 WORK PACKAGE 6: IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE OPERATION MODI OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERTERS (FUL, 3E).......................................................... 43 6.1 Impact of Alternative Operation Modes of Large Wind Farms on Greenhouse Gas Emissions.......................................................................................................43 6.1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................43 6.1.2 Alternative Operation Modes in Practice............................................43 6.1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Substituted by Wind Energy ..................45 6.1.4 Conclusions.........................................................................................46 Appendix 1.- Characterization of the solar power impact in the Belgian grid 47 Introduction.....................................................................................................47 Real measurements from existing PV installations ........................................47 Seasonal behaviour .........................................................................................47 Using Markov matrices to simulate series......................................................49 Creating a first order Markov algorithm.........................................................49 Calculated Markov matrices for solar power..................................................51 SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns – Energy 4 Project CP/XX/802 – “The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium” Obtained solar power series............................................................................52 Response of the grid .......................................................................................54 Achievements of this study.............................................................................56 Appendix 2.- PV power systems: the next generation ........................................58 Outlook: emergency power and grid support .................................................58 Recent developments......................................................................................58 Appendix 3.- Capacity credit of wind energy generators...................................64 Methodology...................................................................................................65 Capacity credits for all scenarios....................................................................66 Appendix 4.- Biomass in the Walloon Region .....................................................68 Technologies and conversion yields...............................................................68 Origin of the biomass used in Wallony for electricity production: ................70 Other biomass .................................................................................................72 Classification of the wood ..............................................................................73 Biomass energy content..................................................................................74 State of the energy evaluation of biomass in the Walloon Region.................75 Anaerobic fermentation ..................................................................................77 Total biomass..................................................................................................79 7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 80 SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns – Energy 5 Project CP/XX/802 – “The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium” Technical Report This report analyzes the role of renewable energy technologies in securing the supply of electrical energy in Belgium. The development of the study consists of six Work Packages which deliver necessary information in every step of the analysis, except for WP1 which is the task of coordination of the project. The goals of every WP are described here. 1 Work Package 1: Project coordination (K.U.Leuven) The task included: platform meeting coordination, centralised reporting, administrative tasks, dissemination towards scientific audience and governmental bodies (publication coordination, workshop co-organisation). SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns –
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