DOCSLIB.ORG

Territorial Patterns and Relations in Belgium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Territorial Patterns and Relations in Belgium Country fiche Territorial patterns and relations in Belgium Demography Urbanisation Environment Accessibility Economy Interactive version: www.espon.eu/belgium Introductory remarks The content of the following overview is a summary of research results from different thematic applied research projects under the ESPON 2020 programme. As a consequence, most indicators and analyses are not based on most recent data but represent the data availability at the time when the research was undertaken. Only in a few cases, for some rather basic indicators that could easily be reproduced, more up-to-date information was used. It is therefore important to note that this overview is mainly a collection of available findings with different time stamps and not an up-to-date, comprehensive analysis. Its main goal is to showcase the wide range of ESPON research and, by zooming-in on a specific country, to raise interest for the scientific results at a more national and even regional scale. 1 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Demography Population density in 2016 Expected population development 2014-2030 Housing cost burden of population in 2015 Total population aged 24-64 with a higher education degree (level 5-8) in 2016 2 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy The map shows an area of high population density extending in a rough central location as one of the most important traffic intersections in arc from north-west England down to Milan, with a little break in the Alps. Western Europe. In Wallonia, the map shows a higher concentration of In the less populated countries, a number of metropolitan areas are population on the backbone, bringing together the main Walloon cities from recognizable as well, such as Lisbon (PT), Madrid (ES), Paris (FR), and west to east, and the centre and north of Walloon Brabant. These are the Cracow (PL). Physical factors that affect population density include water first Walloon municipalities to be affected by the peri-urbanisation of supply, climate, relief, vegetation, soils and availability of natural resources Brussels in the 1950s. A higher density zone is also developing in the and energy. Belgium shows a decreasing population density from north to extreme south of the province of Luxembourg due to the attractiveness of south. Flanders and Brussels' high population density is contributable to its the employment centres of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. 3 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Overall, large portions of Eastern Europe, Italy, Spain and France have a Bastogne. Belgium’s total population of 11.3 million inhabitants increases decreasing population. For the latter two, however, an increasing each year by an average of no less than 40,000 inhabitants. This is mainly population can be observed in urban areas such as Madrid, Bordeaux, due to an increase in life expectancy and international immigration. In the Nantes or Paris. Other regions that are characterised by an increasing long term, however, demographic growth is not as strong as that observed population are the Lowlands, Western Germany, the UK and Ireland. since the beginning of the 1990s. The migration balance will halve (from These trends of population are significantly influenced by the job 48,000 in 2015 to 25,000 from 2025). In addition, the natural balance is opportunities and the economic situation of the regions. In Belgium, these decreasing, mainly due to the increase in the number of deaths (due to the conditions are particularly favourable in Brussels-Capital, Arlon and ageing of the baby boomer generation). 4 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Disposable household income is the amount of money that households a housing cost overburden are Malta, Cyprus, Ireland and Finland. have available for spending and saving after income taxes have been Conversely, only Greece shows a population of with 20 to 40% accounted for. Housing cost burden includes rental or mortgage interest experiencing a housing cost overburden. The cost of living in Belgium is payments, but also the cost of utilities such as water, electricity, gas or relatively high, but still considered affordable, including the cost of living in heating. Such costs are considered as an overburden when they represent Brussels, when compared to some of its neighbours. However, with more than 40% of equivalised disposable income. In 2015, 11.3% of the constantly growing prices, questions of affordability naturally arise. In EU population lived in households with such an overburden. Countries Belgium, the gap between poor households and the total population in where a relatively small proportion of the population live in households with terms of the cost of housing is particularly significant. 5 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Metropolitan areas in Europe generally have a greater share of people with olds held a higher education degree. Belgium thus scores well above the higher education qualifications than their surrounding areas. There is a European average, which is 39.1%. It is one of the countries where higher share in Northern Spain, Ireland, Scotland, Western Norway and education is an important lever to find work. Moreover, Belgium is one of Switzerland. Conversely, Portugal, Italy and countries in Eastern Europe the cheapest; regular students pay only some 900 EUR enrolment fee. A have a lower share. While a large portion of the higher educated working point, however, is that for children whose parents have completed population of Portugal and Italy has emigrated to other regions of Europe higher education, the chance of continuing their studies is six times higher after the financial crisis, the countries of Eastern Europe tend to have lower than those from low-educated families. Also the scores of pupils with low- participation in higher education. In Belgium in 2016, 45.6% of 30-34 year educated parents or with a migration background are much lower. 6 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Urbanisation Change in urbanisation between 2014 and 2018 Delineation of MUA, FUA & MDA for Lille Delineation of MUA, FUA & MDA for Brussels 7 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy The classification in this map is based on population density rather than in the size of the parcels of land in the countryside, and got legally building density. Nevertheless, a large portion of rural areas in Europe established by the regional zoning plans in the 1970’s. Cities grew strongly have shifted towards towns due to densification. This means there is a from the beginning of the 19th century by means of residential and traffic tendency of the population to spread over large surfaces. In the Lowlands, ribbons in the surrounding countryside. This was accompanied by Norway, Sweden, Finland, Italy and Hungary, however, a higher dilapidation in the city centre. However, despite the continuing urban densification process can be observed with large areas shifting towards exodus, the core cities continue to grow, albeit mainly due to migration. cities. Belgium is Europe’s most urbanised nation. This urbanisation came Morphological urbanisation now extends beyond the conurbation and about through the right of leasehold in the 1820’s, which led to a reduction reaches into the banlieues. 8 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Delineation of the Morphological Urban Area (MUA), Functional Urban Area (FUA) & Metropolitan Development Area (MDA) for Lille The MDA of Lille covers 7,516 km2 with a population of about 3.9 million inhabitants and a density of 520 inh./km2. It is a cross-border urban conurbation covering 682 municipalities (622 in France and 60 in Belgium). It represents a dynamic structure of urban agglomerations that have been formed over time and is still evolving, following more recent changes in the national territorial cohesion planning framework of France The central position of Lille and its economic values makes its urban context a real ‘metropolitan heart’. The geographical location of the Lille Metropolitan Area is exceptional as it is at the crossroads between major European capitals such as Paris, London and Brussels This brings a unique cross border perspective of the metropolitan development of Lille and development issues such as commuting, population distribution and marginalization in relation to these European capitals The present economic dynamism have enabled the region to develop a genuine logistic approach, which has helped making the case for the Seine North Europe canal. 9 Demography | Urbanisation | Environment | Accessibility | Economy Delineation of the Morphological Urban Area (MUA), Functional Urban Area (FUA) & Metropolitan Development Area (MDA) for Brussels The idea for the MDA of Brussels refers to the Brussels- Capital Region and the Railway Express Network zone (Zone RER) covering a 30 km ring around Brussels. The area consists of 135 municipalities, including 19 municipalities in Brussels-Capital Region and 116 municipalities around Brussels. The demographic social and economic development trends of the Brussels Capital Region show an expansion of the urban functions far beyond its current administrative borders and across the three federal regions This process has determined the need for a strategic territorial development at a metropolitan scale Such process would help planning and addressing more effectively the current
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ORES Assets Scrl
    ORES Assets scrl ANNUAL REPORT 2017 1 TABLE OF ORES Assets scrl ANNUAL REPORT 2017 CONTENTS I. Introductory message from the Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer p.4 II. ORES Assets consolidated management report p.6 Activity report and non-financial information p.6 True and fair view of the development of business, profits/losses and financial situation of the Group p.36 III. Annual financial statements p.54 Balance sheet p.54 Balance sheet by sector p.56 Profit and loss statement p.60 Profit and loss statement by sector p.61 Allocations and deductions p.69 Appendices p.70 List of contractors p.87 Valuation rules p.92 IV. Profit distribution p.96 V. Auditor’s report p.100 VI. ORES scrl - ORES Assets consolidated Name and form ORES. cooperative company with limited liability salaries report p.110 VII. Specific report on equity investments p.128 Registered office Avenue Jean Monnet 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. VIII. Appendix 1 point 1 – List of shareholders updated on 31 December 2017 p.129 Incorporation Certificate of incorporation published in the appen- dix of the Moniteur belge [Belgian Official Journal] on 10 January 2014 under number 14012014. Memorandum and articles of association and their modifications The memorandum and articles of association were modified for the last time on 22 June 2017 and published in the appendix of the Moniteur belge on 18 July 2017 under number 2017-07-18/0104150. 2 3 networks. However, it also determining a strategy essen- Supported by a suitable training path, the setting up of a tially hinged around energy transition; several of our major "new world of work" within the company should also pro- business programmes and plans are in effect conducted to mote the creativity, agility and efficiency of all ORES’ active succeed in this challenge with the public authorities, other forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Completing Walloon Brabant
    The Partnership Tour: Completing Walloon Brabant May 22, 2012 Ambassador Howard Gutman Castle La Hulpe Madame Governor, Dear Friend President Flahaut, President Michel, Mayors, Aldermen, Distinguished Guests and Good Friends— Madame le Gouverneur, Cher Ami le Président Flahaut, Cher Président Michel, Chers Bourgmestres, Chers Membres de Conseils Communaux, Chers Invités d’Honneur et Bons Amis- Michelle and I are delighted to be here today among such wonderful friends and in this magnificent setting to continue to celebrate the Belgian-American partnership and the completion of this first phase of my Belgian-American Partnership Tour. What a fabulous setting in which to celebrate the completion of my having visited every city in a province, the wonderful and young province of Walloon Brabant. I have now visited 436 cities throughout Belgium, and with our visit to Orp-Jauche earlier today, I have visited every official city, village or commune in Walloon Brabant, making it the first province I have completed. Let me also apologize for my poor French that I hope is not too difficult on your ears. Since I arrived almost 3 years ago, I started taking language lessons for an hour per day, 5 days a week, one day French and the next day Dutch. I am obviously not a good student, but I will continue to work on both languages and will also use English to rescue us all for part of my brief comments today. Michelle et moi sommes ravis d’être ici aujourd’hui entourés d’amis formidables et dans ce cadre magnifique afin de continuer à célébrer le partenariat belgo-américain ainsi que l’achèvement de cette première phase de ma tournée de partenariat belgo-américain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Solar Power
    The Economics of Solar Power Solar Roundtable Kansas Corporation Commission March 3, 2009 Peter Lorenz President Quanta Renewable Energy Services SOLAR POWER - BREAKTHROUGH OR NICHE OPPORTUNITY? MW capacity additions per year CAGR +82% 2000-08 Percent 5,600-6,000 40 RoW US 40 +43% Japan 10 +35% 2,826 Spain 55 1,744 1,460 1,086 598 Germany 137 241 372 427 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008E Demand driven by attractive economics • Strong regulatory support • Increasing power prices • Decreasing solar system prices • Good availability of capital Source: McKinsey demand model; Solarbuzz 1 WE HAVE SEEN SOME INTERESTING CHANGES IN THE U.S. RECENTLY 2 TODAY’S DISCUSSION • Solar technologies and their evolution • Demand growth outlook • Perspectives on solar following the economic crisis 3 TWO KEY SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EXIST Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Key • Uses light-absorbing material to • Uses mirrors to generate steam characteristics generate current which powers turbine • High modularity (1 kW - 50 MW) • Low modularity (20 - 300 MW) • Uses direct and indirect sunlight – • Only uses direct sunlight – specific suitable for almost all locations site requirements • Incentives widely available • Incentives limited to few countries • Mainly used as distributed power, • Central power only limited by some incentives encourage large adequate locations and solar farms transmission access ~ 10 Global capacity ~ 0.5 GW, 2007 Source: McKinsey analysis; EPIA; MarketBuzz 4 THESE HAVE SEVERAL SUB-TECHNOLOGIES Key technologies Sub technologiesDescription
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Thermal and Concentrated Solar Power Barometers 1 – EUROBSERV’ER –JUIN 2017 – EUROBSERV’ER BAROMETERS POWER SOLAR CONCENTRATED and THERMAL SOLAR
    1 2 - 4.6% The decrease of the solar thermal market in the European Union in 2016 Evacuated tube solar collectors, solar thermal installation in Ireland SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS A study carried out by EurObserv’ER. solar solar concentrated and thermal power barometers solar solar concentrated and thermal power barometers he European solar thermal market is still losing pace. According to the Tpreliminary estimates from EurObserv’ER, the solar thermal segment dedicated to heat production (domestic hot water, heating and heating networks) contracted by a further 4.6% in 2016 down to 2.6 million m2. The sector is pinning its hopes on the development of the collective solar segment that includes industrial solar heat and solar district heating to offset the under-performing individual home segment. ince 2014 European concentrated solar power capacity for producing Selectricity has been more or less stable. New project constructions have been a long time coming, but this could change at the end of 2017 and in 2018 essentially in Italy. 51 millions m2 2 313.7 MWth The cumulated surfaces of solar thermal Total CSP capacity in operation Glenergy Solar in operation in the European Union in 2016 in the European Union in 2016 SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS – EUROBSERV’ER – JUIN 2017 SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS – EUROBSERV’ER – JUIN 2017 3 4 The world largest solar thermal Tabl. n° 1 district heating solution - Silkeborg, Denmark (in operation end 2016) Main solar thermal markets outside European Union Total cumulative capacity Annual Installed capacity (in MWth) in operation (in MWth) 2015 2016 2015 2016 China 30 500 27 664 309 500 337 164 United States 760 682 17 300 17 982 Turkey 1 500 1 467 13 600 15 067 India 770 894 6 300 7 194 Japan 100 50 2 400 2 450 Rest of the world 6 740 6 797 90 944 97 728 Total world 39 640 36 660 434 700 471 360 Source: EurObserv’ER 2017 new build, because of the construction is now causing great concern, where as a water production.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Ethnic Retention As See Through Walloon Immigrants to Wisconsin by Jacqueline Lee Tinkler
    Determinants of Ethnic Retention As See Through Walloon Immigrants to Wisconsin By Jacqueline Lee Tinkler Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2019 Copyright © by JACQUELINE LEE TINKLER All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my gratitude to Kenyon Zimmer who firs supported this research idea as head of my Thesis Committee. When I decided to continue my research into the Walloon immigrants and develop the topic into a Dissertation project, he again agreed to head the committee. His stimulating questions challenged me to dig deeper and also to broaden the context. I also want to thank David Narrett and Steven Reinhardt for reading the ongoing work and offering suggestions. I am also deeply indebted to the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Arlington for the financial support which enabled me to make research trips to Wisconsin. Debora Anderson archivist at the University of Wisconsin Green Bay, and her staff were an invaluable help in locating material. Janice Zmrazek, at the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction in Madison, was a great help in locating records there. And I want to give special thanks to Mary Jane Herber, archivist at the Brown County Library in Green Bay, who was a great help in my work. I made several research trips to Wisconsin and I was privileged to be able to work among the Walloons living in the settlement area.
    [Show full text]
  • 1815, WW1 and WW2
    Episode 2 : 1815, WW1 and WW2 ‘The Cockpit of Europe’ is how Belgium has understatement is an inalienable national often been described - the stage upon which characteristic, and fame is by no means a other competing nations have come to fight reliable measure of bravery. out their differences. A crossroads and Here we look at more than 50 such heroes trading hub falling between power blocks, from Brussels and Wallonia, where the Battle Belgium has been the scene of countless of Waterloo took place, and the scene of colossal clashes - Ramillies, Oudenarde, some of the most bitter fighting in the two Jemappes, Waterloo, Ypres, to name but a World Wars - and of some of Belgium’s most few. Ruled successively by the Romans, heroic acts of resistance. Franks, French, Holy Roman Empire, Burgundians, Spanish, Austrians and Dutch, Waterloo, 1815 the idea of an independent Belgium nation only floated into view in the 18th century. The concept of an independent Belgian nation, in the shape that we know it today, It is easy to forget that Belgian people have had little meaning until the 18th century. been living in these lands all the while. The However, the high-handed rule of the Austrian name goes back at least 2,000 years, when Empire provoked a rebellion called the the Belgae people inspired the name of the Brabant Revolution in 1789–90, in which Roman province Gallia Belgica. Julius Caesar independence was proclaimed. It was brutally was in no doubt about their bravery: ‘Of all crushed, and quickly overtaken by events in these people [the Gauls],’ he wrote, ‘the the wake of the French Revolution of 1789.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgium October 2016
    Country fact sheet Municipal waste management Belgium October 2016 Photo: © MementoImage Context This country profile was prepared within the EEA’s work on municipal waste, resulting in the following outcomes: 32 country profiles (this document) – The country profiles were originally produced by the ETC/SCP and were published by the EEA in 2013. The ETC/WMGE updated them for the EEA under its 2015 and 2016 work programme. An EEA briefing on Municipal waste management across European countries Acknowledgements The ETC/WMGE and the EEA would like to thank the Cellule Interrégionale de l'Environnement for reviewing the profile and providing valuable inputs. Author affiliation 2016 updated version: Elina Merta and Tommi Vuorinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (a partner in the ETC/WMGE) 2013 version: Emmanuel C. Gentil, Copenhagen Resource Institute (a partner in the ETC/SCP) EEA project manager: Almut Reichel Related country information Country information on waste prevention programmes can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-prevention-in-europe-2015 For country profiles on material resource efficiency policies, please visit: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/more-from-less/ Contents Highlights ............................................................................................................................ 4 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Objective .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CPXX802 En.Pdf
    SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT PLAN FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY (SPSD II) Part 1: Sustainable production and consumption patterns FINAL REPORT T THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SECURING ELECTRICAL SUPPLY IN BELGIUM CP/XX/802 March 2006 Paula Souto Pérez – Joris Soens – Edwin Haesen Ronnie Belmans - Johan Driesen K. U. Leuven – ESAT / ELECTA Achim Woyte – Geert Palmers 3 E Jo Neyens Imec Pépin Tchouate U. C. L. Rue de la Science 8 Wetenschapsstraat 8 B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 – Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be Contact person: Mrs. Anne Fierens Secretariat: +32 (0)2 238 36 60 Neither the Belgian Science Policy nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference. Project CP/XX/802 – “The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium” Contents CONTENTS........................................................................................................ 3 TECHNICAL REPORT....................................................................................... 6 1 WORK PACKAGE 1: PROJECT COORDINATION (K.U.LEUVEN) ........... 6 2 WORK PACKAGE 2: INVENTORY OF ELECTRICAL ASPECTS INFLUENCING THE SECURITY OF THE SUPPLY (K.U.LEUVEN)
    [Show full text]
  • Discover Walloon Brabant Waterloo and Beyond
    Discover WALLOON BRABANT In the heart of Belgium Waterloo & beyond édito sommaire ISSN 2506-9748 Discover Walloon Brabant… This brochure from the Walloon Brabant Tourist Office has been produced to give you the keys you need to explore a region in the heart of Belgium that offers great variety for tourists. A visit to Wal- loon Brabant, just a few kilometres from Brussels, is a chance to relive history, soak up culture and enjoy the best that nature has to offer every day. After (re)discovering the Waterloo battlefield, its famous mound and its museums, and also Nivelles with its 1000-year-old collegiate church, or Villers-la-Ville and its Romantic ruins, you will quickly realise that all eras of history have left us with exceptional cultural heritage, from the Gallo-Roman tumulus in Glimes to the variety of museums and memorials to World War II. The white stone which characterises the old buildings in the Jodoigne region is a real gift of nature developed by the hand of man over centuries. All over Walloon Brabant in fact the stones have a ©MTBW story to tell to those who know what to look for and how to listen. Bois des rêves Walloon Brabant also has large parks and estates that are great for walks, such as the Solvay Regio- nal Estate in La Hulpe, near the Sonian Forest, or Hélécine Provincial Estate with its classic 18th-cen- tury castle. Above all, combine walks or bike rides with sampling local products, we have so many PAGE 03 PAGE 05 PAGE 09 to choose from! From Piétrain to Nivelles, fans of gourmet food will always find something to satisfy their taste buds… with, of course, a good local beer to go with it! Make the most of these unique Must sees Fresh air and outings At the crossroads moments and enjoy the gentle lifestyle! of Europe’s destinies Walloon Brabant awaits you! With the keys we are giving you today, you will feel almost at home..
    [Show full text]
  • N° 03.00 the Territory of the Federal State of Belgium
    E S AT I V E N T R E S E P F R O S E N° 03.00 O U H A N G I E L B The Territory of the Federal State of Belgium Communities and regions Belgium consists of four language regions The Dutch-speaking Region (= Flanders) The French-speaking Region (= Wallonia) The bilingual Region of Brussels-Capital The German-speaking Region Belgium consists of 3 communities 1. The Flemish Community (= the Region of Flanders plus the Dutch-speaking institutions in the Brussels-Capital Region) 2. The French Community (= the Region of Wallonia, without the German-speaking region, but with the French- speaking institutions in the Brussels-Capital Region) 3. The German-speaking Community (= the German- speaking Region : the communes of Amel, Büllingen, Burg-Reuland, Bütgenbach, Eupen, Kelmis, Lontzen, Raeren and Sankt-Vith) Belgium consists of 3 regions 1. The Flemish Region (= the Dutch-speaking Region) (Art. 5 of the Constitution : “...the Flemish Region is made up of the following provinces : Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, West Flanders, East Flanders and Limburg...”) Population: 6.582.788 2. The Walloon Region (= the French-speaking region and the German-speaking region) (Art. 5 of the Constitution : “...the Walloon Region is made up of the following provinces : Walloon Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Luxemburg and Namur...”) Population: 3.630.093 3. The Brussels Region (= the bilingual Region of Brussels-Capital) Population: 1.200.322 Belgium consists of 10 provinces and 581 communes 300 in Flanders, 262 in Wallonia and 19 in the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region* Antwerp Limbourg West Flanders East Flanders Flemish Brabant Walloon Brabant Hainaut Liège Namur Luxembourg * The 19 communes of the Brussels-Capital Region fall outside the scope of the division of the country into provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium
    THE BELGIAN CONSTITUTION This publication contains the text of the Belgian Con- stitution as updated following the constitutional revi- sion of 24 October 2017 (Belgian Official Gazette of 29 November 2017) JULY 2018 BELGIAN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Legal Affairs and Parliamentary Documentation Department of the Belgian House of Representatives D/2018/4686/11 2 CONTENTS Title I On federal Belgium, its components and its territory 5 Title Ibis On general political objectives of federal Belgium, the Communities and the Regions 6 Title II On Belgians and their rights 6 Title III On powers 13 Chapter I – On the federal Houses 16 Section I – On the House of Representatives 22 Section II – On the Senate 24 Chapter II – On federal legislative power 30 Chapter III – On the King and the Federal Government 35 Section I – On the King 35 Section II – On the Federal Government 37 Section III – On responsibilities 40 Chapter IV – On Communities and Regions 42 Section I – On bodies 42 Sub-section I – On Community and Regional Parliaments 42 Sub-section II – On Community and Regional Governments 44 Section II – On responsibilities 47 Sub-section I – On the responsibilities of the Communities 47 Sub-section II – On the competences of the Regions 50 Sub-section III – Special provisions 50 Chapter V – On the Constitutional Court, and the prevention and resolution of conflicts 52 Section I – On the prevention of conflicts of competence 52 Section II – On the Constitutional Court 52 Section III – On the prevention and the settlement of conflicts of interest
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Solutions to Optimize PV's LCOE
    小三相最终用户主打广告5.pdf 1 2019/4/22 16:44:37 Special | 2019 | 78538 FusionSolar Residential Smart PV Solution Digital PV Solution for Ultimate Safety & Better Experience Solar grid parity French solar explorers accelerates with AI Next generation solar expands ULTRA SAFETY domestically and to new frontiers AI Powered AFCI to Proactively Mitigate Fire Risk Huawei plays a significant role in digitalization for smart PV Pages 26 – 29 Pages 4 – 7 HIGHER YIELDS The bifacial boost Shedding light Optimizing Each Module's Performance Independently AI algorithms crunch big data on oil kingdom to maximize energy yields Saudi Arabia’s first utility-scale Pages 9 – 11 PV project and the CEO behind it BATTERY READY Pages 32 – 35 Integrated Battery Interface for Future Quick Expansion C M Y CM Digital solutions MY CY CMY K to optimize PV’s LCOE SPECIAL EDITION DEVELOPED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH HUAWEI solar.huawei.com @ Huawei FusionSolar SUN2000-3-10KTL Optimizer Editorial The Force of Digitalization Photo: pv magazine/Thomas Beetz Located high up in the Himalayas, a 20 MW solar PV proj- ect rests upon the mountains. The ground-mounted installa- tion is a challenging one, also for people like Matthias Wagner, not acquainted with such elevations. Wagner is the Executive Director of Global Channel Sales Management in the Smart PV Business Unit at Huawei. In this position, he has to travel to countries around the globe to meet customers and colleagues to handle a wide variety of PV projects. When we met with Wagner in March, he highlighted how such a project poses challenges for the equipment used, be it the solar panels or the inverters.
    [Show full text]