DOCSLIB.ORG

{PDF EPUB} Taking Science to the Moon Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program by Donald A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
{PDF EPUB} Taking Science to the Moon Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program by Donald A Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Taking Science to the Moon Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program by Donald A. Beattie Moon Smasher: Links & Books. LCROSS Home Page www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/ Learn about the latest developments in the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission at this website from NASA. Ames Research Center Vertical Gun Range www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/range-complex.html Want to know more about the research lab in which scientists slam objects into simulated space surfaces? The Ames Research Center houses instruments designed specifically for the study of hypervelocity aerodynamics. Find out more at this website. Northrop Grumman web page with LCROSS mission information www.northropgrumman.com/review/008-nasa-lunar-crater-observation- sensing-satellite-lcross.html At this website from Northrop Grumman, you can learn more about the LCROSS mission, check out a photo gallery, and more. NASA Lunar Science Institute lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov Learn all about NASA's Lunar Science Institute at the official website. Be sure to check out "Lunar Science for Kids" and "Ask a Lunar Scientist." "Water on the Moon" lcross.arc.nasa.gov/audio/WaterOnTheMoon.mp3 Download or stream this song written by LCROSS deputy project manager John Marmie. Books. Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions by David M. Harland. Springer-Praxis, 2008. Taking Science to the Moon: Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program by Donald A. Beattie. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space by Harrison H. Schmitt. Springer, 2006. Photographic Atlas of the Moon by S. M. Chong. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Articles. "Inside NASA's Plan to Bomb the Moon and Find Water" by Michael Milstein. Popular Mechanics , September, 2008. www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/4277592.html. "Moon Water Discovered: Dampens Moon-Formation Theory" Carnegie Institution for Science , July 9, 2008. www.ciw.edu/news/moon_water_discovered_dampens_moon_formation_theory. "Crash is Planned in Hunt for Lunar Water" by Warren E. Leary. The New York Times , April 11, 2006. www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/science/space/11moon.html?scp=1&sq=LCROSS moon&st=cse. Disclaimer. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this website are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation, a cofunder of this site. Just how full of opportunity is the Moon? In his recent article about the reasons for lunar exploration, Paul Spudis asserts that “…some complain that the reason for going to the Moon is still unclear.” (See “A Moon full of opportunity”, The Space Review, January 22, 2007) That is, unfortunately, an incorrect understanding of why there are objections to returning to the Moon with an emphasis on human settlement and exploration. To characterize as “whiners” those who have expressed concerns that NASA is pursuing the wrong goal does a great disservice to legitimate debate. These concerns are well founded based on disagreements about the benefit and attainability of the goal. Proposing a grand “Vision” to explore our solar system has value; however, what the pace and emphasis should be needs to be continually debated based on evolving national needs and the ability to find required resources. We can “…do everything else that we want to do in space” without detouring to the Moon. All indications are that such a detour will inhibit everything else we “should” do in space with the limited resources available. To provide a detailed analysis of why there are disagreements would require a lengthy response; the following discussion briefly presents the key points. The six themes that are the foundation underlying the rationale to return humans and robots to the Moon: human settlement, preparation for Mars missions, science, economic expansion, international cooperation, and public engagement, were predicated on many false assumptions. The fact that NASA’s Lunar Architecture Team worked for many months considering recommendations from multiple sources is interesting but not necessarily significant. Using a relevant quote: “If a committee is allowed to discuss a bad idea long enough, it will eventually adopt it because of all the work they put into it.” (K. Kruikshank) Proposing a grand “Vision” to explore our solar system has value; however, what the pace and emphasis should be needs to be continually debated based on evolving national needs and the ability to find required resources. There is no question that it would be possible to build human settlements on the Moon. Such a program was proposed in the late 1960s when all of the infrastructure was in place and paid for, but it was denied by Congress and the Nixon administration. A Space Exploration Initiative that included returning to the Moon, similar to the program currently underway, was unveiled by President George H.W. Bush in 1989. It was also denied by Congress. There were no compelling reasons then, and there are none now, to spend a major fraction of the nation’s space budget to return humans or robots to the Moon. Some claim that the theme of human settlement will be important as it supports the goals of all the other themes. That may be true, but its importance is doubtful because it places a high value on very questionable objectives as discussed below. Human missions to Mars, if and when they might occur, are so far in the future that lessons learned on the Moon will have little relevance. If humans eventually travel to Mars, technology that would be used will be far advanced over that which NASA would employ on the Moon in the next twenty years. The first humans who might travel to Mars will probably not have the immediate objective of establishing a settlement. Rather, they will go as explorers and spend only that amount of time required to meet initial objectives, with their staytime defined by orbital mechanics. Determining how to utilize lunar resources to supply a lunar base will not have applicability to a Mars base as the technology and processes needed to use Mars raw materials will be unique to Mars resources. Other surface conditions on Mars that human explorers will have to cope with will also be much different than those found on the Moon and will require specific technology to ensure safe operations. Costly and risky human exploration of Mars may never be needed. As robots become more capable, the major scientific and philosophical question that drives Mars exploration—does life exist or has it ever existed on Mars—may well be answered by robotic missions. The need to establish human settlements on Mars in the future is problematic. Scientific investigations, discussed in the recent National Research Council (NRC) report “The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon” define an extensive exploration program. If pursued, the program would add additional information to our present knowledge of the Moon’s early history and current state. However, we already have an excellent understanding of the Moon’s history and composition compiled from data returned from Surveyor, Lunar Orbiter, and Apollo missions. The more recent Clementine and Lunar Prospector missions also contributed to our understanding. Added detail is only of interest to those who have spent most or all of their professional lives studying the Moon. It is unlikely that any new information collected during detailed lunar exploration will resolve fundamental questions being asked regarding the origin and evolution of the solar system. Making this theme even more suspect in terms of its importance, a successful implementation of NRC program would require numerous robotic missions complimented by many human missions. The robotic missions would have to be more capable than the present Mars rover missions for, in addition to making detailed chemical and mineralogical measurements, many would require deep drilling and sample return from both the Moon’s near and far sides. To date, there have been no estimates of how much such an ambitious campaign would cost. NASA has dodged the question of cost for both robotic and human missions, including establishing human settlements, by hiding behind the slogan that returning to the Moon is based on an “open architecture.” Or in other words, to defuse the critics, it is whatever you want it to be. Not a very strong position on which to ask the Congress to commit to spending huge sums. There are no lunar resources that, when processed, would have any economic value if utilized on the Moon or returned to Earth. Lunar in situ resource utilization has been shown by several analyses to not have a positive cost benefit. Enthusiasts who have made claims to the contrary have done so by using questionable and very optimistic projections of what would be required. They would be well advised to reopen their chemistry and physics textbooks and spend some time with real-world mining and drilling operations. There are no lunar resources that, when processed, would have any economic value if utilized on the Moon or returned to Earth. A case in point is the assumption that water ice will be found at the lunar poles and could be mined to supply a base and other activities. (See “Ice on the Moon”, The Space Review, November 6, 2006) Based on measurements of the Moon’s polar regions made during the Lunar Prospector mission, some believe that large quantities of water ice will be found in permanently shadowed lunar craters. It should be remembered that Lunar Prospector did not record the presence of water ice, only an indication of “excess” hydrogen that some infer means water ice. If water ice exists, large amounts of lunar soil would have to be processed in the shadow of rock-strewn crater walls in order to recover sufficient quantities of oxygen and hydrogen to be used for either fuel or life support.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantitative Planetary Image Analysis Via Machine Learning
    Tina Memo No. 2013-008 External, PhD Thesis, University of Manchester Quantitative Planetary Image Analysis via Machine Learning. Paul Tar Last updated 25 / 09 / 2014 Centre for Imaging Sciences, Medical School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT. Quantitative Planetary Image Analysis via Machine Learning A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of PhD in the faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2014 Paul D. Tar School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences 2 Contents 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Theriseofimagingfromspace. ...... 19 1.1.1 Historicalimages ............................... 20 1.1.2 Contemporaryimages . 20 1.1.3 Futureimages.................................. 21 1.2 Sciencecase ..................................... .. 22 1.2.1 Lunarscience .................................. 22 1.2.2 Martianscience ................................ 22 1.3 Imageinterpretation ............................. ..... 23 1.3.1 Manualanalysis................................ 24 1.3.2 Automatedanalysis.............................. 24 1.4 Measurements.................................... .. 25 1.4.1 Quantitative measurements and The Scientific Method . .......... 26 1.4.2 Theroleofstatistics . ... 27 1.4.3 Assumptionsandapproximations . .... 29 1.5 Argumentforquantitativeautomation . ........ 30 1.6 Criteriaforaquantitativesystem . ......... 31 1.7 Thesisoutline ................................... ... 32 2 Literature Review 35 2.1 Representations ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Near Side of the Moon Charles J
    Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Near Side of the Moon Charles J. Byrne Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Near Side of the Moon Charles J. Byrne Image Again Middletown, NJ USA Cover illustration: Earth-based photograph of the full Moon from the “Consolidated Lunar Atlas” on the Website of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Byrne, Charles J., 1935– Lunar Orbiter photographic atlas of the near side of the Moon 1. Lunar Orbiter (Artificial satellite) 2. Moon–Maps 3. Moon–Photographs from space I. Title 523.3 0223 ISBN 1852338865 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Byrne, Charles J., 1935– Lunar Orbiter photographic atlas of the near side of the Moon : with 619 figures / Charles J. Byrne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85233-886-5 (acid-free paper) 1. Moon–Maps. 2. Moon–Photographs from space. 3. Moon–Remote-sensing images. 4. Lunar Orbiter (Artificial satellite) I. Title. G1000.3.B9 2005 523.3 022 3–dc22 2004045006 Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com. ISBN 1-85233-886-5 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2005 Springer-Verlag London Limited Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be repro- duced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission Press Kit, Part 2
    -lOl- The ascent stage engine compartment is formed by two beams running across the lower midsection deck and mated to the fore and aft bulkheads. Systems located in the midsection include the LM guidance computer, the power and servo assembly, ascent engine propellant tanks, RCS pro- pellant tanks, the environmental control system, and the waste management section. A tunnel ring atop the ascent stage meshes with the command module docking latch assemblies. During docking, the CM docking ring and latches are aligned by the LM drogue and the CSM probe. The dockingtunnel extends downward into the midsection 16 inches (40 cm). The tunnel is B2 inches (0.81 cm) in dia- meter and Is used for crew transfer between the CSM and LM. The upper hatch on the inboard end of the docking tunnel hinges downward and cannot be opened with the LM pressurized and u_docked. A thermal and mlcrometeoroid shield of multiple layers of mylar and a single thickness of thin aluminum skin encases the entire ascent stage structure. Descent Stase The descent stage consists of a cruciform load-carrylng structure of two pairs of parallel beams, upper and lower decks, and enclosure bulkheads -- all of conventional skln-and-strlnger aluminum alloy construction. The center compartment houses the descent engine, and descent propellant tanks are housed in the four square bays around the engine. The descent stage measures i0 feet 7 inches high by 14 feet 1 inch in diameter. Four-legged truss outriggers mounted on the ends of each pair of beams serve as SLA attach points and as "knees" for the landing gear main struts.
    [Show full text]
  • Lunar Orbiter Ii
    NASA CONTRACTOR NASA CR-883 REPORT LUNAR ORBITER II Photographic Mission Summary Prepared by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONAl AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. C. • OCTOBER 1967 THE CRATER COPERNICUS - Photo taken by NASA-Boeing Lunar Orbiter II, November 23, 1966,00:05:42 GMT, from a distance of 150 miles. NASA CR-883 LUNAR ORBITER II Photographic Mission Summary Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Issued by Originator as Document No. D2-100752-1 Prepared under Contract No. NAS 1-3800 by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sole by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 CONTENTS Page No. 1.0 LUNAR ORBITER II MISSION SUMMARY 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1.1 Program Description 4 1.1.2 Program Management 5 1.1.3 Program Objectives 6 1.1.3.1 Mission II Objectives 6 1.1.4 Mission Design 8 1.1.5 Flight Vehicle Description 12 1.2 LAUNCH PREPARATION AND OPERATIONS 19 1.2.1 Launch Vehicle Preparation 19 1.2.2 Spacecraft Preparation 21 1.2.3 Launch Countdown 21 1.2.4 Launch Phase 22 1.2.4.1 Flight Vehicle Performance 22 1.2.5 Data Acquisition 24 1.3 MISSION OPERATIONS 29 1.3.1 Mission Profile 29 1.3.2 Spacecraft Performance 31 1.3.2.1 Photo Subsystem Performance 32 1.3.2.2 Power Subsystem Performance 34 1.3.2.3 Communications
    [Show full text]
  • NASA and Planetary Exploration
    **EU5 Chap 2(263-300) 2/20/03 1:16 PM Page 263 Chapter Two NASA and Planetary Exploration by Amy Paige Snyder Prelude to NASA’s Planetary Exploration Program Four and a half billion years ago, a rotating cloud of gaseous and dusty material on the fringes of the Milky Way galaxy flattened into a disk, forming a star from the inner- most matter. Collisions among dust particles orbiting the newly-formed star, which humans call the Sun, formed kilometer-sized bodies called planetesimals which in turn aggregated to form the present-day planets.1 On the third planet from the Sun, several billions of years of evolution gave rise to a species of living beings equipped with the intel- lectual capacity to speculate about the nature of the heavens above them. Long before the era of interplanetary travel using robotic spacecraft, Greeks observing the night skies with their eyes alone noticed that five objects above failed to move with the other pinpoints of light, and thus named them planets, for “wan- derers.”2 For the next six thousand years, humans living in regions of the Mediterranean and Europe strove to make sense of the physical characteristics of the enigmatic planets.3 Building on the work of the Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Hellenistic Greeks who had developed mathematical methods to predict planetary motion, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria put forth a theory in the second century A.D. that the planets moved in small circles, or epicycles, around a larger circle centered on Earth.4 Only partially explaining the planets’ motions, this theory dominated until Nicolaus Copernicus of present-day Poland became dissatisfied with the inadequacies of epicycle theory in the mid-sixteenth century; a more logical explanation of the observed motions, he found, was to consider the Sun the pivot of planetary orbits.5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Lunar Orbiter Iv
    NASA CONTRACTOR NASA CR-1054 REPORT LUNAR ORBITER IV Photographic Mission Summary Prepared by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. C. • JUNE 1968 First Detailed View of Orientale Basin Photo taken by NASA-Boeing Lunar Orbiter IV, May 25, 1967, 05:33:34 GMT, from an altitude o£2,721 kilometers. NASA CR-1054 LUNAR ORBITER IV Photographic Mission Summary Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Issued by Originator as Boeing Document No. 02-100754-1 (Vol. 1) Prepared under Contract No. NAS 1-3800 by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION . ........ ............ ............... ....... ............... 5 1.1 Program Description ....................................................... 5 1.2 Program Management ...................................................... 5 1.3 Program Objectives ........................................................ 6 1.3.1 Mission IV Objectives ................................................. 7 1.4 Mission Design ............................... ..... ....... .... ............ 8 1.5 Flight Vehicle Description ... ......... ............................. .... .. .. 11 2.0 LAUNCH PREPARATION
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Contractor Report: Lunar Orbiter IV Photographic Mission Summary
    d. I. ... ' . .7 !\,~ 1: NASA CONTRACTOR -"NASA CR-11 REPORT e..1 LOAN COPY: RETURN TO AFWL (WLIL-2) KIRTLAND AFB, N. ME>( LUNAR ORBITER IV Photographic Mission Summary Prepared by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON,D. C. JUNE 1968 First Detailed Viewof Orientale Basin Photo taken byNASA-Boeing Lunar OrbiterIV, May 25,1967, 05:33:34 GMT, from an altitude of 2,721 kilometers. LUNAR ORBITER IV Photographic Mission Summary Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of informationexchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Issued by Originator as Boeing Document No. D2- 100754- 1 (Vol. 1) Prepared under Contract No. NAS 1-3800 by THE BOEING COMPANY Seattle, Wash. for Langley Research Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ~ ~ For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 5 1.1 Program Description ........................................................ 5 1.2Program Management ....................................................... 5 1.3 Program Objectives ......................................................... 6 1.3.1 Mission IV Objectives .................................................. 7 1.4Mission Design ............................................................. 8 1.5Flight Vehicle Description ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FOIA Logs For: NASA Headquarters for FY 2005
    Description of document: FOIA CASE LOGS for: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, Washington DC for FY 2005 – FY 2007 Requested date: 04-December-2007 Released date: 04-December-2007 Posted date: 11-January-2008 Title of Document Freedom of Information Request Control Log Requests Received From FY 2008 Requests Received From FY 07 Requests Received From FY06 Requests Received From FY 2005 Date/date range of document: 25-October-2004 – 04-December-2007 Source of document: NASA Headquarters FOIA Requester Service Center Mail Stop 5-L19 300 E Street, SW Washington, DC 20546 The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file National Aeronautics and Space Administration N~ Headquarters " . Washington, DC 20546-0001 Reply to Attn of: 08-075 December 4, 2007 This is in response to your request received on December 4, 2007, pursuant to the Freedom ofInformation Act (FOIA) for information regarding "a copy ofthe FOIA case logs for NASA HQ for the time period FY2005, FY 2006, and FY 2007 to the present" The NASA Headquarters FOIA Requester Service Center conducted a search and from that search provided FOIA Case Logs for the time period FY 2005, FY 2006, FY 2007 and FY 2008 from October 1, 2007 through December 4, 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • The Surveyorprogram
    ..... _° o0ooooo _ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770025235 2018-04-11T18:05:23+00:00Z .4;" ' F 00000001-TSA03 ORIGINAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALIo/,y I 1 i 4 , I i IIII '1 ', !, 00000001-TSA04 i._ ,) I l L 1 I t i I / WDC-A-R 77.02 .. National Space Science Dora Center/ World Om Center A For Rockets end Satellites Catalog of Lunar - Mission ;. Data ' ': TechnicalCoordinator - WINIFRED SAWTELL CAMERON Editors ELLEN J. MANTEL • ELIZABETH ,_, MILLER July 1977 i-- 00000001-TSA05 / PREFACE i, We acknowledge with thanks those persons, too numerous to name, of the National Space Science D_ta Center (NSSDC) who have contributed to the production of this Ca_log. Appreciation of the contributions of the experimenters is also hereby acknowledged. _,eir data submission and explanatory documentation form the base o£ this Catalog. _e NSSDC per- ... r sonnel activity included data and information handling, verification, ! data description, inventory, illustrations, and photography, as well as : document production, and involved both the acquisition scientists and ! the Data Center's onsite contractor, General Telephone and Electronics/ ' Information Systems, PMI Facilities Management Corporation personnel. _: The Data Center strives to serve the scientific community in a useful = L manner so that the scientific data deposited there can be disseminated _: for continued and further analysis. Scientists are invited to submit : comments or recommendations regarding the format of this Catalog, the .: data announced herein, and the services provided by NSSDC. Recipients ., are urged to inform other potential data users of its availability. _t i ._ IVinifredSawtell Cameron _i Elizabeth R.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Space Industrial Base 2020 Program
    Welcome to the State of the Space Industrial Base 2020 Virtual Solutions Workshop! Specific Objectives Establish implementable recommendations for defense policy and actions to ensure the maintenance and expansion of the US space industrial base to meet national defense needs. Establish these defense policies and actions in the context of the larger set of implementable whole-of-government policies and actions required to guarantee the US space industrial base needed to ensure a space future supporting US national power. Provide focus on short-term recommendations and actions to preserve and expand the US space industrial base in light of the disruption to the overall US economy and particular to the Space Industrial base by the COVID 19 virus pandemic. Working Groups: Space Information Services Space transportation & Logistics Human presence in space Space manufacturing & Resource Extraction Space power Space Policy & Finance Agenda at a Glance Start Time End Time (Meeting (Meeting room will Session Type: room will be Day Date open 30 Plenary or open 30 min Participants Events min earlier Breakout after end than start time) time) Intro/Welcome; Workshop All 1 4 May 7:45 12:45 Plenary Overviews; Keynote; 3 Panels Working Groups for Day 1 Breakout WG 1 - Space Info 1 4 May 13:30 17:00 Sessions A&B Panels WG 2 - Space Working Groups for Day 1 Breakout Transportation & Panels 1 4 May 13:30 17:00 Sessions A&B Logistics Working Groups for Day 1 Breakout WG 3 - Space Power 1 4 May 13:30 17:00 Sessions A&B Panels Discussion from Remaining 3
    [Show full text]
  • The Exploring Machines. National Aeronautics and Space Administra
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 283 723 SE 048 258 AUTHOR Nicks, Oran W. TITLE Far_Travelers: The Exploring Machines. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. REPORT NO NASA-SP-480 -PUB DATE 85 NOTE 265p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC-11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; *Lunar Research; Navigation; Research and Development; Satellites (Aerospace); Science and Society; Science Education; Science History; Scientific Enterprise; *Scientific Research; *Scientists; .*Space Exploration; Space Sciences; *Technological Advancement IDENTIFIERS *National Aeronautics and Space Administration ABSTRACT The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) program of lunar and planetary exploration produced_a flood of scientific information about the moon, planets and the environment of interplanetary space. This book is an account of the people, machines, and the events of this scientific enterprise. It is a story of organizations, personalities, political and perceptions of the golden era of solar system exploration._The engineering problems and outstanding accomplishments of the missions are narrated. Both failures and successes during the development and flights_oi the spacecraf-:s are highlighted. Although this book is not priwarily a scientific report, it does include technical aspects of space flight and conveys some of the excitement
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Earth a CHRONICLE of DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
    Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Asif A. Siddiqi Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 by Asif A. Siddiqi NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2018-4041 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– author. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body. | United States. NASA History Program Office, publisher. Title: Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958–2016 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. Other titles: Deep space chronicle Description: Second edition. | Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2018] | Series: NASA SP ; 2018-4041 | Series: The NASA history series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017058675 (print) | LCCN 2017059404 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830424 | ISBN 9781626830431 | ISBN 9781626830431?q(paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Space flight—History. | Planets—Exploration—History. Classification: LCC TL790 (ebook) | LCC TL790 .S53 2018 (print) | DDC 629.43/509—dc23 | SUDOC NAS 1.21:2018-4041 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058675 Original Cover Artwork provided by Ariel Waldman The artwork titled Spaceprob.es is a companion piece to the Web site that catalogs the active human-made machines that freckle our solar system. Each space probe’s silhouette has been paired with its distance from Earth via the Deep Space Network or its last known coordinates. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. ISBN 978-1-62683-043-1 90000 9 781626 830431 For my beloved father Dr.
    [Show full text]