La Migración Judía Hacia Tandil (1880 - 1945)

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La Migración Judía Hacia Tandil (1880 - 1945) XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 2013. La migración judía hacia Tandil (1880 - 1945). Leonardo Brunelli. Cita: Leonardo Brunelli (2013). La migración judía hacia Tandil (1880 - 1945). XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza. Dirección estable: https://www.aacademica.org/000-010/453 Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: https://www.aacademica.org. Colonia Rusa, una experiencia de colonizacin austral en la "nueva" Argentina (1906 - 1960) Leonardo Brunelli FCH-UNCPBA / Dpt. de Historia DNI 26 966 262 leolenfer yahoo.com.ar bjetivos: Para reali%ar este trabajo me centrar( en el an)lisis de una colonia de emigrados jud+os, conocida como Colonia Rusa en las cercan+as de -eneral .oca. El objeti0o principal es anali%ar la relaci1n de a2uel grupo de inmigrantes en el marco de las relaciones e integraci1n 2ue se crearon entre ellos e inmigrantes de otras colecti0idades 3principalmente espa4oles, alemanes e italianos6, as+ como su relaci1n con grupos criollos. La solidaridad fue el cimiento sobre la 2ue construyeron sus 0i0iendas, labraron la tierra y educaron a sus hijos, respetando sus tradiciones, pero inculc)ndoles a su 0e% la cultura nacional y form)ndolos en las aulas de la escuela p7blica. Inmigrantes de las distintas colecti0idades se unieron formando cooperati0as 2ue estrecharon a7n m)s los 0+nculos y las relaciones entre las familias de las distintas colecti0idades. .eali%ar( un repaso desde la g(nesis de esta colonia hasta su consumaci1n. Esta presentaci1n constituye un primer acercamiento a un problema de in0estigaci1n mayor 2ue brindar) cla0es interpretati0as posibles de ser aplicadas a problemas de similar factura. Es indispensable para el entendimiento de este trabajo, relacionar los acontecimientos 2ue simult)neamente se lle0aban a cabo por a2uel entonces, tanto a ni0el regional, nacional como internacional, tarea 2ue por momentos no resulta sencilla, pero en la 2ue tratar( de abordar de la mejor manera posible. Introduccin: Luego de la Campa&a del Desierto, lle0ada a cabo por el -eneral .oca, se ane8an grandes cantidades de tierra al territorio nacional. Es en el a4o 1878, mediante la Ley Nacional N+ 9,4 2ue se cre1 la -obernaci1n de la Patagonia, (sta abarcaba toda la superficie 2ue actualmente se encuentra bajo las jurisdicciones de las pro0incias de Neu2u(n, .+o Negro, Chubut, Santa Cru% y Tierra del Fuego. Con este 0asto y poco poblado territorio, comien%a a diagramarse la coloni%aci1n del sur del pa+s. Las ideas de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento y Juan Bautista Alberdi -al igual 2ue las de otros intelectuales contempor)neos sobre el futuro desarrollo de la Argentina- est)n 0inculadas a las condiciones fa0orables 2ue abr+a el a0ance del capitalismo industrial europeo, influyeron sobre las (lites dirigentes argentinas. Tanto Sarmiento como Alberdi, coincid+an en 2ue la falta de poblaci1n era la fuente de todos nuestros males. Sarmiento a4oraba la llegada de inmigrantes europeos cultos y deseosos de apro0echar las oportunidades de un pa+s en crecimiento, anhelaba el modelo de inmigraci1n lle0ado a cabo por Estados Unidos y trat1 de imitarlo. Este pensamiento 2ueda e0idenciado en la siguiente cita de Alberdi: (...) queremos plantar y aclimatar en América la libertad inglesa, la cultura francesa, la laboriosidad del hombre de Europa y de Estados Unidos? raigamos pedazos vivos de ellas en las costumbres y radiquémoslas aqu# ($)1 1 Alberdi, Juan Bautista. Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina. Chile, 1852. 1 El 30 de no0iembre de 1902, el Congreso Nacional sanciona la Ley Nacional N+ 416. /de 0ierras1, 0igente en la actualidad. Dicha ley fue promulga por el Poder Ejecuti0o el 8 de enero de 1903. Este Decreto establec+a una reducci1n en el precio de las chacras de 50 a 2,50 pesos por hect)rea2, a cambio el ad2uiriente deb+a reali%ar 0arias reformas. Fue reci(n despu(s de sancionada esta Ley, 2ue comien%a el desarrollo agrario en a2uella nue0a regi1n. Durante los a4os 190C y 1905, decretada la Ley Dde TierrasE, el gobierno argentino promociona di0ersos territorios nacionales, difundiendo en Europa folletos en los cuales mostraba la posibilidades de asentarse en esas tierras, as+ como su fertilidad y los beneficios de los 2ue go%ar+an los futuros colonos. A miles de Fil1metros, en .usia, m)s precisamente en el shetetl3 de Shimiat%, los folletos llegaron a las manos de sus habitantes jud+os. A finales del siglo GHIII, la e8pansi1n del Imperio Ruso hacia el oeste ane81 gran cantidad de tierras a las 2ue ya pose+a. A medida 2ue a0an%aban, durante distintas con2uistas, fueron incorporados los territorios de: Bielorrusia, Ucrania, -alit%ia, parte de la -ran Polonia, Lituania y Tur2u+a, de esta manera el n7mero de jud+os bajo su mando se increment1. Tras la derrota de Napole1n en 1815, .usia termin1 de ane8ar Polonia, donde resid+an unos 3.000.000 de jud+os. Bajo el reinado del zar Nicol2s I se emple1 como pol+tica DrusificarE a los s7bditos de otras nacionalidades 2ue se encontraban en el territorio, utili%ando 0ariados m(todos: se cre1 un ser0icio militar llamado cantonistaC, se puso en marcha un importante n7mero de monasterios para bauti%ar a jud+os, se e8igi1 el uso obligatorio del idioma ruso, y se prohibi1 la concurrencia a las sinagogas bajo pena de muerte. Alejandro II, su sucesor, al comen%ar su reinado adopt1 una serie de medidas liberales: aboli1 el ser0icio cantonista, dio permiso de 0i0ir fuera de la DchertaE5 a a2uellos jud+os 2ue hab+an sufrido este tipo de enrolamiento, as+ como la posibilidad de educaci1n para un n7mero limitado en academias y escuelas. La m)s importante de estas medidas consisti1 en un DucaseE6 2ue permiti1 la liberaci1n de miles de sier0os de la noble%a terrateniente. El decreto buscaba dar mano de obra a los incipientes capitales occidentales 2ue se iban in0irtiendo paulatinamente en el imperio. En el a4o 1871 se produjo el primer DpogromE7 en Idesa, ciudad 2ue pose+a un cuarto de poblaci1n jud+a. Los despose+dos atacaron las barriadas pobres de los jud+os con un saldo de decenas de propiedades incendiadas, personas gra0emente heridas y numerosas muertes. Estos mo0imientos comen%aron a ser temidos por el Estado %arista. Una d(cada m)s tarde, el %ar fue asesinado en un atentado atribuido a los Dre0olucionariosE y en especial a los jud+os8. En el a4o 1881 Alejandro III ascendi1 al trono, no solo estaba influenciado por la Iglesia Irtodo8a .usa, sino 2ue adem)s apro0ech1 el descontento del pueblo e incit1 a las masas a 2ue cometan pogroms. La f1rmula %arista planificada para el problema jud+o era 2ue: J emigrar+a, J se con0ertir+a por medio del bautismo y el J restante morir+a de hambre y por el 0andalismo organi%ado del gobierno. 2 valor mínimo fijado. 3 aldea con una importante comunidad judía. 4 obligaba a miles de comunidades judías a enviar a los cuarteles a niños de 12 a 14 años. Éstos eran adoptados por familias cristiano-ortodoxas rusas, alejándolos de toda forma de judaísmo. 5 en ruso: zona de residencia. 6 decreto zarista. 7 en ruso: “devastación”, eran revuelta en masa contra un sector de la comunidad judía. 8 incriminados de haber participado colectivamente en el asesinato, ya que uno de los magnicidas era judío. 2 Los ata2ues se repitieron a diario en distintos poblados a lo largo de toda la %ona con la consecuente huida en masa de miles de jud+os. El gobierno inst1 a los lumpen9 a crear un mo0imiento antijud+o conocido como las Centurias Negras, 2ue organi%aba los pogroms, irrump+a en los barrios jud+os asesinando y 2uemando todo a su paso. En 31 de mayo de 1882 se dictan leyes pro0isorias antijud+as, 2ue: no les permit+an establecerse en las aldeas, anulaba sus contratos de arriendo y 0enta de tierras, les prohib+a comerciar los domingos y d+as de fiesta cristianos, se emplea el numerus clausus10 en escuelas y uni0ersidades, se les prohib+a ocupar cargos y empleos p7blicos, entre otros. Muchos jud+os militaban en los mo0imientos re0olucionarios, en partidos anar2uistas adem)s del partido bolche0i2ue y el menche0i2ue. Esto era un buen prete8to para 2ue el DpupulachoE11 descargara sus descontentos. ( odo el mundo sabe con antelaci)n cuando va a suceder un pogrom: se distribuyen llamamientos, art#culos odiosos aparecen en el )rgano oficial Gouberns,ia -iedomosti (.a Informaci)n 0rovincial) (...) rumores siniestros son divulgados entre la masa ignorante: 1los 2ud#os est3n listos para atacar a los ortodo4os56 1los socialistas profanaron un verdadero #cono56 1los estudiantes despedazaron un retrato del zar5 (...) Cuando llega el gran d#a, el oficio divino es celebrado en la catedral: el serm)n es pronunciado. Al frente del corte2o patri)tico marcha el clero, con un retrato del zar prestado del distrito policial y con innumerables estandartes nacionales. Al comienzo se rompen las vidrieras, los transe8ntes son maltratados y se bebe en abundancia. .a m8sica militar repite incansablemente el himno ruso: 19Dios salve al emperador;5 *es el himno de los pogroms (...) 0rotegida por el frente y por la retaguardia por patrullas de soldados, por un escuadr)n de cosacos, guiados por polic#as y provocadores, acompa=ados por mercenarios (...) el bando se precipita a través de la ciudad en un carnaval de locura y sangre..
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