ISLAMISASI DI TATAR SUNDA Era Kerajaan Sukapura

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ISLAMISASI DI TATAR SUNDA Era Kerajaan Sukapura ISLAMISASI DI TATAR SUNDA Era kerajaan Sukapura Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda ___ i ISLAMISASI DI TATAR SUNDA Era kerajaan Sukapura Penulis: Prof. Dr. Sulasman Dr. Ruhiyat Agus Wirabudiman, MA Abud Syehabudin, M.Pd Dr. Acep Aripudin Editor: Ahmad Yunani, S.Ag., M.Hum. Cetakan I, 2017 14,8 x 21 cm vi + 287 hal. Desain dan Layout: Buya Samuray Diterbitkan oleh: Puslitbang Lektur, Khazanah Keagamaan, dan Manajemen Organisasi Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama RI Tahun 2017 Copyraight @2017 All Rights Reserved ii ___ Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda Pengantar enyelesaian penulisan hasil penelitian sejarah Islamisasi masa Kerajaan Sukapura merupakan langkah tepat, tepat P sasaran (targetting) dan momentum mengenai pelurusan sejarah yang selama ini masih terkesan mengambang. Puslitbang Lektur, Khazanah Keagamaan, dan Manajemen Organisasi Balit- bang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama RI sebagai institusi yang memfasilitasi program penulisan sejarah Nusantara telah berperan dalam melaksanakan misinya dalam memelihara dan mengembangakan khazanah budaya Nusantara. Ada beberapa urgensi penulisan sejarah Sukapura dilihat dari sudut pandang, berikut: pertama, kekayaan warisan budaya di Nusantara, ter- masuk wilayah Sukapura belum diungkap secara baik dan benar, sehingga belum dipublikasikan dan belum diketahui luas oleh masyarakat Nusantara, masyarakat Sunda sekitar Priangan Timur pada khususnya. Kedua, belum adanya tulisan memadai tentang Islamisasi masa Kerajaan Sukapura yang akan menjadi pijakan dan pelurusan sejarah pembangunan di Tatar Sukapura. Perdebatan tentang Islamisasi di Sukapura, lahirnya Sukapura, dan atau Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda ___ iii Tasikmalaya, menjadi contoh bagaimana sejarah sangat menen- tukan terhadap jalannya roda pembangunan karena menjadi landasan fundamental filosofi perjalanan manusia. Ketiga, ada- nya tugas moral untuk ikut serta dalam upaya pencerdasan masyarakat dan bangsa melalui penyadaran terhadap jati diri bangsa. Indonesia memiliki warisan kerajaan yang luar biasa banyak, namun belum sepenuhnya dipelajari, sehingga belum menjadi pelajaran bagi bangsanya. Ketidaktahuan masyarakat terhadap sejarahnya ini dapat berbahaya karena akan memutus rantai kebudayaan masyarakat. Semoga tulisan tentang Islamisasi masa Kerajaan Sukapura ini memberi kontribusi terhadap khazanah penulisan sejarah, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan, sekaligus memelihara semangat konservasi khazanah budaya Nusantara. Tulisan sejarah Sukapura yang diangkat dari hasil penelitian serius ini, tentu masih sangat terbatas. Pada beberapa bagian tema masih ditemukan kekurangan, bahkan kesalahan. Karena- nya kontribusi kritikan, masukan dan perbaikan untuk tulisan ini lebih layak dipublikasikan sangat terbuka kami harapkan. Semo- ga Tuhan Maha Kuasa selalu membimbing kita ke arah yang lebih baik. Jakarta, Desember 2018 Kepala, Choirul Fuad Yusuf iv ___ Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda DAFTAR ISI Pengantar ______ iii Daftar Isi ______ v PENDAHULUAN __Latar Belakang ______ 1 __Ruang Lingkup ______ 30 __Sistematika Tulisan ______ 38 MASYARAKAT SUNDA PRA-ISLAM __Asal Usul Ki Sunda______ 37 __Keberagamaan Masyarakat Tatar Sunda______ 59 __Kehidupan Politik Masyarakat Tatar Sunda______ 124 __Kehidupan Ekonomi Masyarakat Tatar Sunda______ 149 __Kehidupan Budaya Masyarakat Tatar Sunda______ 170 ISLAMISASI DI TATAR SUNDA __Islamisasi Pada Era Pembentukan______ 187 __Aspek Politik Islam (Dua Kelompok Muslimin) ______ 193 __Rakeyan Sancang______ 209 __Taraju Jawadwipa Periode 526 M 1521 M______ 233 __Perjumpaan Hindu, Budha, Islam dengan Agama Pribumi______ 258 – ISLAM DI TATAR SUNDA DALAM REALITAS KEKINIAN __Kebangkitan Islam Puritan______ 275 __Menguatnya Islam Moderat Nusantara______ 276 Epilog; Islam Sunda dalam Konstelasi NKRI Masa Depan______ 279 Daftar Pustaka______ 283 Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda ___ v vi ___ Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Mengenai Sunda-Islam, Islam-Sunda “atau Islam teh Sunda, Sunda teh Islam”1, telah lama menjadi bahan penelitian, dan menjadi bahan pembicaraan dalam berbagai kesempatan, baik diskusi, seminar maupun melalui media cetak. Menurut Ajip Rosidi ungkapan tersebut merupakan strategi kebudayaan dalam upaya membendung gerak paham komunis yang mulai merajalela di tengah-tengah masyarakat Sunda.2 “Urang Sunda mah geus Islam samemeh Islam”, diungkapkan oleh Penghulu K.H. Hasan Mustofa dalam menafsirkan al-Qur`an pada ayat-ayat awal suarat Al-Baqarah. “Islam” yang pertama adalah Islam lawas, yakni Islam yang dibawakan oleh Nabi dan Rasul sejak Nabi Adam, a.s yakni agama tauhid. Sedangkan Islam ayeuna yakni Islam yang dibawakan oleh Nabi Muhammad saw. 1 Kesadaran “manunggalnya” Islam dengan Sunda pernah mencuat pada Musyawarah Masyarakat II di Bandung pada tahun 1967. Endang Saefudin Anshari, yang bukan orang Sunda pituin, menyatakan tesisnya tentang Sunda- Islam dan Islam-Sunda. (Agus Ahmad Safei:, Menatap Wajah Islam dari Jendela Sunda, Banjarmasin, 1 – 4 November 2010, Annual Conference on Islamic Studies, (ACIS) Ke – 10). 2 Agus Ahmad Safei, Fenomena Kultural Islam-Sunda” dalam Cik Hasan Bisri, dkk.Pergumulan Islam Dengan Kebudayaan Lokal di Tatar Sunda.Cetakan Ke-1. Bandung: Kaki Langit. 2005, h. 139 Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda ____1 Dengan demikian, orang Sunda yang keluar dari agama Islam sama dengan keluar dari lingkungan budaya Sunda.3 Dadan Wildan mengungkapkan: “Terlepas dari itu semua, pemahaman pelaksanaan adaptasi dan harmoni antara Islam sebagai ajaran agama dengan tradisi Sunda sebagai adat istiadat warisan budaya lama disadari akan menimbulkan pemaknaan yang berbeda. Di satu pihak ada yang menganggap bahwa berbagai upacara tradisi itu adalah adat istiadat yang perlu tetap dilestarikan dan sejalan dengan agama Islam, bahkan menjadi 'sunah', sebaliknya di pihak lain ada yang beranggapan bahwa ajaran Islam yang diwarnai oleh tradisi dan budaya Sunda adalah bentuk perbuatan bid’ah.4 Berbeda dengan pendapat sebelumnya, Engkus Ruswana K mengungkapkan : “Jika ada pihak yang menyimpulkan bahwa Kerajaan Galuh dan Kerajaan Sunda Padjadjaran menganut Hindu, masih patut diragukan kebenarannya sebab sampai dengan saat ini belum ada bukti sejarah yang dapat mendukung kesimpulan tersebut. Hingga saat ini masih terjadi perdebatan apakah Galuh dan Pajajaran menganut Hindu-Buddha atau agama/kepercayaan asli Sunda”. Selanjutnya menurut Engkus Ruswana K : “Beberapa komunitas Sunda, termasuk Sunda Wiwitan, Cigugur, Ciparay dan beberapa komunitas lainnya, berkeyakinan kepercayaan yang dianut kedua kerajaan tersebut adalah agama/kepercayaan asli Sunda. Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian antropolog Nanang Saptono dalam tulisan berjudul “Di Jateng Ada Candi, di Jabar Kabuyutan” yang dimuat dalam Harian Kompas, 3 September 2001 yang menyatakan, dalam Carita Parahyangan juga 3 Periksa Juhaya S. Praja, Hukum Islam dalam Tradisi dan Budaya Masyarakat Sunda, dalam Cik Hasan Bisri, dkk., Op. Cit. h. 131 4Dadan Wildan (Dosen Universitas Galuh, Ciamis, Jawa Barat), “Perjumpaan Islam dengan Tradisi Sunda”, Harian Umum Pikiran Rakyat /HU- PR, Tanggal 7 Agustus 2003. 2 ____ Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda menunjuk bahwa kepercayaan umum raja-raja di Galuh ialah sewabakti ring batara upati yang berorientasi kepada kepercayaan asli.5 Selain istilah Sunda-Islam, Islam-Sunda, baru-baru ini mun- cul gagasan Islam Nusantara yang diusung oleh Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) sebuah Organisasi Masyarakat Keagamaan Islam di Indonesia yang berdiri sejak tahun 1926 M.6 Islam Nusantara menjadi isu menarik perhatian publik sejak muncul sebagai tema Muktamar NU ke-33 di Jombang pada 1-5 Agusus 2015. Perdebatan soal istilah Islam Nusantara tak dapat dielakkan. Para penentangnya adalah mereka yang selama ini memainkan panggung dakwah Islam secara radikal. Mereka para pendukung gerakan khilafah Islamiyah juga melawan keras gagasan Islam Nusantara. sebagai paradigma keberislaman lokal yang universal, Islam Nusantara sebenarnya bukan paradigma baru.istilah ini dimunculkan sebagai upaya meneguhkan keberis- laman yang universal, yakni agama rahmatal lil ‘alamin.7 Dr. Nico Pruca dari Wina menyampaikan dalam forum International Conference of the Moderate Islamic Leaders (Isomil) sebagai berikut: “Seringkali orang-orang Barat memiliki pandangan bahwa Islam itu negara-negara Arab dan menge- nyampingkan Indonesia sebagai negara dengan penduduk Islam terbesar di dunia. Sebab itu, konflik berkepanjangan yang terjadi di Arab menguatkan sudut pandang Barat bahwa Islam identik dengan kekerasan, padahal tidak seperti itu”. 5Engkus Ruswana K (Seorang Planolog praktisi konsultan pembangunan daerah kota, sekaligus sebagai Pengikut Ajaran Bapak Mei Kartawinata), “Memprihatinkan, Penulisan Sejarahnya Hanya Warisan Penjajah : Perjumapaan Islam dengan Tradisi Sunda”, Harian Umum Pikiran Rakyat /HU-PR, Tanggal 14 Juni 2003. 6Khoirul Anam, Sejarah NU, Yogyakarta, Tiara Wacana, 2001. 7Masduri, Merawat Islam Nusantara, Menjaga Masa Depan Islam, .Jumat, 06 Mei 2016, http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/67940 (Diunduh tanggal 15 Agustus 2016, 21:51 WIB) Islamisasi di Tatar Sunda ____3 Demikian pernyataan pakar radikalisme dari Department of War Studies ICSR (The International Center of The Study Radicalization and Political Violence) yang berbasis di London, Dr Nico Prucha terhadap pandangan Islam di Barat saat diwa- wancarai NU Online di Jakarta, Selasa (10/5/2016) malam.8 Berdasarkan Sensus Penduduk 2010, Badan Pusat Statistik merilis tentang jumlah penduduk Indonesia berdasar pada agama. Islam 207.176.162 (87,18%), Kristen 16.528.513 (6,96), Katolik 6.907.873 (2,91), Hindu 4.012.116 (1,69), Buddha 1.703.254
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