CHURCHILL’S WAR
i – The Struggle for Power
Part of Source Notes and Index
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CHURCHILL'S WAR is a series of volumes on the life of the British statesman. Vol. i – The Struggle for Power (ISBN ) – was originally published by Veritas (Western Australia) in , by Hutchinson (London) in , by Avon Books (New York) in , and by Herbig Verlag (Munich) in . Vol. ii – Triumph in Adversity (ISBN ) – was published by Focal Point Publications (London) in . A third volume is in preparation. CHURCHILL’S WAR Notes and Sources
: Faithless but Fortunate WSC to Clementine, Nov and , (ibid., ff). Harold Nicolson, MS: Portrait of WSC, Gilbert, vol. v, . (Columbia University, New York: WSC to Clementine, Sep , Longwell papers). (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Cecil King diary, Feb , (Boston WSC to Clementine, Sep , Univ.). (Gilbert, vol. v, ). General Sir Hastings Ismay; in Nicolson Maurice Ashley, Churchill as Historian diary, Aug , . (London, ), . Letter from Nigel Nicolson, Mar , Mackenzie King diary, Aug and . Aug , . William Lyon Mackenzie King diary, Chamberlain to Irwin; see note . Aug , (Public Archives of Can- John Davidson, diary, Mar , , ada, Ottawa). recording luncheon with Sir William N Chamberlain (Min of Health) to Ld Berry, later Lord Camrose (Gilbert, Irwin, Aug , (Gilbert, Winston vol. v, ). Churchill, vol. v, f). Interview of Kay Halle (see note ). WSC to Ld Hugh Cecil, unsent, Oct She was at Chartwell that evening; , : in R Churchill, Winston Chur- FDR’s son was present. chill (London ), vol. ii, f. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (Lon- : Keeping It under His Hat don, ), . Roskill remarks (ibid., ) that Gilbert Douglas had first published his infamous ‘glosses over’ WSC’s role in this attack, ‘The Murder of Lord Kitchener (Churchill, vol. iii, ff). and the Truth about the Battle of Jut- Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . land and the Jews,’ in his obscure From WSC, ‘My Life.’ First published weekly Plain English, Jan . The at- in Chicago Tribune, Feb , ; original torney general had at the time advised MS at Oregon Univ., Eugene, Oregon. WSC to ignore it. WSC had of course Interview of Kay Halle, Washington, left the admiralty in , one year May . before Jutland. Hankey cited in Liddell-Hart notes, Halifax, cited in Dalton diary, Dec , May , (King’s College, London: . Liddell-Hart papers). Prince Otto von Bismarck, Aufzeichnung, WSC to Baldwin, Dec , London den . Oktober (German (Gilbert, vol. v, ff; letter, Ld Beatty FO papers: microfilm , roll to his wife, Jan , ). , ff). Naval staff memo, Mar , WSC to Beaverbrook, Sep , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). (Beaverbrook papers, C.). Cf. Gilbert, vol. v, ff. WSC to Randolph, Jan. (Gil- Ibid. bert, vol. v, ). Memo on Anglo–American relations, WSC to Baruch, Nov , (Baruch Nov , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). papers). The Chartwell quotes are from the di- Washington Star, Jan , ; and see ary of Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, John Wheeler, I’ve Got News for You later an MP, Sep , (ibid., ). (E P Dutton, New York ), . He
DAVID IRVING
also sold it to the Daily Mail. WSC to Clementine, Nov , Clementine to Randolph, Jan , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Colville diary, Nov , . C Murphy MS, Mar (FDR Libr., L Amery diary, Nov , (Gilbert, Winant papers, box , ‘Churchill’). vol. v, ). Speech in New York, January, WSC to Spears, Mar , (Chur- (Gilbert, vol. v, ). chill College, Cambridge: Spears pa- WSC, ‘Zionism versus Bolshevism: A pers, /). Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish Peo- Gilbert, vol. vi, . ple,’ in Illustrated Sunday Herald, Lon- Letter, Aubrey Neil Morgan MP to don, Feb , . author, Dec , . WSC speech, Jan , (Public WSC to the Prof, Feb , Records Officer [hereafter: PRO] file (Cherwell papers). ./). WSC speech to the US Congress, Dec WSC to Clementine, Jan , , . (Gilbert, vol. v, ). WSC to Camrose, Aug ; and to Cited in Current Biography, ff. Clementine, Aug , (Gilbert, vol. WSC’s original typescript in Univ. of v, ). Oregon, with his MS corrections. C Murphy, memo on dinner party of WSC article, Mar , (Gilbert, Mar , (Eisenhower Library, C vol. v, f). D Jackson papers, box , ‘Churchill’). See WSC’s speech to the House on C Scribner to WSC, Mar , Nov , (House of Commons De- (Gilbert, vol. v, ). They sold , bates). copies of the final volume of Crisis. Letter, Thornton Butterworth to : Wuthering Depths WSC, Nov , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Interview of Kay Halle, May . Jack Churchill to WSC, Sep , Beaverbrook to Sir Robert Borden, Jan (Gilbert, vol. v, ). , . Correspondence between Curtis Beaverbrook to Arthur Brisbane, Oct Brown and Chicago Tribune, Sep , , . to Feb , (Univ. of Ore- Beaverbrook to Sir Robert Borden, Jan gon, Eugene). And see Dr J Richard and Mar , . Heinzkill and Martin Schmitt, ‘Sir Beaverbrook to Theodor Fink, Nov , Winston’s Potboilers,’ in Imprint: Ore- . gon, Fall , ff, and note in The Pa- T E B Clarke, This is Where I Came In pers of the Bibliographic Society of America, (London, ), . vol. (), . Christopher Hassall, A Biography of Ed- Curtis Brown to Chicago Tribune, Feb ward Marsh (New York, ), f. , . The Times, reviewing The World Crisis, vol. ii, on Oct , . : Wild Man in the Wilderness Prof A J P Taylor in The Observer, May , ; cf. R Rhodes James, op. cit. C D Jackson, memo: Churchill speaking Letters, WSC to E Marsh, Aug , during cruise with Henry Luce (Eisen- ; June , ; Aug , hower Library, Jackson papers, Apr – (Berg Library, New York). , , box , ‘Churchill’). Gilbert, vol. v, ; M. Ashley, Lord Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds Churchill as Historian (London, ). (London, ), f. Gilbert, vol. v, . Hoare to Willingdon, Apr , CHURCHILL’S WAR
(Templewood papers). Liddell Hart related this to E Wingfield WSC to Lord Burnham, Apr , Stratford, letter, Apr , (Kings (Gilbert, vol. v, ). College: Liddell Hart papers). Hoare to Willingdon, Apr , D Longwell memo, Oct , (Templewood papers). (Longwell papers, box ). WSC to Cyril Asquith, Aug , Arthur Krock MS, May , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). (Princeton Univ.: Krock papers), Gilbert, vol. v, : WSC speech, Feb WSC to Clementine, Feb , Mar and , . Apr , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Cabinet meeting, Mar , . Morton to Thompson, Aug , (in WSC speech at Devonshire Club, Nov R W Thompson, Churchill and Morton , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). [London, ], ). ‘His thirst for talking military strategy WSC to Hankey, Jan , (Gilbert, is unquenchable.’ (Colville diary, Sep vol. v, ). , .) In Dec WSC would appoint Mr Hore-Belisha to Liddell-Hart (diary, Justice Singleton to review the secret Mar , ). information. Air Intelligence at that Cecil King diary, May , , time estimated the enemy front line at quoting W J Brown, sec. of Civil Serv- , planes, while MEW put it at ice Clerical Association. ,. (WSC to Sinclair, Dec , , Tel., Masaryk to Prague, London, Mar Cherwell papers.) , (Berber, op. cit., No. ). WSC to Cherwell, May , (ibid.). Hitler’s first reply to Lord Rothermere WSC to Spaatz and reply, Jul , was on Dec , . See the photo- (Library of Congress: Spaatz papers). copies retained by Rothermere’s go- Spaatz supplied figures from British between, Princess Stephanie von Ho- ADI(K) report / on captured henlohe, in her papers, and the two GAF Equipment Branch files suggesting original Ribbentrop files in the Louis P. that in Sep Germany had a first Lochner collection, Hoover Library. line strength of , mobilised planes, WSC to Clementine, Aug , and , in Sep . (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Hinsley, vol. i, . This, says Prof Alexander Korda told Ladislas Farago Hinsley, remained the best source on (a reporter for News Review) over lunch the subject ‘when other sources were at the Korda home in Swiss Cottage. providing conflicting and only tentative (Interview of Farago, Jun ; letter assessments.’ Michael Korda to author Jun .) Erhard Milch diary, Aug , Letter, Bracken to Baruch, May , (author’s microfilm -). (Baruch papers). Milch diary, Feb . See for instance von Puttkamer’s tele- Bruce Lockhart diary, Sep , . gram to Raeder from the Berghof, May WSC to Clementine, Apr , . , (in German naval file /- Londonderry never deviated from his ): ‘The Führer must now assume view that WSC had grossly exaggerated that Britain and France will rank the German airforce and attributed amongst our enemies.’ Britain’s troubles to the attitude which developed after Simon returned from : Sixty Berlin. ‘Our first line strength at that date was machines, and as I calcu- From WSC, ‘My Life,’ MS first pub- lated at the time and verified from sub- lished in Chicago Tribune, Feb , sequent information which I received, (original MS at Univ. of Oregon). the first line strength of the German Air DAVID IRVING
Force was machines.’ Winston’s ‘de- Eugen Spier, Focus – A Footnote to the lusion’ about the German airforce had History of the Thirties (London, ). ‘disastrous results’ on foreign policy. Credit is due to Dr Dietrich Aigner of (Letter to Halifax, Dec , , Ld Mannheim Univ. for his research into Halifax papers, ./.) the Focus in Das Ringen um England. Das Ld Rothermere to Hitler, Apr ; and deutsch–britische Verhaltnis (Munich, reply, May , (Hoover Library, ) and particularly his unpublished Stanford Univ., Calif.: Hohenlohe pa- bibliography, On Producing Chaff. Materi- pers). als for an Inquiry (Weinheim, ). Milch diary, Jan –, . In Aug Ld Citrine, Men and Work – An Autobi- they began planning the ography (London, ), ff. budget. The airforce claimed ,m E.g., ANG to Spears, Sep , Reichsmarks; Hitler said ,m was (Spears papers, /). Vice chairman possible, but Göring warned Milch that was Sir Robert Mond of ICI; vice presi- they would probably get only ,m. dents were Nobel Peace Prize winner Later the budget (without SA) was and fellow-traveller Angell, Herbert set at a total of ,m (army ,m, Morrison, E Sylvia Pankhurst, Canon F navy m, airforce ,m). Lewis Donaldson, Eleanor Rathbone; Rose Kennedy memo, ; and WSC chairman, George Latham; hon sec and to J P Kennedy, Oct , (JPK pa- treasurer, C Q Henriques; council: pers, Kennedy Libr.). WSC had cabled Monica Whately, A M Wall, V Adams, to Ld Beaverbrook on Oct inviting P Guedalla, A Conley, P Horowitz, F him to dine with Kennedy in Oct at Rodgers (‘organising secretary’), L W Claridges; B declined (Beaverbrook pa- Carruthers, and M H Davies. pers, C.). WSC to FDR, undated, Nov WSC: ‘Zionism versus Bolshevism: A (FDR Libr., microfilm , ). Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish Peo- The fund was controlled by foreign ple,’ in Illustrated Sunday Herald, Lon- propaganda chief Jan Hajek. In he don, Feb , . paid Steed £,, ostensibly for ad- Rothermere to Hitler, Dec and Dec vertising in his Review of Reviews, al- , ; reply, Dec , (Ho- though it could never handle so much henlohe papers). advertising; he paid Steed £, on W C Bullitt to FDR, Feb , . In Nov , and £, six months Orville H Bullitt, For the President (New later, acknowledged by Steed to Dr E York, ), . Mastny on Mar , . Payments E.g., WSC to Flandin, May , : continued through the s. He was his estimate, ‘drawn from a variety of receiving , crowns monthly in sources,’ was , first line German (£ = crowns) and collected machines, and , by the end of £, in . T Masaryk gave him ; Flandin replied on May giving , crowns – half from the foreign French estimates of , and , re- ministry. Czech funds flowed freely to spectively. writers like Machray and Poliakoff; Leo Amery to Beaverbrook, Nov , Laurence Lyon was slushed with (Beaverbrook papers, C.). , crowns for an unpublished WSC to Londonderry, May , book. Newspapers like the Canadian La (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Presse, Montreal Daily Star, The Gazette, Toronto Star Weekly and Globe were also : The Hired Help on the Czech payroll. Prague was even subsidising Alexander Kerensky’s anti- WSC to Randolph, Nov , . Soviet newspapers like Dni and Volja CHURCHILL’S WAR
Rossiji and making payments to intel- invalided out of the RAF; Beaverbrook lectuals ‘for their service rendered to referred to him sympathetically as ‘the our legions during their conflict with poor fellow who went mad.’ (Beaver- the Soviets.’ Stefan Osusky, MS: ‘Beneš brook to Sinclair, Jun and Jul , and Soviet Russia,’ in Osusky papers, : C..) He died in . box (Hoover Library). Dr R Urban, Tel., Franckenstein to Vienna, Jun Tajne fondy III sekce, Z Archivu minister- ( microfilm , roll , - stva zahranici Republiki Ceskoslovenske ). (Prague, ), proves that Hajek on Hankey to lnskip, Jun (Gilbert, vol. Dec , ordered , crowns v, ). paid quarterly to Kerensky in London. Swinton to Hankey, Jun (./- Leon Poliakov, in Histoire de ). l’Antisemitisme, vol. iv: L’Europe suici- Wigram memo, Jun (./- daire, – (Paris, ), ff, ). even has Steed instrumental in propa- See note . gating the ‘Protocols of the Elders of WSC to Randolph, Nov , . Zion.’ Steed, ‘The United States and British Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Dec , Policy,’ address at Chatham House on . Nov , (in International Affairs, Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, diary, Aug London, vol. xvii, No. [], –). , . Spier. Urban (see note ). Robert Henriques, Sir Robert Waley- Gilbert, vol. v, , citing ANC min- Cohen –. A Biography (London, utes in Churchill papers, /–, ), . closed to other historians. It was published in the Sunday Chroni- Spier, op. cit., . cle, Jul , , and in Collier’s. See note . S Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, . Citrine (see note ). Swinton at Cabinet Joint Planning Gilbert, vol. v, , quoting Churchill Committee, Sep , (./- papers /. ). In Arthur Harris, commander of Verbatim transcript of parliamentary No. Bomber Group, discovered that deputation, Jul –, (./- Anderson was reporting directly on his ). two bomber squadrons to WSC. When Evening Standard, Aug , . Simi- he ignored warnings Harris sacked him lar articles followed on Aug , and posted him to Canada. Anderson and Jul , . protested to the Prof that the real rea- Spier; and see note . son was ‘because I am regarded as a per- WSC to A H Richards, Oct and , sonal friend of the prime minister’s and . of other serving ministers. I am there- Adams to WSC, Oct (cited in fore regarded as a potential danger.’ Gilbert, vol. v, ). (Sinclair to WSC, Aug ; and Ander- Spier, ff. son to the Prof, Oct , : Cher- WSC to Randolph, Nov , . well papers.) Beaverbrook took him on Unpublished letter, Sarah to Clemen- as personal assistant at MAP despite tine, May , . Sinclair’s warnings. In WSC told Arnold diary, Jun , (Library of him that a number of Sinclair’s top se- Congress, MS division). cret minutes and copies of all the PM’s Unpublished letter, Sarah to Clemen- minutes to Beaverbrook had been found tine, Oct , . in Anderson’s possession. Anderson was Letter, WSC to Baruch, Jan , DAVID IRVING
(Baruch papers). Ilse Hess to Rudolf’s mother, Nov , Lothian to WSC, Mar , (.- (PRO: ./). /). Naomi Cohen, op. cit., f. Joseph Kennedy, cited in James V : Over-Reaching Himself Forrestal, Diaries, ed. W Millis (New York, ), . Kennedy’s own anti- WSC: My Life, typescript in Univ. of Semitism was notorious. Oregon. WSC to Baruch, Jan (Princeton Cecil King diary, Feb , (Boston Univ.: Baruch papers). Steed left via Univ.). Canada in Sep , was interviewed Deputation of Nov (./). by the Montreal Star, which like him WSC to E L Spears, Nov , was being funded by the Czechs, met (Spears papers). the governor-general in Ottawa; cross- Cummings, cited in German embassy ed into the US on Oct , met Sulz- despatch, Dec . berger, Swope and Baruch. He reported Naomi W Cohen, Not Free to Desist – to the Focus on Oct , and had this to The American Jewish Committee – say at Chatham House on Nov : ‘I (Philadelphia, ), f; and spoke confidentially to the Council on letter, WSC to Baruch, Jan , . Foreign Relations, to the Foreign Policy Letter, Italian Consul General at Cannes Association, to the New York Jewish to Ciano, Dec , (Italian embassy Committee, to the Harvard Club and in London, file , ‘Rapporti politici’; various other gatherings. I met also and ‘Gran Bret : Reali Inglesi Questioni some responsible executive officers of Dinastiche: Conflitto tra Corona-Governo.’ the United States.’ (International Affairs, This file includes telegrams of the Fin- vol. xvii [], No. , –.) nish minister in London, George Grip- WSC to Baruch, Jan . enberg, to Helsinki, of interest since his WSC to Clementine, Jan (Gilbert, American wife Peggy was a friend of vol. v, ); and Feb , (Mary Mrs Simpson (Italian FO archives, Soames, Clementine Churchill, ). Rome). Curtis Brown Ltd to Chicago Tribune Tel., Gripenberg to Helsinki, Nov . Syndicate, Mar ; reply, Oct , Ditto, Dec , commenting on this and (Univ. of Oregon). on Hoesch’s hold over Edward VIII; cf. Gilbert, vol. v, n. Bruce Lockhart diary, May , . Others included ‘A Stand against Ag- F Hesse memo, London, Mar gression’ in Mar , and ‘For a Pact (Bundesarchiv Koblenz: Hesse papers, with Russia’ in May . Kl.Erw.–. He died in . Churchill, vol. i, . Chamberlain diary, Nov (Cham- H V Johnson to FBI, Mar , (US berlain papers, Birmingham Univ.). embassy in London, secret files, box , Ld Citrine, Men and Work (London, file .). Military activities in , ). ., Suitland, Maryland. Guy Lid- Letter, Beaverbrook to Guy Ross, Dec dell’s original MI report of Mar was . removed from this file on British in- Blanche Dugdale diary, Dec . structions in . Gilbert, vol. v, . J Kuczynski, Memoiren (East Berlin and John Parker MP, interview, Apr . Weimar, ), . In Aug the Nicolson MS (Longwell papers). Left Book Club published , of his Dugdale diary, Dec . Amery diary, The Condition of the Workers in Great Brit- Dec . Hansard, House of Commons De- ain, Germany and the Soviet Union – bates, vol. , col. f. . CHURCHILL’S WAR
Mackenzie King diary, Aug , WSC’s and Wickham Steed’s memo- (Public Archives, Ottawa). randa on German air power; air minis- try responses; British papers on Swin- : People Are Buying ‘Churchills’ ton’s discussions with Milch and Wen- ninger, and Wigram’s exchanges with Ironside diary, Dec , . Wing Cdr. Medhurst (./). Milch, Gedenken fur den Luftkrieg, re- Sir E Phipps to FO, Tel. No. , and turned by Karl Bodenschatz, Feb , reply, Jan , (./). (Milch papers, deposited by the CID meeting, Jul (./). author at Institut für Zeitgeschichte Wenninger talk with Wing Cdr. Med- [hereafter: IfZ], Munich). hurst, Jul (ibid.). Sir Herbert Creedy (war office) com- Cabinet meeting, Feb , (./- mented on Steed’s memorandum on ). Germany, ‘The value of this report is Their mission lasted from Jan – much reduced by the great exaggeration (report in ./). in it as to the strength of Germany’s air For German documents on this mission force and army. Thus the source esti- see Milch files, vol. , ff (now at mates that Germany has between , BA Freiburg). Swinton discussed the re- and , war ’planes ready for service sults in cabinet on Feb , . (i.e., first line): but the Air Ministry es- Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill timate is about , first line and this (London, ), chap. . agrees with the strength given them by F Owen MS in Beaverbrook papers, the Germans.’ (./). C.. In ./ is further evidence H Rauschning, Hitler m’a dit (Paris, of how avidly Churchill swallowed ). Cf. letter, Steed to Kingsley Steed’s data. In October Steed re- Martin, Aug , : ‘I have got a num- ported a (fictitious) Hitler speech at ber of German Aryans working on this Würzburg on Sep ; warned that Hit- very problem [of making the Germans ler was about to invade France through understand encirclement] – Rauschning Switzerland; advised that the Nazis had and Hollermann among them. . . Last established a submarine base off the week I put Rauschning into touch with coast of Portuguese Guinea; and talked Beneš.’ On Rauschning, cf. ./- about the German battleships being un- . der orders to raise ‘a good head of M J Creswell to WSC, Dec , steam’ (they were in fact diesel- (Gilbert, vol. v, f). powered). Sending this report to an FO H Wilson to P J Grigg, Jan , official on October , Wickham Steed (Churchill College: Grigg papers). wrote: ‘I mentioned some of it to Mr H Channon diary, Apr , . Winston Churchill last week and he said Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . it “ought to go also to the Govern- Cf. letter, King Saud to FDR in Mar ment.”’ Steed added that since his own (Leahy file ), in Adm. William financial resources had come to an end, Leahy’s words a powerful refutation of ‘a wealthy friend’ had placed money at Jewish claims to a historical right to his disposal ‘for this “research work”’ in ownership of the Holy Land (diary, Oct the summer of . (The Board of , ). Deputies, it will be recalled, had first WSC, ‘Zionism versus Bolshevism: A funded the Focus in July .) He Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish Peo- continued, ‘I have now six or seven ple,’ Illustrated Sunday Herald, London, non-Jewish informants on my string.’ Feb , . He argued that the Russian Wigram, minutes, May and Jun . post-revolutionary experience con- DAVID IRVING
firmed the case for a national home for ./. ‘the political conceptions of the Jewish Milch diary, MS, and letter to race.’ Trenchard, Dec , ; Trenchard to Letter, Weizmann to Meyer Weisgal, H Elmhirst, Feb , (RAF Hen- his New York agent, Jul , ; and don: Trenchard papers, ./– WSC to Weizmann, Nov (Weiz- ). mann archives). WSC’s Zionist fervor WSC to Hankey, Oct , and reply has been properly noted by Gilbert and Oct (Gilbert, vol. vi, f; and Han- by monogrpahers like O Rabinowicz key papers). () and A Ade (Zurich, ). WSC to Hankey, Oct (Hankey Letter, Blanche Dugdale to Lord Ce- papers). cil, Feb , (British Museum: Ce- .//. Until that time no Ger- cil papers, MS ). man contingency plan against the Low Peel Commission, Mar (.- Countries had been prepared. /). Pearman to A H Richards, Jan , Prof Norman A Rose, The Gentile Zi- (Gilbert, vol. v, ). onists (London, ), f; Dalton di- Ribbentrop, memo of Dec , ary Jun , . Weizmann wrote to (listed by DGFP as ‘lost,’ but found by WSC, Jun , ‘I have followed your ad- the author in FO files); and subsequent vice and have made it clear, both to Note for the Führer, Jan , (, members of the Commission and to .; original in Loesch papers, [Colonial Secretary] Mr Ormsby-Gore microfilm //ff). . . . that they should not assume that I am in any way committed to . . . parti- : The Grand Alliance tion.’ (Weizmann archives.) Spier, op. cit. Vollbrunner, Franckenstein’s colleague Ashton-Gwatkin–Waley correspon- in Paris, was arrested on his return to dence, Jun –; A E Barker, memo, Austria for destroying legation files Jul (./, fols ff; Leith wanted by the Gestapo; Ribbentrop as- Ross conversation with Goerdeler, Jul sured Franckenstein he had nothing to (./). Another clandestine Ger- fear. (Loesch papers, .//- man visitor to Churchill from was ff.) Dr Richard von Kühlmann, former Sta- Los Angeles Times, Mar , . atssekretär in the German FO (affidavit, Churchill, vol. i, ; Maisky, . Dec , in US vs. Korner et al.). On Oct , Oliver Harvey urged Sheila Grant Duff to WSC, rec’d Jun Halifax to curb such activities (./- (Gilbert, vol. v, ). ). WSC to Clementine, Jul , . Mussolini papers, esp. files of Ministry WSC to Feiling, Feb , of Popular Culture ( microfilm (Gilbert, vol. v, ). / et seq.) and of Italian press at- Letter, WSC to Beaverbrook, Oct , taché in Paris, Amadeo Landini (.- (C.). /). WSC to Eden, Oct Gilbert, vol. Dr Fritz Hesse, note on propaganda v, ). possibilities in Britain, Nov , Tel. No. , Ribbentrop to Hitler, (BA Koblenz: Hesse papers, Kl.Erw.- May , . –). C Murphy, MS: Ribbentrop, Zwischen Examples of PRO files closed for London und Moskau (Leoni, ). years are ./ of the Treasury’s US war dept. interrog of Bohle, Jul Czech financial claims office (on the –, . Weininger claim) and ./– general files on Czechoslovakia, CHURCHILL’S WAR
neral files on Czechoslovakia, –. FDR Library, the Cordell Hull papers Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Jan (Library of Congress), and particularly , , cols. –. Indignant Lib- the , and eral MP Geoffrey Mander complained: files of his embassy deposited at ‘Many of us are not aware of anything the Federal Records Center in Suitland, that has been “going on for years.”’ Maryland. His private diaries at the JFK BBC Monitoring report: Munich broad- Library are closed; Michael Beschloss, cast, Jan ; letter, FO central dept. to author of Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Un- Prague and Paris, Jan ; and reply, Feb easy Alliance (New York, ), was , (./). Regarding given access, as was JPK’s friend James Cyrano: ./. Landis (Library of Congress: Landis pa- As Lady Spears (Mary Borden) put it in pers). her diary, Oct , (Boston Univ. Morgenthau diary, Dec , (FDR Library). Library); Beschloss, . So chargé d’affaires Karel Lisicky in- Ernest Lindley, in Liberty, May . formed Prague by ’phone on Mar , Kennedy to state dept., Tel. No. , . Dr R Urban, Tajne fondy III sekce Mar , .. (embassy files). (‘Secret Funds of the Third Section’), Z Tel., Berlin to Ribbentrop, rec’d Lon- Archivu ministerstva zahranici Republiki don, Mar , .. The ballot text Ceskoslovenske (Prague, ); and Stefan was: ‘Mit Schuschnigg fur Österreich. Osusky, MS: ‘Beneš and Soviet Russia’ Wir wollen ein freies und deutsches (Hoover Library: Osusky papers, box Österreich. Ein unabhangiges und soz- ). iales Österreich, ein christliches und Eden diary. einiges Österreich. Wir wollen Brot H Wilson MS, Oct : ‘Munich, und Frieden am Land, die Gleichber- ’ (./; Eden, vol. i, . echtigung aller, die zu Volk und Heimat WSC spoke on Feb to the Foreign stehen.’ (Loesch papers.) Affairs Committee of MPs, officered by Churchill, vol. i, ; and interview of Emrys-Evans, Nicolson and John Mc- Frau Annelies von Ribbentrop, . Ewen (all covert Focus members). See e.g., Ribbentrop to Hitler, Lon- Grandi Tel. to Rome, Feb (Ciano don, Mar , (Loesch papers, .- papers). //). Sir John Simon, who put this to J P L Ribbentrop note, conversation with Thomas (Eden, vol. i, ). PM Chamberlain after luncheon on Mar Churchill, vol. i, . , – with no mention of WSC. Beaverbrook to Bracken, May , (Loesch papers on microfilm .- (Beaverbrook papers, C.). //ff and .//ff; Hankey to Phipps, Feb (cited in cf. Cadogan diary, Mar ). Gilbert, vol. vi, ); Mrs Chamberlain Bracken to Baruch, Mar (Baruch to Lady Chamberlain, Feb (Temple- papers). wood papers). WSC to Unity Mitford, Mar A H Richards to Spears, Feb , (Gilbert, vol. v, ). (Spears papers). Chamberlain to his sister, Mar Nicolson to his wife, Mar . (Chamberlain papers, and cf. Feiling, Daily Express, Feb . f). Kennedy to state dept., Tel. No. , COS (JP), draft, Mar : ‘The Mar (embassy files). Given Kennedy’s Military Implications of German Ag- central role in –, the author has gression against Czechoslovakia.’ Cf. built up a comprehensive set of his un- ./ and COS (revised) published despatches gathered from the Mar in ./. DAVID IRVING
Feiling, ; and Cadogan diary, Mar Phipps to Halifax, Mar (./- . ). Maisky, Tel. No. , Mar . A pri- Phipps to Halifax, Mar (./- vate Soviet source obtained for me Rus- ). sian copies of Maisky’s despatches to the See note . People’s Commissariat of Foreign Af- Phipps to Halifax, Apr (./- fairs, from Soviet foreign ministry ar- ). chives. WSC to Cadogan, May , ; reply Published between Dec , and May (./). Feb , as ‘My Life and Times.’ In Maisky to Moscow, Tel. No. , Mar Harrap published his political . pamphlet, Arms and the Covenant. Later Gilbert, vol. v, f. in Harrap and Scribner declined to See note . make any offer for his History of the Eng- Grandi to Italian FO, Nov , lish Speaking Peoples. (Italian embassy file No. ). Baruch to WSC, Feb (Baruch pa- Evening Standard, Oct ; Sunday pers). Chronicle, Oct , ; cf. Grandi to Nicolson diary, Mar . Ciano, Oct and , (ibid.). Daily Telegraph, Apr . Spears to WSC, Mar , . Maisky, Tel. No. , Mar . Spears invited WSC to accompany him Maisky, Tel. No. , Apr . to Prague in April. Replying on Apr , Beaverbrook to A J Cummings, Mar WSC hesitated: ‘It might be embar- (Taylor, ). rassing from several points of view. Let Letter, Prince Max von Hohenlohe to us have a talk about it when we meet. Hewel, Jul , (Hewel papers, .- (Spears papers, /.) //). Spears memo, Mar (Spears papers, Beaverbrook to Herbert Swope, Mar /); he sent it to Halifax too (.- , and to Frank Gannett, Dec /). (Beaverbrook papers). Taylor calls this WSC to Deakin, Apr (Gilbert, vol. letter ‘deplorable’ (). v, ). Gilbert, vol. vi, f; cited in Chur- ./; and Ashton-Gwatkin, chill file /. The actual debt of memo, Feb , in treasury file £, was to stockbrokers Vickers, ./. da Costa. When Strakosch died in Steed to Spears, Apr (Spears pa- he left Churchill £, in his will pers). (The Times, Feb , ), thereby effec- Dalton diary, Apr . tively wiping the slate clean. Richards to Spears, May (Spears papers, /); Steed to Spears, Apr : ‘Let’s Wait and See’ Said Maisky (/). Cf. Henriques, ; Spier, . Headway’s new editorial board in A Nazi document reveals those meth- Aug was: Viscount Cecil, Lord ods: RD, in box , D Lerner Lytton, Lady Violet, Waley-Cohen, papers, Hoover Library. Angell, Gilbert Murray, Wickham Cadogan to Henderson, Apr (.- Steed, and A M Wall. They published /). their first issue in Oct with a mes- Grandi to Italian FO, Apr (FO ar- sage from WSC wishing success. chives, Rome: Italian embassy file No. Knop’s material came from the Jewish , telegrammi per corriere). Central Information Office in Amster- Phipps to Cadogan, Mar and , dam. This shifted in to London, as (./). the Wiener Library, with subsidies from CHURCHILL’S WAR
Waley-Cohen and HM Government from your people!’ (W P Crozier, Off (minute of Mar , , ./- the Record – Political Interviews – ; Wiener Library Bulletin, [Lon- [London, ], ; and Gen Fran- don, ], No. ). tisek Moravec, chief of Czech intelli- Werner Knop, Saturday Evening Post, gence, Master of Spies [London, ], Nov , . He identifies one sponsor ff.) A Czech agent in London re- as wealthy Labour MP George Strauss. ported that the original ‘exaggerated’ Cf. Knop, Beware of the English! (Lon- information on May came from Capt don, ) and Germany’s Economic Kettering, an SIS agent in the British Situation in and Her Challenge to the consulate in Vienna (probably the SIS World, published by Friends of Europe station chief Capt. Thomas Kendrick); with a foreword by Capt Oliver Lyt- Kettering had reported to the military tleton – later Churchill’s cabinet min- attaché in Prague an increased move- ister Ld Chandos. ment of the German V Corps toward Grandi to Italian FO, Nov , . the Czech frontier, and sent a copy to Journalist Dr Hubert Ripka, note in London too. (Prof F Dvornik, report Czech FO, Apr , quoting letter from No. / to Prague cabinet, Lon- Sheila Grant Duff, Apr (in Václav don Oct , Dok , in Král, ff.) Král [ed.], Das Abkommen von München Cadogan emphasised to Maj H R S . Tschechoslovakische diplomatische Massy on Oct , the ‘close rela- Dokumente – [Prague, ], tionship’ between the SIS and Czech f). General Staff (. /). Grandi to Italian FO, May , Summary for cabinet meeting on May (London embassy file No. , rapporti (./, fol. ). politici GB). General Alfred Jodl, chief of the Ger- Maisky, Tel. No. to Moscow, May man high command operations staff, . wrote in his private diary on May: Himmler note, Jun , : ‘Habe ‘The Führer’s plans have been changed dem Führer auf den Verdacht § as a result of the Czech mobilisation of aufmerksam gemacht.’ ( microfilm May , which occurred without any , roll , .) German threat or even the most Henlein quoted by Hungarian military threadbare pretext.’ attaché in Prague, Eszterhazy, to Buda- Nicolson diary, May . pest, May (Budapest archives). Masaryk to Prague, Jul (Král, ); Lindemann’s note is in PREM /. and cf. Krofta circular, May (ibid., Henlein ‘offered to give his word of ). honour that he had never received or- Dirksen to Berlin, Jun ( micro- ders or even recommendations “Weis- film , roll , ff). ungen” from Berlin.’ German navy/airforce conference in WSC to PM, May , reply May Berlin, May (German naval staff file (ibid.); and WSC to Lindemann May .). (Cherwell papers). Puttkamer Tel. to OKM, May Ribbentrop, note for Führer, May (.). (Adjutantur des Führers, BA file ./- Order of May (note in German ). army th Branch files, Jul , ./- ./. /f). WSC to R Acland, May . Capt Fritz Wiedemann note Feb(?) Thus Masaryk said to a British editor (Library of Congress: Wiedemann on Jun : ‘Don’t forget that we, the papers, box , fols. and ). Cf. Czechs, heard of these movements first Beck note, May (BA-MA, ./). DAVID IRVING
Milch diary, undated but Jun –, WSC to Lloyd George, Aug (Lloyd . They would have some , George papers). Maschinen, including fighters, , [Randolph Churchill:] Conversation bombers, transporters, dive between ‘Monsieur de K’ and WSC bombers, and ground attack planes. (./, fols ff). WSC to PM, Aug , (./- : Choosing between War and Shame ). Adams spoke to them about the perse- WSC to A Crossley, Jul (Gilbert, vol. cution of the Jews in neighbouring v, ). Germany and Poland. ‘It does not seem WSC to Halifax, Aug (./). to me,’ he wrote Halifax on Apr , ‘to WSC to Spears, Jun (Spears papers, lie in the mouth of the Germans to talk /). about the wrongs suffered by their mi- Baruch to WSC, Apr (Baruch pa- norities in Czecho-Slovakia’ (./- pers). ). Bracken to Baruch (Baruch papers). Steed to WSC, Halifax, Vansittart, Author’s interview of Jack Leland, sen- Chamberlain, Apr and May (ibid. ior reporter of the Evening Post, and ./); to Halifax, Jun Charleston, South Carolina, Nov . (./). He has the tape-recorded memoirs of Hore-Belisha denied the remark, but the madam at Georgetown. When she not convincingly (./). asked who the girls were for, Baruch’s Chamberlain to Halifax, Aug majordomo advised: ‘Read the newspa- (./); cf. Halifax at cabinet per!’ meeting Aug (./). Baruch to WSC, Mar , (Baruch Cabinet meeting, Aug (./- papers). ). Ibid. Maisky to Moscow, No. , Aug ; Ibid., Jul , . cf. WSC to Halifax, Aug (./- Manchester Guardian, Jun , . ). MS in Liddell Hart papers; and Cecil Cf. Krofta’s note on the visit from King diary, Feb , (lunch with Alexandrovsky, Prague, Sep (Král, WSC). f). Ripka is identified in ./ as Maisky, f; WSC to Halifax, Sep connected with the Czech ‘information and reply, Sep (./). service’ in Paris in /; he became Brüning to Daniel Longwell, Feb , acting foreign minister in exile. Bericht (Longwell papers). über Gespräche in London, Jun – Letter, Bergmann to Hull et al., Sep , (Král, ). (FDR Library, PPF ). Daily Telegraph, Jul . Templewood, Nine Troubled Years, Spears’s appointment book (in posses- ff; Halifax at cabinet meeting, Sep sion of Col J A Aylmer). (./). Masaryk memo, Jul (Král, ). WSC to Lord Moyne, Sep (Gilbert, Lindemann’s note on WSC’s ‘Talk vol. v, ). with Herr Forster,’ Jul . (./- ; a translation is in Herbert : Here Today, Gone Tomorrow von Dirksen’s files as Nr. , Dokumente und Materialien aus der Vorgeschichte des Kennedy to State dept., Aug (US Zweiten Weletterkrieges, - (Mos- embassy in London, secret files). cow), ff.) Harold Ickes diary, Sep , , re- WSC to Halifax, Jul (./). garding cabinet, Sep (Library of CHURCHILL’S WAR
Congress, MS division). sentative of his own country, and that’s Beneš cited in Gen Lev Prchala diary, Jan Masaryk in London. He also put up Oct , (./). a brave fight for his country.’ W C Bullitt to State dept., Sep , Hoare to Halifax, Oct (./- .. (FDR Library, PSE, box ). ). Luftflotte study, ‘Planning Case Letter, Duff to Diana Cooper. ,’ Sep (in Dr K Gundelach, O Harvey diary, Sep . ‘Gedanken über die Führung eines Luft- See note . krieges gegen England bei der Luftflotte in Letter, Phipps to Halifax, Sep den Jahren /’). On Nov Göring (./). Bonnet had exclaimed, called for an expansion by April to ‘Toute de même, il ne faut très pas que les a front line of , planes, including anglais nous poussent à la guerre.’ Phipps , bombers, , dive bombers, to Halifax, Sep (./). Ma- , fighters. saryk found out, and told Osusky; he Hinsley, vol. i, . also told Beneš on Sep , and Massigli Nicolson diary, Sep ; Duff Cooper’s on Sep (Král, ). letters to Halifax, Aug , are in Phipps to Halifax, Sep . ./–. microfilms , roll and Ronald Tree learned this. James Mar- , roll , . gach, The Abuse of Power (London ). Masaryk gave £ to the Czech E.g., in Cadogan diaries, Apr , , Committee in London, and mysteri- May , , and May , ; inter- ously disbursed no less than £, in cepts of Joe Kennedy’s remarks are the last six months of . On March hinted at in ./ and /; , (the day after Hitler invaded on Italian and US embassy lines, see the Prague) Dr Cerny, sent to London to Tyler Kent file , .. investigate, reported that Masaryk had Dalton diary, Sep . claimed to have spent the money ‘fi- Dugdale diary. nancing official obligations,’ had no Ibid., Sep . written receipts, and refused further On the afternoon of Sep Göring’s details. (Stefan Osusky, Beneš and Soviet aide Karl Bodenschatz handed to British Russia: Osusky papers, box , Hoover embassy official Ivone Kirkpatrick the Library; and Dr R Urban, Tajne fondy III blue-mimeographed Forschungsamt in- sekce (Prague, ). tercepts of Masaryk’s conversations Gilbert, vol. v, . with Prague. Officials lined every refer- Kennedy to State dept., Sep , : ence to Churchill in the margin, but the .. (US embassy in London, secret Central Dept. found no evidence of im- files). proprieties by Masaryk. Krofta denied Gilbert, vol. v, f. the Nazi assertions as ‘typical of the Král, f, . method used by the German govern- Masaryk to Prague, received Sep , ment.’ Masaryk called them ‘utterly : .. (ibid., ). untrue’ (./, fols ff). Masaryk to Halifax, Sep (./- From postwar interrogations of FA offi- ); cf. Harvey diary, Sep . cials it is clear that these transcripts are Cadogan diary, Sep ; Masaryk to authentic. See David Irving, Das Reich Prague, Sep . hört mit (Kiel, ). Dalton diary. Hitler, speech to Nazi editors, Nov Boothby to Spears, Sep (Spears (BA file ./); cf. his words quot- papers). ed in German FO files, .//- Dalton diary, Sep . They were not ff: ‘There’s one other good repre- pleased at this stiffening. DAVID IRVING
MS quoted by Gilbert, vol. v, . Emrys-Evans, Ld Lloyd, Duchess of Osusky, testimony to Czech State Atholl. Council, London, Mar , ; intro- Nicolson diary, Sep . duced as evidence in Prchala, Osusky vs. Lady Spears diary. One went to Bohus Beneš and Another (./- Crossley, who wrote that WSC had de- ). His hostility to President Beneš scribed his position as very simple: is plain from his private papers in the ‘Only a joint declaration by England, Hoover Library; records in Czech state France & Russia could possibly save archives bear this out. Osusky first peace with honour’ (cited in Gilbert, learned of this version on Sep and vol. v, ). challenged Beneš for an explanation that Smutny memo, Sep (Král, ). day; he further challenged the Prague Baruch papers. foreign ministry on Oct , and , Nicolson diary, Sep . without getting either reply or denial. Nicolson, Ld Cecil, Ld Lloyd, Sir E (Documents Nr. , , in Král, Grigg, Sir R Horne, Boothby, Bracken, ff; cf. Le Temps, Oct –.) R Law; Amery mentioned in his diary Osusky’s testimony; see note . Ld Lytton and Sinclair too, while Nicol- WSC–Beneš conversation, in Táborský son noticed Macmillan and Spears. diary, Apr , (Hoover Library: R Harrod, The Prof (London, ), Táborský papers; Reynaud diary, Sep ff; J Wheeler-Bennett, Munich – –, , in Reynaud papers, NA Prologue to Tragedy (New York, ), Paris; Spears to Vansittart, Sep , in ; Corbin to Bonnet, Sep , in Spears papers /.) Documents Diplomatiques Français (e), Reynaud MS for News Chronicle vol. xi, ; Harvey diary, Sep : (Reynaud papers, ). ‘Preparations are being made for a Nicolson diary. broadcast in German of our point of Dalton diary, Sep . view.’ Boothby to Spears, Sep (Spears Lady Spears diary, Sep . papers, /); Nicolson diary, Sep . Grant Duff, cited in Gilbert, vol. v, Walter Elliot, cited in Blanche Dug- f. dale diary, Sep . Evening Standard, Sep . Krno note, Sep (Král, f); Dug- Rendel memo, Nov , (./- dale diary, Oct . ). Beneš’s conversation; see note . Nicolson diary, Sep . Eden diary. Walter Elliot heard it (Dugdale diary, Eden diary; cf. Cadogan diary, Sep . Sep ). Phipps to Halifax, Sep (DBFP [rd], vol. ii, ). : Outcast Dalton diary, Sep . The others were A P Herbert, Booth- In Prague had sent Father F by, A A Somerville, Gunston, Crossley, Dvornik, a professor of theology, to and Strauss (./). conduct political Intelligence in the Harvey diary, Sep . west. His report and recommendations, Dugdale diary. No. / dated Oct , are doc. Ibid., Sep . in Václav Král (ed.), Das Abkommen Lady Spears diary (Boston University: von München : Tschechoslovakische di- Mugar Memorial Library). plomatische Dokumente – (Pra- Carruthers to Spears, Sep (Spears gue, ), ff. papers, /); he suggested WSC, Chamberlain to his sister, Oct (Tem- Cranborne, Nicolson, Boothby, Cecil, plewood papers). When details of CHURCHILL’S WAR
Beneš’s similar attempts in October Oct Churchill called these events to bribe Czech general Lev ‘squalid.’ See Raczynski diary, Oct . Prchala threatened to surface in court Despatch by Count Jerzy Potocki to documents, the FO refused to order the Warsaw, Jan , (doc. No. in case held in camera, minuting on Nov German FO, Polnische Dokumente zur , that it did not much matter if Vorgeschichte des Kriegs – Erste Folge [Ber- the attempt came out: ‘I do not think lin ], f). anyone will be very surprised.’ (Prchala Baruch to Potocki, Jul , diary, Oct , , and the ‘dirty linen’ (Baruch papers). file in Prchala, Osusky vs. Bohus Beneš and Lady Spears diary, Oct . Another, ./.) Dalton diary, Oct . Hankey diary, Oct . Hansard, House of Commons Debates, FDR to Chamberlain, Tel. No. , vol. , cols. ff. Sep , : .. The pupil was Eden, cited in H H S Truman to Marshall, Mar , ; Butcher diary, Jan , (Eisen- Acheson to Truman, Dec ; Elsey to hower Library). Acheson, Dec , (Truman Li- Nicolson MS; see note . brary: Truman conf file, ). Boothby to WSC, Oct (Gilbert, Letters cited by Gilbert, vol. vi, . vol. v, ); and to Spears, Nov Ld Lytton, cited in Dugdale diary, Sep (Spears papers). ; Lady Spears diary; Lady Violet, Gilbert, vol. v, . Foreword to Spier, op. cit. Chamberlain to sister, Oct (Tem- Nicolson diary. plewood papers). Colin Coote, editorial; Spears and Dug- Dalton diary, Oct . WSC and Duff dale diaries. Cooper were ‘out for Chamberlain’s Eppstein to Spears, Oct . Funded – blood, and inclined to join with any- apart from one ten-shilling donation body else to get it.’ from an unsuspecting subscriber – en- Dalton diary, Apr , – confi- tirely by Masaryk, a ‘Czech Association’ dential annex, a conversation with O had begun operating on May fronted Stanley. by Spears, Eppstein, Steed, several Tory Dalton diary, Oct . MPs, and other Focus worthies. (Spears Beneš arrived on Oct (./- papers, /.) ). Nicolson MS, ‘Portrait of WSC,’ ./. (Longwell papers). Nevertheless the FO discreetly investi- Masaryk to Prague, Tel. No. /, gated: Lloyds confirmed that S was a Oct (Král, ⁾; Cadogan diary, Oct well-established customer; that he had . told them the box contained £ million; R Harrod, The Prof, f. and that its size was consistent with such Masaryk to Prague, Oct (Král ). a sum. Hodza had sent the £ million Dugdale diary, Oct . Also present out through Switzerland to a Mrs Stern, were Ben-Gurion, Locker-Lampson, a mutual friend, who handed the box to and Namier. By Sieff was non gra- S to deposit; a few days later Mrs Stern tissima to the minister of information withdrew it from the bank (./- (letter, Smithers to Eden, Jul , , ). in ./). Cf. FO memo of Sep , . Beneš Dugdale diary, Oct ; Dalton diary, was unpopular in Slovakia, Hungary, Oct . and Poland (./). Bracken cited in Bruce Lockhart diary, Letter, WSC to Dafoe, Oct (Public Mar , . Writing to Raczynski on Archives of Canada, Ottawa: Dafoe pa- DAVID IRVING
pers, ., .); Lady Spears diary, Vincent Shean, Between the Thunder and Oct ; letter, Nicolson to his wife, Nov the Sun. ; letter, WSC to Richards, Nov , Spears diary, Feb , . He noted ; letter, Beaverbrook to WSC, Apr in the margin, ‘Omit.’ , (Beaverbrook papers, C.. Gilbert, vol. v, . Beaverbrook to W R Mathews, Nov O Harvey diary, Apr . (Taylor, ). Picture Post, Feb , Mar , Mar . Reichspropaganda-Amt, circular of Oct WSC to Spears, Feb (Spears papers, (IfZ, /). /). Bracken to Baruch, Nov , ; The Week, cited in Ickes diary, Jul , ; : Still Hibernating FBI files cited in Beschloss, . Landis to JPK, Jul and Aug , Kennedy to State, Tel. No. , Mar , (Library of Congress: Landis papers). (US embassy in London, secret Hansard, House of Commons Debates, files; and ., Office of European vol. , cols. –. Affairs). Mary Soames, . [Gen] Frantisek Moravec, Master of Spies Bracken to Baruch, Nov (Baruch (London, ), . papers). That Maurice Hankey was informed Sir J Langford-Holt MP, interview, about the telephone intercepts is evi- Feb , . dent from his diary on Oct , . Pownall diary, Jun ; Dr Fritz Hesse, ‘There have been efforts,’ Hankey re- note, ‘The Sandys Case,’ Jul (Hesse corded, commenting on Churchill’s papers); Simon to Chamberlain, Jul Paris visit, ‘to give both the French and (./). Czech Governments the impression that Nicolson diary, Dec ; interview of J Chamberlain’s Government was about Parker MP, Apr , . to fall. Bonnet, the foreign minister . . . Col Hon Arthur Murray, note on con- has also protested against being rung up versation with FDR, Oct –; Hali- by Churchill and Spears from London fax to PM, Dec (./); Mur- for information. . . Van[sittart] remains ray to FDR, Dec and , (GB- in charge of all propaganda and is almost Murray, box ). certainly in touch with Churchill, Eden, New Statesman, Jan , ; Picture the Labour leaders and with Léger in Post, Mar , ; the interview was at the Qual d’Orsay, who is playing the Christmas. same tricks over here.’ (Churchill Col- Halifax to Hull, Jan (FRUS , lege, Cambridge: Hankey papers, /.) vol. i, –. Cf. diary of Col Martin F Forschungsamt report No. , g.Rs., Scanlon, asst. military attaché at the US Zu der englischen Politik vom Münchner embassy in London, Feb : ‘For the last Abkommen bis zum Kriegsausbruch (in Wo- two months very startling reports have ermann papers, microfilm ., roll been received about Germany’s prepa- , ff, translated in Irving, rations for a coup between the middle Breach of Security (London, ). of this month and first part of March. Reichspropaganda-Amt directive, Mar Holland, Belgium, France and G.B. (BA Koblenz: .., Sammlung greatly alarmed.’ (USAF archives, Dertinger). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.) Osusky refused, saying he did not know WSC to Clementine, Jan . Moravec: Testimony to Czech State WSC to Clementine, Jan . Council, London, Jul , (in Prch- Scanlon diary, Jan . ala, Osusky vs Bohus Beneš and Another, WSC to Clementine, Jan . ./). CHURCHILL’S WAR
FO memo, Mar (./). while in London, Bucharest withdrew Among those listed by Steed was Gen his Romanian citizenship in Feb Alois Elias; he was arrested as PM on (./). Sep , , confessed to spying for Letter, Chamberlain to his sister, Mar London, and was executed in May and (Templewood papers; Feil- . ing, f). Leith Ross memo, Mar (./- Letter, Ismay to Wilson, Mar , : ; cf. ./). ..., enclosing report by MI(b), the The government had made a £ mil- German section of SIS, ‘Germany’s In- lion loan to Czechoslovakia, including tentions Regarding Danzig, th March £ million for economic reconstruction .’ (./a.) and £ million for Czech refugees; this E Bridges to Cadogan, Mar , resulted in one Czech family receiving (./). £, and another £, (.- Colvin to WSC, Jan , Nov , / and ./). (Gilbert, vol. v, f, ). Through Weininger’s bank statement is in Churchill’s personal influence, Colvin ./. A treasury letter of Sep , was commissioned in the Royal Marines (./, fol. ) de- (Morton to WSC, Nov , , scribes his compensation claim as ./). fraudulent. File ./ is still closed. Oberst Curt Siewert, Aufz, Mar A handwritten note of Oct , in (, .). ./ links Churchill’s Intelli- Harvey diary, Mar ; Colvin, Vansit- gence source Desmond Morton with tart in Office, ff; and DBFP, vol. iv, Jan Masaryk and Weininger, who ‘put No. . Mr Morton in touch with the Czech Le- Iverach McDonald, A Man of the Times gation.’ (London, ), f. Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Nicolson diary, Apr . Mar (vol. , col. ). On Apr H Wilson study, Oct (.- he wrote to Weininger that he would /). Nevile Henderson had writ- be weekending with the financial sec- ten to him on May , : ‘The blind retary to the treasury to apply further faith of the Labour leaders in Russia is pressure. pathetic – or tragic. One is almost led Dugdale (diary, Mar ) was present to believe that they want a war for the at the luncheon. On Mar , in conse- sake of their own internal purposes and quence of Tilea’s warning, the cabinet the socialism which war, successful or decided to make approaches to Romania unsuccessful, will spread.’ (./- and Poland (./ and /). a.) Tilea told this to Milanovic, the Yugo- Letter, Chamberlain to his sister, Apr slav minister (Forschungsamt intercept, (Templewood papers). Mar ; see note ). At the WO, Gen See note . Pownall wrote in his diary, Mar : ‘It Halifax also attended. On May Ld appears that the Romania story of the Davies wrote him: ‘I hope I may be weekend was a big exaggeration on the wrong, but at Winston’s lunch the part of M Tilea. . . No doubt he had in- other day, you gave us the impression structions to keep us up to the mark but that you were not happy in your job.’ overdid it!’ Surely Halifax’s feelings had been out- Papers concerning Tilea’s application raged by Chamberlain’s policies? Davies to emigrate in Jul (./- suggested he resign. ‘Do not lose the ; one document closed until first opportunity of taking this step be- ). Citing his ‘anti-national attitude’ fore the sands run out.’ Halifax replied DAVID IRVING
that on the contrary he agreed with the he dined at No. on Jul . PM on foreign affairs. (./.) Letter, Brandeis to Flexner, Jul , in Weizmann to WSC, Apr (Weiz- Melvin I Urofsky (ed.), Letters of Louis D. mann archives). Brandeis (New York, ). Frankfurter Boothby to WSC, May (Gilbert, noted to FDR on Aug that the crisis vol. v, ). had developed ‘by the clock,’ and re- Dalton diary, May . minded him that he had reported ‘that See note . in London they had definite word it was Col Malcolm Christie, memo May to begin about the st’ (FDR Library: (Spears file /). PSF box , Frankfurter). Letter, Grigg to his father, Jul Churchill, vol. i, . (Grigg papers, /); Reynaud diary; Letter, Henderson to Halifax, Aug Spears file /. (./); H V Johnson report, Jul Lippmann’s notes, cited in Gilbert, (US embassy in London, secret files: vol. v, ; Nicolson diary, Jun . Dirksen Tel. No. , Jul ; Weiz- WSC to Chamberlain, Mar säcker papers; ., roll , - (./). ). According to a US embassy report The Times, Daily Telegraph, Yorkshire on the British press in , Kemsley Post, Jun . shared Chamberlain’s conviction that Daniel Longwell pressed WSC for an Hitler had no quarrel with England: ‘He explanation in letters dated May and opposed the Eden school as being pro- Jun , – in vain (Longwell pa- French and fought against Churchill’s pers). inclusion in the cabinet to the end.’ (FDR papers, box .) : Two-Fisted Dirksen Tel. No. , Jul (.//); the Churchill ar- Bruce Lockhart diary, Jan , , chives declines to confirm whether he quoting G M Young. corresponded with Negrin. Max Freedman (ed.), Roosevelt and Camrose notes, Jul (cited in Gilbert, Frankfurter: Their Correspondence – vol. v, f). (Boston, ); see James Leutze, Still seething five years later, WSC ‘The Secret of the Churchill-Roosevelt ordered Bracken to investigate Henry Correspondence,’ in Journal of Contem- Brooke, a director of Truth Publishing porary History, vol. (), ff. Company, suspecting an enemy plot Minutes of meeting, Apr , (Li- behind these articles. (Beaver- brary of Congress: Frankfurter papers, brook papers, Bracken to WSC, Jul , box , file , ‘Antisemitism’). , D..) One participant argued that fighting a Letter, Rothermere to WSC, Jul war of defence justified Jewish secrecy; (Gilbert, vol. v, ); and Kennedy to another, that audiences would disregard FDR, Jul (FDR Library, president’s certain anti-German films (identified in safe file, Kennedy. this document) if they learned that the Letter, Hoare to W Astor, Jul AJC had financed them. (Templewood papers). Cf. Frankfurter to Prof Lindemann, Jul Letter, Chamberlain to his sister, Jul . Bowra wrote to the Prof Jul that . FDR was ‘almost our only friend in the Kemsley, notes of the conversation world worth cultivating’ (Cherwell pa- with Herr Hitler, Bayreuth, Jul (.- pers, social correspondence, ; and /); Paul Schmidt’s German rec- Ickes diary, Oct ). Frankfurter’s Ox- ord of Hitler’s prewar meetings with ford Ll.D. ceremony was on June ; leading Englishmen (Sir Thomas Beech- CHURCHILL’S WAR
am, Lds. Beaverbrook, Rothermere, (Churchill, vol. i, f). The author has Kemsley, etc.) vanished from the cap- also relied on the private diary dictated tured German files: cf. BA Koblenz, by the chancellor of the exchequer, Sir Kl.Erw.. John Simon (Bodleian Library, Oxford: Ironside diary, Dec –, . MS Simon ). Ibid., Jul –, . The disparag- Churchill, vol. i, . ing views about him are in Kennedy to Welles, Tel. No. , May (US em- : A Foot in the Door bassy in London, secret files); and Ca- dogan diary, May , . Eden diary. Letter, A H Richards to Spears, Jul , Spears diary, Sep , . The author on paper headed ‘Defence oI Freedom has used the original text. and Peace’ (Spears papers). Dalton diary, Sep and (London Czech memo, Jul (Hoover Library: School of Economics Library). Osusky papers, box ; and Táborský WSC to Halifax, Sep and Sep papers, box ). (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Letter, Chamberlain to his sister, Aug WSC to Pound, cited in Gilbert, vol. . vi, . The warship was Baralong; Letter, WSC to Wood, Aug (Chur- we do not know if the culprits were chill, vol. i, f). punished. Channon diary, Easter . ./. Sir William Malkin was Hans-Heinrich (‘Johnny’) Herwarth legal adviser to the FO. von Bittenfeld, , second secretary in WSC paper, Dec (./). the German embassy in Moscow, called Colville diary, Aug , . US diplomat Charles Bohlen round to WSC to Ismay, Jul , (.- tell him the secrets of the pact. (Bohlen, /). Witness to History [New York, ], WSC to Halifax, Jan , (.- ff. Cf. Tel. Bohlen to State, Jul ; and /). Adolph A Berle Jr, diary, Aug : ‘We Alanbrooke papers, //. have pretty clear information’ of the Adm. John H Godfrey MS (Naval His- ‘secret arrangement’); and Pownall di- torical Branch, London: Godfrey pa- ary, Aug .) pers). Letter, WSC to Wood, Aug ; curi- Churchill, vol. i, and ff. ously, WSC (vol. i, ) dates his re- Godfrey MS. turn from Paris three days later, Aug ./. . Churchill, vol. i, ; Godfrey MS, Diary, Aug . chap. vii, . Kennedy to State, Tel. No. , Aug WSC to secretary, Sep (Churchill, (US embassy in London, secret vol. i, ; and Godfrey MS, chap. v, files). ). Cf. Harrod, The Prof, . Karl-Heinrich Loesch memo, Hitler- Gilbert, vol. vi, f. Henderson conversation, Aug Godfrey MS, chap. vii, . (Loesch papers, .//ff; cf. Pownall diary, Jun , ; Sep , ADAP [D], vol. vii, No. ). . Raczynski diary, Aug . Cecil King diary, Jul , : lunch Ibid., Sep . with Frank Owen. Dugdale diary, Sep ; letter WSC to ./. Chamberlain, Sep (Feiling, ). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Raczynski note, Sep (op. cit., ). , Sep (., US embassy in Letter, WSC to Chamberlain, Sep London secret files, box , ‘– War’). DAVID IRVING
. would have been flattened out by the Hoare to Beaverbrook, Oct (Beaver- Muscovites.’ (C D Jackson papers, box brook papers). , Churchill.) Hore-Belisha, cited in Kennedy to Colville diary, May , . State dept., Tel. No. , Sep (US Hoare diary, Oct ; and Simon diary, embassy in London, secret files). Oct , (Bodleian Library, Ox- O Stanley, cited in Hoare diary, Sep ford). (Templewood papers). Godfrey MS. Camrose note, Sep (Gilbert, vol. Mackenzie King papers (Public Ar- vi, ). chives of Canada). Dalton diary, Sep ; and cabinet Letter, Kennedy to FDR, Sep (FDR meeting, Sep (./). Library: PSF file Kennedy). Simon diary, Sep ; Hankey to his The Times, Oct . wife, Sep (Hankey papers). Kennedy MS, (Library of Con- WSC to Chamberlain, Sep (Chur- gress: Hon. James M Landis papers). chill, vol. i, ). The ‘’ file of the Chamberlain– Dalton diary, Sep . Horace Wilson papers (./) Ibid. He had told Ripka in Jun and forty-five pages of ./ one had to be stupid not to know how spanning Oct – are closed, as are to handle Italy. Ripka: ‘Despite this Hankey’s Oct and Nov files rough language I had the impression (./-). But see e.g., Bastianini Churchill had a soft spot for Italy.’ to Ciano, No. of Oct , in Italian (Král, .) embassy file No. : in a talk be- WSC to Adm. Fraser, Sep (cited in tween Halifax and Ld Brocket on Oct Gilbert, vol. vi, ). on peace terms, Halifax denied the war WSC paper, Oct (./). was to destroy Germany or even Na- Dugdale diary, Sep and ; and zism. Weizmann papers. Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Nicolson diary, Sep . –, Oct (US embassy files and Letter, Kennedy to FDR, Sep (FDR FRUS , vol. , ). Cf. B E T Gage, Library, PSF file Kennedy). FO memo, Sep . He added: ‘I believe that other information in our possession : Naval Person goes to show that Mr Kennedy . . . is not optimistic about our chances’ (.- John Colville diary, Sep , . /). R Cartland, letter of Sep , in B Cart- Boston Herald, Apr , ; Beschloss, land, Ronald Cartland (London ). . The New York Genealogical Society ./; the declassified FDR– established this (H Wallace diary, Aug WSC correspondence is on six micro- , ). films in FDR Library. WSC had sent WSC speech (in absentia) to New York vol. i of Marlborough to FDR inscribed: University, Apr , (Truman Li- ‘With earnest wishes for the success of brary). the greatest crusade of modern times. Letter, Kay Halle to Jim Rowe, Oct , ’; vol. iv was published in (Frankfurter papers). . C Murphy memo on dinner, Mar , Kennedy diary, cited in Landis. ; and letter, W Graebner to Henry Kennedy to FDR, Tel. No. , Oct R Luce, Jan , . ‘You are, of , .. (FDR Library, microfilm , course,’ WSC told Luce in Apr , ). ‘the saviours of the world. . . All of us WSC to FDR, Oct , . CHURCHILL’S WAR
See e.g., Hinsley, vol. i, ; and for (Jul ), –, and No. examples, German naval staff war diary, (Aug), –. Oct – (.). Cabinet meeting, Nov (./); ‘Aus bestimmter Quelle,’ ibid., Oct . On letter, Hoare to Lothian, Nov the attaché’s question, Raeder would (Templewood, f). only say that his source ‘in neutral Ire- WSC to DNI, Sep (Churchill, vol. i, land’ was very reliable (Tel., US naval ). attaché in Berlin to Op Nav, Washing- Godfrey MS, chap. v, . ton, Oct ; and war diary, Oct –, , Churchill, vol. i, : ‘In the purely PSF box , FDR Library). naval sphere he [Hitler] had always been WSC’s version of this is in .- building U-boats as fast as possible, irre- /, a cabinet print of his messages spective of any agreement.’ Godfrey to FDR from Sep to May ; comments (in his MS, chap. i, ) that for a British embassy telegram from this was quite untrue; cf. Hinsley, vol. i, Washington on the bizarre incident, see . ./. WSC to Pound, Apr ; Roskill, Ad- See too Ickes diary, Oct . FDR had mirals, . gone to Hyde Park for an early weekend Godfrey MS, chap. v, ff. after his Oct cabinet (Library of Con- H Nicolson diary, Dec . gress). Godfrey MS, chap. v, . Capt. Ralph Samples are in ., series : ‘Rec- Edwards (diary, Feb ) called Win- ords relating to . . . Tyler Gatewood ston’s sacking of Danckwerts and ‘all Kent.’ One item in box , file . the others in that Divn. a great loss & a –, suggests that the British were great mistake.’ The handwritten diaries reading American cypher traffic be- of the late Adm. Sir Ralph Edwards tween Stockholm and Washington. An- (–), director of the operations other item, in box , is the interroga- division (home) under Churchill, are in tion of the German prisoner Laun who Churchill College. worked in Ribbentrop’s Pers-Z code- breaking section; in he saw inter- : The Joybells Will Ring cepts of American despatches stamped ‘Seen by the Führer’ (Dem Führer vorge- Ld Camrose, note of Sep (Camrose legt). papers: Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Later the Americans paraphrased mes- Spears diary. He pencilled in the margin sages and used secure navy codes. Thus ‘Best left out.’ Harriman’s letter from Moscow, Nov Meeting, Nov in ./; trip , was paraphrased before being report in ./. forwarded to WSC (US embassy in Prof to WSC, Oct (Cherwell pa- London, secret files, box , series , pers). ., –Moscow conf). Kennedy MS, f (Landis papers). WSC to Halifax, Jan , (.- After prolonged bargaining with Oliver /). Stanley, Kennedy managed to increase Oral history, Rear-Adm. D J Mac- the Hollywood quota to $. million. donald, Aug , (Truman Library). Kennedy MS, . See Prof Warren F Kimball, ‘Churchill Kennedy to FDR, Nov (FDR Li- and Roosevelt: The Personal Equation,’ brary). in Prologue, Washington, Fall . Daily Telegraph, Nov , . Gilbert, vol. vi, . Kennedy MS, . I M Maiskii [Maisky], ‘Bor’ba za vtoroi Cadogan diary, Nov . front: iz zapisok posla,’ in Novii Mir, No. WSC to Eden, minute M./, Jan DAVID IRVING
(./). ff and ff; cf. ./- Guiseppe Bastianini to Ciano, No. on these documents). , Nov (Italian embassy in Lon- Ribbentrop speech, Apr (German don, file ); and letter of Nov , FO White Book No. , ). (ibid. and DDI (), ii, Doc. ); and Supreme War Council, Feb (British Weizsäcker memo, No. , Nov text, ./ and ./; Iron- (.//). side diary, Feb ). Reynaud and WSC appointment Letter of gunnery officer Fox, Feb books. (Gilbert, vol. vi, f). War Cabinet, Nov (./; and Cecil King diary, Feb ; cf. ibid. Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Spears diary, Feb –. He visited ./ and /; and .- Georges twice at his Paris apartment, /. the general having left his GHQ spe- WSC to Pound, Oct (./- cially for the rendezvous. ‘Every time ). he was deeply affectionate and his re- Kennedy MS, ff. gard for Churchill is boundless.’ Kennedy MS, . German naval staff war diary, Jan , Dugdale diary, Dec ; Weizmann Feb and . Altmark was a Troßschiff, note, Dec (Weizmann archives). an auxiliary, neither a ‘warship’ (as Kennedy MS, chap. ; Beschloss, stated in Gilbert, vol. vi, ) nor . armed (). See the study by the US War cabinet, Dec (./). Naval War College in International Law Jukka Nevakivi, The Appeal that was Situation and Documents, , pages et Never Made: The Allies, Scandinavia and seq.; and Borchard, ‘Was Norway De- the Finnish Winter War – linquent in the Altmark Case?’ American (Montreal, ). Journal of International Law, vol. Godfrey MS, chap. v, and . (), . WSC to Chamberlain (Gilbert, vol. vi, Edwards diary, Feb ; Halifax diary, ). Feb –. WM () ; Cadogan minute, Ibid., Feb ; WSC to Pound, Feb Dec : Supreme War Council, Dec (Churchill, vol. i, ); duty capt.’s ac- (./). count in Alexander papers, ./ MC () , Dec (./). (Churchill College, Cambridge). ./; and war cabinet, Dec Gen. Geyr von Schweppenburg (IfZ, (./). .). German accounts of the inci- Diaries of Hoare, Jan ; Capt. Ralph dent are in naval staff war diary, Feb Edwards, Jan (Churchill archives); (/) and Woermann papers (.- Cecil King, Jan , , Feb and . //ff). Australia’s Robert Menzies cabled WSC to Pound, Mar (Churchill, Chamberlain about this omission: war vol. i, ). cabinet, Jan (./). War diary of Gruppe XXI, Feb (BA Gort to Halifax, Jan (./). Freiburg: ./). See ./; Daily Express, Oct : Nobody Questions the Victor and Mar , . WSC memo, Feb ; Lothian to War cabinet, Feb (./). A rec- WSC, Mar and (./). ord of the interallied staff talks at Vin- Daily Express, Oct , . cennes Jan –Feb and other Anglo– Dugdale diary, Feb . French documents fell into German War cabinet, Feb ; Weizmann to hands at La Charité (.//- WSC, Feb (Weizmann archives). CHURCHILL’S WAR
Holma Tels. No. – to Helsinki, Feb (Finnish FO archives: Nevakivi, : Tit for Tat ). ./. And, incidentally, that Mussolini was Halifax at war cabinet, Mar ; Gripen- the greatest man he had ever met. berg diary, Mar ; and Halifax–Gripen- (Ickes diary, Apr ,.) berg conversation (./). Berle diary, May , (FDR Li- Cf. Journal Officiel, Mar , . Da- brary). ladier omitted the implied threat in Mackenzie King, conversations with reading out the text to the Chamber of FDR at Warm Springs, Georgia, Apr Deputies on Mar . -: ‘When Welles had a talk with Cf. ./: -page cabinet him,’ FDR had continued, quoting summary of principal German peace Welles almost verbatim, ‘he drank a lot feelers Sep through Mar . of whiskey and made a speech of an Kennedy to US embassy, Feb hour’s length to Welles. At the end of (./). the hour’s talking he had become so- Kennedy MS, . He wrote ‘very ber.’ And diary, Apr (Mackenzie extensive notes’ on the episode. Letter, King papers). Landis to JPK, Jul , ; and to Oral history of Brig. Gen. Garry H Welles, Dec , (Landis papers). Vaughan, (Truman Library). Kennedy MS, . Letter, Sir Charles Molt-Radelyffe to COS committee, Mar (./); the author, Apr . and cf. Simon diary, Mar , . Letter in Daily Telegraph, Apr , . WSC to Reynaud, Mar (Churchill, Cadogan diary, Jul , (Churchill vol. i, ). Cf. Hankey’s file on College, Cambridge). (./). Eleanor Roosevelt diary, Oct , Ulrich Kittel, a senior Forschungsamt (FDR Library). official, recalled this in . (IfZ). FDR quoted in Ickes diary, Feb , Weizsäcker diary, Mar ; Tanner . diary, in Väinö Tanner, Olin ulkominis- Berle diary, Jun , . terina talvisodan aikana (Helsinki, ), Washington Star, Mar , . In ; Ribbentrop (see note ); Tel. No. Beaverbrook’s file C. are pathetic R. from Dr Pakaslahti to Holma, letters from WSC’s secretary Anthony May , (Helsinki FO archives, Montague Browne thanking him for /); and interview of Prof Jukka keeping stories about Sarah out of the Nevakivi, London, May . press. Hewel diary, Jul , (IfZ: Irving Letter, Agent P E Foxworth to J Edgar collection). Hoover, Jul , (FBI archives, Kennedy MS, ; Welles’s reports Washington DC). (FDR Library, box ). On Mar WSC Beaverbrook to Pamela Churchill, Dec related to the war cabinet that he had , (Beaverbrook papers, C.). told Welles: ‘Now that we have en- According to a Danish study reviewed tered the war, we must, and should, by experts of Harvard’s Alcohol and fight it to a finish . . . even though this Drug Abuse Research Center in New meant putting all to the stake.’ England Journal of Medicine (Oct , (./.) ), alcoholism is four times more Kennedy MS, chap. . common in the offspring of alcoholics. Cecil King diary, Feb . Letter, Sarah to Clementine, Apr , Kennedy MS, . (unpublished). Kennedy MS, . Letter, W Graebner to D Longwell, DAVID IRVING
Mar , (Longwell papers). was reached on Apr (Docs. and of Cadogan diary, Aug . the German White Book, No. ). Letter to Lester Pearson, Jan , British text in ./. Churchill, (Eisenhower Library). vol. i, f; Gamelin, Servir (Paris, Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . ), ; Reynaud, in La France a Ibid., May , . sauvé l’Europe, ff. FDR cabinet, May , in Ickes diary, Resultats du Conseil Supreme du Mars May , . ; and Notes prises par le lieutenant- ‘He claims it is good for typhus and colonel de Villelume sur des conversations sur deadly on lice which thrive in those les événements Avril–Mai , in Rey- parts.’ (FDR Library: Hopkins papers, naud papers (). Tel., Hopkins to FDR, Jan , ). Edwards diary, Mar . See note . Darlan to Daladier, Apr (Archives See e.g., letter from Gabriel Smith, Politiques, Paris: Daladier papers). Cdr. (ret.) of Royal Norwegian Navy, Thus his own memo on their conver- to John Renny, Feb , in Halifax sation, Mar (./ and .- papers (./). ‘We have be- /); Cadogan diary; cf. Capt. haved like damned blundering fools, the Edwards diary: ‘If the French won’t Germans have been liars and cheaters, play with Oprn. R.M. we don’t like but on the other hand not much good R.’ can be said for the British action.’ See note . War diaries of Gruppe XXI, Mar – Amery diary, Feb , . , and German naval staff, Mar . Letter, Chamberlain to his sister, Mar WSC to Halifax, Mar (./- ; Eden diary, Apr . ). Letter, WSC to Chamberlain, Apr Cecil King diary, Mar . (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Tel. Kennedy to State, Mar ; on Cited in Gilbert, vol. vi, . Mar WSC also voiced concern to War cabinet, Apr , : .. (.- Gamelin that Welles might succeed /). (./). Colville diary, Apr . WSC to Reynaud, Mar (Churchill, See note . vol. i, ). Tels., Copenhagen to FO, Apr , ./ shows that Daladier was : and : (./). expected. Spears noted on Apr : ‘Rey- Letter, Daladier to Chamberlain, Apr naud is completely at Daladier’s mercy, (Daladier papers, ). and the way Daladier treats him is best WSC to Chamberlain, Apr (Cham- shown by the fact that a quarter of an berlain papers). hour before Reynaud started . . . Dala- Admiralty to Forbes, : .. Apr dier informed him that he was not go- (./). ing.’ Pound to Cunningham, Mar (Brit- Paul Stehlin, Témoignage pour l’Histoire ish Museum: MS ); Roskill, (Paris, ), ; he saw the map; Churchill and the Admirals (London, there was open talk of it in London. ), f; Edwards MS; summary in ‘Campbell saw Byron last night. . . We ./; Churchill, vol. i, . are intending to attack the Baku oil- Edwards diary, Apr . The author fields. The large force we have in the prefers the original diary to the bowd- Near East is to be used for that pur- lerised version quoted by Roskill and pose.’ (Cecil King diary, Feb .) adopted uncritically by Gilbert, vol. vi, Kennedy MS, referring also to evi- . dence that agreement on the July date CHURCHILL’S WAR
: Completely Outwitted The author prefers the handwritten original diary. Roskill (Admirals, ) Darlan to Daladier, Apr (Daladier quotes this as ‘was half-cocked as usual.’ papers). This bowdlerised text is adopted by Walther Hewel diary, Jul , Gilbert, vol. vi, . (Irving collection, IfZ). Edwards diary, Apr . This was on Mar , . Ribben- ./. trop’s speech, Apr (German FO WSC to Reynaud and Daladier, Apr White Book No. , ). (./ and ./). German naval staff war diary, Mar . Gilbert, vol. vi, . Report by D B of SIS, ‘The Scandinavian Massy to Ironside, Apr ; Ironside to Invasion,’ Apr (./). Cf. Stanley, Apr (./). Hankey to Wilson, May about his Comments by Ironside (./- inquiry into the SIS and MI ). (./). Edwards diary, Apr ; Bridges ./; and ./. memo, Apr (./). Wilson to Chamberlain, Apr (.- Wilson memo, Apr (./). /). WSC to Chamberlain, Apr (.- Memo, Dep. CIG Lieut.-Gen. Hugh /). Massy to Ironside, Apr (./- Bridges memo, Apr (./); ). cf. Ismay to WSC, Apr (./- German naval staff war diary, Apr . ). Gilbert, vol. vi, . Colville diary, Apr ; Bridges memo, Hoare diary, Apr ; cf. Templewood, Apr (./). . Wilson memo, Apr (./). Summary in ./. Edwards diary, May , . Halifax, cited in Kennedy to State WSC to Ismay, May , (.- dept., Tel. No. , Apr . /). Capt S W Roskill, The War at Sea Note initialled by WSC, Apr , (London, ), vol. i, . , : .. (./); and Réunion du Conseil Suprème du Avril Churchill, vol. i, f. , in Reynaud papers (; Brit- Cork to WSC, Apr , :, re- ish text in ./). ceived : (./; original ./; and Reynaud papers. in ./). WSC to Forbes, Apr , : .. ./; and cf. Churchill, vol. (Gilbert, vol. vi, f). i, f. ./. Reynaud papers (; English ibid., ./; Edwards MS; Roskill, and ./). Admirals, . Official historian Roskill Colville diary, Apr (Gilbert, vol. found the signals in a guarded ‘cage’ in vi, . the Admiralty Record Office; they are Colville diary, Apr . now missing, but incomplete typed Keyes to WSC, Apr (./). copies are in ./. All He sent copies to Halifax, Simon, WSC–Cork–Mackesy signals are quoted Hoare, Stanley and Chamberlain from this file. (./). Roskill (Admirals, f) identifies the Nicolson diary, Apr . signal’s author as Mr Churchill. Reynaud to Chamberlain, Apr , ./, and Churchill, vol. i, : .. (Doc. No. , captured by f. Germans at La Charité: German: .- Eden diary. //; French: ./- DAVID IRVING
/); Corbin to Reynaud, Apr Chips Channon diary, May . , : .. (Doc. No. , ibid.). Cecil King diary, May . See note ; and Notes prises par le lieu- Alexander, quoted in Dalton diary, tenant-colonel de Villelume (Reynaud pa- May . pers). Ironside diary. Tel., Corbin to Reynaud, Apr (see ./. note ). Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Ibid., Docs. Nos. and . May , cols. f. WSC to NC, Apr (./). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Reynaud conversation with Chamber- , May (US embassy in London, lain, Apr , : ..: see letter, SS- secret files). Schütze Fritz Lorenz to Himmler, Jan Dalton diary, May ; Hansard, May , , (.//ff); BDC cols. –; ibid., May , cols. file on Lorenz; Völkischer Beobachter, May –; letter, Herschel Johnson to , and Hitler speech, Jul , . A Hull, May , ; Nicolson diary, private letter of Adm. A B Cunningham May –. shows that Weygand met him at Malta Colville diary, Dec . en route to Paris on Mar : ‘He said A V Alexander to WSC, May [Reynaud] must have heard that he was (./). very old [] and sent for him to see if it ./. was true.’ (British Museum: MS War diary, Hopkinson Mission (- .) ), May (./). WO daily Intelligence summary, May : Hence Prime Minister (./); the diary of Lieut.- Gen. Brooke of II Corps (May –) Dalton diary, May . shows no hint of coming events. Eden diary, May (The Reckoning, ). Beaverbrook papers, C., Churchill; Hptm. Deyhle, Gedanken über die Be- and Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. fehlsführung an erster Stelle, Apr (, , May , noon (US embassy in .). London, secret files). Nicolson diary, May. Edwards diary, May . Reith diary, May . Eden diary, May . Dugdale diary, May . Amery, My Political Life, vol. iii, ; Lockhart diary, May . cf. Spears, Prelude to Dunkirk, . John Colville diary, May . He entered Letter, Butler to Halifax, May these thoughts that evening. (Hickleton papers, ...); Dalton Ironside diary, May . diary, May –. Ld Davies to Beaverbrook, May Notes, in Taylor, . (Beaverbrook papers). Bruce Lockhart diary, Aug , ; A J P Taylor, Beaverbrook, . and slightly different version by R Churchill, vol. i, . Churchill in Gilbert, vol. vi, . Colville diary, May , quoting Ld Eden diary, May . Portal of Laverstoke. Cadogan diary, May ; Margesson told This remark, commented one senior Beaverbrook (A J P Taylor, ). FO official, was reminiscent of prewar Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. days and unlikely to inspire foreign con- , May , : .. His source fidence; it seemed an easy way of earn- was perhaps Halifax. ing dollars. Macdonald to Halifax, Jan Eden diary, May . (./); and Daily Express, Jan Gilbert, vol. vi, f. . Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled CHURCHILL’S WAR
Years, (London, ). Memo of Apr (./). Irving, Hitler’s War, (H Heim, Colville diary, May . Hitler’s Tischgespräch, Oct –, ). FDR cabinet of May , reported in Cited in Gilbert, vol. vi, ; cf. Ickes diary, May . ‘Apparently Chur- Lockhart diary, Aug , . chill is very unreliable when under the Diary. influence of drink,’ FDR added. ‘I sup- Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. pose that he is too old.’ (Library of , May , , : .. Ken- Congress.) When Kennedy tendered his nedy predicted trouble over this. ‘This resignation on Dec , FDR spoke to may result in another bitter fight while him of WSC’s rudeness (from his MS). the world is burning.’ Earlier on May Letter, Hankey to Halifax, May , (according to Dalton’s diary) Sinclair (Hickleton papers, ....). urged Attlee that Chamberlain remain Letter, Hankey to Hoare, May , until the crisis was past; he then issued a (Beaverbrook papers, C.). statement to The Times: ‘Recent events Dalton diary, May , ; and Bruce have proved the necessity for a prompt Lockhart diary, Mar , . and radical reconstruction of the British H Hopkins diary, unpublished, Jan , Government; but the opening of the ; Mackenzie King diary, Aug , first critical battle in the West is not the ; King to WSC, May , moment.’ (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). On Jun Lord Dalton diary, May . Bracken said it Halifax would record after seeing the to Macmillan. king: ‘He was very funny about Win- Nicolson, diary, May . ston, and told me he did not find him Diary, May . very easy to talk to: Nor was Winston Hankey papers. Under his long-pre- willing to give him as much time, or pared Operation , destroyers carried information, as he would like. Much British demolition parties to Ymuiden, surprised and not a little disturbed at Hook of Holland, Flushing, and Ant- being invited to make Brendan Bracken werp. Each party consisted of three of- a Privy Councillor.’ ficers, naval enlisted men, plus Royal Taylor, . Engineers: for Amsterdam, for Dalton diary, May . Rotterdam, for Antwerp (Memo by Ibid., Dec . Hankey, May , ./). Gilbert, vol. vi, . ./. Dalton diary, May . Greenwood’s version, in Bruce Lock- Ibid., May . hart diary, May . Nicolson diary. Halifax was struck by ./. The king (diary, May ) Churchill’s ‘chilly’ reception (diary). felt Chamberlain had been treated un- Ismay, . fairly and suggested Halifax as the ‘ob- Reynaud papers, file ‘Télégrammes’; vious’ successor; Chamberlain ex- letter, Corbin to WSC, May . plained why the king should send for (.//. . files – Mr Churchill. Churchill’s papers – have been heavily Letter, Adm. A B Cunningham to his sanitised before their release to the Aunt Helen, May (British Museum: PRO.) MS ). ./. Kennedy diary. Bullitt to State dept., Paris, May (FDR Library: PSF, box ). : Rogue Elephant .//; Cadogan diary, May . Telephone message, timed : Dictionary of National Biography. .. (Reynaud papers). DAVID IRVING
Bruce Lockhart diary. traliser toutes les questions relatives à Colville diary, May . l’évacuation du ministère’ (Daladier pa- Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. pers). , May , , : .. He Dalton diary, May . concluded that WSC called in Eden, Al- Colville and Cadogan diaries, May . exander and Sinclair ‘and they are very FRUS , vol. iii, –; .- low tonight although they are tough, /. and mean to fight.’ (FDR Library, PSF, Bullitt to FDR, : .., May box ). (FDR Library). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Gamelin Tel. to WSC, May , : , May . .. (La Charité files, .//- Bullitt to FDR, noon, May (FDR ). Library, PSF, box ). Kennedy to State dept., May ; WSC Reynaud papers (); Seal’s to Chamberlain, May (./- memo, .//. /). ./. Dalton diary, May . La Charité files (.//). Historical record of signals officer in Beaverbrook replied, ‘The communi- chief, BEF, May –June (./- cations you speak of are a subject I have ); and Hankey papers (./). always fought shy of,’ but he respected Cabinet, May , : .. (.- Dowding’s right to ‘hold fixed and firm /). opinions’ (Beaverbrook papers, C.); Colville memo, May (./- Sunday Pictorial, May , , ‘Did /). They Really Die?’; Mackenzie King di- Brian Bond (ed.), Chief of Staff: The ary, Aug , . Diaries of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Henry Pownall, ./ and /; cf. Dowding to air vol. i, – (London, ), . ministry, May (Dowding papers, Cf. Ismay, Summary of W. Front, May .//). (.//). WSC to Reynaud, undated (May , Eden diary. .//). WSC to FDR, Tel. No. ,, May La Charité files (.//). (FDR Library: Map Room papers; The author has used the original diary also in FRUS , vol. iii, ; and Their in the Brooke papers (Kings College, Finest Hour, –); Colville diary, May London: //). . Kennedy to FDR and State dept., Tel. ./. No. , May , : .. (US em- ./; Edwards diary, May ; bassy in London, secret files). and Tel., Swayne to WSC and Eden, This from ./; the remainder is May (.//); letter, Dill to based on the French minutes by de Churchill, May (.//). Margerie (Reynaud papers) and by Da- Major-Gen. Giffard Martel, history of ladier (Doc. No. in German White th Division’s attack of May Book No. : Dokumente über die Allein- (.//). schuld Englands am Bombenkrieg gegen die Ironside and Colville diaries, May ; Zivilbevölkerung, Berlin, ). Cf. Rey- Eden, The Reckoning. naud, La France a sauvé l’Europe, vol. ii, Defence committee, evening of May and . (./ and ./). Around : .. on May de .//. Margerie briefed the sous directeur Reynaud papers. d’Europe that Reynaud had ‘chargé Reynaud diary, May : ‘ h Monsieur Leca [his secretary] de cen- Weygand, h Churchill, puis à Vincennes, CHURCHILL’S WAR
Churchill et Weygand. Déjeuner, Churchill, US embassy in London, secret files, puis Mandel arrive après le déjeuner.’ series , .: Tyler Kent, –; (British text, ./; the French, in and cabinet, May (./). Reynaud’s papers, was also among ar- Mackenzie King diary, Apr –, . chives captured by the Germans at La Memo, May (ibid., , ). The Charité and sent to Hitler for his en- emissary was Mr Keenlyside. joyment. .//. Also, WSC to Reynaud for Weygand, May Notes prises par le Lieut.-Col Villelume.) , : .. (Churchill, vol. ii, ); Reynaud papers (, file ‘Télé- also in Reynaud papers and captured La grammes’). Charité documents (.//- See note . ). ./. Reynaud papers, ‘Télégrammes.’ Ulrich Liss, head of . Abteilung, Fremde Campbell to WSC, May (.- Heere West: ‘Dünkirchen, gesehen mit den //). Augen des Ic,’ in Wehrwissenschaftliche Irving, Hitler’s War, . Gen. Hanz von Rundschau, , ff. Salmuth, interrogated in , was one Pownall diary, May . witness of Hitler’s remarks (IfZ, - ./. ). Note prise par le président du Conseil, Reynaud to WSC, May , : .. Mai , h (Reynaud papers, (Reynaud papers, ‘Télègrammes’; Chur- , file ‘Télégrammes’). chill, vol. ii, f). The Germans later Bock diary, May . He learned ‘dass broadcast this message. an der Somme bei und südostwärts Amiens J Martin private letter, Jun . erhebliche Angriffe . . . im Gange seien und WSC to Ironside, May (.- dass Kluge, der Oberbefehlshaber der . Ar- //). mee, drei von der Heeresleitung für die Spears diary, May . Schlacht im Norden bestimmte Division Cabinet, May (./); WSC to dorthin, also nach Süden, habe abdrehen Ismay for Nicholson, May (Chur- müssen’ (Bundesarchiv, Nr. /). chill, vol. ii, ); Edwards diary; Nich- King George’s diary, May . olson, Calais diary (./). Pownall diary. Reynaud papers. Letter, Reynaud to Pétain, Apr Churchill, vol. ii, ; L F Ellis, The (FDR Library); Reynaud papers War in France and Flanders, f; this is (); ./ and ./- accepted by Hinsley, vol. i, . WSC’s /). source was Brooke’s letter of Oct , Darlan letter, Jul (Reynaud papers). . Gilbert suggests that GHQ read John C Cairns, ‘Great Britain and the the documents ‘that afternoon’ (vol. vi, Fall of France,’ Journal of Modern Hisrory, ). Not so. Dec , . Brooke made no reference to the Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. ‘document wallet’ in his authentic (ink) , May , . diary. After he visited th and rd Divi- sions to discuss plans for the attack, : An Avoidable Disaster ‘GHQ had another conference at : .. [I] found the atmosphere entirely WSC to Ismay, May (Churchill, vol. changed and was at once presented with ii, ); Morton to WSC, May th Division to hold Ypres-Comines (./); report by H V Johnson, Canal. They have now realised the dan- ‘The Fifth Column in Great Britain,’ Jul ger I warned them about this morning. (US embassy in London, secret files, The penetration scheme [the Weygand box , .); and cabinet, May . plan] is temporarily abandoned.’ Later DAVID IRVING
he pencilled two lines about it under (Hopkins diary, Jan , ). ‘It May : ‘Collected German officer’s strikes me,’ Kennedy reported, ‘this wallet from Div HQ with plan for isn’t going to improve the morale of the German attack.’ In Alanbrooke papers Dutch much’ (Tel. No. , May ). (//) is MI’s version of Oct. WSC to Gort, : .., May . (.//). ./. Army Group B, telex to OKH, May Comité de guerre, May , : .. (Weizsäcker papers, .//- (Daladier papers). ff). Eden to Gort, May , seen by WSC ./; Halifax diary, May , May (.//). . Major Thomas Ingram, the archi- Letter, R Campbell to WSC, May : vist of Lord Halifax’s papers (now at the ‘The enclosed message to you from Borthwick Institute, York) informed the Léger has just been brought to me by a author (Feb ) that Halifax evidently friend of his to whom he telephoned it began dictating the intermittent journal from the country.’ (.//; the for his family in when his children message itself has been withdrawn, like were dispersed and he himself had much of this file.) Horace Wilson moved into the Dorchester Hotel. would write in Oct , ‘Léger was ‘These typewritten diary-letters, to- violently anti-German, equally violently gether with the “secret” diary, were anti-Italian, and he must bear much of passed to me by Lord Halifax and are the responsibility for the failure to take just as I received them.’ Halifax appears advantage of the opportunities offered to have related the cabinet dispute to from time to time by either Hitler or Kennedy: see Kennedy to State dept., Mussolini for some kind of rapproche- Tel. No. , May , : .. ment.’ (./. For a similar Peace moves were in the air: ‘Chur- view on Léger, see Feiling, Life of Neville chill, Attlee and others will want to Chamberlain, .) fight to the death but there will be oth- Three-page undated draft (./- ers who realise that physical destruction /). of men and property in England will not Agende, May (Reynaud papers, box be a proper offset to loss of pride.’ , ‘Documents’). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. It is in ./ and .//; , May . cf. Ismay summary, ibid.; and Cadogan Spears to WSC, May (.- diary, May . On May Mackenzie //); Colville diary. King noted, ‘Mentioned [to Malcolm Tel., WSC to Reynaud, May , Macdonald] . . . that we might very : .., sent by cypher telephone soon have the king and queen them- (Ismay papers, ./). selves in Canada.’ Bruce memo, May (Morton papers, Eden diary. ./). WSC to Spears, May (./- Martin private letter, May ; Ironside /). diary, May . Darlan letter, Jul . Spears diary; WSC to Spears, May Churchill, vol. ii, ; Ismay, . (./). The intercepted order to a Panzer Personal, WSC to Ld Gort, May , division to attack Calais was shown on : (./ and .//- May by Major-Gen. A E Percival ). (the asst. CIGS) to Eden (The Reckon- WSC to Reynaud, May , : ing). (./). So King George VI told Hopkins Eden to Gort, May , : (.- CHURCHILL’S WAR
//). (Reynaud papers and ./, Mackenzie King to WSC, May from which many items have been (Mackenzie King papers, MG., J, withdrawn); cf. Spears diary, Jun . vol. , and ./). He found Darlan letter, Jul . the ‘difficult part’ was meeting FDR’s Herschel Johnson to State dept., Tel. wish ‘of having the message appear to No. , May , (US embassy be from myself rather than from him’ in London, secret files). (diary). Eden diary; WSC to Lloyd, Seal to WSC to Mackenzie King, Jun WSC, May (./); Weiz- (.// and ./; mann to WSC, May (Weizmann ar- Churchill, vol. ii, f; and Mackenzie chives). King diary, Jun ). Martin dairy, May . British text, ./; French text, Mackenzie King diary, May . ‘Conseil Suprème du Mai – Dis- Kennedy to State dept., June : cussions rélatives à l’évacuation de l’armée ‘There was a disposition, as much as des Flandres’ (Reynaud papers, ). three weeks ago, even on the part of Reynaud MS, ‘Comment Raymond Cartier Churchill, to say, “Of course we move écrit l’histoire’ (in ): ‘Ainsi, cent to Canada and carry on the battle from dix mille soldats français furent évacuées.’ there.” Everybody, however, since then gives me the same answer which makes : We Shall Fight in the Hills me very suspicious. That answer is “Of course we are not going to move to Thompson, . Canada; we will fight it out here.”’ Dr Waino W Suojanen, a psychologist Colville diary, Jun (cited in Gilbert, and professor of management at Geor- vol. vi, ). gia State University (ed.), Management There are impressions of Chequers in and the Brain (). As for the curative the diaries of Gen. Hap Arnold, May properties of stress, Dr Neil E Kay and , , and Harry Butcher, Sep , Dr John E Morley suggested to a . Washington symposium that stress in- Corbin to Reynaud, Jun , : .. creased the body’s production of natural (Daladier papers; also .//- opiates (International Herald Tribune, Jul ). , ). WSC to Reynaud, Jun (Reynaud Dr Paul A Rosch, president of the papers, slightly garbled; and ./- American Institute of Stress. Dr Joel ). Elkes, emeritus professor of psychiatry Dowding (in his memoirs) and other at the Johns Hopkins Medical School, writers have mistakenly put this episode draws a significant comparison between on May , when he also attended the drug addiction and stress addiction: cabinet. The ‘graph’ figures only in the ‘Risk-taking and extreme stress produce Jun cabinet minutes. a pleasurable arousal,’ he explains, ‘fol- ./. lowed by a feeling of release’ (ibid.). Dalton diary, Jun . Bevin also wrote Diary, Mar . an account of it in his diary, ‘while the Quoted in Bruce Lockhart diary, May memory was white hot.’ A Christiansen . to Beaverbrook, Oct , (C.). Diary. ./, note of Jun . Gallipoli Memoirs, . evacuation figures: from Helles, Spears diary, Jun ; Darlan letter, Jul ,; from Anzac and Suvla, ,. (Reynaud papers). Dalton diary, Jul . WSC to Spears for Weygand, Jun Author’s interview of Norman Shelley, DAVID IRVING
Dec . /). Pownall diary, Feb , Mar , Apr . WSC to Ld Lothian, Jun (./- Ministère de l’Aire, Cabinet militaire: Note ). pour le Général Tarnier, Jun (Reynaud Reynaud papers, . papers, ). Colville diary, Jun . WSC to Ismay et al., Jun (Gilbert, Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. vol. vi, f, f, ). , Jun , : .. Cadogan; and cf. Colville diary, Jun : Ickes diary, Jun . ‘Winston would like to send more than Beaverbrook to Hoare, Jun (Bea- the experts agree.’ verbrook papers, C.). Tel., WSC to Reynaud, Jun , : French text, ‘Proces-verbal de la séance .. (.//); Spears recorded du Conseil Suprème tenue au Château du on Jun : ‘Winston sent me two very Muguët, prés de Briare, le //,’ in sharp messages to Reynaud and later Reynaud papers () and Reynaud spoke to me on phone.’ Reynaud ‘took diary. British minutes in ./; and my stuffy wires well.’ see Sir Ronald Campbell’s despatch to Colville diary, Jun . Halifax, Jun , ; transcripts of all The letter is in French files captured these meetings were extracted by the by the Germans (.//). Spanish from the luggage of Reynaud’s Churchill replied to Reynaud on Jun : fleeing staff and copied for the Nazis. ‘Fighter aircraft. General Vuillemin’s Tel., Eisenhower to WSC, Dec , demand was altogether unreasonable , quoting letter, Darlan to WSC, and his letter made the worst impres- Dec , . sion on everyone and greatly increased Reynaud papers, . my difficulties.’ (Reynaud papers, WSC to FDR, Tel. No. , Jun , , ‘Correspondence Reynaud/- : .. Churchill.’) Reynaud summoned Spears Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. to his cabinet: ‘Very painful and difficult , : .. Jun (FDR Library). atmosphere,’ Spears noted in his diary, Colville diary, Jun . describing Vuillemin’s letter as ‘in- credibly impertinent.’ : Breakneck Colville diary, Jun . Tizard diary, Jun (Clark, Tizard, WSC to FDR, in Kennedy to State ). dept., Tel. No. , Jun (US em- Spears to WSC, Jun (./- bassy in London, secret file). Gilbert /). wrongly dates this Jun and applies it Ismay to Spears, Jun ; and Reynaud to Churchill’s previous trip. to WSC, Jun (Reynaud papers, English minutes are in Reynaud papers, .//; , file ‘Angleterre file ; and ./. Three télégrammes . . . Mai–Juin ’; and French participants wrote accounts: .//). Reynaud; Baudouin, first in a memoire .//; and WSC to Reynaud titled, ‘À propros d’un nouveau livre de M Jun , : .. (Reynaud papers). Kammerer’ and then in, ‘Neuf mois de Cadogan diary; and Dalton diary, Jul Gouvernement’; de Margerie, Reynaud’s , . directeur du cabinet, took an almost For a rough statistical analysis, see verbatim note (in ). Cf. Kennedy Warren F Kimball, ‘Churchill and Roo- to State dept., Tel. No. , Jun ; sevelt: The Personal Equation,’ in Pro- WSC to Dominion high commissioners, logue, Fall . Jun , : .. (./); and Tel., WSC to Smuts, Jun (./- Beaverbrook memo, Sep , CHURCHILL’S WAR
(Beaverbrook papers, D.). slightest military activities.’ In German captivity Reynaud often Kennedy to FDR, Tel. No. , Jun recalled those words, ‘in her power and (embassy file; and PSF file, ‘Ken- her dignity,’ e.g., in letter to Pétain, Apr nedy’). , (Reynaud papers and FDR Li- Prof to WSC, Jun (Cherwell pa- brary, PSF, box , ‘Biddle’). Leahy pers); J Martin letter, Jun . had sent copies to Washington. Reading ./. them, Churchill ordered them circu- Bryant, –. lated to the cabinet: ‘Pray God we Colville diary, Jun never get in such a jam! . . . They vindi- ./. cate us before history. WSC .vii.’ He Colville diary, Jun . The message wanted them published but – to protect was despatched at : .., Jun Reynaud – the Americans declined. (.//). (Churchill however used the ‘neck Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill, wrung like a chicken’ quotation in his ; Clementine to Prof, Apr , Ottawa speech. ./.) (Cherwell papers). Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. ii, Colville diary; and Tel., Campbell to . Spears is not always reliable, as EO, Jun (./). Reynaud later commented: ‘Le Général Colville diary, Jun . Spears . . . est devenu avant d’écrire ses Notes de Louis Marin (Reynaud papers, mémoires, l’adversaire de la France, mal- Divers, ); Reynaud diary; Tel., veillant pour tous les Français, moi compris, Bullitt to FDR, Jun , : .. du fait du conflit franco-britannique en Ori- Diary. ent, auquel il a pris part.’ (Reynaud MS, ./. .) Halifax to Campbell, Jun . Spears diary, citing M Dejean (Spears ‘Conversations téléphoniques enrégistrées à papers, /). Bordeaux pendant les journées du au Deposition by Weygand, proces de Riom; Juin au Palais Gallien’ (in , and Témoignages, l’Armistice (Paris, , file ‘Divers’). Charles Eade pointed out Édition de Minuit). to Reynaud in May that in Le Proces Sent at .. Washington time, Jun du Marshall Pétain (vol. i, ) he had ; cf. Berle diary, Jun . According to called these intercepts false. Halifax’s diary, Churchill told the cabi- On Jun Lieut.-Col. Villelume net: ‘If he will consent to have this pub- noted, ‘Tard dans la soirée, le général de lished, it pretty well commits America Gaulle revient de Londres. Il revele . . . qu’il to war.’ est avec Jean Monnet, l’auteur du projet, et ./. Kennedy takes the credit for que c’est lui qui la fait accepter par Chur- this. ‘The call came through while he chill.’ was with Churchill and he persuaded MI were shadowing her and reported Roosevelt to withdraw it [the permis- she exerted ‘a dominating influence sion to publish] in Churchill’s presence. over the Free French delegation’ in Said Churchill hated him from then on.’ Britain (., US embassy in London, (Hoover Library: Herbert Hoover, secret files, .). memo dated Apr , ). But Berle’s ./. Text of the proclamation diary makes Hull’s role plain. from Roosevelt’s files (film , f). ./. Hankey to Halifax, Jun ; reply, Jun Eden diary, Dec . (./). State dept. Tel. No. [Jun ], Edwards diary, Jun . Louis Marin .. ‘In no sense was it intended to recorded the events of that afternoon: commit . . . this Government to the ‘À h Reynaud annonce que la Note de DAVID IRVING
h est retirée. Il lit le nouveau texte , Jun .) This was evidently inter- anglais apporté par Campbell à h. Ybar cepted by German codebreakers (Naval et Pomaret déclarent qu’ils ne veulent pas staff war diary, Jun ). Sweden noti- être sujets anglais. Chautemps: Le texte fied her envoy in Berlin, Arvid Richert; donne lieu à des observations. Le projet est and on Jun he related this to von écarte. Chautemps reparle de l’armistice et de Weizsäcker (Aufzeichnung Nr. , June la necessité de provoquer un choc psy- : ‘Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Poli- chologique sur l’opinion. . . Pour justifier la tik,’ series D IX, Dok.). résistance devant l’opinion, il faut connaître Swedish foreign minister Christian les buts de l’Allemagne. . . Un ministre sug- Gunther showed it to Mallet on Jun gère une nouvelle tentative auprès des and asked – no doubt to satisfy inquiries Anglais pour être rélevés de la parole donnée. from Berlin – precisely how it was to be Reynaud repond: ‘C’est un autre que moi qui interpreted (Mallet to FO, Tel. No. fera cette démarche.’ . . . Louis Marin rap- , Jun , ./). The rele- pelle la parole donnée et le devoir de le re- vant paragraphs are blanked out in specter. Il demande à Reynaud s’il juge que ./. l’honneur de la France est engagé avec sa WSC to Halifax, Jun , and reply, parole. Reynaud: Parfaitement – totale- shielding Butler (./). ment.’ He resigned, noting in his papers: György Barcza, unpublished memoirs ‘La majorité se prononce par Chautemps sans (Hoover Library: box , MS, chap. xix, attacher grande importance à l’offre ‘Churchill az uj miniszterelnök,; f). anglaise. J’annonce mon demission.’ (Rey- Dowding to WSC, Jun (cited in naud papers: Louis Marin notes. Let- Gilbert, vol. vi, ); Ld Halifax diary, ters, Reynaud to Pétain, April and , Feb , , and letter to Simon, Mar : Reynaud papers and Campbell , (Hickleton papers, ...- despatch.) .). WSC to Campbell, Jun (Reynaud : The Diehard papers); and A V Alexander’s memo on WSC’s meeting with Pound, Jun Hewel papers. Some items were re- (Alexander papers). typed on Hitler’s special typewriter. Kennedy to State dept., Jun , : In and . Prytz revealed it in .. (US embassy in London, secret . Der Spiegel, No. /; The files). Times, Oct , ; and Prytz’s obitu- BBC Written Archives. The speech ary, Daily Telegraph, Jul , . was heard in North America at .. The Italian minister in Stockholm, Fran- (Harold Nicolson letter, June ; dated cesco Fransoni, reported this urgently Jun by Gilbert, with consequential to Ciano at : ..: ‘The British rep- misidentification of the broadcast con- resentative [Sir Victor Mallet] requested cerned); and Cecil King diary, Jun . an interview with the Swedish foreign Colville and Dalton diaries, Jun . minister and notified him that the Brit- Norman Shelley, interview, Dec ; ish government is inclined to enter into J Martin letter, Jun . peace negotiations with Germany and Colville diary, Jun . Italy. The Secretary General of the for- Martin MS; Colville diary, Jun . eign ministry here immediately in- Cadogan diary, Jun ; Cecil King formed me and in reply to my inquiry diary, Jun . confirmed specifically that this declara- Tels., Künsberg to Ribbentrop, Jun tion by the British representative is of (.//); and Abetz to official character.’ (Documenti Diploma- Ribbentrop, Sep (/). tici Italiani, , v, No. , Jun ; cf. No. To Edwards (diary, Jun ), this was CHURCHILL’S WAR
‘a first class blunder. . . This when Letter, Marshall to FDR, Jul , we’re doing our damndest to bring (FDR Library: Hopkins papers). away troops.’ The Scotsman, Jul , . Tel., Stohrer to Ribbentrop, Jun E.g., he directed Ismay on Aug , (.//). , that ‘an assortment of - WSC to duke, Sep , ; in Sunday should be flown over to the Atlan- Express, Mar , . tic conference in a weighted case in case Ibid. Many Windsor documents in the plane came down at sea (Beaver- Halifax’s file (./) have been brook papers, D.). Cf. too COS closed. Tel., Jun , , referring to that Hoare to WSC, Tel. No. , Madrid day’s , ‘revealing Hitler’s in- Jun : closed. tentions in the Mediterranean (Eisen- On Jun the Italian chargé d’affaires hower Library: Tel., Marshall to Eisen- told Ciano that the duke had told the hower, Jun ). Spanish foreign ministry he had ‘no in- See Ismay to WSC, May , tention of returning to Great Britain,’ (.//). At the National Ar- despite Churchill’s pressure on him; he chives is a Special Research History had confidentially asked the Italian gov- (., -) evidently of British ernment to take good care of his Cap provenance, on ‘The Use of CX/MSS d’Antibes villa. On Jul , explaining the by the United States War De- couple’s move to Lisbon, the same Ital- partment.’ The text declassified by the ian reported: ‘They intend however to National Security Agency blanks out prevaricate and possibly remain on the every reference to the British part of the Continent’ (Italian diplomatic archives). project. That Eden was not receiving WSC to Daniel Longwell, Jan , , cf. WSC to Ismay, Oct , (Longwell papers; Lockhart diary, (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Feb , ). WSC to FDR, Feb , (FDR It was to the Tories’ good fortune that, Library, PSF). although arrested in April , John An untitled MS by Cdr. Denniston on Amery would be held outside England breaking diplomatic and other codes is until after the July elections contested in his papers (Churchill College: by Leo and Julian. He had made pro- ./); and see chap. , note . Nazi and anti-Semitic broadcasts from -: US War Dept., Report of Berlin (Bruce Lockhart diary, Nov , Technical Mission to England, Apr , ) and tried to recruit British pris- (, .). oners for a Legion of St. George to fight Prof to WSC, Jun and (Cher- the Russians. See ./. well papers); R V Jones, interview, WSC to Mackenzie King, Jun May ; memoirs, Most Secret War, (.///). (London, ); A Sci (I) Report No. WSC to Halifax, Jun . , May , : Indications of New Cited in Gilbert, vol. vi, f. German Weapons to be Used against Clementine to WSC, Jun (in England (./). Soames, ). Jebb, ‘Present Conditions in Ger- Colville diary, Jun . many,’ May (.//a). Beaverbrook to A V Alexander, May Edwards diary, Jun –Jul : Forbes , , and replies (Beaverbrook pa- returned ‘a damned rude reply.’ pers, C.). In general, ./, Kennedy to State dept., Tels. No. Operations Against the French Fleet at Mers- , Jun ; and , Jun . el-Kébir; Pound’s file (./); and Macdonald briefed Kennedy so he Hinsley (vol. i, ff). could inform Roosevelt. Kennedy to DAVID IRVING
State dept., Tels. No. , Jun ; and ghost author Deakin on Jul ; for and , Jul . Ian Colvin on Jul ; he lunched with countless peers. : A Misunderstanding between Friends A Bevan, cited in Bruce Lockhart di- ary, Jul . C D Jackson log of conversation with Cordell Hull memoirs. Macmillan, Jun , (Eisenhower Beaverbrook memo, Sep , Library). (Beaverbrook papers, D.); and let- Sunday Express, Jul , ; and see ter to Alexander, Jun , (D.- Yorkshire Post, Jul , . ). Eden diary. Bracken, quoted in Chips Channon Tel., Leahy to FDR, Aug , (FDR diary, Jun ; and in John Martin diary, Library). June . Spears, f. The misunderstanding was Letter, Alexander to Beaverbrook, Jun widespread. Sir Ronald Campbell re- . ported to Halifax (Jun ) that WSC Beaverbrook to Prof. G S Graham, had said that ‘he understood that in her Oct , (Public Archives of Can- desperate plight’ France might be ada, Ottawa: Graham papers). forced to lay down her arms (FDR Li- Beaverbrook memo, Jun (Taylor, brary, PSF, box ). US ambassador ). Tony Biddle informed FDR (Jul ) that WSC to Beaverbrook, Jul (Beaver- WSC had told Reynaud that ‘they brook papers, C.). would understand France’s position’ Marshall memo, Jun (Langer & (FDR Library, PSF, box ). Gleason, ). On Mers-el-Kébir: Pound’s file (.- WSC to Lothian, Jun (Gilbert, vol. /); naval staff history (./- vi, ). ); cf. Hinsley, vol. i, ff. Signals WSC to Baruch, Jun (Baruch pa- in .// and /; and in Adm. pers). Cunningham papers (British Museum: Colville diary, Jun . MS ). Martin letter, Jun . Hitler’s naval conf, Jun (./ Maisky, ; and memo of Jun , and ); author’s interview . of Hitler’s naval adjutant, Konteradmiral Colville diary, Jul . Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer. Cordell Hull memoirs. Armistice: German in Handakten Ritter Cunningham to his aunt, Helen (.//ff); French in La Browne, Jul and Sep , (‘I Délégation Française auprés de la Commis- never approved of the Oran business & sion Allemande d’Armistice (Paris, ), got rather unpopular saying so’), and vol. i; cf. Hermann Böhme, Entstehung Feb , (‘He’s a rascal but he’s a und Grundlagen des Waffenstillstandes von great leader’) in MS . (Stuttgart, ). To his credit, Martin MS and diary; Raymond Lee Hinsley uses ‘supervision,’ not ‘control’ diary, Jul ; Seal to his wife, Jul (Gil- (vol. i, ). bert, vol. vi, ); Herschel Johnson to Halifax memo, Jun (.//- Hull, Jul ; Channon diary, Jul . ). Duff Cooper told Cecil King in August Cazalet diary, Jul . Halifax claimed it that Churchill was ‘quite unaware of his was ‘almost impossible’ to get five min- power in the country and strangely utes’ conversation with WSC. In fact he afraid of the Tory majority in the saw WSC on Jul , and . The PM’s House. . . any attempt by the H of C to card shows he found time for Cazalet turn Churchill out would result in the CHURCHILL’S WAR
House of Commons being burnt to the Tom Jones diary, Aug , (Gil- ground’ (diary, Aug ). bert, vol. v, ). Dalton diary, Jul . Dalton diary, Jul , . Committee on French Resistance, Jul WSC to Prof, Jun (Cherwell pa- , Aug (./). Muselier to pers). WSC, Sep ; on Oct Morton drafted Prof to WSC, Jul (ibid.). a reply expressing WSC’s sorrow at the WSC to Prof, Nov , (ibid.); on killing of the French ‘comrades in arms’ Habbakuk see ./ and /– and promising eventual compensation , and ./. (./). WSC to Morrison, Jul (Gilbert, vol. Tel., Alexander Weddell to State vi, ). dept., Jul (FRUS , vol. iii, ); Liddell Hart, note, May , . cf. Stohrer to Berlin, Jul (ADAP [D], WSC circular, Jul , in Spears papers, vol. x, No. ; original is in German ⁄; Beaverbrook papers, D.; etc. FO political archives, Weizsäcker pa- WSC to Jacob, Jul (Gilbert, vol. vi, pers, page of file ‘Anglo– ). German relations, Jun–Dec ’ – the Seal letter, Jul (cited in Gilbert, vol. only volume not available on the . vi, ). microcopy). John Davidson to Baldwin, May , Tel., Stohrer to Ribbentrop, Jul . (Gilbert, vol. v, ). Hitler like- Once back in Madrid, the latter replied wise visited the Völkischer Beobachter af- on Jul that the duke should be in- ter the Reichstag fire and de- vited to co-operate against Churchill manded a remake of its front page. (ff). WSC to Ismay, Jul (./). H Pell to FDR, Jul (FDR Library, COS () , Jun (./). -, ‘England, –’). Gilbert (vol. vi, f) devotes two WSC to Ismay, Jul (./). pages to this trenchant theme. PM’s card; pictures of the CWR are in WSC to Ismay, Jun (./). Illustrated London News, Nov , ; Colville diary, Jul . Mar , ; Apr , . The WSC at cabinet, Jul (./). author’s description is based on a visit in Ironside diary, Jul . . WSC to Ismay, Jun and to Morri- son, Aug (.//); Colville : Gangster Methods diary. WSC to Ismay, Jul (./). The diary of US military attaché Ray- Dr R V Jones (interview, Apr ), mond Lee observes the London scene. awakened in London one July John Gunther, Inside Europe (London, night by a lone ’plane overhead, assured ), ff. his wife, ‘It must be one of ours,’ but Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . could not tell her why. Intercepts sup- ./. It was a mistranslation, plied to Fighter Command are not re- corrected later; Cherwell papers. leased, but Fighter Command’s war Gilbert, vol. vi, . room log has survived for the period Tom Jones diary, Sep , (Gilbert, Mar to Jul , , and shows how vol. v, ). frequently the government knew Ger- Milch diary, Aug , (author’s man bombing targets hours in advance microfilm –). from (a) decoding the directives to Ismay, cited in Bruce Lockhart diary, KG., the Pathfinder unit, and (b) Mar , . the blind-bombing beam activities Gilbert, vol. vi, . (./); for other summaries DAVID IRVING
pasted into a daybook at MI see the relief of German Jews. ./a; and file ./ of German diplomatic cyphers were cer- G- at HQ, Home Forces. tainly being read in , as were the Air staff to WSC, Jul Italian (see e.g., Hinsley, vol. i, , (./); and Prof to WSC, Jul , , ). (Cherwell papers). Thomsen’s Tel. No. to Berlin, WSC memo, Jul (.//). Jul , has vanished from captured files. Prof to WSC and reply, Mar –, Churchill denied any but German ‘feel- (Cherwell papers). ers’ in his memoirs (vol. ii, ). When Bruce Lockhart diary, Sep , . Weizsäcker reported Thomsen’s mes- Cadogan diary, Sep , . sage in his memoirs, the noted historian Naval staff history, Norway (./- Sir Lewis Namier rudely discounted it ). (TLS, Jul , ). But see Edwards diary, Jul , . On Keyes’s Weizsäcker’s diary, Jul : ‘A strange appointment, see .// and peace feeler turns up, from the British Pound’s letter to Adm. Cunningham, ambassador in Washington. . . Lothian Dec : RK had ‘intrigued himself’ into has made advances for which he must the position of DCO; Pound objected have obtained authorisation if he were a on grounds of Keyes’s age, ‘However normal British ambassador.’ the PM is as pigheaded as a mule on WSC to Halifax, Jul (Churchill, these things, and his reply was that RK vol. ii, ). was full of the flame of war, etc. etc.’ Feiling, ; Cecil King diary, Mar , (British Library, Add. MS .) . Pound to Cunningham, Dec (ibid.) Cabinet, Nov , (cf. Nov and ./; North to admiralty, Jul , Dec in ./). ; reply Jul (./); and Al- See e.g., letter, WSC to King of Swe- exander to WSC, Jul (Alexander pa- den, Aug , (Churchill, vol. ii, pers). ). Replying to Trenchard on Jan Colville diary and PM’s card. he felt it was still not in Britain’s inter- Colville diary, Jul . est ‘to initiate general and unlimited air Peter Calvocoressi, in The Listener, Feb war’ (./). , ; letter, Wing Cdr. Oscar Oe- WSC to Beaverbrook, Jul (Beaver- ser to Jean Howard, Apr , . brook papers, D.). So Cripps told Halifax (who called Letter, Portal to Vice-Chief of Air WSC that day); cf. Kennedy to State Staff Sholto Douglas, Aug (./- dept., No. , Jul . After seeing Is- ). may, the US military attaché wrote on WSC to Portal, Sinclair, Jul ; Sin- Jul : ‘There is a lot of wishful thinking clair to WSC, Jul . Some documents that Hitler will go off eastwards.’ in .// are still closed around Hewel to Hohenlohe, Jun ; replies, this episode. Portal checked with Doug- Jul and (Hewel papers, on mi- las on Jul , suggested that the limiting crofilm , roll , ff). factors were length of night, number of Kelly’s report to the FO is ./- rested crews, and weather (./- /. ). Tel., US embassy Moscow to State See note . dept., Jul (FRUS , vol. i, ). Minute, DHO (Stevenson) to Newall, Lothian to FO, Jul (FO ./- Jul : last night WSC had asked Portal /). It reached London at : .. ‘what could be done about bombing on Jul . The Quaker intermediary, Berlin at night and gave the date, st Malcolm R Lovell, was negotiating on September’ (./); Bomber CHURCHILL’S WAR
Command’s reply in .//. Dill’s view. Colville diary, Jul ; very similar in Bova Scoppa to Ciano, Jul (Italian Halifax diary. FO archives). Birkenhead, . Stohrer to Ribbentrop, Tels. No. Minute by F Roberts, Jul (FO and , Jul –; both unpublished. .//). Ditto, Jul (original in Weizsäcker Halifax memo on Lothian’s call in papers, ; translation in Beaver- .; cf. Nicolson diary, Jul : brook papers, D.). ‘Lothian claims that he knows the Ger- Tel., Bova Scoppa to Ciano, Jul man peace terms and they they are most (Italian FO archives). satisfactory.’ Huene to Berlin, Tel. No. , Jul, Goebbels, Ministerkonferenz, Jul , not published; neither was (Willi Boeleke, Kriegspropaganda – Huene’s further message (No. , Jul [Stuttgart, ], ). : ) that the duke’s host, a COS report, May , ‘British Strategy mutual friend, had told the ambassador in a Certain Eventuality’; war cabinet, that his guest assured the Nazis he could May (./ and /). fly back via Florida in hours. WSC to Smuts, Jun (./). Michael Bloch, interview of Viscount Cadogan diary, Jul ; Atticus, Sunday Eccles, . Times, Jul . WSC to duke, Jul (Gilbert, vol. vi, Dalton to Attlee, Jul (Dalton pa- ). pers). Bova Scoppa to Ciano, Jul , who Colville and Dalton diaries, Jul ; the repeated it to Berlin, Aug (Italian FO PM’s card mentions only Col. Menzies archives). at : .. and Ld Swinton, postponed Draft letter to WSC, Oct . The from : to :. duchess tactfully amended the phrase to The identity of MUW is a mystery. ‘dictator methods.’ The reference to On Aug , Morton told WSC, ‘I have ‘assassinated’ in Bova Scoppa’s telegram . . . invited MUW to consider immedi- to Ciano, Aug , published in Documenti ate steps for a bribery and propaganda Diplomatici Iraliani, series ix, vol. v campaign in North Africa’ (./). (Rome, ), . To Ismay on Sep Morton mentioned Huene to Ribbentrop, Aug , his committee and ‘such Departments’ (). as FO, MEW, MUW, and MoI. On Sep Attlee to WSC, Aug , ; and he wrote to WSC that his committee reply, Aug (Beaverbrook papers, was trying to meet a COS requirement D.). for a coup d’état in Syria and Morocco, Winant to Eisenhower, Sep ‘but MUW is unfortunately not in a po- (Eisenhower Library). The royal names sition to render rapid help, either were left blank on the carbon copy, but through bribery, propaganda or other mention of ‘–’ leaves no means.’ (./.) doubt. Weizsäcker’s file is now safe in WSC to Eden, Jul , (cited in German FO archives. Gilbert, vol. vi, ); Bruce Lockhart Note by Crozier on a conversation diary, Jun , . with WSC at : .. on Jul PM’s card; and Eden diary, Jul , (Beaverbrook papers). . Beaverbrook to WSC, Sep (Beaver- PM’s card, Jul ; and Gilbert, vol. vi, brook papers, C.). ff. WSC to Ismay, Jul (.//). : The Eagle Never Landed Reith diary, Aug . Reith shared DAVID IRVING
Cecil King diary, Feb , . and the FO continue to debate the ‘sur- Letter, Major I G Freiherr von Falken- render to Japan (insisted on by Win- stein to Col von Waldau, Jun , in ston).’ Karl Klee, Dokumente zum Unternehmen WSC to Chamberlain, Feb (.- SEELÖWE (Göttingen, ), f; and /). author’s interview of Falkenstein; Letter, Weizmann to WSC, May Wehrmachtsführungsamt directive of Jun (Weizmann archives); and papers in , signed by Lieut.-Col. Bernd ./, from which some items von Lossberg (-/); cf. naval staff have been removed. war diary, Jul . Weizmann to WSC, Aug . Lossberg’s plan () for the attack on Meeting on Sep (Weizmann papers); Russia was nearing completion when other participants included Boothby, Hitler arrived in Berlin on Jul (Loss- Ben-Gurion, Lewis Namier, Morrison, berg papers, in the author’s possession). Layton. Wehrmacht adjutant Lieut.-Col. Rudolf Blanche Dugdale diary, Sep . Schmundt notified Luftwaffe adjutant Prof to WSC, Dec (Cherwell pa- Major Nicolaus von Below at Hitler’s pers). Black Forest HQ (interview of Below, Pownall diary, May and Jul , ). Gen. Franz Halder diary, Jul ; . explaining this entry he told British in- Cunningham diary, Apr and Jul , terrogators in Aug : ‘About this (British Library, Add. Ms ). time [von Brauchitsch] asked me to be- Cadogan diary, Jun , . gin operational thinking about Russia.’ Morton to WSC, Aug (./ Jodl recalled to gauleiters in Nov and ./). that Hitler told him about the planned Halifax to WSC, Dec (./- attack on Russia ‘during the western ). campaign’ (ND: -L). WSC to Ismay, Jun (.//- The deception character of was ). confirmed by Jodl at Nuremberg, Nov Beaverbrook complimented Morton . The OKW’s Dr Wolfgang Car- Jan , on his modesty, suggested tellieri, in a postwar paper on ‘Die ‘you have been reading a Life of Warren Amtsgruppe Wehrmacht Propaganda,’ Hastings’ (Beaverbrook papers, D.). makes it plain that ‘special emphasis was The man selected on Lyttelton’s rec- placed on deceiving German troops ommendation was the metal market also, up to high command levels (hohe publicity agent, Richmond Temple. Führerstellen).’ Morton to WSC, Jul (./); OKW operations staff war diary, Aug . A B Cunningham to Pound, Jun Maj.-Gen. Erich Marcks, draft opera- (British Library, Add. MS ); Eden tion plan, Aug (, roll , diary, Jul . ff). Dakar file, ./. German naval staff war diary, Aug . PM’s card, Aug . ND: NG-. Norman Young to S D Waley, Jun ; Anneliese Schmundt diary, Aug –. Hankey to WSC, Jun (./; ./a; and Edwards diary, Jul fol. summarises the gold holdings . of France, Belgium, Denmark, Norway Cecil King diary, Aug . and Poland). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Cadogan diary, Jun ; Morton–Van- , Jul . sittart committee, Jun (./). Kennedy to State dept., Aug . Raymond Lee diary, Jul . Cadogan diary, Jul . Halifax, Butler, War cabinet, Aug (./). CHURCHILL’S WAR
Letter, Kingsley Wood to FO, Oct ). (./). On Oct Halifax Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. ; submitted to Masaryk a draft agreement and Colville diary, Jul . for the Czech National Bank’s gold to Harold Ickes diary, Jul . be placed at the British government’s WSC to Prof, Jun (Cherwell pa- disposal (Táborský papers, box ). pers). Táborský diary (in Czech), and PM’s WSC to Ismay, Jul (.//). card, Aug ; Beneš message, Aug Morton to WSC, Jul (./); (Táborský papers, box ). Godfrey MS, chap. v, f. OKW/WFA, Weisung Nr. für die Cadogan to Halifax, Dec ; quoted in Führung des Luft- und Seekrieges gegen Anthony Cave-Browne, Wild Bill Dono- England, Aug . Goring’s corresponding van, The Last Hero (London, ), directive of Aug (Ob.d.L. Füst.Ia Nr. chap. . /) would be in the airforce cy- Lee diary, Aug ; and pocket notes, pher. Aug . Donovan told Stimson (diary, Tel., Alfieri to Ciano, Aug (DDI, , Aug ) that he found British morale v, No. ). very high; if invaded they would R W Thompson, Churchill and Morton ‘probably win,’ but he stressed the dan- (London, ). ger of letdown if not (Yale University Eden diary, Jul . Library). Colville diary, Aug ; and PM’s card. Sir Arthur Salter’s memo of Aug Cadogan diary, Aug . (./). Colville diary, Aug . Records of Tizard mission, ./; PM’s card; Eden diary, Aug ; pas- Tizard correspondence, ./. sage of armoured reinforcements Tizard to A V Hill, Jun (Clarke, through Mediterranean, Sep–Oct ). in .//. Cecil King diary, Jul ; cf. Jul . Eden diary, Aug . Dalton diary. Harry Hopkins diary, Jan , ; Cecil King diary, Jul . Colville diary, Aug , . Tizard diary, Aug . The PM’s ap- Táborský diary; and Beneš message to pointment card records the archbishop Czechoslovakia, Aug . ‘In any case it at : .. and Tizard not at all. is vital,’ Beneš warned his agents, ‘not WSC to FDR, Jul (.//- to do anything against Russia’ (Táborský /; paraphrase on FDR microfilm , papers, box ). ). Pound to Cunningham, Aug (Brit- WSC to Ismay, Aug (.//- ish Library, Add. Ms ). ). Field Marshal Wilhelm von Leeb di- Ickes diary, Aug . ary, Aug . Colville diary, Aug ; Halifax diary, Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Aug (Hickelton papers, ...). , Aug . He cast doubts on the Morgenthau diary, Aug . RAF claims. WSC to FDR, : .., Aug Tel., FDR to WSC, Aug , : (FDR microfilm , f). (./). Lothian to FO, Tel. No. , Aug Colville diary, Aug . . WSC to FDR, Aug (FDR microfilm : In a Single Gulp , ff). Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Morgenthau, memo to FDR, June , : .., Aug . (FDR microfilm , ; and diary, Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. DAVID IRVING
, : .., Aug ; and Kennedy tactfully said nothing. Eleanor Roose- MS. velt and the others affected not to no- .///. tice this ‘rough talk’ (Godfrey MS). Adolph A Berle Jr diary, Aug , WSC to Phillips, Oct , (Gil- . The ‘foaming’ remark is from bert, vol. vi, ). intercepted letter, Baron Stackelberg, WSC to Lord Lloyd, Jun , Washington, to editor, Financial News, (ibid., vol. vi, n). Nov (./). Cadogan diary, Oct , . Cecil King lunched with William Sem- Colville diary, Aug . pill of the admiralty, Lord Hirst of Spanish ambassador in Lisbon, cited in General Electric, and R B Bennett, one- Bova Scoppa to Ciano, Aug (Italian time prime minister of Canada, and was FO archives). surprised that they did not even men- Duke of Alba to Madrid, Aug tion the deal. ‘The press here is unani- (Spanish FO archives). mously favourable,’ recorded Cecil Bomber Command directives file, vol. King (diary, Sep ), ‘which surprises , ./. As recently as August me, as the deal on the face of it is over- the German high command (OKW) whelmingly favourable to the Ameri- had issued order No. cans.’ /, ‘regulations for restricting Ibid., Aug . hostilities,’ forbidding the use of poison gas, attacks on ships not positively : The One Sinless Man identified as hostile, and air raid on London (Kriegstagebuch des Oberkomman- Leopold Amery diary, Feb , . dos der Wehrmacht, vol. i, ). ./a. Colville diary; Bottomley minute, Aug Milch diary and notes. (./). Cecil King diary, Feb , : lunch- Martin letters, Aug and , Sep . ing with WSC. Cadogan diary, Aug ; Attlee, cited Colville diary, Aug . in Dalton diary, Aug ; Morton, ibid., Ismay, ; and cited in Bruce Lockhart Oct . diary, Sep , . Bottomley minute, Aug , : Air Minister to Bomber Command, .. (./). : .., Aug : ‘Operation is post- Col. Raymond Lee notebook, Aug ; poned indefinitely and will not be un- letter, Aug ; diary, Oct . dertaken without Air Ministry authori- Bensuson-Butt to Prof, Dec (Cher- sation.’ (./ and PM’s card.) well papers). Brooke papers, /a/iv, f (unpub- Portal to Peck, Sep (./). lished); and Martin diary. SAO, vol. i, ; Portal’s biographer Cadogan diary, Aug ; Milch diary, disagrees. Aug ; Milch docs., vol. , ff. WSC cabinet paper, Sep , WP () also reported invitations to a ; Churchill, vol. ii, (./- Berlin conference on Aug , issued to ). th Flieger Division, which had spear- COS () , Sep (./). headed Hitler’s May attack. On Aug Dalton diary, Sep . all three air fleets were directed to pro- Hansard, House of Commons, vol. vide air-sea rescue launches, ‘in con- , cols. –. nection with the operations.’ Colville diary, Aug . : Good Ol’ Winnie In May Adm. Godfrey, visiting FDR as director of naval Intelligence, Kennedy to State dept. and FDR, Tel. CHURCHILL’S WAR
No. , Sep , : .. (US em- the rejection. bassy in London, secret files). Kennedy said WSC was an ‘entirely ./. WSC had written to Air bellicose character’ (Hoover memo, Marshal Peirse on Sep recommending Nov , ). On the Weissauer deal: widespread attacks on ‘the smaller Stig Jagerskjold of Djursholm, Sweden, German centres.’ Portal submitted on has unpublished papers on the negotia- Sep a list of twenty larger towns tions between Weissauer and Mallet, suitable for bombing in reprisal for and related letters between Prof T ‘each night of indiscriminate bombing.’ Kivimaki (the Finnish envoy in Berlin) Heavy attack on ‘a military objective’ and Ekeberg. would, by normal spread, ‘inevitably Security at Chequers, ./. cause a high degree of devastation.’ Knickerbocker, passing through Lis- (./). bon, told Bova Scoppa, who tele- Cf. WSC to Chamberlain, Aug ; Hali- graphed this to Ciano, Oct (Italian FO fax diary, Aug . archives). Colville diary, Aug ; and Ismay. Brooke diary, Sep , ; and notes WSC to Anne Chamberlain, Sep Mar , (/a/iv). (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Milch diary: note on Jeschonnek’s Ismay to WSC, Nov , (Gilbert, conference with Hitler, Sep . In view vol. vi, ; and memoirs, ). of subsequent developments, it is worth Ismay, cited in Lee diary, Sep . quoting the resulting OKW directive: Sinclair to WSC, Sep (Gilbert, vol. ‘Air raids are to be continued against vi, ). London with larger target areas includ- Colville diary, Aug . Alexander was ing military targets and targets of vital refused access to (Godfrey MS). importance to the city. Terror raids are Air Intelligence assessed on Sep , ‘It expressly embargoed as an ultimate may indicate their re-employment on a sanction.’ larger scale in preparation for an inva- See note . sion’ (./). Lee diary. MI memo, Sep (./a). Martin diary, Sep –; WSC to Jodl, signal to Ausl./Abw., Sep Ismay and others, Sep (.//- (ND: -PS). ). See note . Morton’s memo, in ./, Mallet to Halifax, Sep , and to Cado- WSC’s file on the Dakar operation. gan, Sep , and (in FO .//- .//. ); on Sep deputy Führer Rudolf ./. Hess first approached Prof Albrecht ./; Cadogan diary, Sep . Haushofer to discuss peace talks with Pound to A B Cunningham, Sep England (Haushofer papers, , roll (British Library, Add. MS ). , ff). WSC to Ismay, Sep (.//- Cf. Cecil King diary, Sep . William ). Sempill of the admiralty said Churchill Colville diary, Sep , . was ‘being very disconcerting to the Minute by Group Capt. T W Elmhirst, foreign office, as he sends cables affect- Nov , (./); and draft ing foreign policy all over the world instruction for duty air commodore, without even informing Halifax of what Dec , (./). he is at.’ Blanche Dugdale diary, Sep . Cadogan diary, Sep ; Tel., Halifax Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. to Mallet, Sep (FO .//). , Sep . We have already remark- Halifax told the war cabinet that day of ed on J P Kennedy’s anti-Semitism. DAVID IRVING
Lee diary, Sep ; Cecil King diary, WSC to Halifax, Sep (cited in Sep , ; and ./. Cf. Gilbert, vol. vi, f). Menzies diary, Feb , . Seal to WSC, Oct (.//). Godfrey MS, chap. vii, . This and what follows from the Hugh ./; and diaries of Spears and Dowding papers (RAF Museum, Hen- Halifax. don: file //). Hansard, House of Commons Debates, The woman was Irene Ward MP vol. , cols. –; Churchill re- (.//). peated this (vol. ii, ); Roskill calls The report is in .//; quota- the claims ‘fictitious’ in Churchill and the tions are from Lee diary, Sep and Admirals, . Oct . Admiralty to Bevan, Oct . Writing to Dalton diary, Oct . Alexander, Oct , WSC claimed Cadogan diary, Oct . Bevan’s ‘serious and disastrous failure in Cecil King diary, Oct . responsibility’ had contributed to ‘a far Daily Express, Oct , . worse misfortune,’ meaning Dakar. Colville diary, Oct . That day Edwards noted, ‘I hear W.C. Pile, Ack-Ack, . wishes to make Bob Bevan the scape- Colville diary, Oct . goat for Dakar.’ Pile, . ./. Manchester Guardian, Oct . Pound to North, Jan , (North WSC to Morrison, Nov , papers). (.//) and Jul , (Gil- Admiralty to North, Jul (British bert, vol. vi, n). Library, Add. MS ). Colville diary, Oct ; Cecil King Tel., Menzies to WSC, Sep (.- diary, Oct and ; Halifax diary, Oct /). . Knickerbocker memo, Sep (Long- Dalton diary, Oct : ‘I hear that on the well papers). lower deck they call him Don’t-do-it Kennedy to State dept., Tel. No. Dudley.’ , Sep ; in US embassy file. Dalton diary, Nov . Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, . : The Fixer Pound to Cunningham, Sep (British Library, Add. MS ). WSC to Beaverbrook, Sep , Cecil King diary, Oct ; Dalton di- (Beaverbrook papers). ary, Nov . Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . Pound to Alexander, Jun , Bruce Lockhart diary, Dec , , Feb (./). , , and Aug , . Tovey to A V Alexander, Oct (Alex- Mackenzie King diary, Aug , ; ander papers, ./); and to Cun- Bruce Lockhart, diary Mar , . ningham, Oct , (Cunningham Author’s interview of John Parker MP, papers, Add. MS ). Apr , . The Tory MP concerned Colville diary, Oct . died in , as did several WAAFs Brooke papers, /a/iv, . sent over as interpreters from Bletch- WSC to Dill, Oct (./). ley, having caught an infection while Colville diary, Oct . visiting Buchenwald concentration Alastair Forbes, letter to The Times, camp. Oct , . WSC to Chamberlain, Sep ; reply, Colville diary, Sep . Oct (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). War cabinet, Mar , (./- Dalton diary. ). CHURCHILL’S WAR
Colville diary, Oct , . /). WSC to Halifax, Oct (./- WSC to Bridges, Oct (./- ). /). Colville, ‘The Churchillians,’ in Sun- Letter, Douglas Fairbanks to FDR, day Telegraph, Dec , . Nov (FDR Library, PSF, box , Dalton diary, Oct , . ‘GB–Kennedy). Cadogan diary, Oct . Letter, Gerson J Brown to Stephen J Godfrey MS. Early, Jun , (FDR Library, file MI file, ./a. .). Halifax to Hoare, Oct (./- WSC to FDR, Nov (./); ). and to Ld Lothian, Nov (./- WSC to Menzies, Oct (./- /). b/). Colville diary, Oct . WSC to FDR, Oct (./). WSC to FDR, Oct . : Britain Can Take It Johnson to State dept., Feb. , (US embassy in London, secret files: Daily Express, May , . On D- ., Boothby, R); cf. Dalton diary, notices, see Ministry of Information Oct , . Handbook of Defence [D-] Notices, re- Boothby stresses that he did not run vised , in file , ‘Press and the committee. ‘It was set up by a very Postal Censorship’ (US embassy in Lon- well known Jewish lawyer. They asked don, secret files: box , .). me to see them once. I said I would Evening Standard, Nov , . support any Bill which came in to pre- Dalton diary, May . vent them sending the gold [out of Lon- So this Yugoslav politician told Bova don]. . . Immediately after the war Scoppa on arriving from London on Speaker Morrison gave a ruling from Nov . Tel., Lisbon to Ciano, Nov the Chair of the House of Commons (Italian FO archives). The other quote is making it clear that the rule of the from Churchill, vol. ii, . House regarding the disclosure of finan- Tel., Bova Scoppa (Lisbon) to Ciano, cial interests applies only to Votes, and Dec (Italian FO archives). The ‘per- not to Speeches.’ (Interview, Feb , sonalitá nord americana’ is not identified. .) Cadogan diary, Nov . According to his own account (inter- Halifax diary, Oct . view, Feb , ). WSC to Halifax, Sep (.//- Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Jan ); Halifax diary, Oct . , , cols. –. Dalton diary, Oct . Colville diary, Oct ; WSC to WSC to FDR, Oct (./). Chamberlain, Oct (.//); WSC, note, ‘Priorities,’ WP () , Deakin to WSC, Oct (cited in Oct (./). Gilbert, vol. vi, ). WSC to Hoare, Oct , : .. Nicolson diary, Oct . (./a/). WSC to Chamberlain, Oct (.- Churchill, vol. ii, –. Sir Ronald //). Campbell pleaded that the prime min- WSC to Portal, Oct (Portal papers, ister be persuaded to let someone read file ); and .// (Churchill, the French version for him ‘since if the vol. ii, ). truth must be told his French is not al- SAO, vol. iv –. together intelligible’ (./). WSC to Portal, Nov (Portal papers, When Rougier first published details in file , items , a, b; and ./- his book, Les Accords Pétain–Churchill DAVID IRVING
(Montreal, ), he was denounced by or not, it was the agreements you the Gaullist press as ‘valet de Pétain’ worked on which governed relations and ‘neo-hitlérien’ and dismissed as between Britain and France and assured professor of philosophy at Besançon. He our food supplies.’ On Jan , Mr defended himself in a paper, in Ecrits de David Eccles, a ministry of economic Paris, Jul , – (Rougier pa- warfare expert, would negotiate pers, in private possession). agreements in Madrid with a Vichy ex- King George to Pétain, Oct (in pert, M Marchal, which lifted the ./a/; published in White blockade (testimony of Flandin, Flandin Paper, Cmd. , Aug , ). trial, f); and see Churchill’s state- Memo on meeting WSC–Rougier, ment to the House on Apr , wel- Halifax, Oct (./). coming public assurances offered by Rougier, Mission sécrète. In his memo Pétain, and coupling this with the fact for Frankfurter, he said that Churchill that Britain had eased the blockade; and wanted ‘nothing less than to send the the pseudonymous letter from an officer British Air Force to bomb the Vichy of Darlan’s staff in the New York Times, Government.’ Jul , . As for the BBC, see In file ./ is one such Soustelle, Envers et contre tout (de Londres memorandum headed Entretien avec à Algers), f: ‘La BBC refusa desormais de Weygand. Handwritten in Churchill’s transmettre sur ses ondes aucune attaque ink at top: ‘If General Weygand will contre Pétain, qui demeura pratiquement raise the standard in North Africa. . .’ “tabou” jusqu’au debarquement de .’ Cf. war cabinet, Oct , and FO to And Col. ‘Passy’ (de Wavrin), Souvenirs, Hoare, Nov enclosing a copy: ‘The . French text is Rougier’s own, and the Muselier, De Gaulle contre la gaullisme, passages in English are our additions.’ . Strang also sent a copy to Rex Leeper However the FO cabled to Lisbon and on Nov . ‘It was seen by the secretary Tangiers on Oct , ‘Professor Rougier of state and the prime minister and the arrived here a few days ago from Unoc- bits in English are their additions.’ cupied France with the knowledge and However several documents at this approval of Marshal Pétain to explain to point have been closed until . us the situation at Vichy and to take Ismay memo, Oct (./). back with him an impression of the Published Jul , : ‘Despatch to situation here and of the attitude of His HM Ambassador in Paris regarding re- Majesty’s government.’ (./- lations of the United Kingdom and the .) Vichy Government in the autumn of Cadogan was doubtful about this, ,’ The Times, Jul . noting: ‘We have already covered that Paul Baudouin trial, Feb , . ground and it’s no good going on nag- [Rougier’s] memorandum is in Frank- ging’ (Cadogan diary, Oct ). A sum- furter papers, box ; and letter, mary of the Churchill letter was sent to Frankfurter to FDR, Dec , after Weygand by the British consul at Tangi- talking with [Rougier] (Library of Con- ers, Anthony Gascoigne, in a letter gress). dated Oct . Since in Jun Chur- Admiral Moreau would write to Rou- chill would emphasise to the House that gier on Feb , : ‘From to Rougier was acting on Pétain’s personal as naval commander at Marseilles instructions, it is clear that the visit to charged with supervising our merchant Weygand was a bonus – not the main navy traffic with our colonial empire, I purpose of the trip. was able to confirm that whether signed Colville diary, Nov . CHURCHILL’S WAR
Dalton diary, Oct . author’s interview of Mrs Marietta Prof to WSC, Nov (Cherwell pa- Tree, New York, . pers). Colville diary, Nov . Colville diary, Oct . In a Nov minute, Wing Cdr. C P Defence committee, Oct . Grant of AI(w), spelt out to the di- Dalton diary, Oct . rector of home operations, Air Com- Colville diary, Oct . modore D F Stevenson, the evidence Dalton diary, Oct ; cf. Colville di- that must be a ary, Oct . massive night attack by moonlight using Eden to WSC, Nov (.//- the beams, KG. and both Luftflotten ). (./, the main PRO file on the WSC to Portal, Oct and Nov Coventry attack; the related CAS file is (./). ./). See too N E Evans, ‘Air Colville diary, Nov . Intelligence and the Coventry Raid,’ in WSC to Portal, Nov (cited in Gil- RUSI Journal, Sep . bert, vol. vi, ). R V Jones supplied this inter- WSC to Ismay, Nov (./b/- cept to Miki Clayton, who quoted it to ). Winterbotham, Sep , . Gilbert, vol. vi, f. Colville diary, Nov . Colville diary, Nov . Air Commodore Boyle, director of air Minute by WSC to Bridges, Nov , Intelligence, to DCAS, Nov , and air (./); Gen. Lee diary, staff memo of Nov (./). Nov : ‘The Information Outline . . . The target possibilities were given as: has been cut to the bone’; and Nov , ‘Central London (not absolutely defi- Dec –, . nite), Greater London, the area bound- Letter from Jean Howard, Jan , ed by Farnborough–Maidenhead–Read- . ing and the area bounded by Rochester– The intercept is pasted into the MI Favisham [Faversham]–Isle of Sheppey.’ report, Nov , : .., in ./- Squadron Leader S D Felkin, AI(k) to a. On Oct an intercept had re- Air Commodore A Boyle, director of vealed that the invasion forces were Intelligence, Nov , in ./. merely to ‘continue training.’ Felkin noted: ‘As this came after S/L Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Humphrey’s visit . . . when he men- col. ; and Harold Nicolson diary, tioned that a gigantic raid under code- Nov . name of ‘ ’ was in Channon diary, Nov ; he was not an preparation, I thought it well to bring unbiased observer, reporting inaccu- this information to your notice. . . I be- rately on Nov that Churchill’s ‘popu- lieve that S/L Humphreys has pretty larity is on the decline.’ definite information that the attack is Dalton diary, Nov . against London and the Home Counties Colville diary, Sep . . . . in retaliation for Munich.’ Memo, Churchill speaking, Apr – Chips Channon diary. , (C D Jackson papers, box ). Letter, WSC to Sinclair, Nov , WSC to A V Alexander Oct (.- (./). /). Colville diary, Nov . Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Dalton diary, Nov . vol. , col. . Author’s conversation with Sir John R Tree quoted in Nicolson diary, Nov Martin, Feb , . . The diary of Wing (./) is Hap Arnold diary, Apr –, ; silent on this; but the : .. time is DAVID IRVING
confirmed by the report by DDHO (J The whole talk of London may have Whitworth Jones), ‘Note on German been a decoy. The pencilled diary of Operation and Gen. Hoffmann von Waldau, chief of Counter Plan ,’ Nov Luftwaffe operations staff (in the auth- (./ and ./). R V or’s possession), mentions only Coven- Jones, in Most Secret War (th ed.), f, try: ‘To Richthofen’s at Trouville for challenges this as ‘tinged with a degree conf with Canaris. Evening: heavy at- of hindsight and self-interest.’ He points tack planned against Coventry. Weather out that the duty group captain in Home and visibility conditions good.’ But Operations had to send out two tele- London was heavily attacked the next grams on Nov : ‘Executive Cold night. Water’ when it was sure the raid was director of home operations, telegrams on (see note ), and the target, when en claire to Fighter, Bomber and Coastal identified. The first was sent at : Commands, and Wing, Nov ; .., with no mention of Coventry. time of origin : hrs, time of des- The draft of the second telegram re- patch : (./ and ./- mains on the file with a blank space ). where the target was to have been This is according to Sir John Martin’s named. But there was a bureaucratic loyal recollection in a letter to The reason for this. The lengthy operation Times, Aug , . orders for were issued Colville diary. earlier on Nov . Four possible target ./. areas were foreseen, but Coventry was not among them. Stevenson com- : All Very Innocent mented on this. For security reasons, this complicated the issue of the tele- DHO to Bomber, Fighter, etc., Com- gram that night, and it was probably mands, : .., Nov (./- communicated verbally; Stevenson ). Field Marshal Milch’s diary re- minuted later that day, ‘the hrs veals that RAF raids killed Germans signal was made today & acknowledged from May to November (when road ac- by HQ Air Fleet . CAS decided to go cidents had killed , Germans); ahead with and I spoke to , British had died in German Commands [author’s italics] and issued raids. instructions at : hrs.’ Brooke diary, Nov . On Poincaré: The late Miki Clayton, one of the Colville diary, Jan , . principal WAAF liaison officers be- Colville diary, Nov . tween Chichester(?) Sands intercept WSC to naval staff, Oct (./- station and Bletchley Park, as well as ). F C Jones, the senior signals officer at Keyes dates this meeting Nov Kingsdown listening post, are certain of (./). The PM’s card for Nov this. So Clayton wrote to Winter- records ‘:: Meeting with st botham on Sep , ; and see her Lord etc.’ book The Enemy is Listening (London, Harold Nicolson diary, Nov . From ). the PM’s card it seems his doctor, Sir Group Capt. F W Winterbotham, Charles Wilson, visited one morning a letter in TLS, Jun , ; memos of month. Apr , , and May , ; letter Eden diary, Nov . to the author, Jan , . Eden diary, Nov . Information from the present Lady Lee diary, Dec . Tweeddale. Brooke diary, Nov , (/a/iv, CHURCHILL’S WAR
). ful to mention shortcomings in the de- Cecil King diary, Nov . stroyers to the White House just now. Beaverbrook to WSC, Dec , and Cabinet, Dec . reply (Beaverbrook papers, C.). WSC to FDR, Nov (FDR microfilm Beaverbrook to WSC, Mar , /f). (ibid.). Cf. PM’s card for Nov ; and Colville WSC to Alexander and Pound, Dec diary, Nov . (First Lord’s papers, ./). WSC to FDR, Dec , WP () Somerville to Cunningham, Dec (FDR microfilm /ff); cf. Chur- (British Museum, Add. MS ). chill, vol. ii, ff. The file on this let- Eden diary, Dec . ter is ./. WSC to Dill, Dec (.//). PM’s card, Nov , : ..; and Defence Committee, Dec (./- WSC to Halifax Nov (./, ). Pound to Cunningham, Jan , //. (British Museum, Add. MS Lisbon Tel. to FO, Dec . Strang ). raised the question on Dec whether Duke of Alba to Madrid, Tel. No. de Gaulle should not be informed of , Dec ; despatched Dec . these too. W B Mack recommended Irving, Hitler’s War, f. The resulting that distribution be confined to Chur- OKW directive is on microfilm , chill, Alexander, Pound, Ismay and roll , . Morton (./). Lewin, . Halifax minute, Dec , WP () Eden diary, Oct , . (ibid.). Eisenhower and Mark Clark dined at A note on this Dec conversation is Chequers on Aug , . Ike’s aide in ./. Tel., Washington to Harry Butcher dictated the unflattering FO, Dec . Cf. Lisbon Tel. No. , description on Aug ; it was deleted reporting Baudouin’s conversation with from his unpublished diary by a censor the Portuguese chargé at Vichy, Dec who scrawled ‘My God’ in the margin. (./). Charles Murphy MS (Eisenhower Li- On Darlan, see D Dodds-Parker, Set- brary: Jackson papers, box ). ting Europe Ablaze (London, ). On Michael Eden, op. cit. Huntziger: Leahy diary, Mar , . Chips Channon diary, Dec . Halifax diary, Nov (Hickleton pa- Eden diary, Dec . pers, ...). WSC to Mackenzie King, Dec . Dalton diary, Feb , . Colville diary, Dec . Hewel diary, Feb , ; and Dalton diary, Dec . Irving, Hitler’s War, . Godfrey MS, chap. vii, . Neville Butler to FO, Dec (.- Michael Eden letter, Dec (cited in /). Lloyd George had met Hitler Gilbert, vol. vi, n). and held him in high esteem: Cecil King WSC to FDR, Dec , WP () diary. (FDR microfilm /ff); cf. Chur- Colville diary, Dec . chill, vol. ii, ff; and see his remarks Halifax diary. about the ships in letter of Dec (FDR Cadogan diary. microfilm /). Eden diary, Jan , . WSC to Pound, Dec (./- Dalton diary, Dec . /). WSC reported the defects to Bruce Lockhart diary, quoting Tedder, FDR on Dec , but the Washington May , and Jun , . embassy pleaded with the FO not to Rawdon-Smith cited in Cecil King push their luck: it might seem ungrate- diary, Dec , . DAVID IRVING
Lee diary, Dec . John Colville diary, Jan . The emis- Masaryk to Prague, Mar , sary was Hopkins. (Czech state archives). Prof. Warren F Kimball in Political Hopkins memo, Jan , (FDR Science Quarterly, June . Library: Hopkins papers, microfilm Memo on meeting, Mar , of ). Stettinius mission (State dept. files: Of- Ibid. fice of European Affairs, .). FDR Dalton diary, Jan , . envisaged the trustees including ‘one Dalton diary, Dec , . from Latin America perhaps, one from Harold Nicolson diary, Dec . the United States and Canada perhaps, Cadogan diary, Dec –. and one other.’ (Wallace diary, Aug , James Layton Ralston diary, –, .) (Public Archives of Canada: Ralston pa- Answers by Harold Smith, hearings on pers, file , MG.III.B). Lend–Lease, Mar , .- Cecil King diary, Jan , . /). Ickes diary, Jan , . : The Unsordid Act Smith, op. cit. In the two years up to Oct Britain would spend £, WSC to Hopkins, Tel., Apr , million of a total budget of £, mil- (Hopkins papers). lion on war services. Henry Morgenthau diary, May , These were nominal values; market (FDR Library). values would be less, particularly in Harold Smith (budget director) diary Latin America. (FDR Library). Ickes diary, Nov , . Mackenzie King diary, Apr , ; Tels., Phillips to FO, Dec – and cf. Ickes diary, May , . (.//). WSC to FDR, Oct (./). Draft Tel., WSC to FDR, Dec Morgenthau diary, Mar , . (ibid.). Henry Wallace diary, Jun , . PPR, vol. ix, No. ; The Times, Dec ‘The President,’ he added, ‘says that . the nations leading the world are the Washington to FO, Dec . United States, Australia, New Zealand, Beaverbrook to WSC, Dec (ibid.); China, Russia, the Scandinavian coun- cf. A J P Taylor, . tries, and possibly Holland.’ Kingsley Wood to WSC, Dec . Ibid., Dec , . Phillips to FO, Dec . Ibid., Dec , . WSC to FDR, Dec , draft (.- Morgenthau diary, Aug , . //, fols. –, and ./- British White Paper, Dec , . ). Cadogan diary, Aug and Dec , Churchill, vol. ii, f. . WSC to Wood, Dec (ibid.). Aide-mémoire, May , (Reynaud WSC to FDR, Dec by telephone at papers, ). : .. (.//, fols. f). Cf. Harold Ickes diary, Sep , . This Colville diary, Jan . Original in .- was in cabinet on Sep . ‘Russia should /; FRUS , :–. turn over to us what gold she has, which Morgenthau lunched with WSC on would go to pay for goods here.’ After Aug , . He told FDR: ‘He that she would get Lend–Lease. FDR [Churchill] is going to tell Parliament also suggested (Morgenthau diary, Mar about their financial condition at the ) sending a cruiser to South Africa to right time after the Armistice, and . . . pick up the Belgian gold. when he does that he is through’ (Mor- CHURCHILL’S WAR
genthau diary, Aug ). Morgenthau Dalton diary, Jan . also told this to Sir John Anderson on Defence committee, Jan , Aug (National Archives: W D Taylor (./). memo on meeting, in H D White pa- Colville diary, Jan . pers). Cecil King, diary, Jan . Ward Price Major-Gen. Eugene Chaney, report, alleged that censorship found incrimi- Mitchell Field, New York, Dec , nating references to Muselier in Vichy (archives of US army War Col- telegrams, and that he was arrested ‘at a lege, Carlisle, Pennsylvania). very gay party with some young French At the signing of the draft Lend–Lease officers and a few blondes.’ Agreement Phase II. Harry Dexter Diaries of Cadogan, Jan –, Bruce White memo, Sep , (Morgen- Lockhart, Jan (and citing Bracken, thau papers, ). Jul , ); and Cecil King diary, Jan Memo, Mar , (Morgenthau . papers, ). Cecil King diary, Jan . Ickes diary. Ickes diary, May , (quoting the FDR to Hull, Jan , (FDR mi- Morgenthaus) and Aug , crofilm , ff). (quoting Anna Roosevelt). On Apr , Ickes diary, Jan . The secretary of Hopkins told him he had been agriculture also recorded this in his di- wed ‘at to a Jewess’ and had stood ary. Discussion arose over Britain’s this first marriage ‘as long as he could.’ available assets. In the ‘rather warm de- On Feb , Ickes talks of the cancer bate’ FDR insisted that only Britain’s death of the second Mrs Hopkins and of dollars mattered, not her sterling (‘be- Hopkins’s own bad shape during that cause it might not prove of value after illness. the war’) or other worldwide assets. Ickes diary, Apr and Jun , . ‘Railroads or all other property in South Ickes diary, Nov , . America or elsewhere were not wanted Ickes diary, Aug , ; Sep , by us.’ Wickard limited himself to the . Elliot Janeway, source of many observation ‘that many people in the tidbits, reported that Stettinius and Od- country had the idea that the British lum also paid Hopkins. were holding back part of their re- Ickes diary, Feb , noting FDR cabinet sources, their securities.’ FDR and of Feb . Morgenthau declared themselves satis- Ickes diary, Feb , . fied that these had all been pledged. Harry Butcher diary, conversation (FDR Library: Claude R Wickard pa- with Hopkins, Jan , pers). (Eisenhower Library: page deleted by them; opened at this author’s request in : There Goes the Empire ). Dalton diary, Jul , . Lee diary, Dec , . Lee diary, Jan . Cecil King and Lee diaries, Jan , Hopkins note, Jan . . WSC to FDR, Jan , : .. (FDR Cecil King diary, Jan . microfilm /f). FDR sent instruc- Ickes diary, Feb , quoting Wendell tions to Leahy on Jan (/f). Willkie. FDR microfilm /f. Nicolson diary, Jan . Colville diary, Jan . Cecil King diary, Jan . Martin letter, Oct . Ibid. Colville diary, Jan . Cecil King diary, Jan . Hopkins to FDR, Jan (Hopkins DAVID IRVING
papers). diary. WSC to FDR, Jan . WSC to FDR, Jan (FDR microfilm Harold Ickes diary, Feb , recording /). FDR cabinet of Feb , ; and cf. Feb WSC to Wavell, Jan (./- , . /). Hopkins memo, Jan . WSC to Inönü, Jan (ibid.). COS () () of Nov , WSC to Portal, Feb (Portal papers). (./). Henry Wallace diary, Aug , ; FDR to WSC, Dec (FDR microfilm Halifax diary, Feb , . /). Seal, cited in Gilbert, vol. vi, . WSC to FDR, Jan . Hopkins memo. Hopkins memo, Jan . Hopkins memo, Dec , . The Dalton diary, Jan (.//). US Naval Hospital found on Dec that Dalton diary, Jan . the tablets ‘contain barbital, phenacetin, Charles Peake diary, Jan . Birken- antipyrine, urotropin and a small head, Halifax, . amount of material to bind these drugs Letter, Martin, Jan . together. In general it is a sedative-pain Hopkins diary, Jan ; Martin MS, ; reliever type of remedy.’ (Hopkins pa- cf. Dalton diary, Jan . pers, microfilm .) Ruth, :. Johnston related this to Lockhart on Jul , (diary). : Against His Better Judgement Martin MS, . FDR memo, Aug (PSF: Atlantic Beaverbrook sent Willkie’s remarks at Charter). the Century Club, New York, to WSC Hinsley, vol. i, . on Jun , (Beaverbrook papers, Defence committee, Jan (./- D.). ). J C C Davidson to Lord Irwin (Halifax), Eden diary, Jan . Jun , (Hickleton papers). Cecil King diary, Jan . On Jan Chamberlain to Irwin, Aug , Mirror columnist Bill Greig had told (ibid.); the speech is from Gue- him, ‘There is a great hoo-ha about dalla, Mr Churchill. communists’ and predicted the Worker’s Group Capt. R Humphreys, ‘The Use suppression. of ‘’ in the Med. and NW African Herschel Johnson to State dept., Tel. Theatres of War,’ Oct (, No. , Jan . ., –). Dalton diary, citing Desmond Morton, Dalton diary, Feb ; cf. Cadogan diary. Feb . Stimson diary, Apr and . Donovan Nicolson diary, Jan ; Hansard, House assured him that Wavell alone made the of Commons Debates, col. . decision. ‘Donovan had been present [in Hopkins, handwritten memo on Che- Cairo] when it was made.’ quers notepaper, Jan (Hopkins mi- Dalton diary, Mar ; cutlery salesman crofilm ). information in Lee diary, Jan and . WSC minute, Jan (cited in Gilbert, Dalton diary, Feb . vol. vi, ). Defence committee, Feb (./- Hinsley, vol. i, . ). Defence committee, Jan (./). Eden diary. Hopkins memo, Jan ; Tel., WSC to Dalton diary, Jan . Wavell, Jan . Dalton diary, Jan , Feb –; and WSC minute to cabinet, Jan (cited Portal to Gladwyn Jebb, Feb (AHB in Woodward, vol. i, f); cf. Eden file d/). CHURCHILL’S WAR
Dalton diary, Feb and . ercise restraint.’ Churchill, vol. iii, . Cadogan noted Cadogan diary, Feb : ‘How valuable ‘Jap telephone talks’ in his diary, Feb this form of eavesdropping has been!’ –; Dalton diary, Feb . On the rd he drafted a telegram for Stimson diary, Feb : ‘Quite a flurry Washington summarising ‘all the Jap of exciting news this morning.’ FDR talks that gave their game away.’ summoned him with Marshall on ‘an Churchill, vol. iii, . urgent message respecting the Far East- Martin MS, . ern situation’ from London. And Gen. Shigemitsu to Tokyo, Feb ; repeated Sherman Miles (G-) showed him a by Tokyo to Peking etc. Feb (MBPH, further alarming message, evidently No. ). . Quoted in Japanese circular from Lon- Cadogan diary, Feb . Marshall sent don; Tokyo to Peking etc. Feb Stimson reports from London ‘that the (MBPH, Nos. –). Japanese were clearing out and getting Matsuoka to Shigemitsu, Feb ; re- their Embassy out of Britain.’ Stimson peated to Washington, Feb ; trans- adds that these were ‘discountenanced lated Mar (MBPH, No. ). by later messages’ (diary, Feb ). Shigemitsu to Tokyo, Mar ; trans- Eden diary, Feb . lated Mar (MBPH, No. ). Stimson records a heated conference WSC to Cadogan, Feb (Gilbert, on the release of (diary, Oct , vol. vi, ). ). The US army approved but the Eden to WSC, Feb . navy did not. Adm. Stark finally agreed Until his capture and liquidation. SS to exchange for British experi- memo, Jun , (Himmler files: ence on . See Stimson diary, microfilm , roll ). Oct , and May , and , Report from A/D [evidently George . Taylor] and D/HY on ‘Certain SO() The ‘MAGIC’ Background of Pearl Harbor, Activities in Yugoslavia,’ Jun (Dalton US Govt Printing Office, , eight papers, , file , –); cf. Sweet vols. Cited hereafter as MBPH. And Escott, Baker Street Irregular, , . Japanese–German diplomatic messages Mackenzie King diary, Aug , . –, intercepts (, ., When a Tory MP told WSC years later SRDJ series). of his own maiden-speech agony, he re- WSC to FDR, Feb (FDR microfilm plied that he still had butterflies and , ff). Stanley Hornbeck (State only recovered when he recognised the dept. Far East section) commented ap- sound of his own voice. (Letter from Sir provingly on Churchill’s suggestion: William S Duthie, Feb , .) ‘The only thing which can effectively The speeches were those at Ottawa prevent further Japanese adventuring is and to the Congress. Dean Acheson to display of physical force and of willing- Lester Pearson, Jan , (Eisen- ness if necessary to use the said force.’ hower Library: Acheson files). (: Hornbeck papers, box .) C Murphy memo, Mar , (Jack- Matsuoka to London, Feb ; repeated son papers, box ). to Washington, Feb ; trans- Colville diary, Feb . lated Feb (MBPH, No. ). Seal letter, Feb (cited in Gilbert, Matsuoka to London; repeated to vol. vi, ). Washington, Feb ; translated Feb Cazalet diary, Feb . (MBPH, Nos. –). At British ambas- Menzies diary, Mar (National Li- sador Sir Robert Craigie’s request Ma- brary of Australia). tsuoka briefed editors on Feb to ‘ex- Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn di- DAVID IRVING
ary, Sep , (Gilbert, vol. v, intrinsic worth.’ ). King George’s diary, and king to Sir Menzies diary, Mar . Alexander Hardinge, Dec , . Ministry of defence directive, Mar FDR to WSC, Feb , (FDR (./). microfilm /). Dalton diary, Feb and Jun , Colville diary, Mar . . WSC to Lds Moyne and Cranborne, Churchill, vol. iii, . Mar . Bruce Lockhart diary, Mar . Recalled in Bruce Lockhart diary, Jan Seal letters, Mar and (cited in Gil- , . bert, vol. vi, n). King’s diary, Apr ; Dalton diary, Jul Halifax diary, Jan . . Tizard diary, Mar . Colville diary, Mar . Dalton diary, Mar . Air Intelligence analysis, Mar : ‘The Menzies diary, Mar . Move of the German Air Force into the WSC to Hopkins, Feb (./- Balkans.’ ). Colville diary, Mar . Washington Daily News, Feb . Wor- WSC to Eden, Mar , : .. ried British purchasing officials urged (./). that Churchill publicise Canada’s direct Colville diary, Mar . contribution with two divisions on .//. British soil. (Canadian legation in Brooke diary, Mar . Cf. Martin diary, Washington, Tel. to Ottawa, Feb : Mar . , , vol. .) Colin Cross, The Decline and Fall of the : The Midas Touch British Empire. W K Hancock & Margaret Gowing: Dalton diary, Jan , . ‘British War Economy,’ in History of the State dept. conversation with Mr Rum- Second World War (HMSO, London, bold, Jan (State dept. file, .- ), . b/). Presidential press conferences, vol. Agent’s report, Feb (ibid., /). xvi, f. Donovan had again visited No. at Morgenthau diary, Jan . mid-day on Mar , on a mission Op. cit., Dec and ; Mackenzie for Roosevelt (PM’s card; and Brooke, King diary, Feb , . /A/iv). FO to Phillips, Dec , No. Morton to Jacob, Sep (cited in Cave (Beaverbrook papers, D.). In general: Brown, Donovan, ); and Berle to R S Sayers, Financial Policy, – Welles, Sep , (FDR Library). (HMSO, London, ); Warren F William Stephenson, A Man Called In- Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend trepid (New York, ). Lease, - (Baltimore, ). Statement by Col H Montgomery Beaverbrook to WSC, Feb Hyde, a former BSC agent (Daily Tele- (D.). graph, Aug , ). Stimson diary, Oct , , quoting Berle to Welles, Sep , (FDR Alfred Loomis. Library). Morgenthau diary, Mar . Berle memo, Apr , (FDR Li- Ickes diary, Aug . He called it ‘skul- brary). There were no such plans. duggery for the benefit, as usual, of the Berle memo on conversation with Mr House of Morgan.’ Churchill (vol. ii, Spruille Braden, US ambassador to Co- ) wrote: ‘A figure much below its lombia, May , (diary). CHURCHILL’S WAR
At Baker-street they were handled ./. by Lieut. Col. James Pearson. Several WSC to Tsvetkovitch, Mar (Chur- samples are in Beaverbrook’s file chill, vol. iii, f). D., while a memo in D. begins, German FO files of Task Force Küns- significantly, ‘No. have received, berg, serial , ff: German through secret channels, the following interrogations of Tsvetkovitch and his telegram from Bill Donovan. . .’ secretary. Memo by Biddle, Feb (Berle pa- WSC to Campbell, Mar (Churchill, pers, box ). vol. iii, ). In the British consulate at Biddle memo, Feb , (FDR Skoplje German agents later found rem- Library: Berle diary, box ). nants of a recent arms and explosives The BSC agent, Paine, fled to Mont- consignment which had arrived as dip- real; see Berle memos, Feb , , lomatic luggage from Greece and been and Mar and , (FDR Library). forwarded to Belgrade; SOE had used Memo by Berle on the conference, some to sabotage mines at Radusa (Tel., Mar (ibid.). Burker [OKW Abwehr] to German FO, Berle memo, Mar , , in State Apr ; White Book No. , Dok. Nr. dept. file ./. ). Menzies diary, Mar . Summary report by A/D, Jun (Dal- PM’s card, Mar –, . ton papers). Cadogan diary, Mar . Heeren to German FO, Belgrade, Mar Stimson diary, Jun : quoting Winant (White Book No. , Dok. zum Kon- on a brief return to Washington. flikt mit Jugoslawien und Griechenland). Cabinet, Mar (./). Dalton diary, Mar . The : .. Martin diary, Mar ; on Harriman: defence committee sent its appreciation James Farley cited by Beaverbrook, to him for ‘the part played by his Or- May (D.). Ickes diary, Nov ganisation in bringing about the coup , ; memo WSC to Bridges, Mar d’état in Yugoslavia’ (./). (Gilbert, vol. vi, ). WSC to Australian acting PM, Mar WSC to Halifax, Mar (./- (Gilbert, vol. vi, ); and to Eden, /). Mar . WSC to Wood (.//). Hinsley, vol. i, , . Letter, Cadogan to Halifax, Mar , See the diaries of OKW operations . staff, naval staff, Hewel, von Waldau, Cadogan diary, Mar . Jan ; Halder, Jan . WSC to FDR, Apr , .. (FDR MI appreciation, Jan , (.- microfilm / and /). /). Lieut.-Gen. Josef Schmid, speaking in Defence committee meeting, Oct , CSDIC(UK) report ., Jul , (./). For the opposite mili- (, ., box ). tary Intelligence view: WO files /- The Times, Mar . –; for the air Intelligence view: Führer naval conference, Feb , ./; and see the weekly Intel- . ligence summaries in ./. PM’s card. Churchill, vol. iii, . WSC to FDR, Mar (FDR microfilm MI appreciation, Feb (./- /f). ). Letter, Biddle to FDR, Apr (PSF); Brooke, notes, /A/iv. Biddle: FDR Library; Colville diary and According to Berle it reached Wash- Seal letter, Mar (Gilbert, vol. vi, ington in January. ‘We had the memo- ). randum for the General Staff,’ he re- DAVID IRVING
called (diary, Jul , ), ‘on which president replied, ‘No.’ Roosevelt ob- the decision to attack was taken, having viously did not understand because on got it surreptitiously in December Apr Halifax noted in his diary, ‘The [].’ With justified misgivings, Sum- President told me he had had a tele- ner Welles passed the gist of it to Soviet phone call from Winston which he ambassador Oumansky on Mar , but hadn’t been able fully to understand, as Moscow took it as an attempt to em- the connection had been bad, but in broil them with Germany (FRUS , which Winston had said something vol. i, , ). about the Man from Italy. . .’ In a tele- FRUS , vol. i, and ; re- gram to WSC on Apr the president garding : ./ and used the phrase ‘your larger friends’ /. meaning ‘your larger warships.’ A tele- Washington to FO, Mar and Jun gram of Apr talked of expectations (./). of making early use of seized Danish and Cf. Cadogan diary, Mar . Italian ships. Colville diary, Mar . Hewel diary, Mar ; Hitler–Sztójay Churchill, vol. iii, f. conference, Mar . FO memo, Mar (./). On Apr Ribbentrop went further: : Mr Optimist Frog even if Russia did not attack Japan, he told Matsuoka, ‘Germany might still Hinsley (vol. i, ) is coy about which start a war against the Soviet Union night raids were thus revealed, but the before the year is out; it depends on Fighter Command war room log gives how she behaves.’ Ambassador scores of precise instances of the gov- Oshima’s telegrams to Prince Konoye, ernment’s own foreknowledge. Mar , especially that of Apr reporting Ma- : ‘: hrs DAC [duty air com- tsuoka’s lunch with Hitler, are pub- modore] special message, Target to- lished in German in Wehrwissenschaftliche night [will be] Avonmouth & Bristol.’ Rundschau, , ff. Apr : ‘: hrs, beams. DAC re- WSC to Cripps, Apr (.//- ports, [beam] Cherbourg º true on ). On Apr , Hitler was handed a Bristol established, active since :.’ Forschungsamt decrypt of Churchill’s Apr : ‘: hrs DAC reported that message (David Irving, Breach of Security Avonmouth will be target tonight.’ Apr [London, ], ). : ‘: hrs [DAC reports] KG. ./. have no operations for tonight.’ Apr : Colville diary, Mar . ‘: hrs. Target tonight. Indications WSC to Cripps, Apr (./- are the East side of Birmingham will be /); Churchill, vol. iii, . attacked.’ It was, and so the warnings WSC to Beaverbrook and Eden, Oct went on – though not of course to the (Beaverbrook papers). cities affected (./). Letter, Keitel to Africa Korps, Apr Winant to FDR, Apr (Suitland: Wi- (German navy file /; text in nant papers, box , .); notes by OKW war diary, vol. i, f). Winant (ibid.); and Harriman’s version MI appreciation, Apr (./- in Winant to State dept., Tel. No. ). , Apr ; Cdr. Thompson MS. Hopkins memo, Apr , (FDR H H Arnold diary, Apr (Library of Library: Hopkins papers, box ). Congress: Arnold papers). Churchill asked FDR urgently (but ./. cryptically) if he had received the mes- Cadogan diary, Apr . sage about ‘his Italian friend’ and the Colville diary, Apr . CHURCHILL’S WAR
Dalton diary, Apr . Ivan Maisky memoirs, , quoting Nicolson diary, Apr . Swedish minister Byörn Prytz; PM’s FRUS , vol. ii, f. card, Apr . Anneliese Schmundt diary, Apr (in this author’s possession). Her husband : The Telephone Job was Hitler’s chief adjutant. Gen. Lee diary, Apr . The war E.g., Oliver Stanley; Dalton diary, Apr room log (see note ) shows that the (confidential annex). government had precise forewarning. Gen. Kennedy, DMO: Lee diary, Apr ‘Special message,’ the log recorded five . minutes before : ..: ‘KG. [the Lee and Arnold diaries, Apr . German Pathfinder unit] are preparing Lee diary, May . to operate tonight. Unlikely to be a Sir C Wilson (Lord Moran) to Beaver- western target.’ Then: ‘Beam, Cher- brook, Apr , and reply Apr (Bea- bourg º true through London.’ At verbrook papers, D.). Cecil King : ..: ‘The attack on London is diary, Jul . likely to start at : hrs.’ Dalton diary, Jun . Cadogan diary, Apr ; Cecil King Ibid., Apr . diary, Apr . Cecil King diary, Mar . Arnold diary, Apr . Shinwell told Stewart Campbell (Daily WSC to Longmore, Apr (Gilbert, Mirror) this (ibid., Feb ). vol. vi, ). Ibid. King diary, Apr ; Colville diary, Apr Gilbert, vol. vi, . . Letter, Canadian High Commissioner Note, Apr (.//); PM’s Vincent Massey to Ottawa, Jun card. (, , vol. ). Beneš telegram, Apr : ‘He [Chur- Cecil King diary, May . chill] promised help . . . concerning re- Cadogan diary, May . cognition and setting up a provisional Colville diary, May . Harriman wrote government and he will assist us to get to FDR on May that the PM often American recognition.’ (Hoover Li- took him to the devastated cities. Hav- brary: Táborský papers, box , file ‘Dr ing an American around was ‘of value Beneš messages . . . to Czechoslovakia for the morale of the people.’ He and .’) Winant were at Swansea, Bristol and Beaverbook papers (House of Lords Cardiff; James Forrestal at Liverpool Records Office). and Manchester. ‘This week we go to Hankey papers. Dover.’ (FDR Library.) Cecil King diary, Feb . FDR to WSC, May (FDR microfilm Brooke diary, Apr ; and Hankey /). diary, May . ., /. Quoted in Hugh L’Etang, Fit to Lead? WSC to FDR, May (FDR microfilm (London, ), . /). Cadogan diary, Apr ; Dalton diary, Winant reported this to Roosevelt, Apr . May , : .. (FDR Library, PSF Defence committee meeting, Apr file ‘Winant’; and FDR microfilm /- (./); Churchill, vol. iii, . ). Lindemann to WSC, Apr . On May Colville diary, May . he repeated that Hitler’s oil position Cf. cabinet meetings, May – (.- would be permanently secured if he /); Cadogan refers on May to captured Iraq (Cherwell papers). ‘secret news’ that the Germans in Libya DAVID IRVING
were uncomfortable. ND: M-. WSC to Wavell May (Gilbert, vol. Colville diary, May . vi, ). Unpublished memos, James H Rowe COS meeting, Apr (./). Jr to FDR and to ‘Missy’ LeHand, May Stimson diary, unpublished, May – (FDR microfilm /f). . Confiding to Stimson on May the FDR to WSC, received May , in progress of talks with the Japanese, Hull . Germany, Hess: London embassy again remarked how ‘bitterly disap- files; and FDR microfilm /. pointed’ he had been to realise that the Cecil King diary, May . FDR won- British could read the intercepts. dered on May what was ‘really be- WSC to Dill, May (./). hind’ the story (Sherwood, ). For Hinsley, vol. i, quoting CX/JQ American uneasiness about Hess, see , May . Lee diary, May . ., .: Group Capt. R ND: M-. Humphreys, ‘The Use of “U” in the Cadogan diary, Jun . The fullest Mediterranean and Northwest African transcripts of Simon’s talks (Jun ) are Theatres of War,’ Oct . in his papers at the Bodleian Library, Cecil King and Colville diaries. Oxford; and cf. IMT, vol. xi, –. WSC to Pound, Portal, Dill, May Beaverbrook papers, D.; cf. Dalton (./). diary, Jun . ./. Cadogan diary, Jun . Letter, Karl to Albrecht Haushofer, ./. Beneš learned that the Sep , (ADAP [D], vol. xi, No. SIS saw the Haushofer approach as ‘an ). excellent opportunity’ and sent a reply Hess–Beaverbrook conversation, Sep ‘purporting to come from the duke.’ , (Beaverbrook papers, D.). Further letters, Beneš learned, had ar- Cf. Duff Cooper’s account of how MI ranged when Hess should fly to the intercepted the duke’s correspondence duke’s estate; his actual arrival had cre- (Cecil King diary, May ). The inter- ated panic in London. Beneš, interview cepted Hess–Haushofer–Hamilton let- with Compton Mackenzie, Dec , ters are in file ./, closed (Hoover Library: Táborský pa- until . pers, box ). A account of what Letter, Hamilton to Air Ministry, Apr security sources told Beneš is: Prisna du- (Hamilton, op. cit., ). The Haus- verna zprava z britskeho uredniho prameno hofer papers are on microfilm , [vojenskeho] (ibid., box ). Haushofer’s roll . Albrecht Haushofer was exe- letter ‘never reached Hamilton because cuted by the Germans; Karl committed the Secret Service intercepted it and an- suicide in Allied custody. swered it instead. Several letters were J Martin diary, May : ‘Arrival of exchanged and in the end Hess actually Duke of Hamilton to report on arrival came to England and he fell into the of Rudolf Hess.’ trap.’ ‘Among leading British person- Hamilton–Hess conversation, May ages,’ Beneš learned, ‘a furious argu- (Nuremberg document , a certi- ment is raging as to whether Hess set fied copy by David Maxwell Fyfe of an out . . . with the knowledge and con- original said to be in FO files). sent of Hitler or not. . . He acted as Beaverbrook–Hess conversation, Sep though he was an official negotiator and (Beaverbrook papers, D.). expected all the prerogatives accruing Berlin Document Centre file : from this role.’ Rudolf Hess. Morton to WSC, Jul (./- Cecil King diary, May . /). CHURCHILL’S WAR
: Turning Point Cunningham to admiralty, May (Churchill, vol. iii, ). WSC to Ismay, Dec (.//- Roskill, vol. i, ; Playfair, vol. ii, ). . Freyberg to New Zealand government, Colville diary, May . May (Churchill, vol. iii, ). Dalton diary, May , quoting Rex Wavell to WSC, May (ibid., ). Fletcher; Ismay, . Sonderkommando von Künsberg: Bericht Capt. Ralph Edwards says Churchill über die Tätigkeit des Britischen Vizekonsuls insisted on this signal (RUSI Journal, Feb Pendlebury auf Kreta, Juni (German : admiralty to Rodney, May , federal archives: MGFA/DZ III, fol. : ..). ). ./: Colpoys, ‘Admiralty Letter, J Martin to home, May . Use of Special Intelligence in Naval Op- Churchill, vol. iii, . erations,’ –. See note ; and the letter from Maj. Admiralty to Tovey, May , : John Biddulph, a Cambridge contempo- ..; CX/JQ ; and ./, rary, April . signal, : .., May . Gen. Lee diary, quoting Lady Warwick, Colville diary, May –. Oct , ; Gilbert, vol. vi, n; Odyssey, f; admiralty to Cunning- Spears excised the word louche from the ham, May , : .. (British Mu- published text of his diary. seum, Add. MS ). Martin MS; Cadogan diary, Nov and Cunningham to admiralty, May , . (Churchill, vol. iii, ). Pétain cited in Adm. William Leahy Dalton diary, May ; and cf. Colville diary, Mar ; and in letter, Leahy to diary, May . FDR, Mar (Leahy papers). Eden to WSC, May (cited in Ibid. Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Weizmann to WSC, Feb ; and reply, WSC to Freyberg and to Wavell, May J Peck for J Martin, to Weizmann (Churchill, vol. iii, ). (Weizmann archives). Lee diary, May . Winant eventually Weizmann to Jewish Agency Execu- praised Churchill to FDR, but said that tive, reporting conversation with WSC his colleagues were rotten (Stimson di- on Mar (Weizmann archives); Har- ary). vey diary, Nov , . It was actually transmitted at : WSC paper on Syrian policy, May .. on May (Kennedy, ; and (./). Churchill, vol. iii, ). Admiralty to Tovey, May : : Kennedy, ; Roskill, Admirals, . .. (./); in general, Ludo- By noon-thirty Adm. Ghormley had vic Kennedy, Pursuit (London, ). ’phoned the news from the admiralty to Admiralty to naval commands, May his embassy. , : .. (./). Tovey to admiralty, May , : WSC to FDR, May (FDR microfilm ..; and WSC’s reply, : .., /). adding ‘. . . however much we admire a Adm. Süd-Ost: Kurzer Bericht über Op- gallant fight.’ eration Motorseglerstaffel Malemes-Hera- Martin MS (Hansard, House of Commons klion an SKL v. .. (in war diary Debates, May , cols. –); Nicol- of Adm. Süd-Ost, German archives, III son diary. M/); Karl Gundelach, Der Kampf um Kreta, in Entscheidungsschlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges, . DAVID IRVING
: Beaverbrook, and . .//. Dowding had taken an airforce mission to North America in Clementine Churchill to Hopkins, Apr November ; he quarrelled with , (FDR Library: Hopkins mi- Slessor and in Canada he expressed crofilm ). views so obnoxious that Churchill de- Bruce Lockhart diary, Jun , – cided in March it was ‘high time’ he ‘recently’; PM’s card, Jun . came home. ‘No reason need be as- Colville diary, Jun . signed.’ WSC to Beaverbrook, Mar Bevin, cited in memo from A Christian- and (Beaverbrook papers, D.). sen to Beaverbrook, Oct , (Bea- WSC minutes to Ismay, May (cited verbrook papers, C.). in Gilbert, vol. vi, ). Brooke diary, May and , Jun Hewel diary, May (in the author’s (original). Brooke suggested that per possession). cent of AFV output be for spares. ‘This Bletchley intercepts OL/ and . was not appreciated by the PM, who For FO scepticism, see ./- likes to put the whole of his goods in . the shop window.’ COS meeting with JIC on Apr Beaverbrook to WSC, Jun (Beaver- (./ and file ./). brook papers, D.). Churchill, vol. iii, –. Beaverbrook–Hess conversation, Sep ‘Winston,’ he added proudly, ‘had (Beaverbrook papers, D.). said Hitler would attack Russia, and said Londoner’s Diary, Evening Standard, Feb this some four months before’ (Macken- , . Beaverbrook’s dinner guests zie King diary, Aug ). were McGovern, James Maxton and Churchill, vol. iii, ff. Cf. Eden to Campbell Stephen. WSC, Oct (Gilbert, vol. vi, n). Greenock By-Election Special reported Mc- CX/JQ/S/, dated May (cited in Govern’s speech of May . According Hinsley, vol. i, ). to Cecil King’s diary (Jun ) Beaver- Churchill, vol. iii, . brook sent Express general manager E J Ibid., . Robertson personally to kill the rival COS to Wavell, May (Churchill, Daily Mirror’s story. vol. iii, ). Cf. Cadogan diary, Jun , Tel., WSC to Beaverbrook, Jun . and Bruce Lockhart diary, Jun . McGovern reminded Beaverbrook of Letter, WSC to Randolph, Jun (Gil- the Mar , dinner in his letter of bert, vol. vi, ). Jul , (copy to WSC). The sheer Conference, Justice Robert H Jackson number of press communiqués, drafts with First Secretary Donald R Heath, and redrafts in file D. testifies to an on Mar , : Schacht had told him uneasy conscience. ‘on about June ’ (: Jackson papers, Beaverbrook to W J Brown, Apr , Schacht file). : ‘I send you my personal good Visits by Birger Dahlerus are recorded wishes and my hopes and expectations. I in Göring diary, Mar , and Jun ; cannot oppose the Churchill candidate and cf. Bernd Martin, Friedensinitiativen, but I hope the newspapers give you a ; Woodward, vol. i, f. good show. Mention this telegram to Sikorski cited in Biddle to FDR, Jun Robertson.’ (State dept. file ./- (FDR Library: PSF, box , folder .) ‘Ambassador A J Biddle Jr, /- Lee diary, May . ’). Colville diary, May . For typical criticism see Channon di- WSC to Dill, Jun ; Colville diary, Jun ary, Jun . CHURCHILL’S WAR
Colville diary, Jun . : .. on Jun . Walther Hewel, Cecil King diary, Jun , quoting the who made the (now missing) official re- Sunday Pictorial’s Stewart Campbell. cord, noted in his diary only: ‘Andeutun- Cecil King diary, Jun . gen [Hints about] .’ Cf. Bruce Lockhart diary, Feb , Hinsley cites only the (classified) Jun . report JIC()(). Sikorski para- Kathleen Harriman cited in Bruce phrased this intercept to Biddle on Jun Lockhart diary, Apr , . ; see note . Cadogan diary, Jun . JIC report, Jun (cited in Churchill, Mackenzie King diary, Apr –. vol. iii, ). WSC to FDR, May (FDR microfilm Izvestia, Jun . /). P J Grigg cited in Nicolson diary, Jun See e.g., Wickard diary, Jun ; Stim- . son diary. Letter, Wing Cdr. Oscar Oeser to WSC to Pound, Alexander, May Jean Howard, Apr , . (./). Dalton diary, Jun ; cf. Jun and WSC to FDR, Jun (FDR microfilm . /). WSC to FDR, Jun (FDR microfilm Letter, Johnson to WSC, Jun (US /; .//). embassy in London, secret files). Brooke diary, Jun (original) WSC to Ismay, Jun (Gilbert, vol. Colville diary, Jun . vi, ). Bruce Lockhart diary, Jun . Martin and Cadogan diaries, Jun ; News Chronicle, Jun . Bruce Lockhart diary, Jun . Cecil King diary, Jun . Eden minute, Jun (./). WSC to FDR, Jun (FDR microfilm Cabinet meeting, Jun (./). /) and reply, Jul (/ff; Massey reported this denial to Ottawa .//). on Jun . Cripps told him the same on Colville diary, Jun (cited in Gilbert, Jun : ‘It is Cripps view that German vol. vi, ). motive is not economic, because in his O Harvey diary, Jun . opinion Russia would be prepared to Colville diary, Jun . sign any economic agreement which WSC to Lord Linlithgow, Jun Germany would demand, but that Ger- (cited in Gilbert, vol. vi, ); and to man aim is to remove menace of the FDR, Jun (ibid., ). Russian Army from her eastern fron- Martin MS. tiers before it gets too strong.’ (, WSC to Ismay, Jun (./). , vol. ). Colville diary, Jun . Eden cited by Herschel V Johnson, Winant (op. cit., ) says he arrived Tel. to State dept., Jun . In his Rus- on Jun at Chequers. sian memoirs Maisky mentions only Ca- Lockhart diary, Jun , . dogan (). Churchill, vol. iii, f; only this The telegram was in Oshima’s chef de speech is transcribed in Beaverbrook’s mission cypher. Oshima saw Hitler at files (C.); Lee diary, Jun .
DAVID IRVING
Index
WSC and FDR are used as abbreviations for Churchill and Roosevelt. People with military or honorific titles are accorded the one current in this volume. An italicised page number indicates a photograph.
Abrial, Vice-Admiral Jean- Asdic (anti-submarine device), Barker, Lieutenant-General Charles, , , , , , Michael, , Adams, Vyvyan, , , , Ashley, Maurice, , , ‘The Barn’ (WSC’s deep Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank, shelter), , , , Addison, Wing Commander Aspidistra (BBC transmitter), –, , – E B, Barratt, Sir Arthur, Alba, Duke of, , Asquith, Herbert, –, , , Bartholomew, Guy, Alexander, A V, –, , , , Baruch, Bernard, , , – , , –, , , Athenia incident, , , , , –, , , , , Attlee, Clement, , , , , , –, , , Alexander, Major-General Sir , , , , , – –, , , , Harold, , , , –, , , , , –, Alexandria, , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , Baudouin, Paul, , , , , , , , Beaton, Cecil, , Alfieri, Dino (Italian , , , Beatty, Admiral Lord, ambassador), Auchinleck, General Claude, Beaverbrook, Lord William Allen, George (solicitor to , , Maxwell Aitken (‘Max’), King Edward VIII), (Eastern Buildup), –, , , , –, Altmark, –, , , , , , , –, American Jewish Committee Australia, , , , , –, , , , , (AJC), , , – , , , , , , –, , , , Amery, John (son of Leo), –, –, , ; see , , , , , Amery, Julian (son of Leo), also Menzies, Robert , , , , , , Austria, , , , , , –, , , , – Amery, Leopold (Leo), , , , –, , –, , , , , , , – –, , –, , , , , –, , , – , , , , , , –, , , , , Bailey, Sir Abe, , , –, –, Anderson, Wing Commander Baldwin, Stanley, –, – , , , , –, Charles Torr, , –, , , , , , –, , , – Anderson, Sir John, , , , , , –, –, , , , , –, , , , , Beck, Ludwig, , Angell, Norman, , , , –, , , , , Belgium, xvi, , , , –, , , , –, – Anne, Queen, , Balfour, Arthur, , , , , , , , , , – Anti-Nazi Council (ANC), – , , , , , , , , , Ball, Sir Joseph, , , , , ; see also Antwerp, –, , , Leopold, King Arabs, , –, , , Balsan, Consuelo, xiii, , Belvedere, Fort, , , , , –, , –, , Beneš, Dr Edouard, xvii, , Arnold, General H H (‘Hap’), –, , , , , , –, –, Barcza, György, – –, , –, ,
CHURCHILL’S WAR
, , , –, , , , , , , –, , –, , –, – –, , , , , Ben-Gurion, David, , , Bottomley, Air Commodore , , , , , , Norman, , , , , , Bergman, Alfred, Bourdillon, Sir Bernard, , , Berle, Adolph, , , – Bowra, Sir Maurice, Campbell, Sir Ronald, , Bracken, Brendan, , , , –, , , Berlin, , , , , – , , , , , , Campbell-Bannerman, Sir , , , –, , , , , –, – Henry, , , , , , , , –, Camrose, Lord, , , , Béthouart, General Antoine, , , , , –, , , , , , , , – Canada, xv, , , , , Bevan, Aneurin (‘Nye’), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , Bevan, Captain Robert, Brauchitsch, Field-Marshal , , –; see also Bevin, Ernest, , , , Walther von, Mackenzie King , , Bridgeman, Lord Sir Francis, Canaris, Admiral, , Bevir, Anthony, , Bridges, Sir Edward, , , Carlton Club, , , –, Biddle, Francis, –, , , , , –, Billotte, General G H G, , Bristol, , , – Carr, Sir Emsley, – British empire, , , , , Cassel, Sir Ernest, Bismarck, , –, , , , , , , , , –, , Blamey, General, , , , , , Blanchard, General J M G, , , –, , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , Catroux, General Georges, Blenheim Palace, , , , British Expeditionary Forces , , Bletchley Park, –, , (BEF), –, , , Cecil, Lord Robert, , , –, , , , , , , –, –, , – , –, , , –, –, , , Chamberlain, Sir Austen, , , , , , –, –, , – , , , , , ‘British Security Co- Chamberlain, Joseph, , , , , , ordination’ (BSC), –, Chamberlain, Neville, xiii, –, , , –, , xvii, , –, , , , –, , , –, Brooke, Lieutenant-General , –, , –, , – – Alan, , –, , , , , , –, –, Blount, Air Vice-Marshal C H –, , , , –, –, , – B, , , , , , , –, –, –, Blum, Léon, , , , , , , , , , –, –, – , , , , , Brown, Curtis, –, , , , –, –, , , Bruce, Stanley, , , , –, –, , Bock, General Fedor von, Brüning, Dr Heinrich, , –, –, –, Bohle, Ernest, Bulgaria, , , , , , –, , , Bomber Command, , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , Bullitt, William C, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, –, , , , Burgess, Guy, , , , , , Bonham-Carter, Lady Violet, Butler, R A, , , –, , , –, , , , , – , Butt, Sir Alfred, Chanak crisis, , Bonnet, Georges, , , Chartwell, , –, –, – , , Cadogan, Sir Alec, , , , , , , , –, Boot, H A H, , , , , , , , , –, , Boothby, Robert, xviii, , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , –, , , , , ,
DAVID IRVING
, , , , , , , –, –, –, –, –, –, , – , , , –, , , , , , , , Chatfield, Lord, , , , , , , , , , –, , Chautemps, Camille, , ; background, early , –, , , , Chequers, –, –, years and family of, –, , , –; see also , , , –, , –, –, , , individual persons, places and , , , , , , , , , – events –, –, , , , , , ; character, Citrine, Sir Walter, –, , –, , , , personality and outlook of, xii– , – xviii, –, , , , , Colville, John, xiii, , , Chiang Kai-shek, –, , , , , , , , , , , Christie, Malcolm, , –, , , , , , , , , Churchill, Clementine (‘Clem- –, , , , , , –, , , , mie’; née Hozier; wife of , , , , , , , , , – WSC), , , , , –, , , , , , Colvin, Ian, , – , , , , , , , , , , , , Combe, General, , –, –, , , –, , , , , Committee of Imperial , , –, , , , , , –, , Defence, , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , Conant, Dr James, , –, , , , , –, , , , Constantinople, , , , –, , , ; descriptions of, vi– Coolidge, Calvin, , , viii, , , , , , Coote, Captain Colin, , , Churchill, Diana (daughter of , , , , – WSC), , , , , , , , , , Corbin, Charles, , , Churchill, Jeanette (née , , , , , Jerome; mother of WSC), , , , , –, Cork and Orrery, Lord, , Churchill, John (‘Jack’; –, , , –, , , –, –, brother of WSC), , –, , , , , –, , , , Churchill, Mary (daughter of , , , , ; , WSC), , , , , health, physical and mental, of, Coronel, , , , , , , , , , , Courageous, Churchill, Pamela (m. to , , , , , Courtney, Air Vice-Marshal Randolph Churchill), , , –, –, , C L, , , , , –, ; Coventry, , –, – Churchill, Rt Hon Lord income and finances of, xvi– , Randolph (father of WSC), xvii, , , –, –, , Craigie, Sir Robert, –, , , , , –, –, , , , Cranbourne, Lord, Churchill, Randolph (son of , –, , , , , Creedy, Sir Herbert, WSC), , , , –, , , , , , Crete, –, , , , , , , , , , , , ; as orator and , , , , –, , –, , , , , broadcaster, vii, ix, xii, , – , –, –, , –, –, , , , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , Cripps, Sir Stafford, , , , , , , , , –, –, –, , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , Churchill, Sarah (daughter of , , , , , Crossley, Anthony, , WSC), , , , –, , , , , ; Cuba, , –, , , , people’s opinions of, xvi, xviii, Cunningham, Admiral Sir Churchill, Winston Leonard –, , , , , Andrew, –, , – Spencer: and alcohol, viii, –, , –, , , , , , , xvi, , , , , , , –, , –, , , , –, – , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, –, , , Cunningham, Admiral Sir , , , –, ; , , , –, John, , , as author and artist, xi–xiii, , , , , , , Cyprus, ,
CHURCHILL’S WAR
Czechoslovakia, xvi, , , defence committee, , , Dupuy, Pierre, , –, –, , , –, , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , Dytchley, –, –, , –, –, , , , , , , , –, , , , –, , –, , , , , , , , –, , , Eccles, David, , , ; see also Delmer, Sefton, Eden, Anthony, , , , Beneš; Masaryk; Osusky Denham, Captain Henry, , , , , –, – Derby, Lord, –, , , , –, , – D-notices, , , , Dewing, Major-General R H, , –, , , , –, –, , , , , Dakar, –, , –, Dietl, Major-General Eduard, –, –, , , –, –, , , , , , –, –, , , –, , , Dill, General Sir John, , , , , , , , , –, , , – , , , , , Daladier, Edouard, , – , , , –, , , , –, , , , , –, – , , –, , , , –, –, , , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , Dirksen, Herbert von, , , , –, , , , –, –, , –, –, , –, Dalton,– Dr Hugh, , , , Diston, Adam, –, , , –, , , , , , Donovan, William J, –, , –, , –, , , –, , – , , , , –, , , Dorchester Hotel, , , Edward VIII, , –, ; –, , –, , , , , , –, see also Windsor, Duke of –, –, , , , , , Edwards, Captain Ralph, , , , , , , Douglas, Lord Alfred, , , , , , , –, –, , Dowding, Sir Hugh, –, –, , , –, , , , , , , , –, , , , Danckwerts, Captain V H, –, , , , – , , –, –, Dardanelles, –, , , , , , , , , , , , , Downing, Sir George, Egypt, , , , , , Darlan, Admiral, , , Downing-street, xiii, , , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, – , , , , , , , , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , Ekeberg, Professor Lars, Davis, William Rhodes, , , , , , , Elliot, Maxine, , , , , , , Elliot, Group Captain William, de Broke, Lord Willoughby, Dreyfus, Daniel, Duff Cooper, Alfred, –, Ellis, Colonel Charles H, de Gaulle, General Charles, , , –, –, , , –, , , –, , –, , –, , , , –, , , , , –, , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , –, , , Duncan, Sir Andrew, Esher, Lord, de Margerie, Roland, , Dundee electorate, Evans, Admiral Sir Edward, de Mesa, Dr Lopez, Dunkirk (and Operation , , , de Portes, Countess Hélène, ), xv, xvii, , Ewing, Sir Alfred, , , , , –, , , Exeter, –, – de Valera, Eamon, , –, , , de Wiart, Commander Carton, , , , , –, Falkenhorst, General Nicholas , , , , , von, , de Wolkoff, Anna, , , , , , Falklands, , Fedden, Roy,
DAVID IRVING
Fernet, Admiral, Geneva, , , , , , Finland, x, , , , , , , Haakon, King of Norway, , –, –, –, Gensoul, Admiral Marcel- , , , , Bruno, – Haining, General, Fisher, Admiral Sir John George V, HM King, , Halder, General Franz, , Arbuthnot, , George VI, HM King, xv, , , Fisher, Lettice, , , , , Halifax, Lady Dorothy, , Flandin, Pierre, , , Georges, General Joseph, , , , Fleet-street, , , , , , , , , , Halifax, Lord, , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , –, – , –, , , , , , , , , , –, –, , , , , , Gestapo, , , –, –, –, –, , , , , –, , , – Focus, The, xvii, –, , , Gilbert, Dr Martin (official , –, , –, –, , –, , , , biographer of WSC), xiv–xv, –, , , –, , , , –, , – , , , , –, , , , , , , –, , Glorious, , –, , , , , –, –, , , Godesberg, , – –, , , –, –, –, , , Godfrey, Rear-Admiral John, , , , –, , , , –, , , –, , – , –, , –, –, , , , , Godfroy, Admiral René-Émile, , , , , , , , –, , – , , , , , Forbes, Admiral Sir Charles, Goebbels, Dr Joseph, , –, , –, – , –, , , , , , –, , – , , , , , Goerdeler, Carl, , Hall, Admiral, , , , , , Gordon-Finlayson, Sir Robert, , , , , , Forrestal, James, Halle, Kay, Forster, Albert, Göring, Reichsmarschall Hamilton, Duke of, – Franckenstein, Baron Georg, Hermann, , , , , , –, , , , , , , Hanfstaengel, Ernst, Franco, General Francisco, , –, , , , Hankey, Sir Maurice, , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , –, , , –, , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , Frankfurter, Judge Felix, , Gort, General Lord, xv, xvii, –, –, , – –, , , , , , – , Frère, General, , , –, –, , Harriman, William Averell, Freyberg, Major-General , –, , , , , , , , Bernard, , , –, Graf Spee, , –, –, , , –, , , , Harris, Air Vice-Marshal Fuchs, Dr Klaus, Grand Alliance (WSC’s Arthur, , proposal for the struggle Harrow, –, , , Gallipoli, , , , , against Hitler), , , Harwood, Admiral Sir Henry, , , , , –, , , –, –, , , Haushofer, Albrecht, Gambetta, Leon, Grandi, Dino, , , Haushofer, Karl, Gamelin, General Maurice, , Grant Duff, Sheila, , , Henderson, Sir Nevile, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Greece, , , –, , Henlein, Konrad, , –, , –, , , , , , , , –, , –, –, –, – Henriques, Sir Robert, Gandhi, Mohandas, , , , –, –, , Herriot, Edouard, , , – Hertz, John, Garvin, J L, Gubbins, Brigadier Colin, Hess, Rudolf, –, Guest, Cornelia, Hewel, Walther,
CHURCHILL’S WAR
Hewitt, Ludlow, Hopkins, Harry L, , – Jeschonnek, General Hans, Hill, Kathleen, , , , –, , , , , , , , , Hindenburg, President, , – Hitler, Adolf, ix, xiii, , – Hore-Belisha, Leslie, , , Jodl, General Alfred, , , , , –, , – , –, , , , Johnson, Herschel, , , , , –, , , , , , , , Johnston, Tom, –, , , , –, – , joint note, – , –, –, , House, Colonel E M, Jones, Dr R V, , , , –, , , , Houston, Lady, , –, –, , Howard, Jean, , , , , –, Howard, Leslie, Keitel, General Wilhelm, , –, –, –, , Hull, Cordell, , , , , , –, –, , , , , , Kell, Sir Vernon, , , , , , , , Kelly, Sir David, , , , –, , Huntziger, Charles, , Kennedy, General Sir John, , –, –, – Hyams, Mrs H M, , , , –, –, , Kennedy, Joseph P, xv, , , , –, , , Ibn Saud, King, –, , , , – –, , , –, Ickes, Harold F, , , , , , –, , , , –, , India, x, , , –, –, , , –, –, , , –, –, –, , –, , , , –, –, –, , –, –, , , , , –, , , –, , –, –, –, , , , , , , , , –, –, , , , –, –, , , – , , , –, , , , , , , Inönü, Ismet, –, , , , , –, , , , , Inskip, Sir Thomas, , , –, , –, – , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , –, Iraq, , , , , , , , –, , – , , Kennedy, Rose, , , –, –, Ireland, , , , , , Kent, Tyler, xv, , –, , , , , , , , Hoare, Sir Samuel (Lord Keyes, Admiral Sir Roger, Templewood), , –, Ironside, General Sir Edmund, , , , , , , , , , , –, –, , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , , , Keynes, John Maynard, , –, , –, –, , , , , King, Cecil, , , , , , , –, , –, , , , , , , , , , , –, – Hobart, Major-General P C S, Iroquois, Kinzel, Lieutenant-Colonel , Irwin, General N M S (Lord Eberhard, Hodza, Milan, , Halifax), –, Kirkpatrick, Ivone, –, Hoesch, Leopold von, Ismay, Hastings (‘Pug’), – Kitchener, Lord, , Hohenlohe, Prince Max von, , , , , , , Kleist-Schmenzin, Major Ewald , , , , – von, –, Holland, Captain Cedric, – , , Knickebein (German radio navigation beam), , , Hollywood, , , , , Jackson, Robert H, , , , Jansa, Dr (Czech legation), Knox, Colonel Frank, – Holma, Harry, Japan, x–xi, , , , , Korda, Alexander, –, , Hong Kong, , , , , , , Hood, , , –, , –, , Kuczynski, Jürgen, – Hoover, Herbert, , , Hoover, J Edgar, , , Jerome, Leonard, la Chambre, Guy, , – Lambert, Sir George, Lambton, Lady,
DAVID IRVING
Lancastria, Lütjens, Admiral Günter, , Massingbird, Sir Archibald, Laski, Nathan, –, Masterson, Tom, Laval, Pierre, , , Lyttelton, Oliver, , , Matsuoka, Yosuke, –, League of Nations, , , , , , , , , , , , Maugham, Somerset, , , , , , –, Macaulay, Lord, , , , Maxton, Jimmy, , , Macdonald, Captain Donald, Mein Kampf, , , , Leahy, Admiral William D, Melchett, Lord, , , , , MacDonald, Jeanette, Menzies, Robert (Australian Leeb, General Wilhelm, Macdonald, Malcolm, , , prime minister), , , Leeper, Rex, , , , , , , , –, –, Léger, Alexis, , , , Macdonald, Ramsay, , , , –, –, –, , , , , , – Leith-Ross, Sir Frederick, Mackenzie King, William Menzies, Colonel/Brigadier Lend–Lease, –, , , Lyon, xvi, , , –, Stewart (‘C’; head of SIS), , –, , , , , , , , , , , , Leopold, King, , , – , , , Mackesy, Major-General ‘Pat’, Mers-el-Kébir, , , , Leve, J Arthur, , , , –, , –, –, , , Levy, Louis, –, , Macmillan, Harold, , , , , , , , Libya, , , , –, , , –, –, –, –, , , , , , –, Metaxas, General, –, – , , , –, , Midland Railways, Lindbergh, Charles, , , , – Milch, General Erhard, , , Maginot Line, , , , –, –, , Lindemann, Frederick (‘The , Mirkovitch, Bora, Prof’; later Lord Cherwell), Maisky, Ivan (Soviet ambassa- Moir, Phyllis, xvii, , , –, , , dor), –, , , –, Monckton, Sir Walter, , , , –, , , , –, –, , , , , , , , , –, , , , – Mond, Sir Robert, , , , –, , , , , , , , Montefiore, Leonard, , , –, , Montgomery, General Sir , , , , –, Mallet, Sir Victor, Bernard, , , , , , , , Mandel, Georges, , , Moore-Brabazon, John, , , , , , , Linlithgow, Lord, , , , , , Morgenthau, Henry, xvii, , Lippmann, Walter, –, , , , , , , , Mansfield, Hatch, –, –, –, Lloyd George, David, , –, Margesson, Captain David, , , , , , , , , , , , , –, Morrison, Herbert, , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , – Marin, Louis, Morton, Major Desmond, , Lloyd, Lord, , , , Marks, Simon, –, –, , , , , , , , Marsh, Edward, –, , , , , , Londonderry, Lord, , – Marshall, General George C, , , , , – , –, –, , , , , –, Longmore, Air Chief Marshal, Martin, John, xiii, , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , Longwell, Daniel, – , , , , , Mosley, Sir Oswald, –, , Lothian, Lord, , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , – , , , , , , , –, , Masaryk, Jan, xvii, , , – Mountbatten, Lord Louis, , – , , , , – Luther, Martin, , , –, –, , Moyne, Lord (formerly Walter –, , , Guinness), , ,
CHURCHILL’S WAR
Munich, xvii, , , , Osusky, Stefan, xvii, , , Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley, , –, –, , – –, –, , , , , , , , Other Club, , , , , –, , – , , –, Owen, Frank, , –, , –, , , , Munster, Lord, , Oxford, , , , , , , –, –, , Muselier, Admiral E H, , , , –, , , Oxfordshire, , , , , , , , Mussolini, Benito, , , , , , , , , , –, –, Palestine, –, , , Pownall, Sir Henry, , , , , , , , , –, , –, , , –, –, , , , , , –, , , , , , , , –, , –, , , , –, –, , , , , , , , , Prince of Wales, , Papagos, General, , Prytz, Björn, – Park, Air Vice-Marshal Purvis, Arthur, , , , national government, , , Kenneth, – , , , , , –, – Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia, , Quisling, Vidkun, –, , Neame, General, Paul-Boncour, Joseph, , Negrin, Juan, , Paulus, General Friedrich, Nehru, Jawaharlal, Peacock, Sir Edward, , , , – Nelson (WSC’s cat), , , Pearman, Violet, , , , , , –, , , , , – Raczynski, Count Edward, New Commonwealth Society, Peck, John, , , , , –, Raeder, Grand Admiral Erich, New Zealand, , , , Peel Commission, – , , , , , , , , Peirse, Sir Richard, , Newall, Sir Cyril, , , Pendlebury, Captain John, Ralston, Colonel James L, –, , , Pétain, Marshal, , , – –, Nicholson, Brigadier Claude, , , –, , –, Ramsay, Vice-Admiral Sir , , , , , , Alexander, Nicolson, Harold, , , , –, , –, , Ramsay, Captain Archibald, , , , , –, , , , , –, , , , Petschek, Dr Walter, Randall, Sir James, Phillips, Sir Frederick, Rashid Ali, , North, Admiral Sir Dudley, Phillips, Rear-Admiral Tom, Reith, Sir John, , , , , , , , , , , Norway, xvii, –, , Reves, Emery (Imre Revesz), , , , , –, Phipps, Sir Eric, , –, , , , , , , , , , – , , , , , , , , –, , Pick, Frank, Reynaud, Paul, xv, xvii, , , , , , , Pile, General Sir Frederick, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Pleven, René, , –, , , Poland, , , , , , –, –, –, – , –, –, , , , , , –, O.K.W. (Hitler’s high com- –, , , , , –, –, , , mand), , –, –, , –, , , Oliver, Vic (son-in-law of , , – Ribbentrop, Joachim von, ix, WSC), –, , , , Portal, Sir Charles (‘Peter’), –, –, –, , –, , , , , , –, , , , , , Oran, –, , –, , , , , , , Ormsby-Gore, William, , , , , , Richards, A H, , Oshima, Baron, Richthofen, General Wolfram Potocki, Count Jerzy, , von, , –
DAVID IRVING
Right Club, –, , , –, Sinclair, Sir Archibald, , , Ripka, Dr Hubert, –, , –, , , , , , , –, , , , –, , –, – , –, , –, Romania, , , , – , –; see also Maisky; –, , , , , , , , , , , Stalin –, , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Salazar, Dr, , , , , –, Rommel, General Erwin, , Sandhurst, , , , , , , , , , Sandys, Duncan (son-in-law of Singapore, , , , , , –, , –, WSC), , , , , , –, , , , , – Singleton, Mr Justice, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, x– Sauerwein, Jules, Smith, F E (Lord Birkenhead), xi, xv, xvii–xviii, , , , Scanlon, Martin, , , , , , , , , , –, , Scapa Flow, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Smith, Colonel Truman, – , , , –, , , –, –, , Schacht, Dr Hjalmar, Smuts, Jan, , , , , , –, , , , Schiff, Dorothy, , , , , –, –, Schmundt (Hitler’s chief Snowden, Philip, , , , , , adjutant), Somerville, Vice-Admiral Sir –, , –, , Schulenburg, Count Werner James, , –, , , , , –, , von der, –, , – –, , –, – Schuschnigg, Dr Kurt, – Spaatz, General Carl, , –, –, –, Schwab, Charles, Spain, –, , , , , –, –, , , Schwarzschild, Leopold, , , , , , , , , –, , Scribner, Charles, –, , , – –, , , , Scrimgeour, Mr, , , , , Rosenman, Sam, , Seal, Eric, , , , , Spears, General Sir Louis, , Roskill, Captain S, , , , , , , , , –, –, –, , , , , , , , Rothermere, Lord, , , , – , , –, –, –, –, , , Secret Intelligence Service –, , –, , Rothschild family, , , , (SIS), –, , , , –, , , , , , –, , –, , , , , , , , Rougier, Professor Louis, – , , , , , –, , , , , –, , –, , , –, , –, Royal Air Force (RAF), ix–x, , , ; see also , , , , , xvi, –, , , , , Menzies , , , , , , , Serb Peasant Party (of Yugo- Spears, Lady, , , – , –, , , , slavia), , , , , , , –, Shaw, T E (‘Lawrence of Special Operations Executive , , , , , Arabia’), , (SOE and SO), , , , , , –, ; Shigemitsu, Mamoru, – , , , –, – see also Bomber Command Shinwell, Emanuel, , , , , , –, – , , , , , , , –, – Sieff, Israel Moses, , Spier, Eugen, , , , , Rumbold, Sir Horace, Simon, Sir John, , , , Runciman, Lord, , , , , , , Stagg, Fred, Rundstedt, General Gerd von, , , , , , Stalin, ‘Joseph’ (properly Iosif xi, , , Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), Russia, vii, x–xi, , , , , Simovitch, –, vii–viii, xii, –, , –, , , , , , Simpson, Mrs Wallace (Duch- , –, –, , –, –, , –, ess of Windsor), –, , , , , –, –, , , , , – , , , , –, Stanhope, Lord,
CHURCHILL’S WAR
Stanley, George, Westminster, Duke of, Stanley, Oliver, , , Ulster, , Weygand, General Maxime, , , , , , xiv, , , , –, –, – Stephenson, Sir William, , , , , , , –, , Vansittart, Sir Robert, , , –, , –, , Stimson, Henry, xv, , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , White, Harry Dexter, Strakosch, Sir Henry, , , , , , –, White Paper on Palestine, , , , Versailles Treaty, , , , –, , , , – Strang, Sir William, , , , , , Student, General Kurt, Vian, Captain Philip, – Whitworth, Admiral, Supreme War Council, , Vichy (French German- Wickham Steed, Henry, , –, , –, , controlled government), , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , – , –, , , , , , –, , , , Swayne, Brigadier John, , , , , Wigram, Ralph, , , , Sweden, , , –, Vitkovice, , , , , , , , , Vuillemin, General, , , , –, , , , –, , , –, –, –, Swinton, Lord (Sir Philip Wilhelmina, Queen, , , Cunliffe-Lister), –, – Wake-Walker, Admiral, , , , –, , Willkie, Wendell, , , Syria, , , , , Waldau, General Hoffmann , , –, , , von, Wilson, Sir Charles, , , Waley, Sigismund, Wilson, Sir Horace, , , Waley-Cohen, Sir Robert, , , , , , , Talbot, Captain A G, , , , , Tavistock, Lord, , Warburton, Wing Commander Wilson, Woodrow, , , Taylor, George, , Peter, Tedder, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Warburton-Lee, Captain B A Winant, John Gilbert, –, Arthur, W, , –, , , Thomas, Jim, – Watney, Second Lieutenant Windsor, Duke of, , , Thompson, Inspector Tommy, John, , –, –, – , , , , Watson, Edith, ; see also Edward VIII Thomsen, Hans, , Wavell, General Archibald, Winterbotham, Group Captain Tilea, Viorel, , –, , , –, , Frederick, ‘Tinskip’ (barrage balloon), , , , –, – Wise, Rabbi Stephen, , –, , , –, Wood, Sir Kingsley, , , Tizard, Sir Henry, , , , –, , –, , , , , , , –, , –, , , , – , , , , –, Tobruk, , –, –, , Wedgwood, Josiah, –, Tovey, Admiral Sir Jack, , , , , X-Gerät (German radio beam , , – Weininger, Richard, , , device), , Tree, Ronald, – Truman, Harry S, Weissauer, Ludwig, Ypres, , Tsvetkovitch, Dragisa, , Weizmann, Dr Chaim, xv, , Yugoslavia, , , –, – , , , , , , –, , , , Tupanjanin, Milos, –, , –, , Turkey, , , , , , , –, , –, , , , , –, , , Zionists, xv, –, , , , , –, , Weizsäcker, Baron Ernst von, , , , , –, , , –, –; see also Tweedmouth, Baron, Wells, H G, , , Weizmann